Abstractionism abstractionism
(from lat. abstractio - distraction), non-objective art, one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century, which arose in the beginning. 1910s At the heart of the creative method of abstractionism is a complete rejection of "life-likeness", images of the forms of reality. An abstract picture is built on the ratio of colored spots, lines, strokes; sculpture - on combinations of three-dimensional and flat geometrized forms. With the help of abstract constructions, the artists wanted to express the internal patterns and intuitively comprehended essences of the world, the Universe, hidden behind visible forms.
The date of birth of abstractionism is considered to be 1910, when V.V. Kandinsky exhibited in Munich the first abstract work in the history of art (watercolor) and wrote a treatise "On the Spiritual in Art", in which he substantiated his creative method with the discoveries of science. Soon, abstractionism becomes a powerful movement, within which various directions arise: lyrical abstraction (paintings by Kandinsky and the masters of combining "Blue Rider" with their fluid, "musical" forms and emotional expressiveness of color) and geometric abstraction (K.S. Malevich, P. Mondrian, partly by R. Delaunay, whose compositions are built on combinations of elementary geometric shapes: squares, rectangles, crosses, circles). Malevich's programmatic work was his famous "Black Square" (1915). The artist called his method Suprematism (from Latin supremus - the highest). The desire to break away from earthly reality led him to a passion for space (Malevich was one of the authors of the famous play "Victory over the Sun"). The artist called his abstract compositions "planites" and "architectons", symbolizing the "idea of universal dynamism".
In the beginning. 20th century Abstract art has spread to many Western countries. In 1912 neoplasticism was born in Holland. The creator of neoplasticism, P. Mondrian, together with T. van Doesburg, founded the De Stijl group (1917) and a magazine under the same name (published until 1922). The "human principle" was completely expelled from their art. Members of the De Stijl group created canvases where the surfaces drawn with a grid of lines formed rectangular cells filled with pure uniform colors, which, according to Mondrian, expressed the idea of pure plastic beauty. He wanted to create a painting "devoid of individuality" and, because of this, possessing "world significance".
In 1918-20. in Russia arose based on the ideas of Suprematism constructivism, which united architects (K.S. Melnikov, A. A. Vesnin and others), sculptors (V. E. Tatlin, N. Gabo, A. Pevzner), graphs ( El Lissitzky, A. M. Rodchenko). The essence of the direction was outlined by Vesnin: “Things created by contemporary artists should be pure constructions without the ballast of figurativeness.” An important role in the development of constructivism was played by the Bauhaus, an art association founded in 1919 in Germany by the architect W. Gropius (P. Klee; V. V. Kandinsky, El Lissitzky and others). In 1930, the French critic M. Seyfor created the Circle and Square group in Paris. In 1931, the association "Abstraction - creativity" was founded in Paris, founded by emigrants from Russia N. Gabo and A. Pevzner. Tachisme (from the French tache - spot) was a particularly radical trend. Tashists (P. Soulages, H. Hartung, J. Mathieu and others) did without brushes. They splashed, splattered paint on the canvas, then smeared or trampled it. They mixed soot, tar, coal, sand, broken glass with paints, believing that the color of dirt is no less beautiful than the color of the sky. With the outbreak of World War II, the center of abstract art moved to the United States (J. Pollock, A. Gorky, V. Kooning, Fr. Klein, M. Tobey, M. Rothko). In the 1960s a new upsurge of abstractionism began. This trend in art remains relevant today, but no longer occupies a dominant position, as in the beginning. 20th century
(Source: "Art. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of Prof. A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen; 2007.)
