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Adaptation of first-graders: stages, difficulties, tips. Psychological features of the child's adaptation to school

Adaptation of first-graders: stages, difficulties, tips. Psychological features of the child's adaptation to school

25.09.2019

The first of September is an important day in the life of every child. However, the joy of going to school for the first time often goes hand in hand with excitement. And this is no coincidence - with the beginning of schooling, a new stage begins in the life of a child. Lessons, homework, new friends... How to understand whether the child is successfully adapting to school, prevent possible problems and provide him with all possible assistance?

School adaptation and its features

School adaptation is usually understood as the formation of new habits in a child, allowing him to successfully adapt to school life and its key features. Namely, the new regime of the day, the increased intellectual load, the children's team, etc. It is easy to recognize a good school adaptation: a child who has easily adapted to school attends it with pleasure and willingly shares his impressions of each new school day with his parents. He does not feel discomfort in communicating with teachers and easily finds new friends. Difficulties in adapting a child can give the following signals.

Since entering school, the child's physical well-being has deteriorated sharply; he began to get sick more often and complain about his condition for no apparent reason
The child could not find a single new friend in the class
You often notice that your child comes home from school overtired and depressed. Or, on the contrary, overly disinhibited and excited
The child directly tells you that he is not well at school

The presence of one or more of the signs can be a signal to parents that the child is having difficulty adjusting to school. Consider the most common problems faced by modern first-graders and their parents.

Problems of school adaptation and ways to solve them

1. Emotional stress. The first two weeks of education are considered the most difficult period in the life of every student. It is during this period that the child's nervous system, which has not had time to adapt to the new regimen, can painfully react to stress. The consequence of this may be increased fatigue, irritability, drowsiness, tearfulness.

How to recognize? The main sign of a child's psycho-emotional stress is a deterioration in the general physical condition - sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, as well as frequent mood swings.

How to help? In order for regime moments not to become too serious stress, it is advisable to start accustoming a child to them a few months before going to first grade. Teach your child to go to bed and get up at the same time, allocate time for walking, eating, etc.

2. Fear of failure. As the school curriculum becomes more complex, the child may begin to notice behind him that not everything turns out as easily as at first. The first failures can seriously knock the child out of the rut, and even for a long time discourage him from doing to learn.

How to recognize? Children who are afraid of failure are extremely sensitive to comments from teachers, they are afraid to take on a new business. A mistake made in writing or reading, as well as doing homework, often provokes violent reactions in him, up to tears.

How to help? Try to encourage every, even the most insignificant success of the child - whether it is a correctly read word or a neatly written hook in the copybook. Remember that each new step in mastering new knowledge for a first grader is given with great difficulty. It is equally important that the child be sure that you love him, regardless of his school success.

3. Inability to cope with increased intellectual load. School education requires perseverance, increased concentration of attention from the child. All this often requires skills that are not yet fully developed in a child of primary school age.

How to recognize? A child who cannot cope with the intellectual load is betrayed by excitability, inattention, and lack of interest in anything. They can demonstrate unreasonable stubbornness and negativism, up to a complete rejection of educational activities.

How to help? The beginning of primary school age for a child is marked by a change in the leading type of activity - training takes the place of the game. In order for this transition to become less painful for the child, try to soften it by including play moments in the training. As well as diversifying the process of memorizing new material with the help of visual aids. This will “unload” the child’s psyche, turning boring learning into an exciting and interesting game.

4. Unformed cognitive motivation. Lack of understanding of the importance of schooling.

How to recognize? Children who have not fully formed cognitive motivation do not understand why they go to school and why they need schooling.

How to help? Unfortunately, it should be noted that most parents rarely pay due attention to the motivational readiness of the child for school. In fact, already by the time of entering the first grade, the child should understand very clearly why he goes to school and how the acquired knowledge can be useful to him in the future.

5. Painful adaptation in a new team. Quite often, children suffer because of poor relationships with both the peer group and the teacher.

How to recognize? The child does not talk about classmates and how he spends time with children in and out of school. And often - complains about the actions of other children and the teacher.

How to help? To begin with, decide what kind of problems prevent the child from establishing relationships with classmates. Children do not want to play with him because he bullies and beats peers? Or, on the contrary, does your child become a victim of ridicule and bullying? Then - think about what exactly pushes the child to behave in this way. What needs are left unattended? What miscalculations in education did you make? If you are unable to find answers to these questions on your own, do not hesitate to seek help from a school psychologist. The first grade is the period when the child begins to acquire a social role that can be fixed for a long time and largely determine his future.

How can you help your child adjust to school? Tips for parents

1. Praise your child more often and criticize him less. Remember - the main task now is to help him believe in himself and his strength.

2. Encourage your child to talk about his life at school and his class. Show genuine interest in him

3. Take into account the individual characteristics of the child - temperament, comfortable working hours for him, etc.

4. Never compare a child with other children - you can only compare a child with yourself

5. Try to provide the child with the opportunity to fully organize their leisure activities

Simple tips will help your child get through one of the most difficult periods in his life painlessly and understand that school life is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance.

Surely there are no parents who would not be interested in how their first-grader adapts to a new life - lessons at school. Contact with peers and the teacher, the level of academic performance and interest in knowledge, fatigue and poor sleep are all elements of adaptation, that is, the student's getting used to school.

What should adults know about the indicators of such adaptation, its features and their role in this process? Let's try to figure it out.

