Abe Kobo, present name - Abe Kimifusa; March 7, 1924, Kita, Tokyo, Empire of Japan - January 22, 1993, Tokyo, Japan) - an outstanding Japanese writer, playwright and screenwriter, one of the leaders of the Japanese post-war avant-garde in art. The main theme of creativity is the search for a person's own identity in the modern world. The novels The Woman in the Sands, Alien Face, and Burnt Map were made into films in the 1960s by director Hiroshi Teshigahara.
The future writer spent his childhood in Manchuria, where in 1940 he graduated from the secondary school. After returning to Japan, having completed his secondary education at the Seijo school, in 1943 he entered the medical faculty of Tokyo Imperial University. While still a student, in 1947 he married the artist Mati Abe, who would later play an important role, in particular, in the design of Abe's books and scenery for his theatrical productions. In 1948, Abe graduated from the university, however, having passed the state qualifying medical exam unsatisfactorily, in fact, he deliberately lost the opportunity to become a practicing doctor.
I don't know how many pillars the world rests on, but at least three of them are probably darkness, ignorance and stupidity.
In 1947, based on personal experience of life in Manchuria, Abe wrote a poetry collection Anonymous Poems, which he published himself, having printed the entire edition of the 62-page book on a mimeograph. In poems where the strong influence on the author of Rilke's poetry and Heidegger's philosophy was obvious, the young Abe, along with an expression of the despair of the post-war youth, appealed to readers with a call to protest against reality.
The same year, 1947, dates back to the writing of Abe's first composition in a large form, called "Clay Walls". The first person in the literary world who got acquainted with this work and highly appreciated it was the critic and Germanist philologist Rokuro Abe, who taught German to Abe when he was still at the Sejo High School during the war years. The narrative in Clay Walls is built in the form of three volumes of notes by a young Japanese who, having decisively severed all ties with his native city, leaves to wander, but as a result is captured by one of the Manchurian gangs. Deeply impressed by this work, Rokuro Abe sent the text to Yutaka Haniya, who had recently created the then little-known magazine Modern Literature. The first volume of notes from Clay Walls was published in February of the following year in the journal Individuality. Having gained some fame in this way, Abe received an invitation to join the Night Association, which was led by Yutaka Haniya, Kiyoteru Hanada and Taro Okamoto. In October 1948, renamed "Signpost at the end of the road", "Clay Walls" with the support of Khaniya and Khanada, was published as a separate book by the Shinzenbisya publishing house. Later, in his review of The Wall, Haniya, who highly appreciated Abe's work, wrote that Abe, who in some sense can be considered a follower of Haniya, surpassed him, his predecessor.
In 1950, Abe, together with Hiroshi Teshigahara and Shinichi Segi, created the Vek creative association.
Politics is like a web: the more you try to get rid of it, the more it entangles you.
In 1951, the story “The Wall. The Crime of S. Karma. This extraordinary work was partly inspired by Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, thematically based on Abe's memories of life in the Manchurian steppe, and also showed the influence of his friend, literary critic and writer Kiyoteru Hanada on the author. The story "Wall. The Crime of S. Karma" in the first half of 1951 was awarded the Akutagawa Prize, sharing the championship with Toshimitsu Ishikawa's "Spring Grass" published in the "Literary World". During the discussion of the works by the jury members, Abe's story was severely criticized by Koji Uno, but the enthusiastic support of Abe's candidacy by other members of the jury, Yasunari Kawabata and Kosaku Takiya, played a decisive role in choosing the winner. In May of the same year, “The Wall. S. Karma's Crime, renamed S. Karma's Crime and supplemented by the stories "The Badger of Babel" and "Red Cocoon", was published as a separate edition under the title "The Wall" with a foreword written by Jun Ishikawa.
In the 1950s, standing on the positions of the literary avant-garde, Abe, together with Hiroshi Noma, joined the Folk Literature Association, as a result of which, after the merger of Folk Literature with the New Japanese Literature into the New Japanese Literature Society, he joined the Communist party of Japan. However, in 1961, after the 8th Congress of the CPJ and the new course of the party determined at it, Abe was skeptical about it and criticized publicly, which was followed by his expulsion from the CPJ.
