In May 1945, peacetime did not come for all the inhabitants of the USSR. On the territory of Western Ukraine, a powerful and extensive network of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army OUN-UPA continued to operate, better known to the people as Bandera. It took almost ten years for them to defeat the Soviet regime. We will talk about how this "war after the war" was fought.
Cossacks from the Abwehr
The first serious clashes between the Red Army and SMERSH detachments with the OUN-UPA began in the spring and summer of 1944. As Western Ukraine was liberated from the German occupiers, the military formations of the nationalists felt themselves full-fledged masters here, with which the local forests simply swarmed. The old power is gone, the new has not yet had time to take root. And Bandera began to make every effort to discourage the "soviets" from any desire to return to "independent Ukraine." It must be admitted that they put up fierce resistance. So what was the UPA?
Its backbone was formed by the legionnaires of the Nachtigal and Roland battalions disbanded in 1942, and the SS Galicia division defeated in 1944. Many fighters were trained in the Abwehr camps in Germany. Geographically, the rebel army was divided into three groups: "North", "West" and "South". Each group consisted of 3-4 kurens. One kuren included three hundred. A hundred, in turn, was formed from 3-4 chots (platoons). And the primary formation was a swarm, including 10-12 people. In general, a bizarre and terrible mixture of the Abwehr with the Cossacks and the partisan movement.
According to various estimates, the number of UPA ranged from 25 to 100 thousand fighters. They were armed with both German and Soviet weapons. The rebel army also had its own security service, which was engaged in intelligence and performed punitive functions.
Airplane in a dugout
So the Soviet troops were not at all faced with disparate gangs, but with a powerful military organization with a rigid structure. The UPA acted boldly and confidently, especially in the forest area. Here are the testimonies that can be read in the collection of documents "Internal troops in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945":
“Initially, the large bands of the UPA themselves challenged us. Having fortified in advance on advantageous lines, they imposed a battle. In the forests on the Kremenets Upland, the bandits created a system of defensive structures: trenches, dugouts, blockages, etc. As a result of the successful completion of the operation, many weapons were captured , ammunition, including two depots with German shells and mines, even a serviceable U-2 aircraft. A lot of food and clothing depots were found. Together with the UPA bandits, 65 German servicemen were captured."
And yet, at first, the enemy was clearly underestimated. A vivid example of this is the Bandera attack on the convoy accompanying the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front, Nikolai Vatutin. As a result of a serious wound, the general died.
Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin.
This egregious incident made the army and special services even more actively fight against the UPA. As a result, by the spring of 1945, the state security agencies, the NKVD troops, defeated all large gangs of 300 people or more. According to the Department for Combating Banditry of the NKVD of Ukraine, in 1944 57,405 members of gangs were killed and 50,387 were detained.
Waiting for the "Plague"
However, this was not the final victory. The second and, perhaps, the most difficult phase of the fight against the UPA was coming. Bandera changed tactics, from open confrontation they switched to terror and sabotage. Those who survived the destruction of the kuren and hundreds were reorganized into more maneuverable armed groups of 8-12 people. The leadership, located abroad, gave the underground an instruction to play for time and conserve strength until the onset of the "Plague". Under this name, the beginning of the armed conflict between the countries of the West and the USSR was encrypted in the documents of the OUN. The secret services of the United States and Britain, according to some reports, were fueling hopes for an early war with the "soviets". From time to time they dropped their emissaries, ammunition, money, special equipment into the forests of Western Ukraine from the air.
With parts of the Red Army OUN-UPA now preferred not to get involved. The blow was transferred to the administration and those who sympathized with the Soviet regime. And their number, as a rule, included teachers, doctors, engineers, agronomists, machine operators. The "loyal" Ukrainians were dealt with very cruelly - they were killed by their families, often tortured. On the chest of some of the dead, a note was left "For complicity with the NKVD."
However, a considerable part of the rural population supported the "lads from the forest." Some really perceived them as heroes, fighters for an independent Ukraine, others were simply afraid. They supplied Bandera with food, allowed them to stay. The militants paid for food with "karbovans" from the combat fund (BF). State security officials called them "bifons". As Georgy Sannikov, a veteran of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of State Security and the KGB, recalls in his book "The Great Hunt. The Defeat of the UPA", this money was printed in a typographical way. The banknotes depicted a rebel with a machine gun in his hand, calling for the overthrow of the Soviet regime. Bandera promised the villagers that as soon as they came to power, they would exchange them for real money.
It is clear that many civilians and OUN members were connected by family relations. In order to deprive the OUN-UPA of the material base, the authorities were forced to take tough measures. Part of the relatives of Bandera were resettled in other regions of the country, and active accomplices were sent to a special settlement in Siberia.
However, there were quite a few people, with weapons in their hands, ready to resist Bandera. Fighter detachments were formed from them, the locals called the fighters of these units "hawks". They provided serious assistance to the authorities in the fight against the underground.
Bandera "invisible"
Conspiracy played the most important role for the OUN-UPA. In their activities, Bandera used the experience of the Irish Republican Army and even the Bolshevik revolutionaries they hated. All members of the combat units had pseudonyms that changed frequently. Communication between bandit formations was carried out through verified messengers. As a rule, brothers in arms from different cells did not know each other by sight. Orders and reports were transmitted through "grips" - miniature notes made in pencil on tissue paper. They were rolled up, stitched with thread and sealed with candle paraffin. They left them in a designated place. This whole ingenious system, of course, made it difficult to search for gangs, but it came out "sideways" to the underground workers themselves. In the event of the defeat of a swarm or chot and the death of the "seer" (leader), the survivors could not contact their comrades-in-arms. Therefore, hundreds of Bandera singles wandered in the forests.
But the main know-how of the OUN UPA was underground caches ("kryivki"). As one of the Bandera instructions said: "... every underground worker must know the rules of conspiracy, like a soldier - the charter of field service. An underground worker must live underground." The system of secret shelters began to be created back in 1944 in anticipation of the arrival of Soviet troops, and by the 1950s it had "entangled" all of Western Ukraine. There were different types of caches: warehouses, radio communication points, printing houses and barracks. They were built on the principle of dugouts with the difference that the entrance was disguised. As a rule, a stump or a box with earth served as a "door" to the caches, into which a young tree was planted. Ventilation was taken out through the trees. To create an underground bunker on the territory of a village or village, the militants had to be more resourceful. They disguised the entrance to the shelter as piles of garbage, haystacks, dog kennels and even graves. There were times when the path to the shelter ran through an active well. Here is how one of the veterans of the MGB and KGB describes the sophisticated shelter in the book "SMERSH against Bandera. The war after the war": a disguised door was made in the shaft from the crowns of the well. Behind it was a corridor with two disguised bunker rooms. One was intended for the radio operator, members of the detachment and the dining room. The other was for leadership and meetings. door. A trusted fellow villager lowered the Bandera people."
