Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) is a world-famous Russian prose writer, poet, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator of the 19th century, recognized as a classic of world literature. He wrote many outstanding works that have become literary classics, the reading of which is mandatory for school and university curricula.

Born Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev from the city of Orel, where he was born on November 9, 1818 in a noble family in the family estate of his mother. Sergei Nikolaevich, father - a retired hussar, who served before the birth of his son in a cuirassier regiment, Varvara Petrovna, mother - a representative of an old noble family. In addition to Ivan, there was another eldest son Nikolai in the family, the childhood of the little Turgenevs passed under the vigilant supervision of numerous servants and under the influence of their mother's rather heavy and unbending temper. Although mother was distinguished by her special dominance and severity of temper, she was known as a rather educated and enlightened woman, it was she who interested her children in science and fiction.

At first, the boys were educated at home, after the family moved to the capital, they continued their studies with local teachers. Then follows a new turn in the fate of the Turgenev family - a trip and subsequent life abroad, where Ivan Turgenev lives and is brought up in several prestigious boarding houses. Upon arrival at home (1833), at the age of fifteen, he entered the Faculty of Literature of Moscow State University. After the eldest son Nikolai becomes a guards cavalryman, the family moves to St. Petersburg and the younger Ivan becomes a student of the philosophical faculty of a local university. In 1834, the first poetic lines appeared from the pen of Turgenev, imbued with the spirit of romanticism (a trendy trend at that time). Poetic lyrics were appreciated by his teacher and mentor Pyotr Pletnev (a close friend of A. S. Pushkin).

After graduating from St. Petersburg University in 1837, Turgenev left to continue his studies abroad, where he attended lectures and seminars at the University of Berlin, traveling in parallel across Europe. Returning to Moscow and successfully passing the master's exams, Turgenev hopes to become a professor at Moscow University, but due to the abolition of philosophy departments in all Russian universities, this desire will not come true. At that time, Turgenev was becoming more and more interested in literature, several of his poems were published in the newspaper Otechestvennye Zapiski, in the spring of 1843, the time of the appearance of his first small book, where the poem Parasha was published.

In 1843, at the insistence of his mother, he becomes an official in the "special office" at the Ministry of the Interior and serves there for two years, then retires. The imperious and ambitious mother, dissatisfied with the fact that her son did not live up to her hopes both in career and personal terms (he did not find a worthy party for himself, and even had an illegitimate daughter Pelageya from a seamstress), refuses to support him and Turgenev has to live from hand to mouth and get into debt.

Acquaintance with the famous critic Belinsky turned Turgenev's work towards realism, and he began to write poetic and ironic moral poems, critical articles and stories.

In 1847, Turgenev brought the story “Khor and Kalinich” to the Sovremennik magazine, which Nekrasov prints with the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter,” and this is how Turgenev’s real literary activity begins. In 1847, because of his love for the singer Pauline Viardot (he met her in 1843 in St. Petersburg, where she came on tour), he left Russia for a long time and lived first in Germany, then in France. During his life abroad, several dramatic plays were written: "Freeloader", "Bachelor", "A Month in the Country", "Provincial Girl".

In 1850, the writer returned to Moscow, worked as a critic in the Sovremennik magazine, and in 1852 published a book of his essays called Notes of a Hunter. At the same time, impressed by the death of Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, he wrote and published an obituary, officially banned by the tsarist caesura. This is followed by an arrest for one month, deportation to the family estate without the right to leave the Oryol province, a ban on traveling abroad (until 1856). During the exile, the story "Mumu", "Inn", "The Diary of a Superfluous Man", "Yakov Pasynkov", "Correspondence", the novel "Rudin" (1855) were written.

After the end of the ban on traveling abroad, Turgenev leaves the country and lives in Europe for two years. In 1858, he returned to his homeland and published his story "Asya", around which critics immediately flared up heated debates and disputes. Then the novel "The Nest of Nobles" (1859), 1860 - "On the Eve" is born. After that, there is a break between Turgenev and such radical writers as Nekrasov and Dobrolyubov, a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy and even the challenge of the latter to a duel, which eventually ended in peace. February 1862 - printing of the novel "Fathers and Sons", in which the author showed the tragedy of the growing conflict of generations in the context of a growing social crisis.

From 1863 to 1883, Turgenev lives first with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden, then in Paris, never ceasing to be interested in the events taking place in Russia and acting as a kind of mediator between Western European and Russian writers. During his life abroad, the “Notes of a Hunter” were supplemented, the novels “The Hours”, “Punin and Baburin”, the largest of all his novels “Nov”, were written.