Synonyms:
See what "abstractionism" is in other dictionaries:
- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Abstract art Dictionary of Russian synonyms. abstractionism n., number of synonyms: 2 abstract art (1) … Synonym dictionary
abstractionism- a, m. abstractionnisme m., eng. abstracitonism.1926. Rey 1998. An extremely formalist trend in painting, sculpture and graphics. SIS 1985. Unlike abstract art, realism is always concrete. Zalygin Features of documentary. Lex. SIS 1964 ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
ABSTRACTIONISM, a, husband. In the visual arts of the 20th century: a direction, followers of which depict the real world as a combination of abstract forms or color spots. | adj. abstractionist, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
- (lat. abstractio - distraction) - a direction in the art of the twentieth century, especially painting, which refused to depict the forms of reality. The aesthetic credo of abstractionism was expounded by V. Kandinsky. Abstract art - ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
- (Latin abstractio removal, distraction) the direction of non-figurative art, which abandoned the representation of forms close to reality in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstractionism is to achieve ... ... Wikipedia
Abstractionism- (from Latin abstractus abstract) abstract, non-objective, non-figurative art; a trend in the lawsuit of the 20th century, which put forward the idea of refusing to depict the forms of reality. It aims to create compositions with different emotions. content with… … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
abstractionism- a, only unit, m. A direction in painting, sculpture, graphics of the 20th century, whose followers reproduce the real world in the form of abstract forms, color spots, lines, etc. Since the time of Apollinaire, the parallel between music and so on has become a habit … … Popular dictionary of the Russian language
abstractionism- (from Latin abstractio removal, distraction) a direction in the art of the 20th century, whose adherents fundamentally refuse to depict real objects and phenomena (mainly in painting, sculpture and graphics); the ultimate expression of modernism... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
Abstractionism- (lat. abstrahere) - 1. the formalist direction in painting, founded by V. Kandinsky (1910 1914), later embodied in the main trend in the development of other trends in fine arts mainly in Western culture (cubism, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Books
- Currents in art. From Impressionism to the Present Day , Georgina Bertolina , This volume of the encyclopedia is a logical continuation of the book "Styles in Art" and covers the whole variety of processes that have taken place in the world of artistic creation, starting from ... Category:
It is human nature to put everything on the shelves, to find a place for everything and give a name. This can be especially difficult to do in art, where talent is such a category that it does not allow one to squeeze a person or a whole trend into a cell of a general ordered catalog. Abstractionism is just such a concept. It has been debated for over a century.
Abstractio - distraction, separation
The expressive means of painting are line, form, color. If you separate them from unnecessary values, references and associations, they become ideal, absolute. Even Plato spoke about the true, correct beauty of straight lines and geometric shapes. The absence of an analogy of what is depicted with real objects opens the way for the influence on the viewer of something else unknown, inaccessible to ordinary consciousness. The artistic value of the picture itself should be higher than the importance of what it depicts, because talented painting gives birth to a new sensory world.
This is how the reformers argued. For them, abstractionism is a way of finding methods that have never seen before power.
New century - new art
Art critics argue about what abstractionism is. Art historians defend their point of view with fervor, filling in the gaps in the history of abstract painting. But the majority agreed with the time of his birth: in 1910 in Munich, Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) exhibited his work “Untitled. (The first abstract watercolor)."
Soon Kandinsky in his book "On the Spiritual in Art" proclaimed the philosophy of a new trend.
The main thing is the impression
One should not think that abstractionism in painting arose from scratch. The Impressionists showed a new meaning of color and light in painting. At the same time, the role of linear perspective, the exact observance of proportions, etc., has become less important. All the leading masters of that time fell under the influence of this style.
The landscapes of James Whistler (1834-1903), his "nocturnes" and "symphonies", are surprisingly reminiscent of the masterpieces of abstract expressionist painters. By the way, Whistler and Kandinsky had synesthesia - the ability to endow colors with a sound of a certain property. And the colors on their works sound like music.
In the works of Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), especially in the late period of his work, the form of the object is modified, acquiring a special kind of expressiveness. No wonder Cezanne is called the forerunner of cubism.
General forward movement
Abstractionism in art took shape in a single trend in the course of the general progress of civilization. The environment of intellectuals was excited by new theories in philosophy and psychology, artists were looking for connections between the spiritual world and the material, personality and space. So, Kandinsky, in his justifications for the theory of abstraction, relies on the ideas expressed in the theosophical books of Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891).
Fundamental discoveries in physics, chemistry, and biology have changed ideas about the world, about the power of human influence on nature. Technological progress reduced the scale of the earth, the scale of the universe.
With the rapid development of photography, many artists decided to give it a documentary function. They argued: the business of painting is not to copy, but to create a new reality.
Abstractionism is a revolution. And talented people with sensitive mental attunements felt that the time for social change was coming. They weren't wrong. The twentieth century began and continued with unprecedented upheavals in the life of the entire civilization.
Founding Fathers
Along with Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich (1879-1935) and the Dutchman Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) stood at the origins of the new trend.