Indicators of a good psychological adaptation of a child to the first grade are when he goes to school with pleasure, prepares lessons with pleasure and patience, regularly and sincerely tells his parents about all school events and activities. If the reaction to school is the opposite, then this is evidence of poor psychological adaptation of the first-grader to school and a signal for parents that indicates that the child needs their help.

Both dad and mom should delve into the problems that the first grader talks about. If he does not want to talk about school at all, then you should correctly find out the reasons for such unwillingness, perhaps go to school and talk with the teacher.

It is impossible during the adaptation period to raise your voice to the child, and even more so to ridicule and shame him. Parents are fundamentally wrong, who at this time cite other students as an example who are better able to cope with the learning process. After such comparisons, children, as a rule, withdraw into themselves even more and do not want to share their feelings and anxieties with their parents. And they can harbor hatred towards their classmates, who, according to their parents, cope with everything at school, teach English, and go to music school.

Support and praise, a calm tone of communication with first-graders should be inherent in their parents. Children, feeling the support of their parents, cope better with psychological adaptation, demonstrate success, although not significant. They should always be encouraged and noticed. The phrase “I’ll look later” or “I don’t have time” should not be in the vocabulary of the parents of first-graders. Praise the child for what he has learned, what he has read, in what he has improved.

Help the little student if he can't cope. Find time to show, explain, but do not do tasks instead of the child. Build self-reliance skills.

The physiological adaptation of a student to school is the physical adaptation of their body to a new rhythm and stress. This type of adaptation is divided into several stages:

Physiological storm. The period lasts the first two to three weeks. At this time, the child's body responds to all the loads and innovations with the tension of all its systems. This means that the child spends most of the energy resources of the body. This explains the trend of frequent illnesses among schoolchildren in September, especially first-graders.
Unstable fixture. The child's body finds acceptable reactions to new conditions.
Relatively stable fixture. During this period, the body of a first-grader reacts to loads with less stress.

Both parents and teachers tend to underestimate the complexity of the physiological adaptation of children to school. And, nevertheless, according to the observations of doctors, many children lose weight by the end of the first quarter in the first grade, some have a decrease (increase) in blood pressure, headaches. And these are clear signs of overwork, which are most often observed in the first quarter. The difficulty of physiological adaptation to school can also be manifested by the capriciousness of children.

Signs of successful adaptation of the child to school are:

Satisfaction with the learning process: he feels good at school, he goes there with pleasure.
Success in mastering the program. If it is traditional, and the student experiences learning difficulties, then parental and, possibly, the support of a psychologist is indispensable.
The level of independence of the first-grader in the performance of tasks. Often parents show excessive zeal and control, the habit of preparing lessons together for a long time is fixed in the child.
Satisfaction with interpersonal relationships. This refers to the contact with the teacher and classmates, which is very important for further success and support the desire to learn.

Stress and adaptation of the child to school

Quite often, first-graders experience stress during the period of adaptation to school. And children who have not attended kindergarten are especially susceptible to this. First graders experience three types of stress:

Social. This is manifested in the formation of relationships with classmates, the teacher.
Intellectual. It manifests itself with intellectual loads and the assimilation of new knowledge.
Immunological. At the age of seven, children undergo physiological changes in the body, which in itself leads to fatigue and mood swings. And the consequence of this are diseases of strong and healthy children, which are sometimes provoked by the natural exchange of bacteria between classmates.

In order to alleviate all these types of stress, parents should follow certain recommendations developed by psychologists and pediatricians:

Dream. Seven-year-old children need to sleep 10-11 hours a day. At this age, especially in the first half of the school year, daytime sleep is also possible.
Walks and exercise. The best rest is a change of activity, so mental activity must be combined with motor activity. Enrolling in a swimming pool, a sports club will make it easier to survive adaptation at school. Doctors advise first graders to spend at least two hours a day outdoors.
Lesson preparation should be carried out in such a way that after 30 minutes of uninterrupted training, there is a 15-minute break. The peak activity of the brain of children in the first grade falls on 9-12 hours and 16-18 hours. This time should be taken into account by parents when organizing the daily routine.

Adaptation of children with mental retardation to school

Children with mental retardation will be easier to adapt to the first grade when they are taught in an educational program that suits their abilities. We are talking about special correctional programs.

Teaching such children according to the programs of mass general education schools in most cases leads to school maladaptation, especially in the first year of education. School maladaptation is the inability of a student to master the program and behavioral disorders. Such a child perceives himself as a loser. Therefore, the leading role in the normal adaptation of such children to the first grade is played by the organization of their education according to a feasible educational program.

It should be noted that children with mental retardation, according to studies, make up approximately 50% of poor first graders. Schools and classes of correctional and developmental education have been created for such children.

Adapting to a new school

Getting used to a new school, the need to change which is often due to family circumstances, is a strong emotional stress at any age. The transition to another school is always associated with many questions that concern the student: "How will I be perceived in the class?", "Will I like the new teachers?". And at first, the child will definitely compare the old school with the new one. When friends remained there, it will not be easy for a student, even a successful one, to adapt. Therefore, his parents need attention and help in getting used to.

You can, for example, invite new classmates home. Walking and spending time with them should be encouraged.

The problem may be a difference in programs or requirements. Therefore, parents at this time require support and patience, attention to the mood of the child. Perhaps, for the period of adaptation, it will be acceptable to release him from household duties. If your student has become overly irritable, then treat this with understanding. Surely this is a protective reaction of the child's body to stress.

If the irritability is aggravated, for several months the child shows aggression, does not want to talk about the school, then you need to go to the class teacher or the school psychologist (better to both) and ask them for advice.