Together with Victor Hugo Turgenev was elected co-chairman of the First International Congress of Writers, held in Paris in 1878, in 1879 the writer was elected an honorary doctor of the oldest university in England - Oxford. In his declining years, Turgenevsky did not cease to engage in literary activity, and a few months before his death, "Poems in Prose" were published, prose fragments and miniatures distinguished by a high degree of lyricism.

Turgenev dies in August 1883 from a serious illness in the French Bougival (a suburb of Paris). In accordance with the last will of the deceased, recorded in his will, his body was transported to Russia and buried at the Volkovo cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Perhaps every educated person knows who Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is.

His biography proves that a person, despite a difficult life path, can create truly brilliant creations.

His works have become a real gem of world classical literature.

I.S. Turgenev - Russian writer, poet and publicist

According to some critics, the artistic system created by Turgenev changed the formation of Romanism in the second half of the 19th century. The writer was the first to predict the appearance of the sixties, whom he called nihilists, and ridiculed them in the novel Fathers and Sons.

Also, thanks to Turgenev, the term "Turgenev's girl" was also born.

Biography of Ivan Turgenev

Ivan Turgenev is a descendant of the old noble family of the Turgenevs.

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883)

The origin of the surname is connected with the nickname Turgen (Turgen) and has Tatar roots.

Father and mother

His father served in the cavalry, liked to drink, walk and spend money. Ivan's mother, Varvara, he married by calculation, so their marriage could hardly be called strong and happy.

Vanya was born just two years after his marriage, and there were three children in the Turgenev family.

Childhood

Little Vanya spent his childhood in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, where the family moved after the birth of their second son. A rich, luxurious estate included a huge house, a garden and even a small pond, in which there were many different fish.

Turgenev's house in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo

The future writer from childhood had the opportunity to observe nature, perhaps this is what formed his reverent, careful attitude to all living things.

The mother recalled that Vanya grew up as an active, inquisitive child, she was really proud of him, but she did not show it in any way. Varvara was a quiet and silent woman, so much so that none of the sons could even briefly recall any bright moments associated with their mother. Now a museum has been opened on the site of the Turgenev family estate.

Education and upbringing

Turgenev's parents were very educated people, so the children were introduced to science from an early age. Vanya early learned to read books and speak several languages. Foreigners were invited to the family, who were supposed to teach children their native languages.

As in all intelligent families, great emphasis was placed on French, in which family members spoke freely among themselves. For disobedience and lack of diligence, the kids were severely punished, the mother was subject to frequent mood swings, so sometimes she could be whipped for nothing.

Even as an adult, Ivan Sergeevich admitted how much he was afraid of his mother. His father, on the contrary, had minimal influence on him, and soon left the family altogether.

Youth years

As soon as Ivan turned nine, the family moved to the capital, where the boy was immediately assigned to a private boarding school. At fifteen, Turgenev already became a university student, but did not study for long, moved to St. Petersburg and graduated from the philosophical and historical department.

Even as a student, the future writer was engaged in translations of foreign poems and dreamed of someday becoming a poet himself.

The beginning of the creative path

In 1836, Turgenev's creative career began, his name began to appear in print for the first time, he wrote reviews of the works of his contemporaries.

But Turgenev became a real celebrity only seven years later, when he published the work Parasha, approved by the critic Belinsky.

They became so close that soon Turgenev began to consider Belinsky a godfather.

In a few years, a recent graduate has become one of the most famous writers of his time. Soon Ivan Sergeevich began to write not only for adults, but also for children.

Turgenev devoted a whole list of fairy tales to kids: “Sparrow”, “Doves”, “Dog”, written in a simple, understandable language for young readers.

Writer's personal life

Turgenev loved only once, the singer Pauline Viardot, known in narrow circles, became his chosen one.

Far from being a beauty, she was able to charm the writer so that he could not forget her all his life until his death.

It is known that in his youth, the writer broke out in a relationship with a seamstress named Avdotya. The romance did not last long, but as a result, the couple had a child, recognized by Turgenev only fifteen years later.

After breaking up with Polina, Turgenev tried to fall in love again, but each time he realized that he was still in love only with Viardot and told this to his young chosen ones. On the wall he always hung her portrait, and in the house there were a lot of personal things.

Descendants of Turgenev

The only daughter of Ivan Sergeevich was Pelageya, who was born as a result of a fleeting connection between Turgenev and the peasant woman Avdotya.

The writer's lover, Pauline Viardot, expressed a desire to take the girl and make a French lady out of her, a simple peasant woman, to which the writer quickly agreed.

Pelageya was renamed Polinet and moved to live in France. She had two children: Georges and Jeanne, who died without leaving heirs, and this branch of the Turgenev family finally broke off.

Last years of life and death

In 1882, after breaking up another relationship, the writer fell ill, the diagnosis sounded terrible: cancer of the bones of the spine. Thus, one can answer the question of why Turgenev died - he was killed by the disease.

He was dying in France, far from his homeland and Russian friends. But the main thing is that his beloved woman, Pauline Viardot, remained nearby until the last days.

The classic died on August 22, 1883; on September 27, his body was delivered to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery, his grave has been preserved to this day.

The most famous works of Ivan Turgenev

Of course, the most famous work of Turgenev is considered to be the novel "Fathers and Sons", which is included in the school curriculum.

The nihilist Bazarov and his difficult relationship with the Kirsanovs are known to everyone. This novel is truly eternal, as is the problem of fathers and children that rises in the work.

Slightly less famous are the story "Asya", which, according to some sources, Turgenev wrote about the life of his illegitimate daughter; novel "The Nest of Nobles" and others.

In his youth, Vanya fell in love with his friend Ekaterina Shakhovskaya, who conquered the boy with her tenderness and purity. Turgenev's heart was broken when he learned that Katya had many lovers, including Sergei Turgenev, the father of the classic. Later, the features of Katerina appeared in the main character of the novel "First Love".

Once a friend of Turgenev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, reproached the writer for the fact that his daughter was forced to earn money by tailoring due to lack of money. Ivan Sergeevich took this to heart, and the men had a big fight. A duel was to take place, which, fortunately, was not, otherwise the world might not see the new work of one of the writers. Friends quickly reconciled and soon forgot about the unpleasant incident.

Turgenev's characterization consisted of continuous contradictions. For example, with his great height and strong physique, the writer had a fairly high voice and could even sing at some feasts.

When he lost inspiration, he stood in a corner and stood there until some important thought came to his head. He laughed, according to contemporaries, with a most infectious laugh, fell to the floor and stood on all fours, sharply twitching and writhing.

The writer had other oddities at different stages of his life, like many creative talented people. The main thing for us is to get acquainted with the work of Turgenev and experience all the depth that the author put into his works.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian and world literature. His works excited society, raised new topics, presented new heroes of the time. Turgenev became the ideal for a whole generation of novice writers of the 60s of the 19th century. In his works, the Russian language sounded with renewed vigor, he continued the traditions of Pushkin and Gogol, raising Russian prose to an unprecedented height.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is honored in Russia, a museum dedicated to the life of the writer has been created in his hometown of Orel, and the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo estate has become a famous place of pilgrimage for connoisseurs of Russian literature and culture.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in Orel in 1818. The Turgenev family was well off and well-born, but little Nikolai did not see real happiness. His parent, the owner of a large fortune and vast lands in the Oryol province, was wayward, cruel towards the serfs. The pictures taken away by Turgenev in childhood left a mark on the writer's soul, made him an ardent fighter against Russian slavery. The mother became the prototype of the image of the elderly lady in the famous story "Mumu".

My father was in military service, had a good upbringing, refined manners. He was well-born, but rather poor. Perhaps this fact made him connect his life with Turgenev's mother. Soon the parents separated.

The family had two children, boys. The brothers received a good education. Life in Spassky-Lutovinovo, the estate of his mother, had a great influence on Ivan Turgenev. Here he got acquainted with folk culture, communicated with serfs.

Education

Moscow University - the young man Turgenev entered here in 1934. But after the first year, the future writer became disillusioned with the learning process and teachers. He transferred to St. Petersburg University, but even there he did not find a sufficiently high level of teaching. So he went abroad to Germany. A German university attracted him with a philosophy program that included Hegel's theories.

Turgenev became one of the most educated people of his time. The first attempts at writing belong to this period. He acted as a poet. But the first poems were imitative, did not attract the attention of society.

After graduating from university, Turgenev came to Russia. He entered the Department of the Interior in 1843, hoping that he could contribute to the speedy abolition of serfdom. But he was soon disappointed - the civil service did not welcome the initiative, and the blind execution of orders did not attract him ..