In 1973, Abe created and headed his own theater "Abe Kobo Studio", which marked the beginning of the period of his fruitful dramatic work. At the time of its opening, the Abe Theater consisted of 12 people: Katsutoshi Atarashi, Hisashi Igawa, Kunie Tanaka, Tatsuya Nakadai, Karin Yamaguchi, Tatsuo Ito, Yuhei Ito, Kayoko Onishi, Fumiko Kuma, Masayuki Sato, Zenshi Maruyama and Joji Miyazawa. With the support of Seiji Tsutsumi, Abe's troupe was able to settle in Shibuya at the now-named "PARCO" Seibu Theatre. In addition, the performances of the experimental team were repeatedly shown abroad, where they were highly appreciated.
From the mountain peak, even the stormy sea seems like a smooth plain.
So in 1979, the play "The Baby Elephant Died" was successfully performed in the USA. Despite the fact that Abe's non-trivial innovative approach caused a great resonance in the theater world of each of the countries where the Abe Kobo Studio toured, remaining ignored by critics in Japan itself, Abe's theater gradually ceased to exist in the 1980s.
Around 1981, Abe's attention was drawn to the work of the German thinker Elias Canetti, coinciding with the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Around the same time, on the recommendation of his friend the Japanese scholar Donald Kean, Abe became acquainted with the works of the Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Márquez. The works of Canetti and Marquez shocked Abe so much that in his subsequent writings and television appearances, Abe enthusiastically began to popularize their work, contributing to a significant increase in the readership of these authors in Japan.
Late at night on December 25, 1992, after a brain hemorrhage, Abe was hospitalized. Despite the fact that after returning from the hospital, the course of treatment was continued already at home, starting on January 20, 1993, his health began to deteriorate sharply, as a result of which, early in the morning of January 22, the writer died suddenly from cardiac arrest at the age of 68.
Abe Kobo (Kimifusa) Abe Cobo Career: Writer
Birth: Japan, 7/3/1924
The world fame was brought to the writer by the novels Woman in the Sands (1962), Alien Face (1964) and Burnt Map (1967) that appeared one after another. After their appearance, Abe was talked about as one of those who decide the fate of not only Japanese, but also world literature. These novels by Abe are central to his work.
Abe spent his childhood and youth in Manchuria, where his father worked at the medical faculty of Mukden University. In 1943, at the height of the war, at the insistence of his father, he goes to Tokyo and enters the medical faculty of Tokyo Imperial University, but a year later he returns to Mukden, where he witnesses the defeat of Japan. In 1946, Abe was still going to Tokyo to continue his education, but he did not have enough money, and he did not really want to become a doctor either. Nevertheless, in 1948 Abe completed his studies and received a diploma. Not having worked even a day as a doctor, he chooses a literary field. By this time, his early works, which embodied the impressions of his childhood from his stay in the country of other cultures, are embodied - Road sign at the end of the street (1948) and others.
Abe married while a student, his mistress - an artist and designer by profession - drew illustrations for many of his works.
In 1951, Abe Sten's story was published. The crime of S. Karma, which brought the writer literary fame and was awarded the highest literary award in Japan - the Akutagawa Prize. Subsequently, Abe Kobo expanded the story by adding two more parts: the Badger from the Tower of Babel and the Red Cocoon. Unsettledness, loneliness of the individual - this is the leitmotif of the Wall. This story determined the writer's fate Abe.
Like every young uncle of his generation, he experienced a passion for politics, moreover, he was a member of the Japanese Communist Party, from which he left in protest against the entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. Moving away from politics, Abe devoted himself entirely to literature and created works that brought him worldwide fame.
The publication of the Fourth Ice Age (1958), which combined the features of science fiction, the detective genre and the Western European intellectual novel, completely strengthened Abe's position in Japanese literature.
The novels The Woman in the Sands (1962), Alien Face (1964) and The Burnt Map (1967) brought the writer worldwide fame. After their appearance, Abe was talked about as one of those who decide the fate of not only Japanese, but also important literature. These novels by Abe are central to his work.
Both in time of creation and in content, the novels Box Man (1973), Secret Appointment (1977), Entered the Ark (1984) adjoin them.