With such a system of shelters, the OUN UPA fighters became practically "invisible". It would seem that he surrounded the enemy in the forest or in the village - and suddenly he disappeared, evaporated.
Get it out of the ground
At first, it was not easy for Soviet intelligence officers to identify caches. But over time, they learned to literally get the enemy out of the ground.
During large-scale raids, soldiers searched for them with the help of two-meter probes and service dogs. In winter, at sunrise or sunset, you could find an underground lair by a barely noticeable trickle of air, fluctuating in the cold.
It was extremely difficult to take Bandera alive in the bunker. They either entered into a deliberately fatal shootout for themselves, or committed suicide. The decision on self-liquidation was made only by the head of the group. The militants stood facing the wall, and the commander killed them in turn with a shot in the back of the head. After that, he shot himself.
To avoid such an outcome, caches were thrown with gas grenades. Later, when storming the bunkers, they began to use a special drug "Typhoon" - an instant sleeping pill, without side effects. It was developed specifically for such operations in Moscow. Introduced through the vent from small hand-held cylinders with a thin flexible hose.
Borscht with "Neptune"
However, despite the importance of such operations, the search and assault on bunkers was not a priority task for the special services. The main direction remained the introduction of their people into the nationalist underground, the recruitment of agents and the ideological influence on the enemy. It was not the kind of war that was fought, where everything is decided by the force of arms and numerical superiority. The enemy was secretive, insidious and resourceful. And this required non-standard methods of struggle from the special services. And time worked for them. People are tired of a protracted civil war, constant fear for themselves and loved ones. It was no longer possible to cover the "boys from the forest" forever. Yes, and many militants, physically and psychologically exhausted, wanted to return from the forest to their native villages, but they feared reprisals from the OUN-UPA security service. Under such conditions, the MGB en masse begins recruiting agents from among ordinary civilians and accomplices of the OUN-UPA.
The goal was this - to turn every hut, where the Bandera people until recently boldly looked at the wait, into a trap. But how could the owners of the house, and in the post-war period they were usually elderly people or single women, cope with a group of seasoned militants? Firstly, a portable "Alarm" device, powered by rechargeable batteries, was installed in their homes. As soon as the "guests" from the forest appeared on the threshold, the owner imperceptibly pressed the button and sent a radio signal to the regional department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. And then it was the turn of the chemical preparation "Neptune-47", created in the special laboratories of the KGB. This psychotropic substance could be added to different types of liquids: vodka, water, milk, borscht. By the way, the agents had "cunning" German-style flasks made in the operational and technical department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. They had two buttons built into them. One acted as a safety device against entering the contents of the Neputna-47 flask. That is, he could, in company with the "lads", sip vodka from one container without harm to himself. People who took this "potion" began to "swim" after 7-8 minutes: their minds became foggy, their movements became slow, they could not even pull the shutter or pull the trigger. And five minutes later, they were sound asleep. Heavy, exhausting sleep with hallucinations lasted 1.5-3 hours.
After the Bandera people fell asleep, police officers and special services entered the hut. "Neptune-47" had one more unpleasant side effect for the "OUN". After waking up for some time, a person is not able to control his actions and willingly answers any questions.
As Georgiy Sannikov, the author of the book "The Great Hunt. The Defeat of the UPA", remarks with irony: "The use of this drug was the strictest secret of state security. However, the entire population of Western Ukraine, including children, knew about it." The people called him "otruta" - translated from the Ukrainian language "poison".
The recruited agents were armed with another drug - Neptune-80. They wetted the rug on the threshold of the house. If a militant who has been in the hut wipes his feet on him, then the dogs within a few days will easily find him on the trail in the forest, which means they will find a cache with the whole gang.
hunted animals
Legendary bandit formations played an important role in identifying Bandera. These are groups of the most experienced employees of the MGB, who were fluent in the Galician dialect of the Ukrainian language, who imitated the OUN-UPA detachments. Often they also included former militants who had gone over to the side of the Soviet authorities. They went to the forest, lived in the same underground bunkers and tried to make contact with real underground workers.
For this, "grips" skillfully "rewritten" by craftsmen of the MGB were also used. The author's handwriting was copied, the essence of the letter was preserved, but the time and place of the meeting were changed. And there were cases when "grips" were stuffed with explosives - such messages were called "surprises". It is clear that the addressee who opened the package died.
As the intelligence network grew, the secret services began to get closer to the leadership of the underground. After all, only by beheading the OUN-UPA, it was possible to finally put an end to Bandera. In 1950, the elusive Roman Shukhevych, aka "Taras Chuprinka", a cornet general, commander of the UPA, was killed in his safe house. The death of the closest associate of Stepan Bandera dealt a serious blow to the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Then began the slow agony of the rebel army. After the death of Shukhevych, the leadership of the UPA was taken over by Vasily Kuk, pseudonym Lemesh. Also a very experienced, dangerous and cautious enemy. He had a truly bestial instinct for danger, practically did not leave the bunkers, where he seriously undermined his health. Living conditions there were more than harsh. It took the MGB four years to catch him. Ironically, the last underground shelter of Vasily Cook was a cache created especially for him by state security officers. The general-cornet was lured into a trap together with his wife by a converted "OUN" Mykola named Chumak, whom he completely trusted. They persuaded the hardened Bandera to cooperate in a rather original way. He, who had not climbed out of the forests for a decade, was given something like an excursion throughout Ukraine. Mykola visited Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa and was amazed by the flourishing, and by no means oppressed by Soviet power, homeland.
Unlike Chumak, it was not possible to recruit Vasyl Kuk, who was fanatically devoted to the idea of Ukrainian nationalism. Nevertheless, he agreed to call on the UPA fighters to lay down their arms, because he understood that their cause was doomed. The last leader of the underground was on the verge of being shot, but the authorities nevertheless spared his life and released him after a six-year sentence. Firstly, they did not want to make him another martyr for the nationalists, and secondly, they emphasized the strength and generosity of the Soviet state, which can afford to leave a serious enemy alive. Vasily Kuk lived in Kyiv to a ripe old age and died in 2007.
P.S.
During the 10 years of fighting the OUN underground from 1945 to 1955, 25,000 military personnel, employees of state security agencies, police and border guards, 32,000 people from among the Soviet party activists were killed.
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In his memoirs, officer Bruno Schneider told what kind of instruction German soldiers went through before being sent to the Russian front. Regarding the women of the Red Army, the order stated one thing: “Shoot!”
This was done in many German units. Among those who died in battles and encirclement, a huge number of bodies of women in Red Army uniforms were found. Among them are many nurses and women paramedics. Traces on their bodies testified that many were brutally tortured and then shot.
Residents of Smagleevka (Voronezh region) told after their liberation in 1943 that at the beginning of the war in their village a young Red Army girl died a terrible death. She was badly injured. Despite this, the Nazis stripped her naked, dragged her onto the road and shot her.
Terrifying marks of torture remained on the body of the unfortunate woman. Before her death, her breasts were cut off, her entire face and hands were completely cut to pieces. The woman's body was a continuous bloody mess. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was treated in a similar way. Before the exemplary execution, the Nazis kept her half-naked in the cold for hours.
women in captivity
The Soviet soldiers who were in captivity - and women too - were supposed to be "sorted". The weakest, the wounded and exhausted were to be destroyed. The rest were used for the hardest work in concentration camps.
In addition to these atrocities, Red Army women were constantly subjected to rape. The highest military ranks of the Wehrmacht were forbidden to have intimate relations with the Slavs, so they did it secretly. The rank and file had a certain freedom here. Finding one Red Army woman or a nurse, she could be raped by a whole company of soldiers. If the girl did not die after that, she was shot.
In concentration camps, the leadership often chose the most attractive girls from among the prisoners and took them to their place to “serve”. So did the camp doctor Orlyand in Shpalaga (prisoner of war camp) No. 346 near the city of Kremenchug. The guards themselves regularly raped the prisoners of the women's block of the concentration camp.
So it was in Shpalaga No. 337 (Baranovichi), about which in 1967, during a meeting of the tribunal, the head of this camp, Yarosh, testified.
Shpalag No. 337 was distinguished by particularly cruel, inhuman conditions of detention. Both women and men of the Red Army were kept half-naked in the cold for hours. Hundreds of them were stuffed into the lice-infested barracks. Anyone who could not stand it and fell, the guards immediately shot. More than 700 captured servicemen were destroyed daily in Shpalaga No. 337.
Torture was applied to female prisoners of war, the cruelty of which medieval inquisitors could only envy: they were put on a stake, their insides were stuffed with hot red pepper, etc.
Often they were bullied by German commandants, many of whom were distinguished by obvious sadistic inclinations. Commandant Shpalag No. 337 was called a “cannibal” behind her back, which eloquently spoke of her temper.
Not only did the torture undermine the morale and last strength of the exhausted women, but also the lack of basic hygiene. There was no talk of any washing for the prisoners. Insect bites and purulent infections were added to the wounds. Military women knew how the Nazis treat them, and therefore fought to the last.
And such atrocities are on the account of the "heroes of Ukraine"!
We read and absorb. This is to be conveyed to the minds of our children. We need to learn to decently interpret the detailed terrible truth about the atrocities of the Bandera heroes of the Zvaryche-Khoruzhev nation.
Detailed materials about the struggle of the "heroes of the nation" on this land with the civilian population can be easily dug up in any search engine.
This is our proud history.
"...upovtsy on the day of the anniversary of the UPA decided to give their "general" an unusual gift - 5 heads cut off from the Poles. He was pleasantly surprised by both the gift itself and the resourcefulness of his subordinates.
Such "zeal" confused even worldly-wise Germans. On May 28, 1943, the General Commissar of Volhynia and Podolia, Obergruppenführer Schöne, asked the “Metropolitan” Polikarp Sikorsky to appease his “flock”: “National bandits (my italics) also show their activity in attacks on unarmed Poles. According to our calculations, 15,000 Poles have been muzzled today! The Janova Valley colony does not exist.”
In the “Chronicle of the SS Rifle Division “Galicia”, which was kept by its Military Council, there is the following entry: “03/20/44: there is a Ukrainian rebel in Volyn, which is probably already in Galicia, who boasts that he strangled 300 soul of the Poles. He is considered a hero."
The Poles published dozens of volumes of such facts of the genocide, none of which the Banderaites refuted. Stories about such acts of the Craiova Army will be typed in no more than a common notebook. Yes, and that still needs to be backed up by substantial evidence.
Moreover, the Poles did not ignore the examples of mercy on the part of the Ukrainians. For example, in Virka, Kostopol district, Frantiszka Dzekanska, carrying her 5-year-old daughter Jadzia, was mortally wounded by a Bandera bullet. The same bullet grazed a child's leg. For 10 days the child was with the murdered mother, eating grains from spikelets. The Ukrainian teacher saved the girl.
At the same time, he certainly knew what threatened him with such an attitude towards "outsiders". After all, in the same county, Bandera’s people muzzled two Ukrainian children just because they were brought up in a Polish family, and they smashed the head of the three-year-old Stasik Pavlyuk against the wall, holding him by the legs.
Of course, a terrible revenge awaited those Ukrainians who had no enmity towards the Soviet soldiers-liberators. OUN regional guide Ivan Revenyuk (“Proud”) recalled how “at night, from the village of Khmyzovo, a village girl of 17 years old or even younger was brought to the forest. Her fault was that she, along with other rural girls, went to dances when a military unit of the Red Army was stationed in the village. Kubik (commander of the military district of the UPA "Tura") saw the girl and asked Varnak (the conductor of the Kovel district) for permission to personally interrogate her. He demanded that she confess that she was "walking" with the soldiers. The girl swore that it was not. “And I’ll check it now,” Kubik grinned, sharpening a pine stick with a knife. In a moment he jumped up to the prisoner and with a sharp end began to stick between her legs until he drove a pine stake into the girl's genitals.