Turgenev's social circle abroad included the founder of the national revolutionary idea, M.A. Bakunin, and representatives of progressive Russian thought N.V. Stankevich and T.N. Granovsky.

Creation

The forties of the nineteenth century forced others to pay attention to Turgenev. The main direction at this stage: naturalism, the author carefully, with maximum accuracy, describes the character through the details, way of life, life. He believed that social position was brought up

The most important works of this period:

1. "Parash".
2. "Andrey and the landowner".
3. "Three portraits".
4. "Recklessness".

Turgenev became close to the Sovremennik magazine. His first prose experiments were positively evaluated by Belinsky, the main literary critic of the 19th century. It became a ticket to the world of literature.

Since 1847, Turgenev began to create one of the most striking works of literature - "Notes of a Hunter". The first story in this cycle was "Khor and Kalinich". Turgenev became the first writer to change his attitude towards the enslaved peasant. Talent, individuality, spiritual height - these qualities made the Russian people beautiful in the eyes of the author. At the same time, the heavy burden of slavery destroys the best forces. The book "Notes of a Hunter" received a negative assessment from the government. Since then, the attitude of the authorities towards Turgenev was wary.

Eternal love

The main story of Turgenev's life is his love for Pauline Viardot. The French opera singer won his heart. But being married, she could make him happy. Turgenev followed her family, lived nearby. He spent most of his life abroad. Homesickness accompanied him until his last days, clearly expressed in the cycle of "Poems in Prose".

civil position

Turgenev was one of the first to raise the problems of modernity in his work. He analyzed the image of the advanced man of his time, covered the most important issues that excited society. Each of his novels became an event and the subject of furious discussion:

1. "Fathers and Sons".
2. "New".
3. "Fog".
4. "The day before".
5. "Rudin".

Turgenev did not become an adherent of revolutionary ideology, he was critical of new trends in society. He considered it a mistake to want to break everything old in order to build a new world. Eternal ideals were dear to him. As a result, there was a break in his relationship with Sovremennik.

One of the important facets of the writer's talent is lyricism. His works are characterized by a detailed depiction of feelings, the psychology of the characters. Descriptions of nature are filled with love and understanding of the dim beauty of Russia in the middle zone.

Every year Turgenev came to Russia, his main route was St. Petersburg - Moscow - Spasskoe. The last year of life became painful for Turgenev. A serious illness, a sarcoma of the spine, for a long time brought him terrible torment and became an obstacle to visiting his homeland. The writer died in 1883.

Already during his lifetime, he was recognized as the best writer in Russia, his works were reprinted in different countries. In 2018, the country will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of the remarkable Russian writer.

Literary critics argue that the artistic system created by the classic changed the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to feel the emergence of a “new man” - a man of the sixties - and showed him in his essay “Fathers and Sons”. Thanks to the realist writer, the term "nihilist" was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot, which received the definition of "Turgenev's girl", into use.

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, in an old noble family. Ivan Sergeyevich spent his childhood in his mother's estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

The family life of the parents did not work out. The father, who had spent his fortune as a handsome cavalry guard, according to calculation, married not a beauty, but a wealthy girl Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. After 4 years, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Soon the youngest son Sergei died of epilepsy.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - the mother had a despotic character. A smart and educated woman drank a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. Mother, an absurd and despotic lady, whose image readers saw in Turgenev's story "Death", remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. The mother did not treat her daughter in the best way. Because of the cruelty of her mother and the beatings of her stepfather, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece after her death a legacy of 5,000 serfs.

The mother, who did not know affection in childhood, although she loved children, especially Vanya, treated them in the same way as her parents treated her in childhood - the sons forever remembered mother's heavy hand. Despite her absurd disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. She spoke exclusively in French with her family, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. Spasskoye kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.

Ivan Turgenev at the age of 7

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in her children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary novelties, and was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew creativity, and quoted them in correspondence with her son.

Ivan Turgenev was educated by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no expense. The wealth of Russian literature was discovered to the future writer by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the Ivan Krause boarding school. At home and in private boarding schools, the young gentleman completed a high school course, at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital's university. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev studied a course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

In his student years, Turgenev translated poetry and lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

Having received a diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin, he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, and wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy from St. Petersburg University. In 1843, he entered the Ministry of the Interior, but the love of writing and literature outweighed.

Literature

Ivan Turgenev first appeared in print in 1836, publishing a review of Andrey Muravyov's book Journey to Holy Places. A year later, he wrote and published the poems "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night" and "Dream".

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem "Parasha", approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became close so that the young writer became the godfather of the son of a famous critic. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced the creative biography of Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became apparent after the publication of the poem "The Landowner" and the stories "Andrei Kolosov", "Three Portraits" and "Breter".

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived either in the family estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully staged in the theaters of the two capitals.

In 1852, Nikolai Gogol died. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper dared to publish Turgenev's note. The censor did not forgive disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a "lackey writer" who was not worthy of mention in society, and besides, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of an unspoken ban - not to recall Alexander Pushkin and those who died in a duel in the open press.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion due to frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater wrath of the authorities.

Ivan Turgenev with colleagues from Sovremennik

In April of the same year, the writer was taken into custody for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spassky without a break, for 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.

Turgenev's fears about the censorship ban on the release of the Hunter's Notes as a separate book did not materialize: a collection of short stories, previously published in Sovremennik, was published. For allowing the book to be printed, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes the stories "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk", "Singers", "County Doctor". Separately, the novels did not pose a danger, but, taken together, they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Collection of stories by Ivan Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. For young readers, the prose writer presented fairy tales and observational stories "Sparrow", "Dog" and "Doves", written in rich language.

In rural solitude, the classic wrote the story “Mumu”, as well as the novels “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, which became an event in the cultural life of Russia.

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In winter, in Paris, he completed the gloomy story "A Trip to Polissya". In Germany in 1857 he wrote "Asya" - a story translated during the life of the writer into European languages. Critics consider Turgenev's daughter Polina Brewer and illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova to be the prototype of Asya, the daughter of a master and a peasant woman born out of wedlock.

Ivan Turgenev's novel "Rudin"

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban on Sovremennik, he spoke out in his defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel Fathers and Sons, he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writer to receive recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where the youth met him as an idol. The authorities did not share the enthusiasm for the visit of the famous writer, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city was undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - at Oxford University, the Russian prose writer was given the title of an honorary doctor.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support "in the days of painful thoughts" about the fate of the motherland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer's life, with a landscape, "both monstrous and exotic." The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooping woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for life, for the remaining 40 years.

The personal life of the prose writer before meeting Viardot was like a roller coaster. The first love, about which Ivan Turgenev bitterly told in the story of the same name, painfully wounded the 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he found out that his “pure and immaculate” Katya, who captivated with her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of her father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a seasoned womanizer.

The young man was disappointed in the "noble" girls and turned his eyes to the simple girls - serfs. One of the undemanding beauties - seamstress Avdotya Ivanova - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelageya. But, traveling around Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a member of their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, the writer's friends and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardot's husband looked through his fingers at Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed him to live in their house for months. It is believed that the biological father of Paul, the son of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother did not approve of the relationship and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give legitimate grandchildren. Pelageya Varvara Petrovna did not favor, she saw in her a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Pauline Viardot, listening to the bullying of a despotic grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her to her house. Pelageya turned into Polinet and grew up with Viardot's children. In fairness, it should be noted that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father's love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of her loved one from her.

Cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the house arrest of the writer. Ivan Turgenev made attempts to forget the fatal passion twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of a cousin. But when a wedding dawned on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich yearned for Polina. Not wanting to break the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

The last attempt to escape from the arms of a Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev was 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not afraid of the age difference - her lover was twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, Masha saw a lot of things and trinkets in the home of her future spouse, reminiscent of her rival, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after parting with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. Doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the spine. The writer died in a foreign land for a long time and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, how happy a person tormented by pain can be - next to him was his beloved woman. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

Classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was brought to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the St. Petersburg Volkov cemetery.

Calling Turgenev "a thorn in his own eye", he reacted to the death of the "nihilist" with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 - "Rudin"
• 1858 - "Noble Nest"
• 1860 - "On the Eve"
• 1862 - "Fathers and Sons"
• 1867 - "Smoke"
• 1877 - "Nov"
• 1851-73 - "Notes of a hunter"
• 1858 - "Asya"
• 1860 - "First Love"
• 1872 - "Spring Waters"

