Man exists in the process of life, continuous interaction with the environment in order to meet his needs.
vitality This is also the time of rest. It takes place in conditions that pose a threat to human life and health. Life activity is characterized by quality of life and safety.
Activity is an active conscious interaction of a person with the environment.
The forms of activity are varied. The result of any activity should be its usefulness for human existence. But at the same time, any activity is potentially dangerous. It can be a source of negative impacts or harm, leads to illness, injury, and usually ends in disability or death.
A person carries out activities in the conditions of the technosphere or the natural environment, that is, in the conditions of the habitat.
Habitat- this is the environment surrounding a person, which, through a combination of factors (physical, biological, chemical and social), has a direct or indirect impact on a person's life, his health, ability to work and offspring.
In the life cycle, a person and the environment continuously interact and form a constantly operating system “man – environment”, in which a person realizes his physiological and social needs.
As part of the environment, they distinguish between industrial and domestic environments. Each environment can pose a danger to humans.
The environment includes:
- natural environment ()- the area of distribution of life on Earth that has not experienced technogenic impact (atmosphere, hydrosphere, upper part of the lithosphere). It has both protective properties (protection of a person from negative factors - temperature difference, precipitation), and a number of negative factors. Therefore, in order to protect against them, man was forced to create the technosphere.
- Technogenic environment ()- a habitat created by the impact of people and technical means on the natural environment in order to best suit the environment to social and economic needs.
At the present stage of human development, society continuously interacted with the environment. Below is a diagram of human interaction with the environment.
In the 20th century, zones of increased environmental impact arose on Earth. This led to partial and complete degradation. The following evolutionary processes contributed to these changes:
- Growth in energy consumption
- Mass use of transport
- Rising spending on military purposes
Classification of conditions for a person in the system "man - environment":
- Comfortable(optimal) conditions of activity and rest. To these conditions, a person is adapted to a greater extent. The highest is manifested, the preservation of the health and integrity of the components of the habitat is guaranteed.
- Permissible. They are characterized by the deviation of the levels of flows of substances, energy and information from the nominal values within acceptable limits. These working conditions do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort and a decrease in working capacity and productivity. Irreversible processes are not caused in humans and the environment. Permissible exposure standards are fixed in sanitary standards.
- Dangerous. The flows of substances, energy and information exceed the permissible levels of exposure. They have a negative impact on human health. With prolonged exposure, they cause disease and lead to degradation.
- Extremely dangerous. Flows can cause injury or death in a short time, causing irreversible damage to the natural environment.
The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive (in a comfortable and acceptable state) and negative (in a dangerous and extremely dangerous one). Many factors that constantly affect a person are unfavorable for his health and vigorous activity.
Security can be provided in two ways:- elimination of sources of danger;
- increased protection from dangers, the ability to reliably resist them.
- a science that studies dangers, means and methods of protection against them.
Danger is a threat of a natural, man-made, environmental, military and other nature, the implementation of which can lead to a deterioration in the state of health and death of a person, as well as damage to the natural environment.
Main the purpose of the doctrine of life safety- protection of man in anthropogenic and natural origin, the achievement of comfortable living conditions.
The solution to the problem of life safety is to ensure comfortable conditions for the activities of people, their lives, the protection of a person and his environment from the effects of harmful factors.
For any harm, a person pays with his health and life, which can be considered as system-forming factors in the “man-environment” system, the end result of its functioning and a criterion for the quality of the environment.
The object of study of life safety is a complex of negatively affecting phenomena and processes in the "man - environment" system.
Life safety- this is a state of the environment in which, with a certain probability, harm to human existence is excluded.
The solution to the problem of life safety is to ensure comfortable living conditions for people at all stages of life, to protect a person and his environment (industrial, natural, urban, residential) from the effects of harmful factors that exceed the permissible levels.
vitality- a complex biological process that occurs in the human body, allowing you to maintain health and performance. This is everyday activity (play, teaching, work) and rest, a way of human existence.
In the process of various active activities, a person interacts with the environment.