Who does not know Malevich's "Black Square"? Since its appearance in 1915, it has excited both professionals and laymen. Some see it as a dead end, others - a simple outrageous. But all the work of the master speaks of the discovery of new horizons in art, of moving forward.
The theory of Suprematism (lat. supremus - the highest), developed by Malevich, asserted the primacy of color among other means of painting, likened the process of painting a picture to an act of Creation, "pure art" in the highest sense. Deep and external signs of Suprematism can be found in the works of contemporary artists, architects and designers.
The work of Mondrian had the same influence on subsequent generations. His neo-plasticism is based on the generalization of form and the careful use of open, undistorted color. Straight black horizontals and verticals on a white background form a grid with cells of different sizes, and the cells are filled with local colors. The expressiveness of the master's paintings prompted the artists either to their creative comprehension, or to blind copying. Abstractionism is used by artists and designers when creating very real objects. Especially often Mondrian motifs are found in architectural projects.
Russian avant-garde - poetry of terms
Russian artists were especially receptive to the ideas of their compatriots - Kandinsky and Malevich. These ideas fit especially well into the turbulent era of the birth and formation of a new social system. The theory of Suprematism was transformed by Lyubov Popova (1889-1924) and (1891-1956) into the practice of constructivism, which had a particular influence on the new architecture. Objects built in that era are still being studied by architects around the world.
Mikhail Larionov (1881-1964) and Natalya Goncharova (1881-1962) became the founders of Rayonism or Rayonism. They tried to display a bizarre interweaving of rays and light planes emitted by everything that fills the world around.
Alexandra Esther (1882-1949), (1882-1967), Olga Rozanova (1886-1918), Nadezhda Udaltsova (1886-1961) participated in the Cubo-Futurist movement, who also studied poetry.
Abstractionism in painting has always been a spokesman for extreme ideas. These ideas irritated the authorities of the totalitarian state. In the USSR, and later in Nazi Germany, ideologists quickly determined what kind of art would be understandable and necessary for the people, and by the beginning of the 40s of the twentieth century, the center of development of abstractionism had moved to America.
Channels of one stream
Abstractionism is a rather vague definition. Wherever the object of creativity does not have a specific analogy in the surrounding world, one speaks of abstraction. In poetry, in music, in ballet, in architecture. In the visual arts, the forms and types of this trend are especially diverse.
The following types of abstract art in painting can be distinguished:
Color compositions: in the space of the canvas, color is the main thing, and the object dissolves in the play of colors (Kandinsky, Frank Kupka (1881-1957), orphist (1885-1941), Mark Rothko (1903-1970), Barnet Newman (1905-1970)) .
Geometric abstractionism is a more intellectual, analytical type of avant-garde painting. He rejects linear perspective and the illusion of depth, solving the question of the relationship of geometric forms (Malevich, Mondrian, elementalist Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931), Josef Albers (1888-1976), follower of op art (1906-1997)).
Expressive abstractionism - the process of creating a picture is especially important here, sometimes the very method of applying paint, as, for example, among tashists (from tache - spot) (Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), tashist Georges Mathieu (1921-2012), Willem de Kooning ( 1904-1997), Robert Motherwell (1912-1956)).
Minimalism is a return to the origins of the artistic avant-garde. Images are completely devoid of external links and associations (b. 1936), Sean Scully (b. 1945), Ellsworth Kelly (b. 1923)).
Abstractionism - far in the past?
So what is abstractionism now? Now you can read online that abstract painting is a thing of the past. Russian avant-garde, black square - who needs it? Now is the time for speed and clear information.
Information: one of the most expensive paintings in 2006 was sold for more than 140 million dollars. It is called "No. 5.1948", the author is Jackson Pollock, an expressive abstract artist.
Abstraction in art!
Abstractionism!
Abstractionism- This is a direction in painting, which is highlighted in a special style.
Abstract painting, abstractionism or abstract genre, implies the rejection of the image of real things and forms.
Abstractionism aims to evoke certain emotions and associations in a person. For these purposes, abstract style paintings try to express the harmony of color, shapes, lines, spots, and so on. All forms and color combinations that are in the perimeter of the image have an idea, their own expression and semantic load. No matter how it seems to the viewer, looking at the picture where there is nothing but lines and blots, everything in abstraction is subject to certain rules of expression, the so-called "abstract composition".
Abstraction in art!