Born in the city of Oryol on November 9 (October 28 according to the old style), 1818 in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (before the marriage of Lutovinova) (1787-1850), came from a wealthy noble family. Up to 9 years old Ivan Turgenev lived in the hereditary estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1827 Turgenevs to give their children an education, they settled in Moscow, in a house bought on Samotyok. After the parents went abroad, Ivan Sergeevich first he studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, then at the boarding house of the director of the Lazarev Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev Entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. where they studied at the time Herzen and Belinsky. A year later, after Ivan's older brother entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev at the same time he moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Timofey Granovsky became his friend. In 1834, he wrote the dramatic poem "Wall", several lyric poems. The young author showed these tests of the pen to his teacher, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. Pletnev called the poem a weak imitation of Byron, but noted that "there is something" in the author. By 1837 he had already written about a hundred small poems. At the beginning of 1837, an unexpected and short meeting with A. S. Pushkin takes place. In the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1838, which after his death Pushkin published under the editorship of P. A. Pletnev, with the signature "- - -v" a poem was printed Turgenev"Evening", which is the debut of the author. In 1836 Turgenev completed the course with a valid student's degree. Dreaming of scientific activity, he again took the final exam the next year, received a candidate's degree, and in 1838 went to Germany. During the journey, a fire broke out on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Fearing for your life Turgenev asked one of the sailors to save him and promised him a reward from his rich mother if he could fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man exclaimed plaintively: "To die so young!", while pushing women and children at the lifeboats. Fortunately, the shore was not far away. Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his cowardice. Rumors of his cowardice infiltrated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev in the novel Fire at Sea. Settling in Berlin Ivan took up studies. Listening to lectures at the university on the history of Roman and Greek literature, at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Here he became close to Stankevich. In 1839 he returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he again left for Germany, Italy, Austria. Impressed by meeting a girl in Frankfurt am Main Turgenev later the story "Spring Waters" was written. In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo. He became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was given in marriage, the daughter remained in an ambiguous position. At the beginning of 1842 Ivan Turgenev submitted a request to Moscow University for admission to the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. At the same time, he began his literary activity. The largest printed work of this time was the poem Parasha, written in 1843. Not hoping for positive criticism, he took a copy of V. G. Belinsky to Lopatin's house, leaving the manuscript to the critic's servant. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, publishing a positive review two months later in Otechestvennye Zapiski. From that moment, their acquaintance began, which eventually grew into a strong friendship. In the autumn of 1843 Turgenev I first saw Pauline Viardot on the stage of the opera house when the great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, while hunting, he met Pauline's husband, the director of the Italian Theater in Paris, a well-known critic and art critic, Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843, he was introduced to Pauline herself. Among the mass of fans, she did not particularly single out Turgenev, known more as an avid hunter, and not a writer. And when her tour is over, Turgenev together with the Viardot family, he went to Paris against the will of his mother, without money and still unknown to Europe. In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot's tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. In 1846 participates in the update of Sovremennik. Nekrasov- his best friend. With Belinsky he went abroad in 1847 and in 1848 he lived in Paris, where he witnessed revolutionary events. He becomes close to Herzen, falls in love with Ogaryov's wife Tuchkova. In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad. Most of the "Hunter's Notes" was created by the writer in Germany. Without an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family. Pauline Viardot raised an illegitimate daughter Turgenev. This period includes several meetings with Gogol And Fetom.In 1846, the stories "Breter" and "Three Portraits" were published. Later, he wrote such works as The Freeloader (1848), The Bachelor (1849), The Provincial Girl, A Month in the Village, Calm (1854), Yakov Pasynkov (1855), Breakfast at the Leader "(1856), etc. "Mumu" he wrote in 1852, being in exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo because of an obituary for death Gogol, which, despite the ban, published in Moscow. In 1852, a collection of short stories was published Turgenev under the general title "Notes of a Hunter", which was published in Paris in 1854. After the death of Nicholas I, four major works of the writer were published one after another: Rudin (1856), Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860) and Fathers and Sons (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik. The next two are in Russkiy Vestnik by M. N. Katkov. In 1860, N. A. Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come?” was published in Sovremennik, in which the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general were rather harshly criticized . Turgenev put Nekrasov ultimatum: either he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. The choice fell on Dobrolyubova, which later became one of the prototypes of the image of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Sons". After that Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.Turgenev gravitates toward the circle of Western writers who profess the principles of "pure art", opposing the tendentious creativity of raznochintsev revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time, Leo Tolstoy also joined this circle, who for some time lived in an apartment Turgenev. After marriage Tolstoy on S. A. Bers Turgenev found in Tolstoy a close relative, but even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A. A. Fet at the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between the two writers, which almost ended in a duel and ruined relations between writers for a long 17 years. Since the early 1860s Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participates in the cultural life of Western Europe, making acquaintances with the leading writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and acquainting Russian readers with the best works of contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Theophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France, Guy de Maupassant , Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert. In 1874, the famous bachelor dinners of five began in the Parisian restaurants of Rich or Pellet: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. I. S. Turgenev acts as a consultant and editor of foreign translators of Russian writers, he himself writes prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works by famous European writers. He translates Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German. This is how translations of Flaubert's works Herodias and The Tale of St. Yuliana Merciful" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for the French reader. For some time Turgenev becomes the most famous and most read Russian author in Europe. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Despite living abroad, all thoughts Turgenev were still linked to Russia. He writes the novel "Smoke" (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author's review, everyone scolded the novel: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side." The fruit of his intense reflections in the 1870s was the largest of Turgenev's novels, Nov (1877). Turgenev he was friends with the Milyutin brothers (Comrade Minister of the Interior and Minister of War), A. V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M. Kh. Reitern (Minister of Finance). At the end of his life Turgenev decides to come to terms with Leo Tolstoy, he explains the significance of modern Russian literature, including creativity Tolstoy, Western reader. In 1880, the writer takes part in the Pushkin celebrations dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, organized by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The writer died in Bougival near Paris, on August 22 (September 3), 1883 from myxosarcoma. Turgenev's body was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovo cemetery with a large gathering of people.