Habitat - human environment conditioned by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, informational, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or long-term impact on human life, health and offspring. The human body painlessly tolerates certain influences only as long as they do not exceed the limits of human adaptive capabilities. Exceeding these limits will result in injury or illness.
Man has faced dangers from the moment of his appearance. At first, these were natural hazards, but with the development of human society, man-made ones were added to them, i.e. born of technology.
Scientific and technological progress, along with benefits, has also brought innumerable disasters to both man and the environment. The number of various diseases is increasing (one of the latest is "computer vision syndrome"), intense atmospheric pollution is occurring, the number of ozone "holes" is increasing, the greenhouse effect is operating, climate change, warming, etc. are observed.
Man himself is a source of danger. By his actions or inaction, he can create a real threat to life and health for himself and those around him.
The ongoing negative changes in the human environment predetermine the need for a modern specialist to be sufficiently prepared to successfully solve the emerging tasks of ensuring the safety of workers and the population, and eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes. .
The natural environment is self-sufficient and can exist and develop without human intervention, while all other human-made habitats cannot develop independently and are doomed to aging and destruction without human participation.
Biosphere - the natural area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layer of the lithosphere, which have not experienced anthropogenic impact.
In the process of evolution, a person, striving to most effectively satisfy his needs for food, material values, protection from climatic and weather influences, to increase his sociability, continuously influenced the natural environment and, mainly, the biosphere. To achieve these goals, he transformed part of the biosphere into territories occupied by the technosphere.
Technosphere - a region of the biosphere transformed in the past by humans through direct or indirect impact of technical means in order to best suit human socio-economic needs.
The technosphere, created by man with the help of technical means, is the territory occupied by cities and towns, industrial zones, industrial enterprises. Technospheric conditions also include the conditions for people to stay at economic facilities, in transport, at home, in the territories of cities and towns. The technosphere is not a self-developing environment, it is man-made and after creation it can only degrade.
In the process of life, a person continuously interacts not only with the natural environment and the technosphere, but also with people who form the so-called social environment. It is formed and used by a person for procreation, exchange of experience and knowledge, to satisfy their spiritual needs and the accumulation of intellectual values.
In recent years, since the end of the 19th century, the technosphere and social environment have been continuously developing, as evidenced by the ever-increasing proportion of the territories of the earth's surface transformed by man, the population explosion and urbanization of the population. The development of the technosphere occurs due to the transformation of the natural environment.
Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3
1. Man as an element of the environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6
2. The concept of habitat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7
3. Human environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8
Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14
List of used literature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16
Introduction.
Man from birth has inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He realizes his rights to life, rest, health protection, a favorable environment, work in conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene in the process of life. They are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
It is known that "life is a form of existence of matter." This allows us to assert that a person exists in the process of life, consisting of his continuous interaction with the environment in order to meet his needs. The concept of “life activity” is broader than the concept of “activity”, since it includes not only the labor process of a person, but also the conditions of his rest, life and migration in the environment.
The main principle of the existence and development of all living things is the principle of the obligatory external influence: "A living body develops and exists only in the presence of external influences on it." Self-development of a living body is impossible.
The realization of this principle in nature is achieved by the interaction of a living body with its natural environment, and in other conditions by the interaction of all living things with its environment.
The study of the state of the habitat and the processes of interaction of creatures with the environment is carried out by ecology - the science of the house. According to B.A. Nemirovsky, ecology is a biological science dealing with “the study of the collective coexistence of living organisms in one communal apartment called “environment””.
From the end of the 19th century, significant changes began to occur in the human environment. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant importance and in the regions inhabited by people began to turn into the technosphere. Invading nature, the laws of which are still far from being known, creating new technologies, people form an artificial habitat - the technosphere. If we take into account that the moral and general cultural development of civilization lags behind the pace of scientific and technological progress, an increase in the risk to the health and life of a modern person becomes obvious. In the new technospheric conditions, biological interaction is increasingly being replaced by processes of physical and chemical interaction, and the levels of physical and chemical factors of influence have been continuously increasing in the last century, often having a negative impact on humans and nature. Then in society there was a need to protect nature and man from the negative influence of the technosphere.
