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Espanol: Wikipedia está haciendo el sitio más seguro. Usted está utilizando un navegador web viejo que no será capaz de conectarse a Wikipedia en el futuro. Actualice su dispositivo o contacte a su administrador informático. Más abajo hay una actualizacion más larga y más técnica en inglés.
ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ: ويكيبيديا تسعى لتأمين الموقع أكثر من ذي قبل. أنت تستخدم متصفح وب قديم لن يتمكن من الاتصال بموقع ويكيبيديا في المستقبل. يرجى تحديث جهازك أو الاتصال بغداري تقنية المعلومات الخاص بك. يوجد تحديث فني أطول ومغرق في التقنية باللغة الإنجليزية تاليا.
Francais: Wikipedia va bientôt augmenter la securité de son site. Vous utilisez actuellement un navigateur web ancien, qui ne pourra plus se connecter à Wikipédia lorsque ce sera fait. Merci de mettre à jour votre appareil ou de contacter votre administrateur informatique à cette fin. Des informations supplementaires plus techniques et en anglais sont disponibles ci-dessous.
日本語: .ンが古く。るか、IT管理者にご相談ください。技術面の詳しい更新 情報は以下に英語で提供しています。
German: Wikipedia erhöht die Sicherheit der Webseite. Du benutzt einen alten Webbrowser, der in Zukunft nicht mehr auf Wikipedia zugreifen können wird. Bitte aktualisiere dein Gerät oder sprich deinen IT-Administrator an. Ausführlichere (und technisch detailliertere) Hinweise findest Du unten in englischer Sprache.
Italiano: Wikipedia sta rendendo il sito più sicuro. Stai usando un browser web che non sarà in grado di connettersi a Wikipedia in futuro. Per favore, aggiorna il tuo dispositivo o contatta il tuo amministratore informatico. Più in basso è disponibile un aggiornamento più dettagliato e tecnico in inglese.
Magyar: Biztonságosabb lesz a Wikipedia. A böngésző, amit használsz, nem lesz képes kapcsolódni a jövőben. Használj modernebb szoftvert vagy jelezd a problemát a rendszergazdádnak. Alább olvashatod a reszletesebb magyarázatot (angolul).
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हिन्दी: विकिपीडिया साइट को और अधिक सुरक्षित बना रहा है। आप एक पुराने वेब ब्राउज़र का उपयोग कर रहे हैं जो भविष्य में विकिपीडिया से कनेक्ट नहीं हो पाएगा। कृपया अपना डिवाइस अपडेट करें या अपने आईटी व्यवस्थापक से संपर्क करें। नीचे अंग्रेजी में एक लंबा और अधिक तकनीकी अद्यतन है।
We are removing support for insecure TLS protocol versions, specifically TLSv1.0 and TLSv1.1, which your browser software relies on to connect to our sites. This is usually caused by outdated browsers, or older Android smartphones. Or it could be interference from corporate or personal "Web Security" software, which actually downgrades connection security.
You must upgrade your web browser or otherwise fix this issue to access our sites. This message will remain until Jan 1, 2020. After that date, your browser will not be able to establish a connection to our servers.
Peter Kapitsa / Petr Kapitsa
Pyotr Kapitsa is a world-famous scientist. Rutherford's favorite student, one of the founders of low-temperature physics and the physics of strong magnetic fields, a Nobel laureate who was once called the "Russian atomic tsar", and today would probably also be called the "genius of the military-industrial complex." Winner of many awards - (he had six orders of Lenin), the initiator of the creation and almost permanent director of the Institute of Physical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
This man had one weakness - he liked to express himself in letters that he wrote from childhood to everyone: relatives, beloved women, colleagues. When it became necessary, he decided to address his messages to the authorities. 300 letters to the Kremlin, 50 of which were personally addressed to Stalin, were written and sent by Pyotr Kapitsa in an attempt to protect scientists.
