Brief biography of Sholokhov. The writer's life path

Mikhail Sholokhov (1905-1984) - Russian prose writer, journalist, screenwriter. Received the 1965 Nobel Prize for his contribution to world literature (the epic novel about the Russian Cossacks “Quiet Don”). In 1941 he became a laureate of the Stalin Prize, in 1960 - the Lenin Prize, in 1967 and 1980 - Hero of Socialist Labor.

The future outstanding writer was born in 1905 (Kruzhilin farm, Veshenskaya village) in a wealthy family, his father was a clerk in a commercial store and the manager of a steam mill, his mother was a Cossack by birth, she was a servant in the Yasenevka manor estate, she was forcibly married to a Cossack village ataman Kuznetsova. After breaking up with him, Anastasia Chernyak began to live with Alexander Sholokhov, their son Mikhail was born out of wedlock and was called Kuznetsov (after her ex-husband), until they officially divorced and she married Alexander Sholokhov in 1912.

After the head of the family got a new job in another village, the family moved to a new location. Little Misha was taught to read and write by a local teacher invited to his home; in 1914 he began studying in the preparatory class of the Moscow Men's Gymnasium. 1915-1918 - studying at the gymnasium in Boguchary (Voronezh province). In 1920, after the Bolsheviks came to power, the Sholokhovs moved to the village of Karginskaya, where his father began to manage the procurement office, and his son began to conduct office work in the village revolutionary committee. Having completed the Rostov tax courses, Sholokhov became a food inspector in the village of Bukanovskaya, there, as part of food detachments, he participated in food appropriation, and was captured by Makhno. In September 1922, Mikhail Sholokhov was taken into custody, a criminal case was initiated against him and even a court sentence was passed - execution, which was never carried out. Thanks to the intervention of his father, who paid a large cash bail for him and corrected his birth certificates, according to which he became a minor, he was released in March 1923, sentenced to a year of correctional labor in a juvenile colony and sent to Bolshevo (Moscow region).

Having gone to the capital, Sholokhov tries to become a member of the workers' faculty, which he fails to do, since he lacks work experience and direction in the Komsomol organization. The future writer worked part-time as a laborer, attended various literary clubs and educational classes, the teachers of which were well-known personalities at that time such as Alexander Aseev, Osip Brik, Viktor Shklovsky. In 1923, the newspaper “Youthful Truth” published the feuilleton “Test”, authored by Sholokhov, and later several more works “Three”, “The Inspector General”.

In the same year, after arriving to his parents who lived in the village of Bukanovskaya, Sholokhov decided to propose to Lydia Gromoslavskaya. But convinced by his future father-in-law (former village ataman) to “make a man out of him,” he takes as his wife not Lydia, but her older sister, Maria, with whom they had four children in the future (two sons and two daughters).

At the end of 1924, the newspaper “Young Leninist” published Sholokhov’s story “The Birthmark”, which was included in the cycle of Don stories (“Shepherd”, “Foal”, “Family Man”, etc.), later combined into the collections “Don Stories” ( 1926), “Azure Steppe” (1926), “About Kolchak, nettles and other things” (1927). These works did not bring the author much popularity, but they marked the arrival of a new writer in Soviet Russian literature, capable of noticing and reflecting in a vivid literary form the important trends of life of that time.

In 1928, living with his family in the village of Veshenskaya, Sholokhov began work on his most ambitious creation - the epic novel in four volumes “Quiet Don”, in which he reflected the fate of the Don Cossacks during the First World War and subsequent civil bloodshed. The novel was published in 1940 and was highly praised by both the country's party leadership and Comrade Stalin himself. During World War II, the novel was translated into many Western European languages ​​and gained great popularity not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. In 1965, Sholokhov was nominated for the Nobel Prize, and became the only Soviet writer to receive it with the personal approval of the then leadership of the Soviet Union. In the period from 1932 to 1959, Sholokhov wrote another of his famous two-volume novel about collectivization, “Virgin Soil Upturned,” for which he received the Lenin Prize in 1960.

