Parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating link. Complex sentences with different types of connection

As noted above, a subordinating relationship is commonly understood as an asymmetric relationship between the parts of a complex sentence, when one sentence depends on the other and is an integral part of it. The first sentence is usually called the main one, the second - the subordinate one.

Parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating relationship can be connected in both an allied and non-union way.

In the case when parts of a complex sentence are connected in a non-union way, inversion is usually used, which indicates the subordination of one sentence to another.

With the allied method of connecting parts of a complex sentence, the following connecting links are used:

Conjunctions can consist of one word (that, because, though, etc.), several (in order that, providing that, for al that, so far as, etc.) or be paired (as.. .as, such...as, etc.). Some conjunctions can be used in combination with particles (even if, even though, even when, just as, etc.)

There are several types of subordinating relationship in English. These include the following: subject, predicative, additional, circumstantial (time, place and direction, causes, goals, conditions, concessions, consequences, comparisons), attributive, appositive. Let's give examples.

1. Subject clauses

For example:

That you may meet him at his party is quite possible.

What I need now is someone to do the job.

2. Predicative clauses

For example:

His only desire was that his family shouldn't interefere with his plans.

The question was why no one had heard the shot.

3. Offers with additional connection (object clauses)

For example:

I thought (that) they were joking

We were sorry (that) we had missed Father by a few minutes.

• 4. Adverbial clauses
• a) time (of time)

For example:

When they reached the village, Jane got out of the taxi and looked about her

b) places and directions (of place and direction)

For example:

They stopped where the road turned to the river

c) reasons (of cause)

For example:

He was glad to talk to her because it set her at ease.

d) goals (of purpose)

For example:

He spoke loudly and clearly so that all could hear him.

e) conditions (of condition)

For example:

If we start off now, we'll arrive there by dinner time.

f) concessions (of concession)

For example:

Although it was very late, she kept the dinner warm on the stove.

g) consequences (of consequence)

For example:

He was so embarrassed that he could hardly understand her.

h) comparisons (of comparison)

For example:

He now took better care of his old father than he had ever done it before.

1. Attributive clauses

For example:

I know a man who can help us.

6. Attributive clauses

For example:

I had the impression that she was badly ill.

Despite the fact that the subordination involves the subordination of one sentence to another, a complex sentence can consist of two or more sentences. In this case, it can form a whole hierarchy of sentences with various types of subordination.

For example:

I see

The structure of this proposal can be represented as follows:

A complex sentence can have several subordinating sentences, interconnected by various types of subordinating relationship. Consider the following sentence:

All she was saw that she might go to prison for a robbery she had committed years ago.

The connection of subordinating sentences and their relationship to the main one can be represented using the following scheme:

This scheme of a complex sentence gives us the opportunity to clearly represent the relationship between the main clause and the subordinate ones.

Thus, summing up the above, it is worth noting that a compound and a complex sentence are complex syntactic structures that can include more than two sentences and detect different types of syntactic links between them.

Complex sentences (CSS) are syntactic constructions containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship between themselves and connected by the corresponding unions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence can be of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.

In order to determine sentences with a subordinate relationship, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:

• two or more simple sentences that are unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
• there is a subordinating union or allied word;
• in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.

In NGN, from the main part to the subordinate one, you can raise a question. It depends on the type of connection. Examples: “We couldn’t get instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early”, “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?)”.

Link in a phrase

Useful video: what are complex sentences

Means of subordination

The parts of the sentence are connected with the help of subordinating conjunctions: while, how, if, so, since, as if, and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.

Sometimes, to connect the main and dependent parts, other language means are used - allied words, which include:

• relative: who, what, what, etc.;
• relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.

Allied words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:

Union and allied word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In a schematic representation, the union belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.

Attention! The allied word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.

For example: "There are no such events that could be changed." In this example, the word "which" is not a conjunction, but a union word.

Types of subordination

In a complex sentence, there may be not one, but several dependent parts. They communicate with each other in different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:

• homogeneous;
• parallel;
• sequential;
• combined.

Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the rest in certain characteristics.

Types of subordination

Homogeneous and parallel

A homogeneous bond is formed under the condition that all dependent parts belong to the main part or belong to the same type. For example: "It seemed to me that I see the day, that I hear strange sounds, that I feel cold."

Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and belong to the main one on the same basis. They belong to the same word and belong to the same species. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.

Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the homogeneous conditions is not met.

For example, clauses can refer to the same word but answer different questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? What?) what exactly I felt for its heroes”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, what?), Which told about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.

Homogeneous connection

Sequential and combined

Sequential subordination is the relationship in the sentence, in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a "chain", i.e. i.e. each next element depends on the previous one. They are defined as adjectives of varying degrees. For example: “Maxim saw a movie (what?), Where the actor (what?) Played, whom he loved (when?), When he was a child (what?), Who was in love with pictures about heroes.”

In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.

In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long constructions with a large number of dependents. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurts from the weather, or from the blockage at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.

Note! In order to determine the type of connection, diagrams and symbols are used for main members, arrows for questions, and brackets to indicate the beginning and end of dependent elements.

NGN with combined subordination

Punctuation marks

In NGN, the position of the subordinate clause can be different:

• located after the main clause;
• on both sides "surrounded" by the main one;
• located in front of the main.

The adjective is always separated by commas.

Useful video: punctuation marks in SSP and types of SSP

For the correct formulation and presentation of their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in written speech. If in life we ​​often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connection. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.

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Classification

What types of communication proposals used in Russian :

• coordinative with and without unions, when the components of the syntactic construction are independent, equal in relation to each other;
• subordination, unionless and allied, when one part of the structure is the main one, and the second is dependent;
• allied, coordinating and subordinating, expressed with the help of coordinating or subordinating unions and allied words;

Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical bases. When meeting them, do not be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types of communication.

The main types of complex sentences with examples:

1. Unionless.
2. Compound.
3. Complex sentences.
4. Structures with different types of connection.

An example of a unionless relationship: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.

It is necessary to note the main feature of constructions with a coordinative connection. The function of a coordinative connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, it is done with the help of intonation and the use of coordinating conjunctions. Unionless communication can also be used.

How are compound sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :

The firmament cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.

The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.

Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts that are connected to each other in different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connection are built and grouped. Often, sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without union or with the help of a coordinating connection, while each of the parts represents a simple or complex sentence.

Dependent parts can have different semantic meanings, according to this feature complex sentences are divided into several groups.

Determinants

They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main clause. Join with and : where, from where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main or after it. Questions can be posed to them: what?, whose?

Examples:

How painfully hot in those hours when noon hung in silence and heat.

For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who thought, not noticing anything around.

Explanatory

They refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (to reflect), feelings (to be sad), speech (answered, said), in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, to clarify, to supplement. They also include demonstrative words - that, that, that, to which the dependent clause is attached. Connected by unions what, to, as if, as if.

Examples:

The guy quickly realized that the girlfriend's parents are not particularly smart, and thought out a further strategy.

This could be seen from the fact that he drove several times with his cart around the yard until he found the hut.

circumstantial

They are related to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of attaching to the main word:

• time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary unions are used for communication: when, until what time (When it was about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
• places, talking about the place, are connected with the main word with allied words-adverbs: where, where, from where (Leaves, wherever you look, were yellow or golden);
• conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if ..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
• degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I in question, you can put questions to them: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
• goals, they tell what goal the action pursues and is connected by target unions: so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
• reasons, union is used for joining - because(He did not complete the task because he fell ill);
• the manner of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating unions: as if, as if, exactly (the Forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
• consequences serve to clarify the result of an action, you can ask them a question - as a result of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone brighter in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
• concessions, unions are used to join them: let it, although, despite. Allied words can be used (how, how much) with a particle neither (No matter how hard you try, nothing will work without knowledge and skills).

Building offer schemes

Let's take a look at what an offer scheme is. This is a graphic showing the structure proposals in a compact form.

Let's try to draw up schemes of sentences, which include two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's turn to examples with different inflected parts of speech.

Complicated sentences may consist of several subordinate clauses, which have a different relationship with each other.

There are the following types of offer links:

• homogeneous or associative;
• parallel (centralized);
• sequential (chain, linear).

Homogeneous

Characterized the following signs:

• all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the whole main thing or to one of the words;
• subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, answer one question;
• coordinating unions are connected or unionless communication is used;
• intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.