One of the most important moments that determined his literary, and even life, positions, was an excellent knowledge of important literature, including Russian, and perhaps primarily Russian. He wrote: Back in my school years, I was fascinated by the work of two giants of Russian literature - Gogol and Dostoevsky. I have read almost everything written by them, and not the only time, and I count myself among their students. Gogol had a particularly great influence on me. The interweaving of fiction and reality, thanks to which reality appears extremely dazzling and impressive, appeared in my works thanks to Gogol, who taught me this.
Abe Kobo was not without fuss as a writer; he was known as a man of various abilities and talents, excellently versed in classical music, a linguist and a photographer.
Abe is not only a prose writer, but also a playwright and screenwriter. His plays The Man Who Turned into a Stick (1957), The Ghosts Among Us (1958) and others have been translated into many languages of the world. For eleven years - from 1969 to 1980 - Abe Kobo owned and operated his own studio. Over the years, as a director, he has staged a sea of performances, such as, in particular, Fake Fish, Suitcase, Friends, etc. In addition to the fact that the troupe of actors led by Abe performed triumphantly in Japan, she toured the United States and Europe, and with incredible success. Many of Abe's novels have been filmed.
Biographers have invariably had difficulty describing the life of Kobo Abe. In fact, his biography was devoid of any highlights. He led a secluded life, did not let strangers near him, did not favor journalists, lived a real recluse in a secluded cottage near the mountain resort of Hakone. And the writer really had no friends. He himself admitted: I do not like people. I am the only one. And my superiority is that, unlike many, I understand this quite well. "In 1992, the writer was one of the candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. And only the sudden end of January 12, 1993 deprived him of this award.
Today in Japan, Kobo Abe has a reputation as an elitist writer rather than a popular one.
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1924 - 1993
Japanese prose writer, playwright, poet, screenwriter, director.
03/07/1924. The future writer was born in Tokyo in the family of a doctor. He spent his childhood and youth in Mukden (Manchuria), where his father worked at the medical faculty of Mukden University.
1943. In the midst of the war, at the insistence of his father Kobo, Abe travels to Tokyo and enters the medical faculty of the university there.
1944 Kobo Abe leaves the university and returns to Mukden. Here he is caught by the news of the defeat of Japan in the war. The father, the breadwinner of the family, dies.
1946. Back in Tokyo. Kobo Abe is recovering at the university.
1947 Kobo Abe begins his career as a poet.
1948 Kobo Abe graduates from the Medical Faculty of the University of Tokyo, but does not work as a doctor.
1950. Kobo Abe's short story "Red Cocoon" is published, which is noticed by critics.
1951. Kobo Abe receives the highest literary award of Japan named after Akutagawa for the story “The Wall. The crime of Mr. S. Karum. The passion for politics begins. Kobo Abe becomes a member of the Japanese Communist Party, from which he will later leave in protest against the entry of Soviet troops into Hungary. The writer adjoins the literary group "sengo-ha" ("post-war group").
1963 Kobo Abe's first novel, The Woman in the Sands, is published.
1972-1973. One of the most famous works of Kobo Abe "The Box Man" is published.
1984. The dystopian novel Entering the Ark is published. 01/22/1993. Kobo Abe dies at the age of sixty-eight.
To understand Kobo Abe, it’s not enough just to get acquainted with the writer’s books, with films based on his works (for example, directed by Teshigahara “Woman in the Sands”, 1964, “Alien Face”, 1966) - you need to turn to the earth and nature , to that culture and that landscape in which the world he created grew and took visible shape, to comprehend the meaning and daily life of its existence. Kobo Abe belongs to his country - old and new Japan, a country of the most ancient traditions, at the same time actively borrowing from Western culture. His work is born at the junction, in the interweaving of the most diverse trends of the modern and the past, eastern and western, in the comparison of questions and answers, capable of giving rise to new and new questions.
The Japanese model of the world is called graphic - hieroglyphic, reflecting "hieroglyphic thinking", "Hieroglyphic universe" (V.M. Alekseev). It is these concepts that best characterize and symbolize the artistic world of Kobo Abe: this world is also a hieroglyph - mysterious and promising, inexhaustible and intricate, confusing, but still complete in its own way. “The city is a closed infinity. A labyrinth where you can never get lost. This is a map just for you, all areas on it have the same numbers. Therefore, even if you go astray, you can’t get lost” (an epigraph to the novel “The Burnt Map”.).
At the heart of the hieroglyphic model of the world is the conjugation, complementarity and interpenetration of figurativeness and symbolism. Unlike Western philosophy, where the basis of worldview is the concept of opposites, their struggle and unity, in Eastern philosophy the basis is the idea of mutual transition, “flowing” one into another, “yang” into “yin”.
In the same way, Kobo Abe's fictional world is not opposed to the real one, but complements it, existing somewhere nearby, in a parallel dimension. Fiction here does not really contradict what happened in this world, but complements it according to the principle of recognizing probability. The plot in Kobo Abe's prose is determined by a detective story: the disappearance of a person. Disappear Nicky Dumpei ("Woman in the Sands"), Nemuro ("Burned Map"), the heroes of "Alien Face" and "Man-Box", a young soldier (story "Ghost of a Soldier"). They are looking for these heroes - and, above all, they are looking for themselves and they themselves (in a number of the writer's novels). These searches for "others" or "themselves" end in a certain ending. What is this final? Gain or loss? Finding oneself or losing humanity?
In any case, it is precisely what happens to a person, his moral world, his state of mind, his physical being in the reality that transforms human destinies, and becomes the writer's creative laboratory, a unique hieroglyph of the artistic world of Kobo Abe.
Works by Kobo Abe:
"Wall. The crime of Mr. S. Karum. Tale. 1951.
"Slave Hunt". Play. 1955.
"Ghosts Among Us". Play. 1958.
"Tale of the Giants. 1960
"Fortress". Play. 1962.
"Woman in the Sands". Novel. 1963. "An Alien Face". Novel. 1964
"Burned Map" Novel. 1967.
"The man who turned into a club." Play. 1969.
"Box Man". Novel. 1973. "Secret date". Novel. 1977.
"Entered into the ark." Novel. 1984.
Based on the article by G.E. Adamovich (in abbr.)
in "Great Writers of the 20th Century"
All problems have one beginning - a woman was sitting, bored ...
Well, with us women it’s clear what to hide here, we are muddy people. But if a man sits and is bored, then you won’t get off with problems alone. Here, so to speak, you can find real adventures on your fifth point!
So what do we have? A man is one thing. The creature is rather vague. Although, no. Height, weight, age, special signs - everything is known. It is even indicated that he is a school teacher and a big fan of entomology (chasing bugs, flies and other flying and crawling reptiles). Well, how can one not remember Nabokov with his extraordinary heroes! Moreover, a certain tendency of entomologists to all sorts of perversions is commemorated by the hero himself.
What else do we have? Woman. And also one thing. Yes, yes, the one mentioned in the title. A woman who sits in the sands, and, in fact, sees nothing but this very sand. As a place of events in our history, there is a kind of remote village, brought all the same places. The village, I will tell you, is rather strange. For some unknown reason (most likely due to climatic conditions), the village is constantly covered with sand. And the residents, instead of moving to a much better place, regularly struggle with this very sand, digging out their fragile dwellings from under it day and night. The work is hard and endless. Therefore, there are not enough workers. So enterprising villagers grab unlucky travelers and plant them in pits to dig sand. So our hero chased an unknown sand fly in order to hide it behind glass, but he got caught himself. Only in the hole. They gave him a shovel and admonished him: “Do you want to eat, drink, live? Dig!
As you probably already guessed, he lived in the pit not alone, but with one local lady. Hard working and quiet. The little man showed off for a start. Well, how did they put him in such a good way in a pit, deprived him of his freedom and the right to choose? And then nothing, got used to it, got used to it, and the lady liked it ... Here is such a simple story! Not a story, just a delight.
No, of course, I perfectly understand that the author wanted to convey some deep meaning to the reader. For example, like this. There is a man and a woman. And there is a hole in which they sit - this is their marriage. Here a man lived, did not grieve. And then you have to constantly work and live according to someone's orders. And you can’t get anywhere ... You can look from a slightly different angle. Human life is woven from continuous contradictions: either we admire the sand, enjoying its unique structure, or we hate it when we move mountains consisting of the same sand. And we drive ourselves into pits to drag out a joyless existence, day after day doing all the same monotonous, overwhelming and meaningless work ...
There are many good things about this story. The same language of narration: bewitching, bewitching... There is sort of a philosophy and some worldly wisdom. The allegory used by the author gives the story some fabulousness and paves the way to areas more suitable for magical realism. But, unfortunately or fortunately, I am a rather straightforward person and all these omissions and meaningful phrases rarely find their way to my heart.
Curious? Yes. Intriguing? A little. Healthy? May be. Inspiring? Alas and ah - absolutely by. But maybe I just don't know how to find my way through the sands...
Childhood future writer Kobo Abe spent in Manchuria, where in 1940 he graduated from the secondary school. After returning to Japan, having completed his secondary education at the Seijo school, in 1943 he entered the medical faculty of Tokyo Imperial University. While still a student, in 1947 he married the artist Mati Abe, who would later play an important role, in particular, in the design of Abe's books and scenery for his theatrical productions. In 1948, Abe graduated from the university, however, having passed the state qualifying medical exam unsatisfactorily, in fact, he deliberately lost the opportunity to become a practicing doctor.
In 1947, based on personal experience of life in Manchuria, Abe wrote a poetry collection Anonymous Poems, which he published himself, having printed the entire edition of the 62-page book on a mimeograph. In poems where the strong influence on the author of Rilke's poetry and Heidegger's philosophy was obvious, the young Abe, along with an expression of the despair of the post-war youth, appealed to readers to protest against reality.
The same year, 1947, dates back to the writing of Abe's first composition in a large form, called "Clay Walls". The first person in the literary world who got acquainted with this work and highly appreciated it was the critic and Germanist philologist Rokuro Abe, who taught German to Abe when he was still at the Sejo High School during the war years. The narrative in Clay Walls is built in the form of three volumes of notes by a young Japanese who, having decisively severed all ties with his native city, leaves to wander, but as a result is captured by one of the Manchurian gangs. Deeply impressed by this work, Rokuro Abe sent the text to Yutaka Haniya, who recently created the then little-known magazine Modern Literature. The first volume of notes from Clay Walls was published in February of the following year in the journal Individuality. Having gained some fame in this way, Abe received an invitation to join the Night Association, which was led by Yutaka Haniya, Kiyoteru Hanada and Taro Okamoto. In October 1948, renamed "Signpost at the end of the road", "Clay Walls" with the support of Khaniya and Khanada, was published as a separate book by the Shinzenbisya publishing house. Later, in his review of The Wall, Haniya, who highly appreciated Abe's work, wrote that Abe, who in some sense can be considered a follower of Haniya, surpassed him, his predecessor.
In 1950, Abe, together with Hiroshi Teshigahara and Shinichi Segi, created the Vek creative association.
In 1951, the story was published in the February issue of the journal Modern Literature. "Wall. Crime of S. Karma". This extraordinary work was partly inspired by "Alice in Wonderland" Lewis Carroll, thematically based on Abe's memories of life in the Manchurian steppe, and also demonstrated the influence of his friend, literary critic and writer Kiyoteru Hanada on the author. The story "Wall. The Crime of S. Karma" in the first half of 1951 was awarded the Akutagawa Prize, sharing the championship with Toshimitsu Ishikawa's "Spring Grass" published in the "Literary World". During the discussion of the works by the jury members, Abe's story was severely criticized by Koji Uno, but the enthusiastic support of Abe's candidacy by other members of the jury, Yasunari Kawabata and Kosaku Takiya, played a decisive role in choosing the winner. In May of the same year, “The Wall. Crime of S. Karma, retitled Crime of S. Karma, and expanded with stories "Badger from the Tower of Babel" And "Red Cocoon" came out as a separate edition under the title "Wall" with a preface written by Jun Ishikawa.
In the 1950s, standing on the positions of the literary avant-garde, Abe, together with Hiroshi Noma, joined the Folk Literature Association, as a result of which, after the merger of Folk Literature with New Japanese Literature into the New Japanese Literature Society, he joined Japanese Communist Party. However, in 1961, after the 8th Congress of the CPJ and the new course of the party determined at it, Abe publicly criticized it, skeptically, which was followed by his expulsion from the CPJ.