Artworks

1855 - "Rudin" - a novel
1858 - "The Noble Nest" - a novel
1860 - "On the eve" - ​​a novel
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" - a novel
1867 - "Smoke" - a novel
1877 - "Nov" - a novel
1844 - "Andrey Kolosov" - novel / story
1845 - "Three portraits" - novel / story
1846 - "Jew" - story / story
1847 - "Breter" - novel / story
1848 - "Petushkov" - story / story
1849 - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" - story / story
1852 - "Mumu" - story / story
1852 - "Inn" - story / story
1852 - "Notes of a hunter" - a collection of stories
1851 - "Bezhin Meadow" - story
1847 - "Biryuk" - story
1847 - "Burgemistr" - story
1848 - "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district" - story
1847 - "Two landowners" - a story
1847 - "Yermolai and the Miller's Woman" - story
1874 - "Living relics" - story
1851 - "Kasian with a beautiful sword" - story
1871-72 - "The End of Chertopkhanov" - story
1847 - "Office" - story
1847 - "Swan" - story
1848 - "Forest and steppe" - story
1847 - "Lgov" - story
1847 - "Raspberry Water" - story
1847 - "My neighbor Radilov" - story
1847 - "Ovsyannikov's Odnodvorets" - story
1850 - "Singers" - story
1864 - "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev" - story
1850 - "Date" - story
1847 - "Death" - story
1873-74-"Knocks!" - story
1847 - "Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew" - story
1847 - "County doctor" - story
1846-47-"Khor and Kalinich" - story
1848 - "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin" - story
1855 - "Yakov Pasynkov" - novel / story
1855 - "Faust" - novel / story
1856 - "Calm" - novel / story
1857 - "Trip to Polissya" - novel / story
1858 - "Asya" - story / story
1860 - "First Love" - ​​novel / story
1864 - "Ghosts" - novel / story
1866 - "The Brigadier" - story / story
1868 - "Unfortunate" - story / story
1870 - "Strange story" - story / story
1870 - "The Steppe King Lear" - story / story
1870 - "Dog" - story / story
1871 - "Knock ... knock ... knock! .." - story / story
1872 - "Spring Waters" - a story
1874 - "Punin and Baburin" - novel / story
1876 ​​- "Hours" - novel / story
1877 - "Dream" - novel / story
1877 - "The Story of Father Alexei" - story / story
1881 - "The Song of Triumphant Love" - ​​novel / story
1881 - "Own master's office" - novel / story
1883 - "After death (Clara Milic)" - novel / story
1878 - "In memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya" - a poem in prose
1882 - How good, how fresh were the roses ... - a poem in prose
1848 - "Where it is thin, there it breaks" - a play
1848 - "Freeloader" - a play
1849 - "Breakfast at the leader" - play
1849 - "The Bachelor" - a play
1850 - "A Month in the Village" - a play
1851 - "Provincial" - a play
1854 - "A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev" - article
1860 - "Hamlet and Don Quixote" - article
1864 - "Speech on Shakespeare" - article