In his advanced years, Kapitsa, who had never been a member of the Communist Party, used all his authority to criticize the tendency in the Soviet Union to make judgments on scientific issues on non-scientific grounds. He opposed the construction of a pulp and paper mill, which threatened to pollute Lake Baikal with its wastewater. Together with Andrei Sakharov and other representatives of the intelligentsia, he signed a letter protesting the forced imprisonment of biologist Zhores Medvedev in a psychiatric hospital. In 1973, despite the persistent persuasion of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, M.V. Keldysh, refuses to put his signature under the letter stigmatizing Andrei Sakharov. On August 29, this letter, signed by 40 academicians, is printed by Pravda. Kapitsa was a member of the Soviet Committee of the Pugwash Movement for Peace and Disarmament. The initiator of this movement was Albert Einstein (Nobel Prize in Physics 1921). The first conference was held in the Canadian city of Pugwash in 1957. He also made several suggestions on how to overcome the alienation between Soviet and American sciences. On May 5, 1976, 10 years before Chernobyl, the report "Global Problems and Energy", read at Stockholm University, warns of imminent danger. Speaking about the accident at the American nuclear power plant "Browns Ferry", he notes: "... The accident showed that mathematical methods for calculating the probability of such accidents are not applicable, because, as was the case in this case, the probabilities of what happens due to errors in people's behavior are not taken into account ". He is trying to publish this report in the journal "Science and Life", which was then published in three million copies. The editors reject the article, explaining their refusal by their unwillingness to “scare people.” Refuses to publish the report and the Swedish magazine "Ambio", referring to the lack of funds for translation from Russian into English. All the materials about the accident at the Browns Ferry, which Kapitsa receives from acquaintances of American physicists, he immediately passes on to the President of the Academy of Sciences and Director of the Institute of Atomic Energy A.P. Alexandrov.
Kapitsa was awarded many awards and honorary titles both at home and in many countries of the world. He was an honorary doctor of eleven universities on four continents, was a member of many scientific societies, academies of the United States of America, the Soviet Union and most European countries, was the owner of numerous awards and prizes for his scientific and political activities, including seven Orders of Lenin.
Pyotr Kapitsa - life devoted to science
Soviet physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, a naval fortress located on an island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg, where his father Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, Lieutenant General of the Engineering Corps, served. P. Kapitsa's mother Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa, nee Stebnitskaya, was a well-known teacher and collector of folklore. After graduating from the gymnasium in Kronstadt, in 1912, Kapitsa entered the electromechanical faculty of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute.
In the summer of 1913, he traveled with his brother Leonid, a student of the Faculty of Geography of St. Petersburg University, to the North - they visited Arkhangelsk, the Solovetsky Islands, the coast of the Barents Sea. In the fishing villages, the brothers conduct an anthropological study of the Pomors, collect ethnographic material and study the production of fish oil. The illustrated magazine "Argus" publishes the article "Fish Oil". On June 8, 1916, he went to China for his fiancee Nadezhda Kirillovna Chernosvitova, who lived in Shanghai, in the family of her brother, an employee of the Russian-Asiatic Bank. On August 6, they got married. In the "Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society" Kapitsa publishes his first scientific papers "Inertia of electrons in ampere molecular currents" and "Preparation of Wollaston filaments". On July 5, 1917, his son Jerome is born. In September 1918, Pyotr Kapitsa graduated from the institute and received the title of electrical engineer.
For the next three years he taught at the same institute. Under the leadership of A.F. Ioffe, who was the first in Russia to start research in the field of atomic physics, Peter Kapitsa, together with his classmate Nikolai Semenov, developed a method for measuring the magnetic moment of an atom in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, which was improved in 1921 by Otto Stern.
In the winter of 1920, during the Spanish flu epidemic, he loses his father, son, wife and newborn daughter within a month.
May 22, 1921 Pyotr Kapitsa arrives in England as a member of the commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, sent to the countries of Western Europe to restore scientific ties broken by war and revolution, and to acquire instruments and scientific literature. In July, he, together with A.F. Joffe visits Ernst Rutherford in Cambridge and asks to take him to the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge for an internship. July 22 he starts work. Kapitsa quickly won Rutherford's respect and became his friend. Rutherford had a great influence on him and Kapitsa borrowed many statements from his master: “Science - great science - has always moved and will move technical thought”, “What is the difference between theory and experiment? The experiment remains forever”, “Do not serve God and mammon”, etc.