Adaptation to school after summer holidays

After a three-month rest, it is much more difficult for children to get used to school than for adults to go to work after a vacation. In order for them to get involved later in the educational process faster, psychologists advise changing the daily routine from mid-August. It should be the same as in September. The child needs to go to bed earlier and, accordingly, get up at the time at which he usually gets up during the school period. In the second half of August, it is necessary to repeat the material covered in the last academic year, read more.

Over the summer, the child's hand weans from writing, so it is necessary to write several dictations with the child. Let him write an essay at home about the holidays spent and about the best impressions.

In the first days of September, give your student the opportunity to rest after school for an hour or an hour and a half. It is also important to monitor the stay of a son or daughter in the fresh air.

Restless sleep of the child at this time is a symptom of anxiety and fatigue. It will not be superfluous to brew mint tea for the night, a quiet joint pastime in the fresh air. Make sure that your student does not play too active, exciting games an hour or two before bedtime.

Strengthen the children's diet with vitamins in early September. Include more salads and fruits on the menu. Have your child eat a handful of nuts daily to help ease mental stress. Chocolate can also help in intellectual activity. But only black. Pamper your child!

Especially for - Diana Rudenko

How to survive the school adaptation together with your child - a first grader? This problem worries many parents whose children are on the threshold of school. adaptation (lat. "adapt" adaptation, habituation) is a process through which almost every person goes through, getting into new conditions, for example, in connection with a change of place of residence or activity. In children, adaptation processes are most clearly manifested during their transition to schooling. Just yesterday, this is a preschooler, a small child who needs to be taken care of, and today he is already a schoolboy and he has rather difficult requirements: to come to class without delay, to do homework on his own, to strictly adhere to school rules. And a lot of other things need to be done by a small student, for this he needs maximum adaptation to new conditions! That's why experts warn parents:

In order for the child's adaptation to school to be quick and painless, it is necessary to prepare in advance for schooling.

Everything you need to know about school adaptation

According to psychologists, the features of adaptation (terms, characteristics) are determined by many factors. Experts consider the most important of them:

If parents know quite well about the importance of family relations and proper upbringing, then most of them have a vague idea about the totality of the psychological, physiological and social readiness of children. Primary school teachers note that families sometimes do not underestimate these types of readiness, directing all their efforts to special training (the ability to read, write, count). There are even such mothers and fathers who do not fully understand that all small schoolchildren go through an adaptation period, and believe that this does not threaten their child. Meanwhile, one child (prepared) will adapt in a few days, while another will take several months to get used to. Changes in the behavior of first-graders are also characteristic: some become capricious, irritable, others become lethargic, tired, and others, on the contrary, become aggressive and excited. Relatives need to support the child at this moment, understand his mood and help overcome all the difficulties of addiction. And in order to make it easier for parents to determine the state of the younger student during the adaptation period, you can use a simple test that helps to observe your student and identify problems of adaptation to school life. Parents are encouraged to determine their child's position on the following indicators:

High level of adaptation

For a high level, such behavioral reactions of a first-grader will be characteristic, such as:

positive attitude towards school;
appropriate perception of school rules and instructions of the teacher;
easy mastering of the program material;
the desire to study more complex knowledge;
interest in the lessons;
independent homework;
the desire to fulfill class assignments;

Average level of adaptation

This level is considered the norm, since most children adapt to school conditions in this way. It is characterized by:

positive attitude to learning without negative experiences;
assimilation of educational material with its detailed and visual presentation;
mastery of the curriculum;
independent solution of typical tasks;
performance of tasks, instructions under the control of the teacher;
manifestation of high concentration only when performing an interesting task;
preparation for lessons and homework under the supervision of adults;
conscientious fulfillment of class assignments;
good relationships with classmates.

Low level of adaptation

It is typical for children who may be affected by certain circumstances, for example, mistakes in upbringing (spoiledness or, conversely, rejection of the child), unfavorable family environment (discord among relatives, a drinking parent), non-attendance at kindergarten, features of the nervous system (hyperactivity, increased excitability or conversely, inhibition). Children with a low level of adaptation show:

negative or indifferent attitude towards school;
justifying their unwillingness to study with health complaints;
the predominance of depressed mood;
frequent violations of discipline;
poor learning of subjects;
inability to work independently with a textbook;
doing homework only under the pressure of an adult;
constant help from adults to understand and assimilate new knowledge;
passivity and avoidance of class assignments;
unpopularity among peers.

School maladaptation

As an extremely negative and difficult moment in the adaptation period - school maladaptation, which manifests itself in the following student behavior:

inability to organize while studying;
complete lack of motivation to study;
inability to regulate attention, processes of thinking, memory;
unwillingness to adapt to the pace of school life;
increased fatigue, difficult evening falling asleep and morning awakening;
constant complaints about teachers and classmates as a reason for not wanting to study;
academic failure.

Important: Dear parents! If you notice that your child is having a hard time getting used to school and have identified a low level of adaptation, try to use the recommendations of specialists to help the first grader adapt to new conditions as quickly as possible.

How to get ready for school

To make it easier for relatives to find trips to a small student in a difficult adaptation period for him and to support him, experts have developed a number of important recommendations. And if the child is still a preschooler, then the recommendations will be useful for organizing. Psychologists say that the degree of adaptation depends on how well developed all types of readiness ( psychological, physiological and social ). What is important to know and try to observe in family education?