In 1973, Abe created and headed his own theater "Abe Kobo Studio", which marked the beginning of the period of his fruitful dramatic work. At the time of opening, the Abe Theater had 12 people. With the support of Seiji Tsutsumi, Abe's troupe was able to settle in Shibuya at the now-named "PARCO" Seibu Theatre. In addition, the performances of the experimental team were repeatedly shown abroad, where they were highly appreciated. So in 1979, the play "The Baby Elephant Died" was successfully performed in the USA. Despite the fact that Abe's non-trivial innovative approach caused a great resonance in the theater world of each of the countries where the Abe Kobo Studio toured, remaining ignored by critics in Japan itself, Abe's theater gradually ceased to exist in the 1980s.
Around 1981, Abe's attention was drawn to the work of the German thinker Elias Canetti, coinciding with the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature. At about the same time, on the recommendation of his Japanese scholar friend Donald Keane, Abe became acquainted with the works of the Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Márquez. The works of Canetti and Marquez shocked Abe so much that in his own writings and television appearances that followed, Abe enthusiastically began to popularize their work, contributing to a significant increase in the readership of these authors in Japan.
In 1992, Kobo Abe was elected an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He became the first Japanese writer and the third citizen of the Land of the Rising Sun - along with the composer Toru Takemitsu and the architect Kenzo Tange - to be awarded the title of honorary member of the prestigious overseas academy.
Late at night on December 25, 1992, after a brain hemorrhage, Abe was hospitalized. Despite the fact that after returning from the hospital, the course of treatment was continued already at home, starting on January 20, 1993, his health began to deteriorate sharply, as a result of which, early in the morning of January 22, the writer died suddenly from cardiac arrest at the age of 68 years.
Kenzaburo Oe, putting Abe on a par with Kafka and Faulkner and considering him one of the greatest writers in the history of literature, said that if Abe had lived longer, he, and not Oe himself who was awarded it in 1994, would certainly have received the Nobel Prize for literature.
Interesting Facts:
Abe was the first Japanese writer to compose his works by typing them in a word processor (starting in 1984). Abe used NEC's NWP-10N and Bungo programs.
Abe's musical tastes were versatile. Being a big fan of the Pink Floyd group, from academic music, he most of all appreciated the music of Béla Bartók. In addition, Abe purchased a synthesizer long before it became widespread in Japan (at that time, apart from Abe, the synthesizer could only be found in the NHK Electronic Music Studio and the composer Isao Tomita, and if we exclude those who used the synthesizer for professional purposes, Abe was the only owner of this instrument in the country). The synthesizer was used by Abe in the following way: he recorded the interview programs broadcast on NHK and independently processed them to create sound effects that served as accompaniment in theatrical productions of the Abe Kobo Studio.
Abe is also known for his interest in photography, which went far beyond mere passion and bordered on mania. Photography, revealing itself through the themes of surveillance and peeping, is also ubiquitous in Abe's artwork. Abe's photographs were used in the design of the published "Shinchosha" complete works of Abe: they can be seen on the reverse side of each of the volumes of the collection. Abe, a photographer, preferred Contax cameras, and garbage dumps were among his favorite subjects for photography.
Abe owns a patent for a simple and convenient snow chain (“Chainiziee”) that can be put on car tires without using a jack. The invention was demonstrated by him at the 10th International Exhibition of Inventors, where Abe was awarded a silver medal.
Fiction in the work of Kobo Abe.
The July 1958 issue of Sekai magazine began publishing a science fiction novel by Kobo Abe "Fourth Ice Age"". Many HF historians consider this publication to be the start of a new era of Japanese fantasy literature. And for the Japanese science fiction writers themselves, this event is significant. The appeal of the venerable writer and brilliant stylist to this genre brought science fiction to new frontiers. The form of "The Fourth Ice Age" is a classic HF novel: on the eve of a grand flood, scientists are trying to breed a new breed of amphibian people. In fact, this is a deeply philosophical parable about the tragedy of a talented person, suffocating in the narrow framework of his own philistine worldview.
Kobo Abe pushed the psychological (and literary) framework of the Japanese HF. The writer and subsequently more than once turned to science fiction. The Fourth Ice Age, Kobo Abe's only "pure HF" work, was followed by such masterpieces as "Alien Face"(1964), "Kafkaesque" "Box Man"(1973), "post-nuclear" "Ark" Sakura "(1984) and a number of short stories.
Most of the works of Kobo Abe can no doubt be attributed to the fantastic genre. Therefore, the appearance of his bibliography on our website is natural and understandable.