The first studies carried out by Kapitsa at Cambridge were devoted to the deflection of alpha and beta particles emitted by radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field. The creation of unique equipment for measuring temperature effects associated with the influence of strong magnetic fields on the properties of matter, such as magnetic resistance, led Kapitsa to study the problems of low temperature physics. The pinnacle of his creativity in this area was the creation in 1934 of an unusually productive installation for the liquefaction of helium.
At Cambridge, Kapitza's scientific authority grew rapidly. He successfully moved up the steps of the academic hierarchy. On October 17, 1922, the first meeting of the physics seminar he created in Cambridge, which later became known as the Kapitza Club, took place. In 1923, Kapitsa received his Ph.D. and received the prestigious James Clerk Maxwell Fellowship. In 1924 he was appointed Associate Director of the Cavendish Laboratory for Magnetic Research, and in 1925 became a Fellow of Trinity College. In 1928, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR awarded Kapitsa the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and in 1929 elected him its corresponding member. The following year, Peter Kapitsa becomes a research professor at the Royal Society of London. At the insistence of Rutherford, the Royal Society is building a new laboratory specifically for Kapitsa. The opening of the Mondo Laboratory took place on February 3, 1933.
On April 28, 1927, Kapitsa marries Anna Alekseevna Krylova in Paris, the daughter of the famous shipbuilder Academician A.N. Krylov. In 1919, she emigrated from Russia with her mother. On June 22, 1927, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Anna Alekseevna received Soviet citizenship. On February 14, 1928, his son Sergei was born, who became a physicist.
July 9, 1931 Peter Kapitsa's son Andrey is born. Andrei became a famous publicist and geographer. He has been a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1970 and of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991, a member of four Antarctic expeditions, leader of the geophysical expedition of the Academy of Sciences to East Africa (1967-69). Wrote works on the dynamics and morphology of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Received the State Prize of the USSR in 1971.
Soviet officials repeatedly turned to Pyotr Leonidovich with a request to remain permanently in the USSR. Kapitsa was interested in such proposals, but put forward certain conditions, in particular freedom of travel to the West, which delayed the solution of the issue. At the end of the summer of 1934, Kapitsa and his wife once again came to the Soviet Union, but when the couple prepared to return to England, it turned out that their exit visas had been cancelled. After a furious but useless skirmish with officials in Moscow, Kapitsa was forced to stay in his homeland, while his wife was allowed to return to England to her children. Somewhat later, Anna Alekseevna joined her husband in Moscow, and the children followed her. Rutherford and other friends of Kapitsa appealed to the Soviet government with a request to allow him to leave to continue working in England, but in vain.
On January 1, 1935, Kapitsa became director of the newly created Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, but before giving his consent, Kapitsa refused the proposed post for almost a year. Rutherford, resigned to the loss of his outstanding collaborator, allowed the Soviet authorities to buy Mond's laboratory equipment and send it by sea to the USSR. Negotiations, transportation of equipment and its installation at the Institute of Physical Problems took several years. In 1937, a physics seminar by P.L. Kapitsa - "Kapichnik", as they began to call him later, when from a purely institute it turns into a Moscow-wide and even all-Union one.
Kapitsa resumes his research on low temperature physics, including the properties of liquid helium.
In 1937, he wrote to Stalin in defense of the theoretical physicist Vladimir Alexandrovich Fock, who had been arrested the day before in Leningrad. Fok was released a few days later. On April 6, 1938, he writes to Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov and on April 28 to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin in defense of Lev Landau, who was arrested on charges of spying for Nazi Germany, head of the theoretical department of the Institute of Physical Problems. On April 28, Landau was released. To do this, Kapitsa had to go to the Kremlin and threaten to resign from the post of director of the institute in case of refusal. In his reports to government representatives, Kapitsa openly criticized those decisions that he considered wrong.