Anthropogenic, that is, caused by human activity, environmental changes acquired such dimensions in the second half of the 20th century that a person directly or indirectly became their victim. Anthropogenic activity, which failed to create the technosphere of the required quality both in relation to man and in relation to nature, was the root cause of many negative processes in nature and society.
Thus, the technosphere must be considered as a former region of the biosphere, transformed by people with the help of direct or indirect impact of technical means in order to best suit their material and socio-economic needs.
As academician A. L. Yanshin (b. 1911) notes, even the Second World War, with its colossal negative consequences, did not upset the balance that had developed in nature. However, the situation has since changed radically. The rapid growth of the population began, and the number of urban residents grew. This caused an increase in urbanized areas, including landfills, roads, country roads, and so on, which led to the degradation of nature, sharply reduced the distribution areas of many plants and animals due to deforestation, livestock growth, the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. The problem of nuclear waste disposal and many other problems arose.
Human impact on the environment, according to the laws of physics, causes counteractions of all its components. The human body painlessly endures certain influences as long as they do not exceed the limits of adaptation. Life expectancy is an integral indicator of life safety. In the early stages of anthropogenesis (for primitive man), it was approximately 25 years.
The development of civilization, which is understood as the progress of science, technology, economics, agriculture, the use of various types of energy, up to nuclear, the creation of machines, mechanisms, the use of various types of fertilizers and pest control agents, significantly increase the number of harmful factors that negatively affect person. Creating the technosphere, man sought to increase the comfort of the living environment, to increase sociability, to provide protection from natural negative influences.
But by developing the economy, the human population also created a socio-economic security system. As a result, despite the increase in the number of harmful effects, the level of human safety increased. All this had a favorable effect on living conditions and, in combination with other factors (improvement in medical care, etc.), affected the life expectancy of people. Currently, the average life expectancy in the most developed countries is about 77 years.
Thus, the technosphere created by the hands and mind of man, designed to satisfy his needs for comfort and safety as much as possible, did not justify the hopes of people in many ways. The industrial and urban habitats that emerged turned out to be far from acceptable requirements in terms of safety.
1. Man as an element of the environment.
The most general system (of the highest hierarchical level) is the “Human-Habitat” (H-CO) system.
The most important subsystem considered by the BJD is the "Man-Environment" (H-OS).
- “Man-Machine-Production environment”, etc.
The central element of all BJD systems is a person, therefore a person plays a threefold role:
1. object of protection,
2. security facility,
3. source of danger.
The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human error.
2. The concept of habitat.
The human environment is divided into industrial and non-productive (domestic).
The main element of the production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interrelated and interconnecting elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - "machines" - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PT - products of labor, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities in the air, etc., software of production relations (organizational, economic, social -psychological, legal labor: relations related to labor culture, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-production environment: the natural environment in the form of geographical and landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (K) elements, natural disasters (SB), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes (PP ) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. It can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such sectors of the national economy as construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.
A person is in close connection with all elements of the environment in the course of his activity.
Interest in the environment of its habitat has always been characteristic of man. And this is understandable, since not only the well-being of the family, clan, tribe, but also its very existence depended on the quality of this environment.
In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, the Renaissance, the great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.
3. Human habitat.
The environment surrounding a modern person includes the natural environment, the artificial environment created by man and the social environment.
Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies the widest range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic) it is possible to single out the needs associated with the ecology of the habitat. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, environmentally friendly housing, the availability of information sources (works of art, attractive landscapes), and others.
Natural or biological needs - this is a group of needs that ensures the possibility of a person's physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. Ecologization of biological needs is associated with the need to create an ecological, clean urban environment and maintain a good state of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern large cities one can hardly speak of the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment necessary for each person.
As industrial production grew, more and more various products and goods were produced, and at the same time environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically developed sensory influences necessary for a person: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.