Psychological readiness

School teachers constantly remind parents that the success of education is based on the formation of all mental processes (memory, attention, thinking, speech) and their volitional regulation. Almost all adults understand the importance of the mental development of children and send them to school preparation centers, where qualified teachers intensively work with the children. And sometimes they forget about it at home, believing that 2-3 times a week is enough to prepare for school. Meanwhile, work on the formation of mental processes should continue at home, as the motivation for learning must be constantly maintained and improved. This will help a small student quickly adapt to school, easily learn subjects and prevent overwork, a decrease in interest in learning. Teachers also note that it is important to work not only on the development of memory, attention, thinking, but also on the ability to control emotions, since in a younger student, the processes of excitation still prevail over the processes of inhibition. This means that it is necessary to teach a first grader to respond correctly to adequate assessments, consciously obey the rules of the school, manage their own performance, switching from one type of activity to another.

Physiological readiness

It is important for parents to know that during school or homework, the physical load on the student increases, as they must sit for quite a long time in a motionless position, listen carefully, strain their eyesight, hearing, work a lot with their hands. In this regard, the physical activity of first-graders decreases, and the need for movement remains the same. Because of this discrepancy, problems arise in the physiological adaptation of children, students need time to adapt. Therefore, experts distinguish several stages of addiction:

In the form of the so-called "physiological storm" , which falls on the first three weeks of stay at school. At this moment, the maximum tension of the child's body and all its systems increases, as the first grader is faced with heavy loads in the form of complex requirements, new subjects, and an increase in study time. In particular, doctors explain the increase in morbidity among children, exacerbation of chronic diseases, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, in September, after the start of studies.

The next stage, lasting three to four weeks, experts believe yet "unstable fixture" .At that time organism begins to develop protective reactions to difficult conditions of addiction, the "storm" decreases. In order for the student to develop additional resources that help during the adaptation period, parents do not need to panic, demand high marks, jealously compare with other students. On the contrary, you need to show patience and help your child strengthen the body's defenses, for example, provide more opportunities for relaxation, organize the alternation of classes and walks correctly, offer distracting activities (games, reading funny books with school content, watching cartoons, stories about your own school childhood). , weekend tours).

Experts consider the main step "relatively stable fixture" , when the child's body reacts to training loads with less stress, it develops suitable options for adapting to new conditions, for example, hand motor skills become more developed, working capacity and perseverance increase, visual-spatial coordination "eye and hand" develops and are friends with each other.

social readiness

Social adaptation of younger students involves the desire of a first grader to take on a more complex social role - the role of a student. self-assessment criteria. Therefore, if the child does not have a desire for a new social role, parents should help him adapt during the adaptation period. Specialists offer:

To form the learning skills necessary for successful study (the ability to listen and hear the teacher, plan your work, look for ways on your own, analyze the result, correct if there are errors), you can use games and exercises, for example, "Find an extra object" , "Find the treasure according to the plan", "Don't say yes and no", "What is missing" and many others.
To create a successful position among classmates, it is necessary to teach the child to establish contacts with other children, to contact the teacher, to be sociable and interesting for classmates. Game tasks, participation in school events, holidays, family evenings, reading books (funny stories by V. Dragunsky, N. Nosov, I. Pivovarova, etc.), conversations with children will also help with this.
It is very important to form in a younger student the ability to adequately evaluate their own actions and the actions of classmates (according to knowledge, skills, interests). This skill will help create sustainable learning motivation and reduce the student’s anxiety about unreasonable claims to a higher mark, resentment for not being praised, etc. This will help not only the child, but also parents who sometimes make high demands on the student.

Important: emotional states (positive or negative) expressed by students who are adapting to school will be the main indicator of how they get used to learning, classmates, and norms of behavior.

What can parents do to help the first grader adapt to the school environment. Experts have developed recommendations that can be used in the family.

Important: Dear parents! Remember that adaptation to school is a difficult time in the life of a small student. Before the beginning of the teaching, each child experiences excitement and anxiety, as he enters a new life. Your task is to help him cope with all the difficulties of the adaptation period, then the teaching will become an interesting and exciting thing for him.

Many pass on this fear to their children, who are yet to learn what school is. And the child considers the upcoming changes in his life as something interesting and unknown. Indeed, in terms of its physiological characteristics, a child at this age is more inquisitive than you and I, adults. So let's figure out how we can't extinguish that spark of interest in a child's soul even before school days. We have a whole summer ahead of us.

, compare the school system with the kindergarten system, drawing parallels between the child's personal qualities and his future failures in school. Without realizing it, adults, with their fears and parting words “with the best of intentions”, create a negative program for the child of his school life. Each adult has his own (successful or less successful) school experience, and the child will acquire his own. The duty of parents is to protect and help the child in overcoming difficulties along the way. After all, there were funny moments among school days! Your stories about this will only benefit, help relieve the child's tension in front of an unknown future. Funny stories of famous writers, such as V. Dragunsky, V. Golyavkin, E. Uspensky, will also help you.

The home training system operates taking into account the personal qualities of the child, and this is its advantage. Everyone knows the feeling when, after a long rest, you have to rebuild your daily routine and change habits in a hurry. This is always given with great difficulty and causes a natural rejection of impending changes. If we start You can avoid stress and embrace change in a positive way. Also with the preparation of the child for school, it is better to start it from the first month of summer vacation.