In 1941, Kapitsa was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree for his work "Turboexpander for obtaining low temperatures and its use for liquefying air." July 23 The Institute for Physical Problems was evacuated to Kazan. In October, he attracted public attention by issuing a warning about the possibility of building an atomic bomb. Perhaps he was the first of the physicists who made such a statement. On March 22, 1943, he was awarded another Stalin Prize, 1st degree, for the discovery and study of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium. In August, the re-evacuation of the Institute for Physical Problems to Moscow is completed.
On April 30, 1945, Kapitsa was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor "for the successful scientific development of a new turbine method for producing oxygen" and for the creation of a powerful turbo-oxygen plant for the production of liquid oxygen.
On August 20, 1945, by a decree of the GKO, a Special Committee was created to supervise "all work on the use of intra-atomic energy of uranium." There were only two physicists in the initial composition of the committee - Pyotr Kapitsa and Igor Kurchatov. Referring to the conflict with the chairman of the Special Committee, Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria, Kapitsa, in letters to Stalin dated October 3 and November 25, asks to be relieved of his work in the committee. On December 21, his request is granted.
From 1947 to 1949 he was the head of the department of general physics of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Moscow State University, of which he was one of the founders. In 1951 this faculty was transformed into the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (the well-known Fiztekh). Alternately with Lev Davidovich Landau, he reads a course in general physics.
On January 28, 1955, he was reinstated as director of the Institute for Physical Problems and remained in this position until the end of his life. On June 3, he became editor-in-chief of the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics.
In 1969, Kapitsa and his wife made their first trip to the United States. Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics." He shared his award with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson. Introducing the laureates, Lamek Hulten of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences remarked: "Kapitza stands before us as one of the greatest experimenters of our time, an undeniable pioneer, leader and master in his field."
Pyotr Kapitsa died in Moscow on April 8, 1984, three months before his ninetieth birthday. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, (1894–1984), engineer, physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize in Physics 1978
There are two ways to limit a person's freedom: through violence and through the education of conditioned reflexes in him.
The mass media are no less dangerous than the means of mass destruction.
The whole history of mankind consists of mistakes, and despite this, every government considers itself sinless. This is the law of nature and must be obeyed.
To be happy, a person must imagine himself free.
Freedom of creativity - freedom to make mistakes.
In life, a person with endurance always wins. And it is necessary to withstand not half an hour, but years.
Life is like a card game that you play without knowing the rules.
In 1921 Kapitsa came to Cambridge to see Rutherford. He refused to enroll him in his laboratory: the staff is already staffed.
- And tell me, please, professor, what is the accuracy of your work? - asked Kapitsa
- An error of about 10 percent.
- So, you can make the same error in staffing.
The capitol was accepted.
English: Wikipedia is making the site more secure. You are using an old web browser that will not be able to connect to Wikipedia in the future. Please update your device or contact your IT administrator.
中文: 维基百科正在使网站更加安全。您正在使用旧的浏览器，这在将来无法连接维基百科。请更新您的设备或联络您的IT管理员。以下提供更长，更具技术性的更新（仅英语 ）。
Espanol: Wikipedia está haciendo el sitio más seguro. Usted está utilizando un navegador web viejo que no será capaz de conectarse a Wikipedia en el futuro. Actualice su dispositivo o contacte a su administrador informático. Más abajo hay una actualizacion más larga y más técnica en inglés.
ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ: ويكيبيديا تسعى لتأمين الموقع أكثر من ذي قبل. أنت تستخدم متصفح وب قديم لن يتمكن من الاتصال بموقع ويكيبيديا في المستقبل. يرجى تحديث جهازك أو الاتصال بغداري تقنية المعلومات الخاص بك. يوجد تحديث فني أطول ومغرق في التقنية باللغة الإنجليزية تاليا.
Francais: Wikipedia va bientôt augmenter la securité de son site. Vous utilisez actuellement un navigateur web ancien, qui ne pourra plus se connecter à Wikipédia lorsque ce sera fait. Merci de mettre à jour votre appareil ou de contacter votre administrateur informatique à cette fin. Des informations supplementaires plus techniques et en anglais sont disponibles ci-dessous.