But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization, the human environment gradually became "aggressive" for the senses, evolutionarily adapted to the natural environment over many millions of years. In essence, a person has recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the main mechanisms of perception could not adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in the air, water, and soil. This did not go unnoticed: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.
Due to dramatic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health status of residents in a particular country, city, region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often much higher than in outdoor air.
A resident of a modern city most of all sees flat surfaces - building facades, squares, streets and right angles - the intersection of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of people who are constantly there.
The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of "biosphere". This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. The biosphere is the natural area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. The name of the Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”
In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system "man - environment".
Habitat - the human environment, currently determined by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, health and offspring.
Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:
Provides its needs for food, water and air;
Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and its own kind.
Habitat is a part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any living being lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes.
Organisms' adaptations to their environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.
Separate properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They may be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have a different nature and specificity of action. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of interaction between living beings).
The negative impacts inherent in the environment exist as long as the World exists. Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and the like.
The constant struggle for their existence forced a person to find and improve means of protection from the natural negative effects of the environment. Unfortunately, the appearance of dwellings, fire and other means of protection, the improvement of ways of obtaining food - all this not only protected a person from natural negative influences, but also affected the environment.
For many centuries, the human habitat has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. So, it continued until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased pollution of the biosphere arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely driven by:
High population growth rates on Earth (population explosion) and its urbanization;
Growth in consumption and concentration of energy resources;
Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;
Mass use of means of transport;
Growth of expenses for military purposes and a number of other processes.
Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household and others) in the process of life constantly interact with each other. At the same time, life can exist only in the process of movement through the living body of flows of matter, energy and information. Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena.
In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are due to its elements (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “human-environment” system: comfortable (optimal), acceptable (leading to discomfort without a negative impact on human health), dangerous (causing with prolonged exposure degradation of the natural environment) and extremely dangerous (lethal outcome and destruction of the natural environment).
Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment.
Conclusion.
There is no doubt that the technosphere has a detrimental effect on nature, and hence on the human environment. Consequently, a person must solve the problem of protecting nature by improving the technosphere, reducing its negative impact to acceptable levels and ensuring one's own safety in this environment.
A wasteful lifestyle is a huge burden on the environment. One of the main reasons for the constant degradation of the natural environment around the world is the unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, especially in industrialized countries. In this case, sustainable development means controlled, consistent with the evolutionary laws of nature and society, that is, such a development in which the vital needs of the people of the current generation are satisfied without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.
Man is the most gifted and powerful representative of all life on Earth. In the 19th century he embarked on a broad transformation of the face of our planet. He decided not to wait for favors from nature, but simply to take everything he needed from her, without giving her anything in return.
Applying more and more new equipment and technology, people tried to create a habitat for themselves, as far as possible independent of the laws of nature. But man is an integral part of nature and therefore cannot break away from it, cannot completely withdraw into the mechanical world created by him. Destroying nature, he went "back", thereby destroying his entire existence. The modern period of development of society is characterized by a large increase in the conflict between man and the environment. Nature began to take revenge on man for his thoughtless consumer attitude towards her. They polluted nature with toxic substances, using their technical achievements, a person infects himself with this.
Bibliography:
1. Akimov V. A., Lesnykh V. V., Radaev N. N. Risks in nature, technosphere, society and economy. - M.: Delovoy Express, 2004. - 352 p.
2. Life safety: Proc. for universities./Ed. S. V. Belova; 5th ed., rev. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 2005.- 606 p.
3. Life safety: Proc. for secondary prof. educational institutions / Under. ed.S.V. Belova; 5th ed., Spanish. and additional - M .: Higher. school, 2006.- 424p.
4. Kiryushkin A.A. Introduction to life safety. - St. Petersburg: State. un-t, 2001.- 204 p.
6.Reimers N.F. Hopes for the survival of mankind. Conceptual ecology. M., Information Center "Young Russia", 1992.
7. Khvan T. A., Khvan P. A. Life safety. Rostov. 2000.
Due to the highest level of human organization, which he achieved as a biosocial being, his relationship with the environment has significant features (Fig. 17.1).
Man as an ecological factor, unlike animals, not only uses natural resources, but, acting on it purposefully and consciously, dominates over it, adapting conditions. To to your needs. This is achieved due to the fact that a person, unlike plants and animals that use the energy of the Sun or organic matter accumulated in the process of photosynthesis for their needs, uses various energy sources, including those inaccessible to other living organisms: the energy of fossil fuels, water flows, atomic and thermonuclear. The power supply and technical equipment of man is steadily growing, and this allows him to populate a wide variety of habitat conditions and removes natural barriers to limit the number of human populations.
Rice. 17.1. Human Habitat
Mankind is the only species on Earth that lives all over the world, which makes it an ecological factor with a global spread of influence. Thanks to the impact on all the main components of the biosphere, the influence of mankind reaches the most remote ecological zones of the planet. A sad example of this is, in particular, the discovery of dangerous pesticides in the livers of penguins and seals caught in Antarctica, where none of them had ever been used. Another feature of man as an ecological factor is the active, creative nature of his activity. The energy that people manipulate turns them into changing the environment. The ecological optimum of human existence on the basis of its biological mechanisms is limited, and the possibility of widespread settlement is achieved not by changing people's own biology, but by creating a humanized environment.
The creation of an artificial environment around oneself also determines the specificity of a person as an object of environmental factors. This action is always mediated by the results of people's production activities. Natural ecosystems are being replaced by anthropogenic ecosystems, in which man is the absolutely dominant ecological factor. The human environment includes bio-natural and socio-cultural components, or natural And artificial environment. In natural and artificial environments, a person is presented as a social being.
Factors of the natural and artificial environment have a constant influence on a person. The results of the action of natural factors that differ in different parts of the inhabited part of the planet, throughout the history of mankind, are currently manifested in the ecological differentiation of the population of the globe, its division into races and adaptive types (see § 15.4). Social factors determine education and regular change economic and cultural types communities of people. They represent a complex of economy and culture that characterizes peoples that differ in origin, but live in similar natural resource conditions and are at the same socio-economic level.
At present, different economic and cultural types of human communities coexist on the planet in terms of time of emergence, labor productivity, welfare and demographic indicators of the population. In a limited number, the “appropriating” type is preserved with a predominance of the economic role of hunting, fishing, and gathering (pygmy hunters in Zaire, the Aeta and Kubu tribes living in the forests of Southeast Asia, and individual groups of Indians in the Amazon basin). Economic and cultural types are quite widely represented, the economic basis of which is manual (hoeing) or plow (arable) agriculture and cattle breeding. In connection with the scientific and technological revolution in the industrialized countries, economic and cultural types have developed with highly developed commercial agriculture and animal husbandry.
The formation of economic and cultural types depends on the natural habitat of people. This dependence was strongest in the early stages of the development of human society. However, even then, and especially in later periods of human development, the dependence of the formation of economic and cultural types on natural conditions was mediated by the level of socio-economic development of the people. At all stages of history, society actively adapts nature to its own needs. The tool of such an adaptation, the link between the natural and humanized environment is the labor activity of people, in the process of which a person creates an economic and cultural environment, on which the lifestyle, health indicators, the structure of morbidity depend,
The human environment is an interweaving of interacting natural and anthropogenic environmental factors, the set of which differs in different natural-geographical and economic regions of the planet. In such circumstances, a single integral criterion of environmental quality in terms of its suitability for human habitation. According to the Charter of the World Health Organization, adopted in 1968, this criterion is the health status of the population. In research on human ecology, the term "health" is used in a broad sense as an indicator of complete physical and mental well-being.
The main line of development of human ecology is currently aimed at solving the problems of environmental management, developing ways of rational nature management, optimizing the living conditions of people in various anthropoecological systems.
The environment surrounding a modern person includes the natural environment, the artificial environment created by man and the social environment.
Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies the widest range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic) it is possible to single out the needs associated with the ecology of the habitat. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, environmentally friendly housing, the availability of information sources (works of art, attractive landscapes), and others.