One night, bandits broke into the Ukrainian village of Lozovoe and killed over 100 of its inhabitants in an hour and a half. In the Dyagun family, a Bandera man hacked to death three children. The smallest, four-year-old Vladik, cut off his arms and legs. In the Makukh family, the killers found two children - three-year-old Ivasik and ten-month-old Joseph. The ten-month-old child, seeing the man, was delighted and laughingly stretched out her hands to him, showing her four cloves. But the ruthless bandit slashed the baby's head with a knife, and cut his head with an ax to his brother Ivasik.
From the village of Volkovya one night, Bandera brought a whole family into the forest. For a long time they mocked the unfortunate people. Then, seeing that the wife of the head of the family was pregnant, they cut open her stomach, tore out the fetus from it, and instead they pushed in a live rabbit.
“They surpassed even the sadistic German SS with their atrocities. They torture our people, our peasants... Don't we know that they cut small children, smash their heads against the stone walls so that the brain flies out of them. Terrible brutal murders - these are the actions of these rabid wolves, ”Jaroslav Galan called out. With similar anger, the OUN of Melnyk, and the UPA of Bulba-Borovets, and the government of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, and the Union of Hetmans-Derzhavniki, who settled in Canada, denounced the atrocities of Bandera with similar anger.
Although belatedly, some Bandera people still repent of their crimes. So in January 2004, an elderly woman came to the editorial office of Sovetskaya Luganshchina and handed over a package from her friend who had recently passed away. The guest of the editorial office explained that with her visit she was fulfilling the last will of a native of the Volyn region, an active Banderovka in the past, who by the end of her life rethought her life and decided with her confession to at least a little atone for an irreparable sin.
“I, Vdovichenko Nadezhda Timofeevna, a native of Volyn ... My family and I ask you to forgive us all posthumously, because when people read this letter, I will no longer be (a friend will fulfill my order).
Our parents had five, we were all inveterate Bandera: brother Stepan, sister Anna, me, sisters Olya and Nina. We all walked around in Bandera, slept in the huts during the day, and at night we walked and drove around the villages. We were given tasks to strangle those who sheltered Russian prisoners and the prisoners themselves. Men were engaged in this, and we, women, sorted out clothes, took away cows and pigs from dead people, slaughtered cattle, processed everything, stewed it and put it in barrels. Once, in one night, 84 people were strangled in the village of Romanov. They strangled the older people and the old, and the little children by the legs - once, hit the head on the door - and it's ready, and on the cart. We felt sorry for our men that they suffered hard during the night, but they would sleep off during the day and the next night - to another village. There were people hiding. If a man was hiding, they were mistaken for women ...
Others were removed at Verkhovka: Kovalchuk's wife Tilimon for a long time did not admit where he was, and did not want to open it, but she was threatened, and she was forced to open it. They said: "Tell me where the husband is, and we will not touch you." She admitted that in a stack of straw, he was pulled out, beaten, beaten until they beat him. And the two children, Styopa and Olya, were good children, 14 and 12 years old ... The youngest was torn into two parts, and Yunka's mother no longer needed to be strangled, her heart broke. Young healthy guys were taken to the detachments to strangle people. So, from Verkhovka, two brothers Levchukiv, Nikolai and Stepan, did not want to strangle, and ran home. We sentenced them to death. When they went after them, the father says: "Take your sons - and I'm going." Kalina, the wife, also says: "Take your husband - and I'm going." They took them out for 400 meters and Nadia asks: “Let Kolya go,” and Kolya says: Nadia, don’t ask, no one asked Bandera to take time off and you won’t beg.” Kolya was killed. Nadya was killed, his father was killed, and Stepan was taken alive, they took him to the hut for two weeks in his underwear - a shirt and trousers, beat him with iron ramrods so that he would confess where the family was, but he was firm, did not admit to anything, and last evening they beat him , he asked to go to the toilet, one led him, and there was a strong snowstorm, the toilet was made of straw, and Stepan broke through the straw and ran away from our hands. We were given all the data from Verkhovka by fellow countrymen Pyotr Rimarchuk, Zhabsky and Puch.
... In Novoselki, Rivne region, there was one Komsomol member Motrya. We took her to Verkhovka to the old Zhabsky and let's get a living heart. Old Salivon held a watch in one hand, and a heart in the other, to check how long the heart would beat in his hand. And when the Russians came, the sons wanted to erect a monument to him, they say, he fought for Ukraine.
A Jewish woman was walking with a child, ran away from the ghetto, they stopped her, beat her up and buried her in the forest. One of our Bandera went after Polish girls. They gave him the order to remove them, and he said that he threw them into the stream. Their mother came running, crying, asking if I had seen, I said no, let's go look, go over that stream, my mother and I go there. We were given an order: Jews, Poles, Russian prisoners and those who hide them, to strangle everyone without mercy. The Severin family was strangled, and the daughter was married in another village. She arrived in Romanov, but there were no parents, she began to cry and let's dig things out. Bandera came, took away the clothes, and closed the daughter alive in the same box and buried it. And her two small children remained at home. And if the children came with their mother, then they would be in that box. Was still in our village Kublyuk. He was sent to Kotov, Kivertsovsky district, to work. He worked for a week, and then what - they cut off Kublyuk's head, and a neighbor guy took his daughter. Bandera ordered to kill his daughter Sonya, and Vasily said: "Let's go to the forest for firewood." Let's go, Vasily brought Sonya dead, and told people that the tree had killed.
Timofey lived in our village Oytsyus. The old, old grandfather that he said, so be it, was that a prophet from God. When the Germans arrived, they were immediately told that there was one in the village, and the Germans immediately went to the old man to tell him what would happen to them ... And he said to them: “I won’t tell you anything, because you will kill me ". The negotiator promised that they would not lay a finger on it. Then the grandfather said to them: "You will reach Moscow, but from there you will run away as best you can." The Germans did not touch him, but when the old prophet told the Banderas that they would not do anything by strangling the people of Ukraine, the Banderas came and beat him until they beat him.