Abstractionism, as a direction in painting, arose at the beginning of the 20th century simultaneously in several European countries.
It is believed that abstract painting was invented and developed by the great Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky.
The recognized founders and inspirers of abstractionism are the artists Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Frantisek Kupka and Robert Delaunay, who in their theoretical works formed approaches to the definition of "Abstractionism". Different in goals and objectives, their studies were united in one thing: Abstractionism, as the highest stage in the development of fine art, creates forms that are unique to art. An artist “freed” from copying reality thinks in special pictorial images of the incomprehensible spiritual principle of the universe, eternal “spiritual essences”, “cosmic forces”.
Abstract painting, which literally blew up the world of art, became a symbol of the beginning of a new era in painting. This era means a complete transition from limits and restrictions to complete freedom of expression. The artist is no longer bound by anything, he can paint not only people, everyday and genre scenes, but even thoughts, emotions, sensations and use any form of expression for this.
Today, abstraction in art is so wide and varied that it is itself subdivided into many types, styles and genres. Each artist or group of artists is trying to create something of their own, something special, which could better reach out to the feelings and sensations of a person. To achieve this without the use of recognizable shapes and objects is very difficult. For this reason, the canvases of abstract artists, which really evoke special sensations and make one marvel at the beauty and expressiveness of an abstract composition, deserve great respect, and the artist himself is considered a real genius from painting.
Abstract painting!
Since the appearance of Abstractionism, two main lines have been outlined in it.
The first is a geometric or logical abstraction that creates space by combining geometric shapes, colored planes, straight and broken lines. It is embodied in the Suprematism of K. Malevich, the neoplasticism of P. Mondrian, the orphism of R. Delone, in the works of masters of post-painting abstraction and op art.
The second one is a lyrical-emotional abstraction, in which compositions are organized from freely flowing forms and rhythms, represented by the works of V. Kandinsky, the works of masters of abstract expressionism, tachisme, and informal art.
Abstract painting!
Abstractionism, as a painting of a special personal expression, at first was in the underground for a long time. Abstractionism, like many other genres in the history of painting, has been ridiculed and even condemned and censored as art that does not make any sense. However, over time, the position of abstraction has changed and now it exists on a par with all other forms of art.
As an artistic phenomenon, Abstractionism had a huge impact on the formation and development of modern architectural style, design, industrial, applied and decorative arts.
Recognized masters of abstractionism: Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Frantisek Kupka. Paul Klee, Piet Mondrian, Theo Van Doesburg, Robber Delaunay, Mikhail Larionov, Lyubov Popova, Jackson Polok, Josef Albers.
Modern abstract art in painting!
Abstractionism has become an important language of deep emotional communication between the artist and the viewer in contemporary fine art.
In modern abstractionism, new interesting trends appear, using, for example, special images of various color forms. So in the works of Andrei Krasulin, Valery Orlov, Leonid Pelikh, the space of white - the highest tension of color is generally filled with endless variative possibilities that allow using both metaphysical ideas about the spiritual and the optical laws of light reflection.
In modern abstractionism, space begins to play new roles and forms different semantic loads. For example, there are spaces of signs, symbols, arising from the depths of archaic consciousness.
In modern abstractionism, the plot direction is also developing. In this case, while maintaining the non-objectivity, the abstract image is constructed in such a way that it evokes specific associations - different levels of abstraction.
Modern abstractionism is infinite within its boundaries: from the objective situation to the philosophical level of figurative abstract categories. On the other hand, in modern abstract painting, the image may look like a picture of some fantasy world - for example, abstract surrealism.
Other articles in this section:
- Language systems of communication! Languages as the main factor in the system of knowledge development!
- Traditions. What is tradition? Tradition in the dialectical development of society.
- Space and time. Laws of space. Open space. Movement. The space of worlds.
- Evolution and co-evolution. Evolution and co-evolution in the system of modern knowledge. Principles of evolution and co-evolution. Biological evolution and co-evolution of living nature.
- Synergetics and laws of nature. Synergetics as a science. Synergetics as a scientific approach and method. Universal theory of evolution - synergetics.
- May or may not! A kaleidoscope of events and actions through the prism is impossible and possible!
- World of Religion! Religion as a form of human consciousness in the awareness of the surrounding world!
- Art - Art! Art is a skill that can cause admiration!