Ø organization;

Ø development of communication skills;

Ø independence;

Ø development of learning skills;

Children go through this stage at an uneven speed, for many the peak of the crisis falls in the first months of schooling or just in the summer months. It is difficult for a child to control his emotions about entering school, and they are quite diverse. Often there are situations when children begin to actively protest against their growing up, this is manifested both in behavior (imitation of toddlers) and in physiology (urinary and fecal incontinence, speech problems, etc.). Parents should not shame the fidget, especially in the presence of strangers, set him as an example the children of his friends. Everyone goes through this stage differently, but in order to

Games are a great way to get to know your own child better. You can start a good evening tradition of educational board games for children 6-7 years old. It is better to play with the whole family to create a competitive spirit. To develop the child’s vocabulary, you can periodically play “words” with him, this also develops quick wits. Interest in the upcoming studies can be warmed up by role-playing games at school. Trying on the role of a teacher, the child shows his knowledge to adults, and in the role of a student he acquires new knowledge much easier than in a real school.

For this, role-playing games in the store, walking around real stores in order to learn to count are suitable. Everyday mathematics is well mastered everywhere in everyday situations: count the number of berries on a bunch of grapes, clothespins on a rope, divide sweets, dumplings, etc. equally among family members. Arithmetic problems about pies or pieces of a pie, which must be divided equally among all family members, will help the child easily solve abstract math problems for the entire course of elementary school.

You can allocate 15-20 minutes a day for this. It is better to start from the first month of summer, because it takes at least twenty-one days to consolidate stable habits. Acting in accordance with the temperament of the child, methodically and purposefully, you can achieve good results by September.

This feeling is very important in order to make it easier for the child to get used to the school routine. Of course, it is still difficult for a seven-year-old to navigate by minutes, so “special hours” will come to the rescue. This is a watch with a dial, on which, instead of numbers, there will be pictures depicting actions that need to be done at this time of day. In the manufacture of such watches, you can show creativity, ideas are easy to find on the Internet. To make the clock work, you can insert a real mechanism into it, and periodically draw the child's attention to the movement of the hands in a circle. If he is interested in the meaning of the numbers in hours, you can tell him the basics, teach him to determine the time in hours and minutes. In order to teach a child to be organized, you can introduce him to thematic fairy tales, for example, you can read to him “The Tale of Lost Time” by E. Schwartz.

This moment is the most difficult and necessary for the development in the child of independence and the skill of self-service, which is so necessary in school life.

At 6-7 years of age, the child is already capable of doing some household chores. It is necessary to highlight the range of responsibilities that the child must do independently. Let at first it will be one or two things, but you need to make sure that their implementation becomes a habit in the child. It is good if a child at this age has a pet. Then you can entrust him with the right to feed your pet daily and monitor the condition of his home (tray, toilet). It is not necessary for a child to clean up the animal’s feces, but he, as the owner, can monitor the situation and inform an adult in time about the need for cleaning.

Also, it is necessary to allocate to the child the area for which he is responsible when cleaning the house. It can be a corner with his toys, where he establishes his own order, which cannot be interfered with. It is not so important how clean it will be in this area, although it is also necessary to accustom the child to cleanliness and neatness, but this will come with time. The main task is to form in the child a sense of responsibility for things that are in the zone of his attention. A personal example is also important, so parents themselves need to competently distribute household chores among themselves and not be lazy to fulfill them on time.

Prepare your child psychologically for academic success in school. The rest of the teachers will help you.

Good luck dear parents!!!

Primary school teacher of the highest category

MBOU secondary school No. 4, Vyazma, Smolensk region

Maksimova Valentina Sergeevna

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How to help your child adjust to school life more easily.

At the end of May, graduations are held in kindergartens, a sonorous summer is ahead. But the parents of future first-graders are worried, they are frightened by the unknown: how will my son or daughter adapt to school conditions? Parents experience natural excitement associated with the entry of the child into the ranks of first graders. The modern school is intimidating. Lately, everyone has been talking about GEFs, TESTS, MONITORINGS, EXAMS and other “horror stories” like: “School is not a kindergarten, they will make you obey, everything is strict there!” Many adults pass on these doubts and fears to their children and grandchildren, who are yet to learn what a school is.
Many pass on this fear to their children, who are yet to learn what school is. And the child considers the upcoming changes in his life as something interesting and unknown. Indeed, in terms of its physiological characteristics, a child at this age is more inquisitive than you and I, adults. So let's figure out how we can't extinguish that spark of interest in a child's soul even before school days. We have a whole summer ahead of us.

You can not set the child negatively, compare the school system with the kindergarten system, drawing parallels between the child's personal qualities and his future failures in school. Without realizing it, adults, with their fears and parting words “with the best of intentions”, create a negative program for the child of his school life. Each adult has his own (successful or less successful) school experience, and the child will acquire his own. The duty of parents is to protect and help the child in overcoming difficulties along the way. After all, there were funny moments among school days! Your stories about this will only benefit, help relieve the child's tension in front of an unknown future. Funny stories of famous writers, such as V. Dragunsky, V. Golyavkin, E. Uspensky, will also help you.

What should be paid special attention to?

The home training system operates taking into account the personal qualities of the child, and this is its advantage. Everyone knows the feeling when, after a long rest, you have to rebuild your daily routine and change habits in a hurry. This is always given with great difficulty and causes a natural rejection of impending changes. If we startpreparing for the upcoming changes in advance and graduallyYou can avoid stress and embrace change in a positive way. Also with the preparation of the child for school, it is better to start it from the first month of summer vacation.