Now I will describe my family. Brother Stepan was an inveterate Bandera, but I did not lag behind him, I went everywhere with Bandera, although I was married. When the Russians came, arrests began, people were taken out. Our family too. Olya agreed at the station, and they let her go, but Bandera came, took her away and strangled her. My father left with his mother and sister Nina in Russia. The mother is old. Nina flatly refused to go to work for Russia, then the authorities offered her to work as a secretary. But Nina said that she did not want to hold a Soviet pen in her hands. They again met her halfway: “If you don’t want to do anything, then sign that you will give out Bandera, and we will let you go home. Nina, without thinking for a long time, signed, and she was released. Nina had not yet arrived home, as Bandera was already waiting for her, they gathered a meeting of guys and girls and tried Nina: look, they say, whoever raises a hand against us, it will be like that with everyone. To this day, I don't know where it went.
All my life I carried a heavy stone in my heart, because I believed Bandera. I could sell any person if someone says something about Bandera. And they, cursed, may they be cursed by both God and people for all eternity. How many people have chopped up the innocent, and now they want to equate them with the defenders of Ukraine. And who did they fight? With their neighbors, damned murderers. How much blood is on their hands, how many boxes with the living are buried. People were taken out, but even now they do not want to return to that Bandera.
I tearfully beg you, people, forgive me my sins" (newspaper "Soviet Luganshchina", January 2004, N 1)...".
135 tortures and atrocities used by OUN-UPA terrorists against civilians
Driving a large and thick nail into the skull of the head.
Ripping off the hair from the head with the skin (scalping).
Striking with the butt of an ax on the skull of the head.
Striking with the butt of an ax on the forehead.
Carving on the forehead "eagle".
Driving a bayonet into the temple of the head.
Gouging out one eye.
Gouging out two eyes.
Nose cutting.
Circumcision of one ear.
Circumcision of both ears.
Piercing children with stakes through and through.
Punching with a pointed thick wire through and through from ear to ear.
Lip cutting.
Cutting the tongue.
Throat cutting.
Cutting the throat and pulling the tongue out through the hole.
Cutting the throat and inserting a piece into the hole.
Knocking out teeth.
Jaw breaking.
Tearing of the mouth from ear to ear.
Plugging mouths with tow when transporting still living victims.
Cutting the neck with a knife or sickle.
Vertical cutting of the head with an ax.
Rolling the head back.
Crushing of the head by placing in a vise and tightening the screw.
Cutting off the head with a sickle.
Cutting off the head with a scythe.
Cutting off the head with an axe.
Striking with an ax in the neck.
Stab wounds to the head.
Cutting and pulling narrow strips of skin from the back.
Infliction of other chopped wounds on the back.
Strikes with a bayonet in the back.
Breaking of the bones of the ribs of the chest.
Striking with a knife or bayonet at or near the heart.
Infliction of stab wounds to the chest with a knife or bayonet.
Cutting off women's breasts with a sickle.
Cutting off women's breasts and sprinkling salt on wounds.
Cutting off the genitals of male victims with a sickle.
Sawing the body in half with a carpenter's saw.
Infliction of stab wounds to the abdomen with a knife or bayonet.
Punching the belly of a pregnant woman with a bayonet.
Cutting the abdomen and pulling out the intestines in adults.
Cutting the abdomen of a woman with a long-term pregnancy and inserting instead of the removed fetus, for example, a live cat, and stitching the abdomen.
Cutting the abdomen and pouring boiling water inside - boiling water.
Cutting the stomach and putting stones inside it, as well as throwing it into the river.
Cutting the belly of pregnant women and spilling broken glass inside.
Pulling out the veins from the groin to the feet.
Investing in the groin - the vagina of a red-hot iron.
Insertion of pine cones into the vagina with the top side forward.
Inserting a pointed stake into the vagina and pushing it up to the throat, right through.
Cutting the women's front part of the body with a garden knife from the vagina to the neck and leaving the insides outside.
Hanging victims by the insides.
Inserting a glass bottle into the vagina and breaking it.
Inserting a glass bottle into the anus and breaking it.
Cutting the abdomen and spilling the food inside, the so-called fodder flour, for hungry pigs, which pulled out this food along with the intestines and other entrails.
Chopping off one hand with an axe.
Chopping off both hands with an axe.
Penetration of the palm with a knife.
Cutting off the fingers with a knife.
Cutting off the palm.
Cauterization of the inside of the palm on the hot stove of a charcoal kitchen.
Chopping off the heel.
Severing of the foot above the heel bone.
Breaking with a blunt instrument of the bones of the hands in several places.
Breaking with a blunt instrument of the bones of the legs in several places.
Sawing the body, lined with boards on both sides, in half with a carpenter's saw.
Sawing the body in half with a special saw.
Sawing off both legs with a saw.
Sprinkling of bound feet with red-hot coal.
Nailing hands to the table, and feet to the floor.
Nailing in the church on the cross of hands and feet with nails.
Inflicting blows with an ax to the back of the head to the victims, previously laid on the floor.
Striking with an ax all over the body.
Chopping a whole body into pieces with an ax.
Breaking on the living legs and arms in the so-called strap.
Nailing the tongue of a small child to the table with a knife, which later hung on it.
Cutting the child into pieces with a knife and throwing them around.
Opening the abdomen for children.
Nailing a small child to a table with a bayonet.
Hanging a male child by the genitals on a doorknob.
Knocking out the joints of the child's legs.
Knocking out the joints of the child's hands.
Strangulation of a child by throwing various rags on him.
Throwing little children alive into a deep well.
Throwing a child into the flames of a burning building.
Breaking the baby's head, taking it by the legs and hitting it against a wall or stove.
Hanging a monk by his feet near the pulpit in the church.
Planting a child on a stake.
Hanging a woman upside down on a tree and mocking her - cutting off her chest and tongue, dissecting her stomach, gouging out her eyes, and cutting off pieces of her body with knives.
Nailing a small child to a door.
Hanging upside down on a tree.
Hanging upside down on a tree.
Hanging on a tree with feet up and singeing the head from below with the fire of a fire lit under the head.
Throwing down from a cliff.
Drowning in the river.
Drowning by dropping into a deep well.
Drowning in a well and throwing stones at the victim.
Piercing with a pitchfork, and after roasting pieces of the body on a fire.
Throwing an adult into a fire in a forest clearing, around which Ukrainian girls sang and danced to the sounds of an accordion.
Driving a stake into the stomach through and through and strengthening it in the ground.
Tying a man to a tree and shooting him like a target.
Exposing in the cold naked or in linen.
Choking with a twisted soapy rope tied around the neck - a lasso.
Dragging the body along the street with a rope tied around the neck.
Tying the woman's legs to two trees, as well as her hands above her head, and cutting her stomach from the crotch to the chest.