- Realism! Realism in art! Realistic art!
- Unofficial art! Unofficial art of the USSR!
- Thrash - Thrash! Trash in art! Thrash in creativity! Trash in Literature! Cinema trash! Cyberthrash! Thrash metal! Telethrash!
- Painting! Painting is art! Painting is the art of the artist! Canons of painting. Painting masters.
- Vernissage - "vernissage" - the grand opening of an art exhibition!
- Metaphorical realism in painting. The concept of "metaphorical realism" in painting.
- The cost of paintings by contemporary artists. How to buy a painting?
Abstractionism is a style or direction in painting. Abstractionism or abstract genre implies the rejection of the image of real things and forms. Abstractionism aims to evoke certain emotions and associations in a person. For these purposes, abstract style paintings try to express the harmony of color, shapes, lines, spots, and so on. All forms and color combinations that are in the perimeter of the image have an idea, their own expression and semantic load. No matter how it seems to the viewer, looking at the picture where there is nothing but lines and blots, everything in abstraction is subject to certain rules of expression.
Today, abstraction is so wide and varied that it is itself subdivided into many types, styles and genres. Each artist or group of artists is trying to create something of their own, something special, which could better reach out to the feelings and sensations of a person. To achieve this without the use of recognizable shapes and objects is very difficult. For this reason, the canvases of abstract artists, which really evoke special sensations and make one marvel at the beauty and expressiveness of an abstract composition, deserve great respect, and the artist himself is considered a real genius from painting.
It is believed that abstract painting was invented and developed by the great Russian artist. His followers were and who not only explored the philosophy of abstractionism, but also developed a new direction in this genre - Rayonism. even more "improved" the technique of abstraction, achieving complete non-objectivity, which was called - Suprematism. No less famous abstractionists were: Piet Mondrian, Mark Rothko, Barnett Neumann, Adolf Gottlieb and many others.
abstract painting, which literally blew up the world of art, became a symbol of the beginning of a new era. This era means a complete transition from limits and restrictions to complete freedom of expression. The artist is no longer bound by anything, he can paint not only people, everyday and genre scenes, but even thoughts, emotions, sensations and use any form of expression for this. Abstractionism, as a painting of personal experience, was in the underground for a long time. It, like many other genres of painting in history, was ridiculed and even condemned and censored as art that does not make any sense. However, over time, the position of abstraction has changed and now it exists on a par with all other forms of art.
V. Kandinsky - Several circles
V. Kandinsky - Composition VIII
Willem de Kooning - Composition
One of the main trends in avant-garde art. The main principle of abstract art is the refusal to imitate the visible reality and operate with its elements in the process of creating a work. The object of art instead of the realities of the surrounding world becomes the tools of artistic creativity - color, line, form. The plot is replaced by a plastic idea. The role of the associative principle in the artistic process increases many times, and it also becomes possible to express the feelings and moods of the creator in abstracted images, cleared of the outer shell, which are able to concentrate the spiritual principle of phenomena and be its bearers (theoretical works of V.V. Kandinsky).
Random elements of abstraction can be identified in world art throughout its development, starting with rock paintings. But the origin of this style should be sought in the painting of the Impressionists, who tried to decompose color into separate elements. Fauvism consciously developed this trend, "revealing" the color, emphasizing its independence and making it the object of the image. Of the Fauvists, Franz Marc and Henri Matisse came closest to abstraction (his words are symptomatic: “all art is abstract”), French cubists (especially Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger) and Italian futurists (Giacomo Balla and Gino Severini) also moved along this path. . But none of them could or did not want to overcome the border of figurativeness. “We admit, however, that some reminder of existing forms should not be completely banished, at least at the present time” (A. Glaze, J. Metzinger. On Cubism. St. Petersburg, 1913, p. 14).
The first abstract works appeared in the late 1900s - early 1910s in the work of Kandinsky while working on the text "On the Spiritual in Art", and his "Picture with a Circle" (1911. NMG) is considered the first abstract painting. At this time, he says:<...>only that form is correct, which<...>materializes the content accordingly. All sorts of secondary considerations, and among them the correspondence of the form to the so-called "nature", i.e. external nature, are insignificant and harmful, since they distract from the only task of form - the embodiment of content. Form is a material expression of abstract content” (Content and form. 1910 // Kandinsky 2001. Vol. 1. P. 84).