Preparation of the child for school is carried out in several directions.:

organization;
development of communication skills;
independence;
development of learning skills;

Emphasis should be placed on the development of the personality of the child.Primary school teachers note that today's children change very quickly, are highly mobile in education, and can fill gaps in their knowledge very quickly. But to teach a child to communicate with other children, to develop in him the best personal qualities that will help successful learning and adaptation in the school environment is the task of parents, not teachers. At home, you can develop a child's independence, sense of time, the ability to defend their interests and many other skills that will help him overcome the crisis of the first year of study.
At the age of 6-7 years, significant physiological and psychological changes occur in the child's body.Children go through this stage at an uneven speed, for many the peak of the crisis falls in the first months of schooling or just in the summer months. It is difficult for a child to control his emotions about entering school, and they are quite diverse. Often there are situations when children begin to actively protest against their growing up, this is manifested both in behavior (imitation of toddlers) and in physiology (urinary and fecal incontinence, speech problems, etc.). Parents should not shame the fidget, especially in the presence of strangers, set him as an example the children of his friends. Everyone goes through this stage differently, but in order toto help a preschooler move to a new stage of development, you need to accustom him to innovations gradually.The desire to remain forever in a carefree childhood is based on uncertainty and fear of the future. Therefore, there is no need to climb to the child with endless “needs”, it is better to expand the range of his duties, but at the same time leave room for his interests. Sometimes you can fool around with him, devote more time to joint games, communication with your family.
So, gradually, unobtrusively, we prepare the child for the new status of his life, albeit not a long one, the path:

Exciting games to consolidate acquired knowledge and master new ones.

Develop a child's sense of time.

Distribution of household duties.

This moment is the most difficult and necessary for the development in the child of independence and the skill of self-service, which is so necessary in school life.

Prepare your child psychologically for academic success in school. The rest of the teachers will help you.

Good luck dear parents!!!

Primary school teacher of the highest category

MBOU secondary school No. 4, Vyazma, Smolensk region

Maksimova Valentina Sergeevna

Topic for Parent Meeting:

"Adaptation of the child to school".

Prepared by the teacher-psychologist Kostyushkina Yu.A.

Purpose of the lesson: inform parents about

adaptation of first-graders to school conditions.

Tasks:

To give knowledge about the concept of adaptation to school;

Give an idea about the types of adaptation;

Equipment: lecture material, booklets.

Event progress:

Introductory speech of the teacher-psychologist:

There are parents who think something like this: “Our business is to feed and drink, and the school will teach!” this is a misconception, just like a misconception and the fact that education ends with a diploma or a PhD thesis. A person must always learn - from the moment of his birth to the last breath. Although we, unfortunately, have multiple examples of children who have grown up and have not been taught a lot in time. It has been proven that children who grew up in an impoverished home environment, who were poorly cared for by their mothers, are characterized by low educational achievements, and men - by low earnings. Those who were brought up, surrounded by love and care for development and preschool education, are distinguished by success in education, relatively high income. And, what is very important, having received from parents the baton of concern for the development and education of children, in most cases they pass it on to their offspring.

Do we adults really understand that learning is hard? Do we know why? And most importantly - are we ready for school difficulties and school failures of our children?

School difficulties are inevitable (we must be prepared for this), but someone will pass them unnoticed, and for someone they can become an insurmountable obstacle. Here, a lot depends on us, adults, on our help and our support. Do we, adults, understand that studying is a serious job that requires significant intellectual, emotional and physical stress? Do we know that the beginning of the year is always the most difficult, especially for first graders. Moreover, adaptation to school does not end in a week or two, this takes a lot of time. Therefore, in this manual, we want to tell you how to help your child overcome the first steps on the school path.

Alas, parents are often impatient, intolerant and selfish, although they justify this with “good intentions”. But whatever the excuses, irritation, screams, showdown, punishment, all these are additional stressful situations, it is always a childish pain from misunderstanding and resentment. The main thing is that this only exacerbates the difficulties and creates new problems. Unfortunately, the desires of parents do not often coincide with the capabilities of children. Disappointment, chagrin, confusion can be very bitter when a child on whom you had so many hopes fails one after another.

Why is it so hard to study? Why do hundreds of thousands of girls and boys suffer from various school problems? We are complaining more and more about programs, methods, and the training system. But it is important that this is not one new program, methodology, not one textbook, not strict deadlines when everyone must work as one. After all, everyone cannot be like one. They are very different, our children. One will listen to the teacher with his mouth open and, absorbed in work, carefully write out each letter, the other will not sit still for a minute, and the dream of neat letters will remain our dream. One grasps everything on the fly, the other will have to explain more than once or twice. One will run out after the lessons still full of strength, and the other, due to excessive fatigue, can fall asleep even in the lesson.

Someone can do all the school work even at the age of six, while for someone it is more useful to spend another year at home or in kindergarten. Not because the child is not ready to study, but because he is not ready for school, for the volume of school loads that he will have to cope with. And the point here is not only in the level of the intellectual development of the child, but in the age characteristics of his development, in the reserves of his body, in the state of health.

What is school adaptation?

The beginning of schooling is one of the most difficult and crucial moments in the life of children, both socially and physiologically. These are not only new conditions for the life and activity of a small person - these are new contacts, new relationships, new responsibilities. During this period, the child enters into new social contacts related to school activities. The whole life of the child changes: everything is subject to study, school, school affairs and worries. This is a very stressful period, primarily because from the first days the school sets a whole range of tasks for the students that are not directly related to their experience, it requires the maximum mobilization of intellectual and physical forces.