日本語: .ンが古く。るか、IT管理者にご相談ください。技術面の詳しい更新 情報は以下に英語で提供しています。
German: Wikipedia erhöht die Sicherheit der Webseite. Du benutzt einen alten Webbrowser, der in Zukunft nicht mehr auf Wikipedia zugreifen können wird. Bitte aktualisiere dein Gerät oder sprich deinen IT-Administrator an. Ausführlichere (und technisch detailliertere) Hinweise findest Du unten in englischer Sprache.
Italiano: Wikipedia sta rendendo il sito più sicuro. Stai usando un browser web che non sarà in grado di connettersi a Wikipedia in futuro. Per favore, aggiorna il tuo dispositivo o contatta il tuo amministratore informatico. Più in basso è disponibile un aggiornamento più dettagliato e tecnico in inglese.
Magyar: Biztonságosabb lesz a Wikipedia. A böngésző, amit használsz, nem lesz képes kapcsolódni a jövőben. Használj modernebb szoftvert vagy jelezd a problemát a rendszergazdádnak. Alább olvashatod a reszletesebb magyarázatot (angolul).
Sweden: Wikipedia gör sidan mer säker. Du använder en äldre webbläsare som inte kommer att kunna läsa Wikipedia i framtiden. Uppdatera din enhet eller kontakta din IT-administratör. Det finns en längre och mer teknisk förklaring på engelska längre ned.
हिन्दी: विकिपीडिया साइट को और अधिक सुरक्षित बना रहा है। आप एक पुराने वेब ब्राउज़र का उपयोग कर रहे हैं जो भविष्य में विकिपीडिया से कनेक्ट नहीं हो पाएगा। कृपया अपना डिवाइस अपडेट करें या अपने आईटी व्यवस्थापक से संपर्क करें। नीचे अंग्रेजी में एक लंबा और अधिक तकनीकी अद्यतन है।
We are removing support for insecure TLS protocol versions, specifically TLSv1.0 and TLSv1.1, which your browser software relies on to connect to our sites. This is usually caused by outdated browsers, or older Android smartphones. Or it could be interference from corporate or personal "Web Security" software, which actually downgrades connection security.
You must upgrade your web browser or otherwise fix this issue to access our sites. This message will remain until Jan 1, 2020. After that date, your browser will not be able to establish a connection to our servers.
50 years ago there were as many bicycles on the ruble as there are now cars.
The Internet will change the contours of intellectual property rights.
(Internet)
I have everything I need - I have a dacha on Nikolina Gora, I have an apartment in Moscow, a car and a computer. Nothing else is needed but ideas.
The lack of competent management hurts science painfully.
Failure to understand certain things does not mean the presence of God.
(God)
And what will remain after the current generation? Will their text messages be published as a warning to posterity?
Mathematics is what Russians teach Chinese in American universities.
(mathematics)
A modern experimental physicist needs about a million a year - for devices, for the entire infrastructure that provides his research. Yes, this is an expensive pleasure, but a boutique on Gorky Street is more expensive.
The suit disciplines the man, internally organizes. Once upon a time, BBC radio announcers read the news in tuxedos and evening dresses, although the listeners did not see them.
Money is not the purpose of the existence of society, but only a means to achieve certain goals.
Culture must be planted! Even by force. Otherwise, we will all collapse.
Before you act, you need to understand.
If you pretend to be a clever man in front of people, speak to them in some foreign language - they do not forgive you for this. If you speak seriously with people and they do not understand, they will forgive you.
Television, the strongest means of human interaction, is now in the hands of those who are completely irresponsible about their role in society.
In a woman, vulgarity can be repelled. Sometimes she also attracts, so go figure it out.
Major figures do not let people close to them. Richter didn't budge. Father is too. They valued themselves and their time.
Moscow, despite many things that annoy me, is still my city. You have to be able to filter it all out. Every person should have filters - from spam.
I knew Akunin when he was still the scientific secretary of our editorial office, the Pushkin Library, which published one hundred volumes of Russian literature. What attracts me in his detective stories is that his detective, as a statesman, has responsibility for the task assigned, for the interests of the country. Responsibility is a concept that has practically disappeared now.
Attempts to formalize the greatest achievements of science as someone else's discoveries - this is just a way to satisfy the vanity of their authors. In fact, these achievements belong to humanity as a whole.