Tearing the body with chains.
Dragging on the ground tied to a cart.
Dragging on the ground of a mother with three children tied to a wagon drawn by a horse, in such a way that one leg of the mother is tied with a chain to the wagon, and one leg of the eldest child is tied to the other leg of the mother, and the youngest child is tied to the other leg of the eldest child, and the leg of the youngest child is tied to the other leg of the youngest child.
Punching through the body with the barrel of a carbine.
Pulling the victim with barbed wire.
Pulling together two victims with barbed wire at the same time.
Pulling together with barbed wire several victims at the same time.
Periodically tightening the torso with barbed wire and pouring cold water on the victim every few hours in order to come to his senses and feel pain and suffering.
Burying the victim in a standing position in the ground up to the neck and leaving it in that position.
Buried in the ground alive up to the neck and later cut off the head with a scythe.
Tearing the body in half with the help of horses.
Tearing the body in half by tying the victim to two bent trees and then releasing them.
Throwing adults into the flames of a burning building.
Setting fire to the victim previously doused with kerosene.
Laying around the victim with sheaves of straw and setting them on fire, thus making the torch of Nero.
Stabbing a knife in the back and leaving it in the victim's body.
Putting a baby on a pitchfork and throwing him into the flames of a fire.
Cutting the skin off the face with blades.
Driven between the edges of oak stakes.
Hanging on barbed wire.
Ripping off the skin from the body and filling the wound with ink, as well as pouring boiling water over it.
Attaching the torso to a support and throwing knives at it.
Binding - shackling hands with barbed wire.
Inflicting fatal blows with a shovel.
Nailing hands to the threshold of the dwelling.
Dragging the body on the ground by legs tied with a rope.
Not all of the Bandera after the war were found and convicted. However, even those who were put on trial did not receive the longest terms of imprisonment. It is interesting that in the zones the Bandera continued their struggle, organizing mass uprisings.
To the history of the movement
In 1921, the UVO was created in Ukraine - the Ukrainian military organization, designed to fight for the independence of the Ukrainian people after the defeat of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which existed from 1917 to 1920, and was transformed thanks to the successful offensive of the Red Army in the Ukrainian SSR. The UVO was supported by youth nationalist organizations and the later established Union of Ukrainian Nationalist Youth. Similar organizations were created among Ukrainian emigrants in Czechoslovakia - these were the Union of Ukrainian Fascists and the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, which later merged into one league. At the same time, Ukrainians in Germany also actively united in nationalist unions, and soon the first conferences of Ukrainian nationalists were held in Prague and Berlin. In 1929, the UVO and other unions of Ukrainian nationalists unite into one large Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), while the UVO actually becomes a military-terrorist body of the OUN. One of the main goals of Ukrainian nationalists was the fight against Poland, one of the manifestations of which was the famous anti-Polish “Sabotage action” of 1930: during the action, representatives of the OUN attacked state institutions in Galicia and set fire to the houses of Polish landowners living there.
Bandera's politics
In 1931, Stepan Bandera entered the OUN, a man whom fate will soon become the head of the entire Ukrainian liberation movement and a symbol of Ukrainian nationalism to this day. Bandera studied at the German intelligence school and soon became the regional conductor of Western Ukraine. Bandera is repeatedly detained by the authorities: for anti-Polish propaganda, illegal border crossing and for involvement in the assassination attempt. He organized protests against the famine in Ukraine and against the purchase of Polish products by Ukrainians, Bandera organized an action on the day of the execution of OUN militants in Lvov, during which a synchronous bell ringing was heard throughout the city. The so-called “school action” became especially effective, during which Ukrainian schoolchildren, instructed in advance, refused to study with Polish teachers and threw Polish symbols out of schools. Stepan Bandera organized a series of assassination attempts on Polish and Soviet officials. 
After the assassination of Polish Interior Minister Bronisław Peracki. For the preparation of this and other murders, Bandera was sentenced to hanging in 1935, which, however, was soon replaced with life imprisonment. During the trial, Bandera and other organizers of the crime greeted each other with Roman salutes and exclamations of “Glory to Ukraine!”, refusing to answer the court in Polish. After this trial, which received a great public outcry, the structure of the OUN is revealed by the Polish authorities, and the nationalist organization actually ceases to exist. In 1938, during the intensification of Hitler's political activities, the OUN is resurrected and hopes for Germany's help in creating the Ukrainian state. OUN theorist Mikhail Kolodzinsky wrote at that time about plans to conquer Europe: “We want not only to possess Ukrainian cities, but also to trample on enemy lands, capture enemy capitals, and salute the Ukrainian Empire on their ruins ... We want to win the war - a great and cruel war which will make us the masters of Eastern Europe.” During the Polish campaign of the Wehrmacht, the OUN provides little support to the German troops, and during the German offensive in 1939, Bandera is released. After that, his activities are mainly connected with the resolution of disagreements that arose in the OUN between Bandera's supporters - Bandera, and Melnikov's supporters of the current leader of the organization. 
The political struggle turned into a military one, and since the enmity of two essentially identical organizations was unprofitable for Germany, all the more so since both organizations nurtured the idea of a national Ukrainian state, which no longer suited Germany, and so successfully moving eastward, mass arrests soon took place Bandera and Melnikovites by the German authorities, and in 1941 Bandera was imprisoned and then transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In the fall of 1944, Bandera, as a "Ukrainian freedom fighter," was released by the German authorities. Despite the fact that it was considered inappropriate to take Bandera to Ukraine, the OUN continues to fight the Soviet regime until about the mid-1950s, cooperating with Western intelligence services during the Cold War. In 1959, Stepan Bandera was assassinated by KGB agent Bogdan Stashinsky in Munich. 
Bandera at trials
During the period of active struggle against the UPA and OUN in 1941-1949, according to the NKVD, thousands of military operations were carried out, during which tens of thousands of Ukrainian nationalists were killed. Many families of UPA members were expelled from the Ukrainian SSR, thousands of families were arrested and evicted to other regions. One of the well-known precedents of the trial of Bandera is a show trial in 1941 of 59 students and students of Lvov, suspected of having links with the OUN and anti-Soviet activities. The youngest was 15 years old, the eldest - 30. The investigation lasted about four months, and during its course it was found out that many of the young people were ordinary members of the OUN, but the students pleaded not guilty and declared that they were enemies of the Soviet regime. Initially, 42 people were sentenced to death, and 17 wanted to be sentenced to 10 years in prison. 