At school, everything is different: here - work in a rather intense mode and a new strict system of requirements. It takes time and effort to get used to them.

Adaptation (or adaptation) of the child to school does not occur immediately. Not a day, not a week is required in order to get used to the school for real. It's quite a lengthy process..

The optimal time for children to adapt to school is 1.5 - 2 months.

Some children go through this difficult period longer - 3-4 months.

In extreme cases - the entire academic year.

Types of adaptation.

There are physiological, psychological and social adaptation.

INphysiological adaptation There are three main stages: indicative, the stage of unstable adaptation, the period of relatively stable adaptation.

Orientation stage ("physiological storm") – lasts 2-3 weeks.

When in response to the whole complex of new influences associated with the transition to high school, the body's systems respond with a violent reaction and considerable stress.

Unstable fixture ("storm fading") – lasts 3-4 weeks.

When the body is looking for and finds some optimal options for reactions to these effects.

Relatively stable fixture – lasts 5-9 weeks.

When the body finds the most suitable options for responding to the load, requiring less stress on all systems (mental work, mental load of communication).

On average, physiological adaptation to school takesfrom 2 months to six months, and the most difficult are the first - fourth weeks.

Physiological adaptation - largely determined by the health of the child. According to the degree of adaptation to school, groups of children are distinguished: those showing easy adaptation, adaptation of moderate severity and heavy.

Ateasy adaptation the state of tension of the functional systems of the child's body is compensated during the first quarter.

Atmoderate adaptation violations of well-being and health are more pronounced and can be observed during the first half of the year.

Some children adjust to schoolhard . At the same time, significant violations in the state of health increase from the beginning to the end of the school year.

Psychological adaptation children to school is equally important. It depends on this how much the child will be ready to accept and understand new tasks, as well as his desire to learn and understand knowledge.

Psychological adaptation is closely related to the child's psychological readiness for learning. Evidence of successful adaptation is, on the one hand, productivity in educational activities, on the other hand, the internal state of the child, his emotional well-being, the presence or absence of internal tension.

Once a child has started school, what do parents expect from their child: in behavior and in grades?

Most often, parents expect high marks and diligent behavior from their children. But children do not always live up to these expectations. This can especially manifest itself during the period of adaptation to school. At the age of 6-7 years, children are especially sensitive to the reaction of parents and others to their behavior, to their abilities and capabilities. The child perceives failures and failures most acutely. By the way, that's why they don't give grades in the first grade. However, to assess the progress of the child, his behavior can be from the feedback of the teacher. If the teacher says that the child is inattentive and interferes with the lessons, in no case should he be scolded. The child needs to find out why he behaves this way? What does he not understand? Explain how to behave correctly. The same applies to the changed behavior of the child at home. It often happens that a disciplined and calm child suddenly begins to be rude to his parents and not obey. At the same time, it is possible that such behavior occurs only at home, and at school the child behaves well. The first reaction of parents to the rudeness of the child is punishment. However, it would be correct to try to understand the reason for such behavior. Most likely, the reason lies in the fact that the child spends all his strength on the “correct” behavior at school. Calm behavior in the classroom, obedience and attention to the subject requires great stress, and when he comes home, the child tries to relax, hoping that his parents will understand and support him. It is absolutely impossible to punish a child during the period of adaptation to school. But this does not mean that rudeness should be encouraged. Conflict situations should be avoided as much as possible. If the child screams and is rude, do not shout back or apply penalties immediately. It is better to say a neutral phrase:

- You are now annoyed, and it is unlikely that we will have a conversation. We'll get back to him when you calm down.

Try once again to hug and kiss the child. Your support will never be superfluous. It is important to help your child cope with learning difficulties. Including homework. But there is one caveat: it is necessary that the child first try it himself, and only after he failed, he asked for help. If you initially sit down for lessons together, then the child simply will not have the habit of independent work. Very often parents who themselves have had a hard time adapting to school, and, as a result, all other school years were negatively disposed to the educational process,they can pass on their emotional mood and attitude to school to children, thereby creating additional psychological problems for the child during the period of adaptation.

There is also a downside. An overly and overly optimistic attitude of parents towards school, which can give the child only rosy ideas about school life. As a result, he does not expect problems at all, and when faced with the first difficulties, he is disappointed in the school as such. After all, he is sure that everyone copes with the tasks set easily, and only he does not succeed: well, how can you not blame yourself for what is happening. The child's self-esteem drops, the desire to learn disappears. It would be much more correct to explain to the child everything about the advantages of school and education, the knowledge and skills acquired there, but do not forget to mention that this is often a difficult task. That everyone faces difficulties, and it is important to learn how to overcome them, that you will help him in any situation. As a result, the child will develop a positive attitude towards school, and an understanding of the upcoming difficulties. Not always manifestations of stress and tension are destructive. In some cases, sloppy and naughty children, on the contrary, begin to show unusual discipline: they themselves wake up and make the bed, do not contradict their parents, and so on. Parents are not happy with such changes, and do not suspect that this is evidence of problems in the child. Such behavior does not need any adjustment, and, most likely, over time everything will return “to normal”. This is where parental understanding comes into play. Do not blame the child for returning to his "usual" behavior.

Social adaptation.

When a child enters school, many new people appear in his life andnew social role . For successful social adaptation to school, the child will need to be included in the new conditions of school life, namely, in relationships with peers, learn to work collectively and at a certain pace. Teamwork in the classroom involves intense communication and collaboration, both with other students and with the teacher. This is a very difficult period in the life of a first grader, primarily because from the first days the school sets many tasks for students that cannot be solved using the child’s previous experience, and, therefore, require the application of physical and intellectual strength.