At an early stage, abstract art in the person of Kandinsky absolutized color. In the study of color, practical and theoretical, Kandinsky developed the doctrine of color by Johann Wolfgang Goethe and laid the foundations for the theory of color in painting (among Russian artists, M.V. Matyushin, G.G. Klutsis, I.V. Klyun and others were engaged in color theory) .
In Russia, in 1912-1915, abstract painting systems of Luchism (M.F. Larionov, 1912) and Suprematism (K.S. Malevich, 1915) were created, which largely determined the further evolution of abstract art. Rapprochement with abstract art can be found in cubo-futurism and alogism. A breakthrough to abstraction was N.S. Goncharova’s painting “Emptiness” (1914. State Tretyakov Gallery), but this theme did not find further development in the artist’s work. Another unrealized aspect of Russian abstraction is the color painting by O.V. Rozanova (see: Non-Objective Art).
The Czech Frantisek Kupka, the Frenchmen Robert Delaunay and Jacques Villon, the Dutchman Piet Mondrian, the Americans Stanton McDonald-Wright and Morgan Russell followed their own paths to pictorial abstraction in the same years. The counter-reliefs of V.E. Tatlin (1914) were the first abstract spatial constructions.
The rejection of isomorphism and an appeal to the spiritual principle gave reason to associate abstract art with theosophy, anthroposophy, and even occultism. But the artists themselves did not express such ideas at the first stages of the development of abstract art.
After the First World War, abstract painting gradually gains a dominant position in Europe and becomes a universal artistic ideology. This is a powerful artistic movement, which in its aspirations goes far beyond the limits of pictorial and plastic tasks and demonstrates the ability to create aesthetic and philosophical systems and solve social problems (for example, Malevich’s “Suprematist City”, based on the principles of life-building). In the 1920s, on the basis of his ideology, such research institutes as the Bauhaus or Ginhuk arose. Constructivism also grew out of abstraction.
The Russian version of abstraction was called non-objective art.
Many of the principles and techniques of abstract art that became classics in the 20th century are widely used in design, theatrical and decorative arts, film, television, and computer graphics.
The concept of abstract art has changed over time. Until the 1910s, this term was used in relation to painting, where forms were depicted in a generalized and simplified way, i.e. "abstract", as compared to a more detailed or naturalistic depiction. In this sense, the term was mainly applied to decorative art or flattened compositions.
But since the 1910s, “abstract” refers to works where the form or composition is depicted from such an angle that the original subject changes almost beyond recognition. Most often, this term denotes a style of art that is based solely on the arrangement of visual elements - shapes, colors, structures, and it is not at all necessary that they have an initiating image in the material world.
The concept of meaning in abstract art (in both its meanings, earlier and later) is a complex issue that is constantly debated. Abstract forms can also refer to non-visual phenomena, such as love, speed, or the laws of physics, associating with a derivative entity (“essentialism”), with an imaginary or otherwise way of separating from the detailed, detailed and non-essential, random. Despite the absence of a representative subject, a huge expression can accumulate in an abstract work, and semantically filled elements, such as rhythm, repetition and color symbolism, indicate involvement in specific ideas or events outside the image itself.
Literature:
- M. Seuphor. L'Art abstrait, ses origins, ses premiers maîtres. Paris, 1949;
- M.Brion. L'art abstract. Paris, 1956; D. Vallier. L'art abstract. Paris, 1967;
- R.Capon. Introducing Abstract Painting. London, 1973;
- c. block. Geschichte der abstrakten Kunst. 1900–1960 Koln, 1975;
- M.Schapiro. Nature of Abstract Art (1937) // M.Schapiro. Modern Art. Selected Papers. New York, 1978;
- Towards a New Art: Essays on the Background to Abstract Painting 1910–1920. Ed. M.Compton. London, 1980;
- The Spiritual in Art. Abstract Painting 1890–1985. Los Angeles County Museum of Arts. 1986/1987;
- Text by M.Tuchman; B.Altshuler. The Avant-Garde in Exhibition. New Art in the 20th Century. New York, 1994;
- Abstraction in Russia. XX century. T. 1–2. Timing [Catalogue] St. Petersburg, 2001;
- Non-objectivity and abstraction. Sat. articles. Rep. ed. G.F. Kovalenko. M., 2011.;