However, the Collegium of the Supreme Court eventually softened the sentence, and 19 convicts were shot, while others were given terms of 4 to 10 years in prison. One of the students was deported abroad. You can also recall the mention of Ukrainian nationalists at the famous Nuremberg Trials. General Lahausen, acting as a witness, directly stated that the Ukrainian nationalists collaborated with the German government: "These detachments were supposed to carry out acts of sabotage behind enemy lines and organize comprehensive sabotage." However, despite the obvious evidence of the participation of Bandera and other members of the split OUN in the fight against the Soviet Union, Ukrainian nationalists were not defendants at the Nuremberg trial. In the USSR, a law was not even adopted condemning the OUN and the UPA, but the fight against the nationalist underground continued until the mid-1950s, and was, in fact, separate specific punitive acts. 
Those from the OUN and UPA who survived the bloody battles with the Soviet troops and were not sentenced to death, in the bulk went to the Gulag. The typical fate of a convicted Banderite is 10 years in prison in Irkutsk, Norilsk and other Gulag camps. However, wages were paid for work in the camp and even camp labor was read out as for working days. The huge mass of collaborators, hundreds of thousands of people, represented a serious force, and it is not surprising that after the trial and several years of exile in the camps, they organized a series of powerful uprisings. The main force was the OUN, but the Baltic partisans and Russian punishers also participated in organizing the riots. The exiled Ukrainian nationalists had a well-built hierarchy, similar to the one that was actually in the wild, and therefore they managed to first overcome the “thieves”, and then, using the skills of underground organization and conspiracy already tested in practice, try to free several prisoners and arrange riots. 
Prisoners in the camps recall: “We rejoiced when the death of Stalin was announced in March 1953. In May 1953, two months after Stalin's death, an uprising broke out in the Norilsk Gorlag. I think that this uprising was the beginning of the long process of the withering away of Stalinism, which, thirty years later, led to the collapse of Soviet power and the Soviet Union. Max and I took an active part in this uprising, the main driving force of which was the Ukrainians of Western Ukraine, supporters of Stepan Bandera. Later in the camps, it was the convicted OUN members who staged strikes and refused to give out coal without fulfilling the requirements necessary for them, for example, amnesties. Bandera, after difficult negotiations, nevertheless managed to achieve some benefits: they were given a 9-hour working day, they were allowed to meet and correspond with relatives, transfer the money earned to families, increase salaries, etc. However, the prisoners wanted only one thing: release. Their strikes were brutally suppressed, at the cost of the lives of dozens of prisoners. However, these strikes were only the beginning. The continuing bold antics of Bandera in the camps led to the fact that in 1955 they were declared an amnesty in honor of the 10th anniversary of the Victory. According to official documents, as of August 1, 1956, more than 20,000 OUN members returned from exile and prisons to the western lands of the USSR, including 7,000 to the Lvov region. 
Recently, the word "Bandera" has become more and more popular, especially the "truthful" Russian media love it, scaring Russians with terrible Bandera from western Ukraine, without exception walking around with machine guns and drinking the blood of Russian babies. At the same time, they often confuse Bandera and Bendera people (who are Bendera people - residents of the city of Bendery, in Moldova, or maybe a fan club of fans of Ostap Bender from the imperishable work of Ilf and Petrov "12"?). And what do we see? Yes, elementary ignorance, including about the historical figure of Stepan Bandera and the notorious Bandera, whom the same media also for some reason call fascists. But are Bandera fascists? And indeed, such terrible Bandera people (here I mean those real Bandera people who lived, fought, fought and died during the Second World War, and not their modern followers). And who is Stepan Bandera, who is this legendary man who lived such a life that even after his death several more Russian generations are afraid of him?
Stepan was born on the newest year, January 1, 1909, in the village of Stary Ugrinov, in Western Ukraine, in the family of the Greek Catholic priest Andrei Bandera. The family was large (however, then most families had many children), in addition to Stepan, the Bander family had five more children. They lived not richly, but amicably, among other things, the father managed to instill in his son not only religiosity (according to the memoirs of contemporaries, Stepan Bandera was a deeply religious person), but also political views. After all, a simple Greek Catholic priest Andriy Bandera was also a staunch Ukrainian nationalist (I personally prefer the word "patriot"), an ardent supporter of the restoration of the Ukrainian state (western Ukraine at that time was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). And as a result, he actively participated in the political life of Galicia, including his native village of Stary Ugrinov. So, through his efforts, a reading room of the “Prosvita” society, a circle “Native School” was created in the village.
When little Stepan was only 5 years old, the First World War broke out. The guy witnessed the fighting many times, as the front line passed by his native village several times. Once, during an artillery shelling, even half of the house where the Bander family lived was destroyed, but fortunately none of the family members were injured. But towards the end of the war, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire (grandmother Austria) began to burst at the seams and eventually fall apart, Stepan's father, Andriy Bandera, joined as a chaplain in the newly formed Ukrainian Galician Army (was formed from the Ukrainian units of the Austro-Hungarian Army ), and subsequently defending the interests of the ZUNR (Western Ukrainian People's Republic), fought with the Poles (the battle for Lviv in November 1918 was especially epic). But, unfortunately, then the Ukrainian troops were defeated and the dream of many Ukrainian patriots did not come true - Ukraine was once again divided.
But back to Stepan Bandera. When the fighting subsided, the Bander family returned to peaceful life again, the father continued his priestly service, and the young Stepan moved to the Polish (at that time) city of Stryi, where his paternal grandparents lived. In Stryi, he entered one of the few Ukrainian classical gymnasiums, where he received a good education. In addition, Stepan became an active member of the Ukrainian scout organization Plast.
Here is a good photo from those times, still very young Stepan Bandera in a plastun uniform, 1923.
So the youthful years of our hero passed, and already in 1928 Stepan moved to the city of Lvov, where he entered the agronomic faculty of the Lvov Polytechnic (your author also has a diploma from this glorious university with almost two hundred years of history). And at the same time, just like his father, he is active in politics. For example, he heads the movement of nationalist Ukrainian youth. All this happens mostly underground, because the Polish authorities in the interwar period did not approve of the Ukrainian nationalist movements and took active steps to suppress them, to nullify them. Already in 1930, the Plast society was officially banned, a number of Ukrainian newspapers were closed.