During the war years, Mikhail Sholokhov served as a war correspondent; at that difficult time for the country, many stories and stories were written that described the fate of ordinary people caught in the millstones of war: the stories “The Fate of Man”, “The Science of Hatred”, the unfinished story “They Fought” for the Motherland." Subsequently, these works were filmed and became true classics of Soviet cinema, which made an indelible impression on viewers, striking them with their tragedy, humanity and unchanging patriotism.

In the post-war period, Sholokhov published a series of journalistic works “The Word about the Motherland”, “Light and Darkness”, “The Fight Continues”, etc. In the early 60s, he gradually moved away from literary activity, returned from Moscow to the village of Veshenskaya, and went hunting and fishing. He donates all the prizes he receives for his literary achievements to the construction of schools in his native places. In the last years of his life, he was seriously ill and stoically endured the consequences of two strokes, diabetes, and, ultimately, cancer of the larynx - throat cancer. His earthly journey ended on February 21, 1984, his remains were buried in the village of Veshenskaya, in the courtyard of his house.

The great Soviet writer M.A. Sholokhov was born on May 11 (24), 1905 in the Kruzhilin farmstead, once in Donetsk, and now in the Rostov region. Considering the topic “Biography of Sholokhov, briefly about the main things,” it is certainly worth noting that the future writer was born under the name Kuznetsov, but then in 1912 he changed it to Sholokhov, but more on that later. He received his primary education in Moscow, back in the First World War, but then continued his studies at the gymnasium of the city of Boguchar (Voronezh province). Then, in 1922, he returned to Moscow again to go to college, but without going there, in order to support himself, he began working as a laborer. Sholokhov spent his free time from work on self-education.

Biography of Sholokhov. Briefly the most important things

His father, Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov, was from the Ryazan province. He bought livestock, sowed grain, was a clerk at a commercial enterprise, and then a manager at a mill. The writer's grandfather was a merchant of the third guild.

The writer's mother was Anastasia Danilovna Chernikova, the daughter of a former serf and immigrant to the Don. Having become an orphan, she was married off by her landowner Popova to the son of the Cossack village ataman Kuznetsov.

But then she left her husband for Alexander Sholokhov. Their son was born illegitimate, and therefore at first bore the surname Kuznetsov. After her official husband died in 1912, she was able to marry Sholokhov and rewrite her son in his last name.

Sholokhov's biography briefly and without exaggeration tells about the difficult life of people who survived wars, poverty and devastation. The writer saw all this with his own eyes, and his fate was no different from the fate of millions of other Russian people who had arrests, exile and captivity, but Sholokhov was unusually lucky, and he was able to live a life worthy of a Soviet man.

The beginning of creativity

He began publishing in 1923. At that time these were feuilletons, but then they were followed by stories, which later, in 1926-1927. compiled three collections: “Azure Steppe”, “Don Stories”, “About Kolchak, Nettles and Others”.

But the epic work “Quiet Don” (1928-1940) brought Sholokhov his greatest popularity. This work was translated into many languages ​​and became widely known not only in the Soviet Union, but also beyond its borders.

"Virgin Soil Upturned"

And then came another equally famous literary masterpiece, a two-volume book about the times of collectivization - “Virgin Soil Upturned” (1932-1959). For him the writer received the Lenin Prize.

Sholokhov’s biography briefly tells that during the Second World War he served as a war correspondent and wrote several essays and stories: “The Science of Hate”, “Cossacks”, “On the Don”, etc.

Sholokhov’s very famous works were “The Fate of a Man” (1956) and the novel, which remained unfinished, “They Fought for the Motherland” (1942-1969).

Nobel Prize and recent years

Sholokhov’s biography (briefly) also notes the fact that in 1965, for the novel “Quiet Flows the Don,” he was awarded one of the most prestigious world awards in the world of literature - the Nobel Prize. In general, the writer Sholokhov had many awards from the government, including the Stalin Prize (1941), Lenin Prize (1960). He was an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980). In 1943 he was given the rank of colonel.

In the 60s, Sholokhov wrote practically nothing; he loved to go fishing and hunting. He donated the bulk of his funds to charity.

In the winter of February 21, 1984, the writer passed away. He died of laryngeal cancer. Sholokhov was buried in the courtyard of his house in the village of Veshenskaya, located on the banks of the Don River, which he made famous.

With his wife M.P. Gromoslavskaya - the daughter of one of the Cossack chieftains - he lived in marriage for 60 years. He married her in 1924, and four children were born into their family.

Sholokhov: brief biography. Table

Mikhail Alexandrovich became one of the few Soviet writers who were allowed to tell the truth to the leader. His life and work were organically intertwined with the period of building socialism. Studying Sholokhov's biography briefly, it is impossible to doubt his talent and love for his land. But one day, doubts arose in Soviet society about his authorship of the works he wrote. However, a commission created by order of Joseph Vissarionovich himself, having carefully studied his drafts and manuscripts, confirmed the authorship of his works.

In Soviet times, every schoolchild knew the name of this writer. Many of his works were included in the compulsory curriculum for Russian literature from the first to the tenth grades. However, today in schools students are not taught the full biography of Sholokhov. A brief description of his activities is given, but this is not enough to get a complete picture of the writer’s personality. Many of his works were dropped from the school curriculum. However, this is simply unreasonable, because most of the stories, and subsequently more serious works written by him, contribute to the education of schoolchildren. Why did they stop studying them in schools? Undoubtedly, they can serve as an additional aid to history textbooks, describing the events of past years from the point of view of an eyewitness. The full biography of Sholokhov also tells about these important historical facts. It is simply impossible to briefly talk about all the achievements of this great man, who is also a laureate of one of the most authoritative prizes in the world - the Nobel Prize. His contribution to the development of Soviet literature, and indeed to the formation of public consciousness, is simply invaluable.

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich. short biography

The great one was born in 1905 on the Don, in a small farm, in the family of merchant Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov and former serf peasant Anastasia Danilovna. In 1912, seven-year-old Mikhail was sent by his parents to a parish school for boys. After studying here for one year, he was sent to the Bogucharsky gymnasium. With the outbreak of the First World War, and later the Civil War, his education was interrupted. In the book “Mikhail Sholokhov. Brief biography” (after the writer received the Nobel Prize, many publications were published about him, his biography and his works) contains the words of the writer himself: “I was born from the Don.” This means that the development of the writer’s personality was most influenced by the paintings of this time.

When the Upper Don Cossack uprising took place in 1919, 14-year-old Mikhail retained all the events of that year in his memory and later described them in the novel “Quiet Don.” A year later he begins to earn a living. First he teaches at a rural educational school, then he works as an accountant, and then because he arbitrarily decides to reduce the tax rate on the poor, he is tried and sentenced to death by firing squad. This is fate, this is biography. Sholokhov was briefly and ironically called “nakhalenko” in prison. Here he awaited his fate. However, soon the sentence, fortunately, was replaced by imprisonment. After serving his sentence, he decides to go to Moscow, where he works part-time in various ways. However, in the capital, he feels an irresistible desire to write. His essays, feuilletons and stories begin to be published in the press. At the age of 19, he marries the beautiful Muscovite Maria Petrovna, with whom he will live until the end of his days. And a year later, having visited his homeland, he writes “Don Stories” and begins to create “The Quiet Don”, which is subsequently published in the magazine “October”. M. Gorky, having read this work, speaks of the young writer as a talented professional. Then Sholokhov writes “Virgin Soil Upturned”. A happy moment in a writer’s career is the recognition of his talent by Stalin.

Patriotic War in the life of Sholokhov

With the beginning of the Patriotic War, he became Sholokhov, participated in the Battle of Stalingrad, after which he began writing the novel “They Fought for the Motherland.” He received military awards for his service at the front.

In 1965, for the novel "Quiet Don" Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, and 2 years later he became a Hero of Socialist Labor. Later, the writer and publicist receives several more prestigious awards and prizes. He and his wife spent the last years of his life in his small homeland, where he died at the age of 79. That's the whole biography of Sholokhov. Brief but meaningful.

Mikhail Sholokhov is one of the most iconic writers of the 20th century. His works gained great popularity not only in the USSR, but also far beyond its borders. In 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

We bring to your attention the biography of Sholokhov. She, like outstanding people, is full of surprises and visionary accidents.

Brief biography of Sholokhov

Parents

His father Alexander Mikhailovich was engaged in farming and also did a lot of other hired work. Mother Anastasia Danilovna, who became an orphan in childhood, was a hereditary Cossack woman.