In modern conditions, the complication of this situation is facilitated by: the decrease in the educational influence of the family, the fast pace of society, and the receipt of a lot of conflicting information from the media. Life in society requires the child to subordinate his own interests to the interests of the whole society. All this undermines the knowledge of the younger student about the world around him. It will not be easy for him to realize himself in a new environment for him and create strong, trusting relationships in it. In this regard, mandatory assistance is required in social adaptation to the conditions of the school, not only for the school staff, but also for the parents of first-graders.

At the same time, his position in the class throughout the entire training often depends on how the child shows himself in the team during the period of adaptation.

A first-grader should have the skills to communicate with peers, the ability to work together and act together, be able to build friendly relations.Therefore, you should not scold your children for the fact that they often call up classmates not on business, run away to walk with them, or linger after school.At school, the child should feel that he is comfortable, interesting and fun among classmates, since their assessment, their attitude towards him is very important to him. Every first-grader wants to be an indispensable friend and inspire confidence in his classmates.All this is part of social adaptation, and you should not interfere with this process.

In addition, ppositive emotions that the child receives from communication with peers, and accelerate and facilitate his social adaptation.

Also, the first grader must be ready to fulfill the new school tasks assigned to him, be able to consciously accept the new requirements set by the teacher, comply with the rules and norms of behavior, regime

day, the hierarchy of tasks, etc. At the beginning of school life, the implementation and adherence to new rules is a difficult task for a first grader. Therefore, it is necessary to understand that the requirements for compliance with school rules and norms of behavior by a first grader must be clearly and specifically presented to him. An important condition for the social adaptation of children is the same requirements of the school and parents.

Each of the parents was trained at school, and they have experience, their own system of organizing educational and educational activities, which they have known since their own education. But it must be remembered that the school is a constantly changing organism. Due to thisit is important that parents are aware of the rules and laws by which the school operates. In this way, it will be possible to avoid the double standards that a child can be subjected to by the family and school, which can complicate an already difficult period in the life of a first grader.

The situation is more complicated with shy and withdrawn children. Such children often tend to take their favorite toys to school. Many parents prevent this, arguing that the child has already grown up and become a student, that the school is not a kindergarten. However, this is not worth doing. The child feels insecure in the new environment, and the toy is like part of the old, familiar

peace - helps him feel more well. So let him take the toy with him, but just explain to the child that you can only play with it at breaks.

Do not forget about the peculiarities of adaptation to school of children with developmental disabilities, in particular, hyperactive children, with developmental delays, children with autism spectrum disorders, etc. It will be much more difficult for parents of such first-graders to cope with the situation, and it would be much more correct for them to contact specialists in advance . Only in this way can parents be sure that they will solve the problem in the best way and help the child to live the period of adaptation to school less painfully.

The most important thing during this period is the observancedaily routine The daily routine at this time changes a lot, but this does not mean that the regime can be completely abandoned. It is important, especially in the first months of training, for the child to organizesleep after class . This is the best option to relieve nervous tension. In any case, after school, you can’t load the child with studies, let the child rest first. Ideally, this time should be spent with him, doing what he really loves, and only after that you can start doing homework.

On the one hand, it should not be asked in the first grade, on the other hand, it happens in different ways. It is strictly forbidden to sit down to do homework before going to bed. It is better to do this during the day, the peak of brain activity in children fallsat 15-16 hours. Before going to bed, it is best to take a walk in the fresh air.

During the child's adaptation to school, and at other times,walk should take at least 3-4 hours a day , this is the duration that doctors advise. This is the best way to balance the balance of static load and physical activity. It’s not worth counting on physical education lessons, 2 hours a week is not enough. According to research, a first grader needs11 hours of good sleep . It is best to put the child to bed at 9 p.m. Breakfast must be complete.

Rules that will help the child in communication:

The well-known teacher and psychologist Simon Soloveichik, whose name is significant for a whole generation of students, parents and teachers, published rules in one of his books that can help parents prepare a child for independent life among their classmates at school during the adaptation period. Parents need to explain these rules to the child, and, with their help, prepare the child for adulthood.

Don't take someone else's, but don't give yours either.

They asked - give, they try to take away - try to defend yourself.

Don't fight for no reason.

Call to play - go, do not call - ask permission to play together, it's not embarrassing.

Play fair, don't let your comrades down.

Don't tease anyone, don't "buzz", don't beg for anything. Don't ask anyone for anything twice.

Be careful wherever you need to be careful.

Don't cry over grades, be proud. Do not argue with the teacher because of the grades and do not be offended by the teacher for grades. Try to do everything on time and think about good results, you will definitely have them.
Don't snitch and don't slander anyone.
Try to be careful.
Say more often: let's be friends, let's play, let's go home together.
Remember! You are not the best, you are not the worst! You are unique for yourself, parents, teachers, friends!

Phrases for communicating with a child:

Not recommended phrases for communication: - I told you a thousand times that...
How many times do you have to repeat...
What are you thinking about...
Is it hard for you to remember that...
-You become…
-You are just like...
Leave me alone, I don't have time...
-Why is Lena (Nastya, Vasya, etc.) like this, but you are not ...

You are smart, handsome (etc.).
- It's good that I have you.
- You're a good guy.
-I love you very much.
- How well you did it, teach me this too.
- Thank you, I am very grateful to you.
If it wasn't for you, I would never have made it.