Natural or biological needs - this is a group of needs that ensures the possibility of a person's physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. Ecologization of biological needs is associated with the need to create an ecological, clean urban environment and maintain a good state of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern large cities one can hardly speak of the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment necessary for each person.
As industrial production grew, more and more various products and goods were produced, and at the same time environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically developed sensory influences necessary for a person: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.
But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization, the human environment gradually became "aggressive" for the senses, evolutionarily adapted to the natural environment over many millions of years. In essence, a person has recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the main mechanisms of perception could not adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in the air, water, and soil. This did not go unnoticed: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.
Due to dramatic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health status of residents in a particular country, city, region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often much higher than in outdoor air.
A resident of a modern city most of all sees flat surfaces - building facades, squares, streets and right angles - the intersection of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of people who are constantly there.
The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of "biosphere". This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. The biosphere is the natural area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. With the name of a Russian
scientist V. I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”
In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system "man - environment".
Habitat - the human environment, currently determined by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, health and offspring.
Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:
Provides its needs for food, water and air;
Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and its own kind.
Habitat is a part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any living being lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes. On our planet, living organisms have mastered four main habitats, which differ greatly in the specific conditions.
On our planet, living organisms have mastered four main habitats, which differ greatly in the specific conditions. The aquatic environment was the first in which life arose and spread. Subsequently, living organisms took possession of the ground-air environment, created and populated
Organisms' adaptations to their environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.
Separate properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They may be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have a different nature and specificity of action. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of interaction between living beings).
The negative impacts inherent in the environment exist as long as the World exists. Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and the like. The constant struggle for their existence forced a person to find and improve means of protection from the natural negative effects of the environment.
The constant struggle for their existence forced a person to find and improve means of protection from the natural negative effects of the environment. Unfortunately, the appearance of dwellings, fire and other means of protection, the improvement of ways of obtaining food - all this not only protected a person from natural negative influences, but also affected the environment.
For many centuries, the human habitat has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. So, it continued until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased pollution of the biosphere arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely driven by:
High population growth rates on Earth (population explosion) and its urbanization;
Growth in consumption and concentration of energy resources;
Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;
Mass use of means of transport;
Growth of expenses for military purposes and a number of other processes.
Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household and others) in the process of life constantly interact with each other. At the same time, life can exist only in the process of movement through the living body of flows of matter, energy and information. Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment.
Any excess of the usual levels of flows is accompanied by negative effects on a person or
natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena.
In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are due to its elements (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “human-environment” system: comfortable (optimal), acceptable (leading to discomfort without a negative impact on human health), dangerous (causing with prolonged exposure degradation of the natural environment) and extremely dangerous (lethal outcome and destruction of the natural environment).
Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment.
Conclusion
There is no doubt that the technosphere has a detrimental effect on nature, and hence on the human environment. Consequently, a person must solve the problem of protecting nature by improving the technosphere, reducing its negative impact to acceptable levels and ensuring one's own safety in this environment.
A wasteful lifestyle is a huge burden on the environment. One of the main reasons for the constant degradation of the natural environment around the world is the unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, especially in industrialized countries. In this case, sustainable development means controlled, consistent with the evolutionary laws of nature and society, that is, such a development in which the vital needs of the people of the current generation are satisfied without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.
Man is the most gifted and powerful representative of all life on Earth. In the 19th century he embarked on a broad transformation of the face of our planet. He decided not to wait for favors from nature, but simply to take everything he needed from her, without giving her anything in return.
Applying more and more new equipment and technology, people tried to create a habitat for themselves, as far as possible independent of the laws of nature. But man is an integral part of nature and therefore cannot break away from it, cannot completely withdraw into the mechanical world created by him. Destroying nature, he went "back", thereby destroying his entire existence. The modern period of development of society is characterized by a large increase in the conflict between man and the environment. Nature began to take revenge on man for his thoughtless consumer attitude towards her.
They polluted nature with toxic substances, using their technical achievements, a person infects himself with this.
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