It is interesting that, although illiterate, she possessed wisdom and extraordinary insight. Anastasia Danilovna specially learned to read and write in order to write letters to her son when he was studying at the gymnasium.

As a girl, she was forcibly married to the son of Ataman Kuznetsov. However, she soon left her husband for Alexander Sholokhov. As a result of this, their son Mikhail was born illegitimate and at first had the surname Kuznetsov. Not everyone knows this fact from the biography of the great writer.

Only after the death of Anastasia’s first husband, the couple was able to officially get married. Thanks to this, Mikhail’s surname changed to “Sholokhov,” under which he entered the.

The Sholokhovs lived in relative prosperity. Due to the fact that Alexander Mikhailovich often had to change jobs, the family often moved from one place to another.

Upbringing and education

The parents loved their only child and tried to give him the best education. They hired a home teacher for him, Timofey Mrykhin, who taught the boy reading, writing and arithmetic. This played an important role in his biography.

Studying gave him real pleasure, and he never had to be forced to pore over textbooks: he happily did it on his own.

After 3 years, he continues his studies at the Bogucharsky gymnasium for boys, where he will graduate from 4th grade.

During this period, the young man avidly reads the works of famous classics:, etc.

In 1917, on the eve of the revolution, the head of the family became the manager of a steam mill. After 3 years, the family moved to the village of Karginskaya, where in 1925 the writer’s father was destined to die.

During the bloody confrontation between the “reds” and the “whites”, Sholokhov did not take either side.

When power fell into the hands of the Bolsheviks, he agreed with their ideology, and in 1930 he became a member of the Communist Party.

No serious “sins” were discovered in the writer’s pre-revolutionary life, so he had a fairly good reputation in the eyes of the new Soviet government.

However, there was still one flaw in his biography.

In 1922, Sholokhov was sentenced to death for exceeding his official powers while working as a tax inspector.

Fortunately, the sentence was not carried out thanks to the help and ingenuity of his parents. They managed to forge their son's birth certificate, which is why he was tried as a minor.

Creative biography of Sholokhov

Mikhail Sholokhov began to seriously engage in writing in 1923. Initially, he wrote short feuilletons and humorous stories.

Periodically, he worked in various Komsomol publications, publishing his works in them.

Sholokhov's creativity

Speaking about Sholokhov’s work, I immediately remember the main work of his life - “Quiet Don”. This novel became one of the key novels of the 20th century.

An interesting fact is that in connection with this book the writer was often accused of plagiarism. Discussions on this matter continue today. Some researchers believe that Sholokhov stole the novel from a white officer who was repressed by the Bolsheviks.

The writer himself did not react in any way to such statements, claiming that “Quiet Don” was written by him alone, and all conversations on this topic are insinuations on the part of envious people.

Modern Russian literary critic Dmitry Bykov is confident that the author of the work is Sholokhov. He draws such conclusions based on his writing style.

For 20 years, starting in 1930, Mikhail Alexandrovich wrote another brilliant novel, “Virgin Soil Upturned,” in which collectivization is described in vivid colors. This is the second most important work in his creative biography.

Another popular novel by Sholokhov is “They Fought for the Motherland.” Interestingly, shortly before his death, the writer, for some reason, decided to burn it. As a result, only some chapters of this book were preserved.

A fragment of Sholokhov’s biography related to the Nobel Prize deserves special attention. In 1958, the disgraced Pasternak was nominated for this award for the 7th time.

In this regard, the Soviet Union sent a telegram to its ambassador in Sweden. It said that it would appreciate the award of this prize to Sholokhov.

However, this did not help, as a result of which the Nobel Prize was nevertheless awarded to Pasternak. Only 7 years later, in 1965, Mikhail Alexandrovich also became the owner of this prestigious award.

Personal life

Mikhail Sholokhov married Maria Gromoslavskaya when he was barely 19 years old. In this marriage, the couple had 4 children: Svetlana (1926), Alexander (1930), Mikhail (1935) and Maria (1938).

Friends noted that by nature Mikhail was a direct, truthful and courageous person.

Some of his contemporaries argued that among all the writers, only Sholokhov could openly communicate with, looking him straight in the eye.

Death

In recent years, Mikhail Alexandrovich lived in the village of Veshenskaya, and paid practically no attention to writing. Instead, he preferred to take walks, solitude with nature, or go fishing. At the end of his life, he spared no money for charity.

It is interesting that his burial place is not in the cemetery, but right in the courtyard of the house in which he lived. Many streets and avenues in cities of the former USSR are named after him, and more than one film has been made based on his biography.

What can we say about Sholokhov’s work: many wonderful films have been created based on his works, both in Russia and abroad.

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In Soviet schools, the novel was part of the compulsory literature curriculum, so the name of the author and Sholokhov’s biography were briefly “heard of.” Today we read his works “The Fate of Man”, “Cossacks”, “They Fought for the Motherland” and think about the fate of the heroes. To better understand the novels, you need to trace the life and creative path of the writer.

Mikhail Sholokhov lived for quite a long time - 78 years. Among the vicissitudes of a difficult fate, it is difficult to note the most important turns, but let's try to list the most important things.

So, Sholokhov’s biography briefly:

1. Birth in the family of a clerk (a native of the Ryazan province) and a woman from a Cossack family (a former maid).
2. Childhood, mother's stories, games in the vastness of the great native Don.
3. Education - first in elementary school, then in Bogucharsky gymnasium.
4. Working life: work as a teacher, laborer, clerk... Wherever fate took Mikhail Alexandrovich!
5. Active participation in the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power. Marriage.
6. Work on works.
7. Work as a war correspondent.
8. Public activities, including in the role of people's deputy.
9. Recent years, the fight against disease, death in the village of Veshenskaya, where the writer spent many years with his wife and four children born in a single marriage.

This is in general terms. For the purpose of more detailed acquaintance, you can break down your life path by dates.

It will be easier to isolate the main thing if you display the main dates in a table: Mikhail Sholokhov: biography by dates

This is the path Sholokhov took; the chronological table of his life shows that the writer waged a constant struggle with circumstances and difficulties. Difficult times required each person to make their own choice. Mikhail Alexandrovich’s position has always been this: with the people and for the people.

Key dates

The life and work of a writer are inextricably linked, therefore, knowing what events happened, it will be easier to understand the mood of the writer and definitely get on the wavelength of each of his works. It is impossible to remember everything, so when studying this issue it is worth paying attention to the most interesting facts from the writer’s biography (and the most significant).

This is definitely:

• 1912 – beginning of studies, acquisition of knowledge;
• years of civil war - developing one’s own views, determining one’s civic position;
• WWII - the experience gained by Sholokhov near the front line is invaluable;
• 1965 – world recognition: Nobel Prize.

Important! Mikhail Alexandrovich passionately loved his native Don steppe and the harsh, hardworking and fair people inhabiting it - the Cossacks, which was reflected in his work.

Creation

What is important in a person's life? Of course, first of all, his parents, family. Then - teachers, environment, friends. The writer never moved away from his roots; the word “Motherland” was not an abstract concept for him.

A writer’s biography by date is not the most important thing to remember. And turning his life into a chronological table consisting of dry facts and dates is also not necessary.

The most important thing is to understand that Sholokhov’s work is a consequence of his life’s path.

If it were not for the revolution and the Civil War, if the writer had not had the chance to take part in the Great Patriotic War, it is unlikely that the most powerful of his works would have been born:

• "Quiet Don";
• "The Science of Hate";

His creativity and inspiration depended on what happened in Sholokhov’s life. The writer never invented his heroes, and therefore the characters turned out to be so real and alive.

Note! Each of the characters is an almost exact portrait of a person whom the author met in life.

And Aksinya, and Grigory Melekhov, and his brother Peter - Mikhail Alexandrovich knew all these people (of course, under other names).

Of course, I had to work a little on the images, soften something, add something, but we can say with confidence: the heroes of the novels are people who really lived, loved, suffered, fought and hoped in that difficult time, when the author had the opportunity to grow up and find life. wisdom.

One of the main dates can easily be attributed to the period 1918-1921, when there were battles for power between the Reds and the Whites. Most likely, it was then that the character of the future writer was formed and his views were determined.

The second stage of personality formation is the years of the Great Patriotic War. It is during great trials that it becomes clear what a person is like and what he is capable of.

In addition, the author of “Quiet Flows the Don” had to endure more than one arrest and face death. These dates are 1920 and 1938. First, the young man ended up in the hands of Nestor Makhno. The second is arrest by the very authorities that Mikhail considered the fairest on earth.

Some facts from the writer’s life evoke a feeling of respect and admiration for this outwardly very modest man. While still very young, Mikhail actively participated in the fight against the gangs of marauders that swarmed the Don in the turbulent and terrible post-revolutionary time.

Note! All his life, despite recognition in Russia and in the world, he remained unpretentious in his personal needs.

Place of Birth

You can tell something interesting about the place where the future writer was born. Place of Birth
writer Sholokhov - the village of Veshenskaya, which is part of the modern Rostov region.

Nowadays, it is a large populated area: about 10 thousand people live here. A small note: the writer was born not in Veshenskaya itself, but on a farm near it.

At the beginning of the 20th century. Veshenskaya was also not small: it had 1,200 inhabitants. In the years of Mikhail Alexandrovich’s youth, the village became the center of the Verkhnedon uprising, here the White Cossacks tried to overthrow Soviet power and establish a different order.

So Sholokhov’s small homeland is one of the largest centers of the Civil War, which split Russia into two camps.

When the unrest of the Civil War was left behind, Mikhail Alexandrovich chose Veshenskaya as his permanent place of residence. Being a deputy of the people, he managed to make life easier for his fellow villagers: at his insistence, a railway was laid to the village of Bazkovskaya, and then a bridge was built that connected the right and left banks of the Don. Today, the writer’s museum-estate is carefully guarded in Veshenskaya.

Many facts from Sholokhov’s life are described in textbooks and have not been a secret for a long time. But there are also “blind spots” that have opened up for us relatively recently.

Thus, Mikhail Alexandrovich’s mother, who served as a maid for a landowner, was forcibly married to a Cossack Kuznetsov. However, she did not love her husband, from whom she left for the manager of a steam mill (one of his professions) Alexander Sholokhov.

The lovers had a son, but the boy initially bore the surname Kuznetsov, since it was impossible to legitimize the relationship until the death of Kuznetsov, the official husband of the mother of the future writer. Therefore, Mikhail did not immediately become Sholokhov.

Mikhail Alexandrovich spent his entire life educating himself.

• because of revolutionary events I had to leave one school after another;
• teach literacy to children and adults;
• work in a food detachment, work as a loader.

Interesting facts from his biography: he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University and the Faculty of History and Philology of Rostov University. At the university, he met his future wife, who initially worked for him as an assistant secretary.

During the Civil War, young Mikhail and his squad came across a gang of the “father” Nestor Makhno himself. If the guy was older, he wouldn't have fared well. But the 15-year-old teenager behaved so courageously that the chieftain liked it, and he did not deal with him. He only promised: “If you get caught again, I’ll hang you.”

Another time death stared Sholokhov in the face in 1922, when he showed “excessive zeal” during the collection of taxes. An arrest followed, but after 2 days the death sentence was replaced by a year of correctional labor. Another arrest followed in the terrible year of 1938. Someone slandered Sholokhov, and he was arrested, but imprisonment and death were avoided.

He had many awards: State Prizes, Stalin, Lenin, International Peace Prize. He was elected honorary doctor of the University of Leipzig. In 1941, Mikhail Alexandrovich donated 4 of his state awards to the needs of the front: rocket launchers were purchased for the entire amount.

What did he die from?

In recent years, the author of the novels has been seriously ill. How did the talented prose writer, outstanding writer and public figure of the Soviet Union die? Doctors have determined exactly what exactly the Soviet prose writer died from. His health was undermined by vascular diseases: he suffered two strokes in adulthood.

But the writer died due to another illness. He was diagnosed with cancer that had metastasized to the larynx. Sholokhov died in his homeland, in the village of Veshenskaya, where he spent almost his entire life.

Useful video: The life and creative path of M. A. Sholokhov

Conclusion

The fate of our great contemporary turned out to be difficult. Many times life seemed to test this person’s strength of character and courage. Sholokhov withstood all the tests - just like the heroes of his works, and to the end remained a man for whom the ideals of justice, mutual assistance, sincerity and honesty were above all.