At that time, Stepan Bandera begins his small-big struggle, joins the organization of Ukrainian nationalists - the OUN, which he will soon lead. But before becoming the head of the OUN, Stepan Bandera is engaged in active propaganda, prints and issues underground nationalist newspapers: Gorn, Awakening the Nation, Ukrainian Nationalist. There was no Internet in those days, but newspapers were exactly what you needed. The Polish police followed on his heels and in the end even arrested our hero several times.
It is interesting that during the years of artificial Stalinist famine in the territory of central and eastern Ukraine, the OUN organization under the leadership of Stepan Bandera carried out a number of protests in support of the starving Ukrainians (by the way, does it seem paradoxical to you that the population of today's eastern Ukrainian regions, which actively supports pro-Russian sentiments perhaps the most affected by the Holodomor in the 30s of the last century?).
Finally, the time has come when the OUN organization came to openly terrorist actions. For example, during the famine, an attempt was made (though unsuccessful) to eliminate the Soviet consul in Lvov. Also, the OUN was involved in the murder of several Polish officials, but the most resonant was the murder of Bronislaw Peracki, the then Minister of Internal Affairs of Poland. OUN leaders, including Stepan Bandera, were arrested in 1936 on charges of organizing the murder. The court first imposed capital punishment - execution, but then replaced the punishment with life imprisonment. So, Stepan Bandera spent time in a Polish prison until the start of World War II.
But before we go any further, let's think a little about whether the activities of the OUN and Stepan Bandera himself were good or bad, whether it was necessary to resort to terrorist actions, because peaceful protests could also be held. And by the way, there were also peaceful protests, just as now Ukrainians boycott Russian goods, and before that they boycotted goods and businesses from the Party of Regions, Western Ukrainians of the 30s boycotted Polish goods, Ukrainian schoolchildren and students fundamentally ignored the lessons and lectures of Polish teachers, communicated exclusively in Ukrainian. But unfortunately (or maybe fortunately) Stepan Bandera was not a supporter of the ideas of his no less famous contemporary - and yes, those Polish officials or figures who wanted to suppress the Ukrainian idea did not feel safe.
World War II turned everything upside down. Events developed rapidly. Very soon, Poland was completely occupied and dismembered by two totalitarian regimes: Soviet and German. And already in 1939, Stepan Bandera, who was given a "life sentence", was released. For two weeks he comes to Lvov, now occupied by Soviet troops. There, in a safe house, he gathers former comrades in the OUN, and announces the main course to fight the Bolsheviks.
At the same time, there was a certain split in the OUN itself, where another leader, Andrei Melnik, came to the fore. Between him and Bandera there is an ideological (rather even geopolitical) dispute, the essence of which is as follows: Melnik relies on an alliance with Nazi Germany, Stepan Bandera, on the contrary, suggests relying only on his own strength. Finally, later history itself confirms his correctness. And here we come to the question posed at the very beginning of this article - were the Bandera fascists? And the unequivocal answer is no. The fact is that from the very beginning of the German military campaign against the Soviet Union (what Soviet and modern Russian historians call the “Great Patriotic War”), the OUN wing under the leadership of Stepan Bandera proclaimed Ukrainian independence.
And this is the house of Enlightenment in the very center of ancient Lviv, near which the proclamation of Ukrainian independence took place. But only the German command did not like it very much and soon the patriotic Ukrainians were dispersed, Stepan Bandera himself was arrested again and until 1944 he was in the German concentration camp Sachsenhausen. The followers of Stepan Bandera, who received this name - Bandera, again went underground, at the same time creating the Ukrainian Insurgent Army - which fought against the German fascists, and of course later with the Soviet Red Army. Therefore, a completely logical question arises, what kind of Bandera fascists, when they fought with real authentic fascists with no less zeal than with the Bolsheviks?
Of course, among the Ukrainians there were also collaborators who took the side of Nazi Germany, the most famous among them is the SS division "Galicia". But the SS division "Galicia" is not Bandera, and not the UPA. The only thing that united them was their “ardent love” for Bolshevism. But in fairness, it should be noted that among the Russians there were numerous collaborators - the Vlasov division (which included captured Soviet soldiers who decided to switch sides), the Rusland division, the Kuban Cossacks, the Russian Corps (consisting of former white officers , who at one time fled from Bolshevik Russia), and they all fought on the side of the Germans with the same Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians. And only Bandera fought with everything, with the Germans, the Soviets, even the Polish partisans of the Craiova Army, only for the sake of one noble goal - the restoration of Ukrainian statehood. Therefore, how can one call Ukrainian patriots who fought for their independence, moreover, on their native land, fascists.
And one more interesting fact - the second person in the UPA, one of the odious leaders of the Ukrainian liberation struggle - General Roman Shukhevych sheltered a Jewish girl in his family. And in general, unlike real collaborators, the Bandera people repeatedly helped Jews to hide and made fake documents for them.
Returning to the identity of Bandera, after leaving the German concentration camp in 1944, he no longer returned to Ukraine, continuing to manage the underground movement from abroad. After the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union, of course, demanded that the West give them the "terrible criminal" Stepan Bandera, but the West showed the fiddle. It is said that after the war, Bandera began cooperating with the British intelligence services, helping them find and train spies to be sent to the Soviet Union. Interestingly, ironically, the department of British intelligence was headed by a certain Keen Figley, who, as it turned out later, was a double agent, and in fact worked for Moscow. It is likely that it was this werewolf who handed over our Stepan to the NKVD agents, who at that time had already begun a real hunt for the Ukrainian leader (but this is only an assumption, because who knows these spies).
There were several attempts to assassinate Stepan Bandera, but the OUN security service, together with the German police, actually managed to prevent several attempts. The NKVD, which had already been renamed the KGB at that time, nevertheless, did not leave the intention of liquidating it, and in the end, on October 15, 1959, at the entrance to the house of Kraitmayr Street, 7, KGB agent Bogdan Stashinsky fired his fatal shot ... So a man died, Ukrainian patriot and nationalist, tireless fighter for Ukrainian independence, Stepan Bandera, whose life continues to inspire future generations of Ukrainians and frighten future generations of Russians.
Glory to Ukraine! Glory to heroes!