Examples and offer linear schemes:

I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a coolness swept by with a light breath (2).

, (how how…).

Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word in the main part:

It is not known where she lived (1), who she was (2), why a Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the picture (4).

, (where ...), (who ...), (why ...) and (about what ...).

Parallel

Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different meanings belonging to several types

Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:

When our boat sailed from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.

(When that…).

Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause: tense and explanatory.

Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:

In some places, houses were crowded, which in their color were similar to the surrounding rocks, that one had to be closer to distinguish them.

, (which ...), (what ...), (to ...).

Possible and another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, linking with one subordinate clause within another.

At first, the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised his devil so high that nothing could be seen below, and rushed under the very moon so that he could catch it with his hat.

, (when…, (what…), and…), (what…).

The proposals use various punctuation marks:

• comma, example: The final remark of the sister-in-law ended already on the street, where she went on her urgent business;
• semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
• colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
• dash: Thick hazel bushes will block your path, if you hurt yourself on a prickly thorn bush - stubbornly go forward.

consistent

Simple structures are connected to one another in a chain:

There is a known knot on a tree trunk, on which you put your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.

, (on which ...), (when ...).

Determination procedure

What plan determines the types of communication of sentences in a letter. We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:

• read the offer carefully;
• highlight all grammatical bases;
• divide the structure into parts and number them;
• find allied words and conjunctions, in their absence, take into account intonation;
• determine the nature of the connection.

​If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence names the reason for what is being discussed in another, then this is a complex sentence with subordination.

Attention! Adventitious constructions can be replaced either by adverbial turnover. Example: In the black sky dotted with myriads of small stars, soundless lightning appeared here and there.

Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connection

Types of communication in complex sentences

Conclusion

The types of connection of sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of a proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and correctly punctuate.

Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, make speech more expressive and informative. Most often, complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific papers, texts of an official business style.

What is a complex sentence?

Difficult sentence - a sentence, which consists of two or more grammatical bases, is an intonation-shaped semantic unity that expresses a certain meaning. Depending on the ratio of parts, complex sentences are distinguished with a coordinating subordinating and non-union connection.

Compound sentences with coordinating link

Compound sentences - allied sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating link. Parts of compound sentences are combined into one whole with the help of coordinating, adversative or divisive conjunctions. In a letter, a comma is placed before the union between parts of a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed.

Compound sentences with subordinating link

Complex sentences - allied proposals, consisting of unequal parts, which are connected by a subordinating relationship. In complex sentences, the main part and the dependent (subordinate) part are distinguished. Parts of the NGN are interconnected with the help of unions and allied words. In a letter, a comma is placed before the union (union word) between the parts of a complex sentence.

Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store that his friend was talking about.

Usually a question can be posed from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to supper. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.

Compound sentences with non-union connection

Unionless complex sentences are sentences, parts of which are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of unions and allied words.

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Examples of complex sentences with an allied connection between parts: The music began to play, the guests began to dance. It will be cold in the morning - we won't go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.

A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).

Complex sentences with different types of connection

Mixed complex sentences may include several sentences connected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. In writing in mixed complex sentences, punctuation is observed, which is characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences.

Examples: Vitya decided: if the teacher asks him to answer the question, he will have to admit that he did not prepare for the lesson. To the right hung a picture depicting a blooming garden, and to the left stood a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: a strong wind rose and it began to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.

If complex sentences as part of a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother had accidentally scattered; at this time, papa came out, and the bird hastily flew away.

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Complex sentences with different types of connection- This complex sentences , which consist of at least of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.

To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.

For example:

1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).

This is a complex sentence with different types of connection: non-union and subordinating, it consists of two parts (blocks) that are non-unionly connected; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences And gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).

This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.

In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.

These include:

1) composition and submission.

For example: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).

(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

2) composition and non-union communication.

For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).

(But - a coordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

3) subordination and non-union communication.

For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).

(When - subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.

For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.

(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.

For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.

(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection

In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.

As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.

For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].

Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.

For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.

For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.

For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.

Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing And subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.

In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.

For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.

You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.

I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (associative or coordinative).

5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Draw up a proposal scheme.

A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION

[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided