The writer's work is distinguished by a peculiar manner of presentation using his own style of narration, which makes it possible to convey folk speech motifs with the greatest accuracy.
An artistic feature of the writer's works is the presentation of literary stories in the form of legends, in which the narrator is a participant in the described event, while the speech style of the work reproduces the lively intonations of oral stories. It should be noted that the Leskovsky tale does not have the traditions of Russian folk tales, since it is presented in the form of stories based on folk rumor, allowing one to understand the authenticity of the author's narration.
In the images of narrators in his tales, the author uses various representatives of society who narrate in accordance with their upbringing, education, age, and profession. The use of this manner of presentation makes it possible to give the work brightness, vitality, demonstrating the richness and diversity of the Russian language, which complements the individual characteristics of the characters in Lesk's stories.
To create satirical works, the writer uses a word game when writing them, using witticisms, jokes, linguistic curiosities, combined with incomprehensible-sounding foreign phrases, and sometimes deliberately distorted, outdated and misused words. The linguistic manner of Leskovsky's works is accurate, colorful, saturated with variegation, making it possible to convey numerous simple dialects of Russian speech, thereby differing from the classical forms of the refined, strict literary style of that period of time.
The characteristic logical structure of his works is also distinguished by the originality of the writer's artistic style, in which various literary devices are used in the form of unusual rhymes, self-repetitions, vernacular, puns, tautologies, diminutive suffixes that form the author's colloquial manner of word formations.
In the storylines of Leskov's tales, a combination of everyday, everyday stories about ordinary people and fairy-tale motifs of legends, epics, and fantasies can be traced, which allows readers to present the work as an amazing, unique, charismatic phenomenon.
The peculiarity of the narrative style
Leskov began his own literary activity at a fairly mature age, but it was this maturity that allowed the author to form his own style, his own narrative manner. A distinctive feature of Leskov is the ability to quite accurately convey the folk manner of speech. He really knew how people speak, and he knew incredibly accurately.
Here we should note a very significant fact that readers can observe in the tale of Lefty. There are many so-called folk words that stylize the narrative as a story that one man could tell another. At the same time, Leskov himself invented all these words, he did not take and did not retell folk speech, but he was so competently oriented in this aspect of the language that he himself actually invented some innovations for such speech, moreover, innovations that looked quite harmonious and, perhaps, , after the publication of the work, they really began to be used by ordinary people in their communication.
Also, the genre invented by Leskov for Russian literature deserves special attention, and this genre is a tale. Etymologically, the term goes back to the word fairy tale and the verb to tell, that is, to tell a story.
The tale, however, is not a fairy tale and stands out as a very special genre, which is distinguished by its versatility and originality. It is most similar to a story that one person could tell another somewhere in a tavern, or during a break at work. In general, it is something like such a folk rumor.
Also, the tale, a typical example of which is the work (best known by Leskov) “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Left-hander Who Shod a Flea”, is to some extent an epic work. As you know, the epic is distinguished by the presence of some grandiose hero who has special qualities and charisma. The tale, in turn, is based, as it were, on a true story, but from this story it makes something incredible, epic and fabulous.
The manner of presentation leads the reader to think about some narrator and about the friendly communication that occurs between the reader and this narrator. So the Tale of the Left-hander, for example, comes from the face of some gunsmith from near Sestroretsk, that is, Leskov says: they say, these stories come from the people, they are real.
By the way, such a narrative style, which is additionally supported by the characteristic structure of the work (where there are amazing rhythms and rhymes, self-repetitions that again lead to the idea of colloquial speech, puns, colloquial speech, colloquial word formation) often leads the reader to the idea of the authenticity of history. The tale of the left-hander gave some critics the impression of a simple retelling of the stories of Tula artisans, ordinary people sometimes even wanted to find this left-hander and find out details about him. At the same time, the left-hander was completely invented by Leskov.
This is the peculiarity of his prose, which combines, as it were, two realities. On the one hand, we see stories about everyday life and ordinary people, on the other hand, a fairy tale and epic are intertwined here. In fact, in this way, Lescombe conveys an amazing phenomenon.
Thanks to the tale and his style, Leskov managed to understand how to convey the experience of the consciousness of an entire people. After all, what is it made up of? From legends, legends, tales, fantasies, fictions, conversations, conjectures that are superimposed on everyday reality.
This is what simple people exist and “breathe” with, this is their originality and beauty. Leskov, in turn, was able to capture this beauty.
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Republican open day for school principals.
Guryanova E.P. teacher of Russian language and literature.
An open lesson in literature in grade 6 a.
Subject: N. S. Leskov (1831-1895). The story "Lefty". Features of the tale
Lesson Objectives : briefly introduce students to the biography and work of Leskov; give an idea of the genre of the tale; to interest students in the unusual nature of the story.
Lesson equipment: portrait of N.S. Leskov, multimedia lesson on the work of N.S. Leskova
Methodological techniques: teacher's story, expressive reading, explanation of theoretical issues, conversation on questions.
During the classes
I. Checking homework Working with an interactive whiteboard.Simulator based on the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Railway"
II. Teacher's word.Open the first page of the media lesson. Portrait and biography of Leskov. (Leskov "Lefty")
We turn to the work of one of the most interesting Russian writers, Nikolai Semenovich Leskov, for the first time. But about his famous hero, Lefty, you probably heard. This hero received, with the light hand of the writer, an independent life.
The birthplace of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov is the city of Orel.
The writer was born on February 16, 1831, his father graduated from the theological seminary, but did not want to become a priest, but became an official and rose to the ranks that gave hereditary nobility.
When N. S. Leskov was seventeen years old, his father died of cholera, and the future writer had to work, to serve. He moves to Kyiv to his uncle, lives and works there. In Kyiv, he was caught by significant changes for the era: the death of Nicholas I, the lifting of many prohibitions, and the harbinger of future reforms, from which they expected more than they brought. The new era caused the rise of commercial and industrial activity, which requires educated enterprising people, and Leskov begins to work in a commercial enterprise, for which he moves to the Penza province in 1857. For three years he traveled all over Russia. Later, answering a newspaper reporter's question: "Where do you get the material for your works?" - Leskov pointed to his forehead: “Here from this chest. Here are stored the impressions of my commercial service, when I had to travel around Russia on business, this is the best time of my life, when I saw a lot and lived easily.
III. Narrative as a form of narration. Heuristic conversation.
The subtitle indicates the genre of the work - a tale. Remember what kind of work, written in the genre of a tale, we studied last year. Who is its author?
How do we define the genre of a story?(A tale is a genre of epic based on folk traditions and legends. It is characterized by a combination of accurate sketches of folk life and customs with a fabulously fantastic world of folklore. The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and way of speech)open the Genre page
How is a story different from a fairy tale?(The tale is based on a legend, which in turn arose on the basis of a real event)
So, the real event happens first. Then, on the basis of this event, a legend arises among the people, which is told by folk storytellers. The writer gets acquainted with this legend and tells it to readers, recreating the appearance of the narrator (narrator). Event - legend - tale.
How do you explain what a narrator's image is?(The narrator in the tale is not a real person, but an artistic image, but it seems to readers that he has all the features of a real person)
What features does the image of the narrator have in Bazhov's tales?(The narrator is an old, experienced person who knows the ore business well, lives and works all his life in the same place where his heroes live. He loves and respects his comrades, he is attentive to nature, to the feelings and lives of other people. It seems that that the narrator is old, with a gray-haired cousin, with kind eyes and deep wrinkles on his face. He is dressed in clothes that artisans used to wear. When he tells his stories, he smiles a little sadly.)
What Bazhov's tale did we read in class? Were you interested in reading it?
What tales of Bazhov did you read on your own?
Let's return to the topic of the lesson. The story of the slanting left-hander and the lame flea is a tale. What can we assume, knowing the genre of the work?(We can assume that the work was written by Leskov on the basis of a legend he heard from some person. This legend, in turn, arose on the basis of a real event)Open the page "Lefty. History of creation"
And in the first edition of Lefty, the author pointed to an allegedly existing person, from whom he heard the legend of the master who shod the flea. But Leskov’s tale is surprising because neither the narrator nor the folk legend existed. There was only one joke: "the British made a flea out of steel, and our Tula people shod it, and sent it back to them."
IV. Working with the textbook. Reading an excerpt from an article by Yu. Nagibin.
The image of the narrator and the images of the characters created by Leskov turned out to be so convincing that after the publication of this tale in Tula, a legend arose about a left-hander who shod a flea.
Reading an excerpt from the book by L.A. Anninsky "Leskovskoe necklace". Leskov created the image of the narrator, on whose behalf the story goes. Speaking about the heroes of the work, we will keep in mind that the narrator is the same hero. He has a special speech and his own, special attitude to the events he talks about.
V. Expressive reading and conversation on questions.Open the text "Lefty" on the interactive whiteboard
1. The teacher reads the first chapter of the story.
- What elements of folklore do you notice? (INthe tale has a beginning, there are repetitions. The ending of the tale contains an edification: “And if they had brought the left-wing words to the sovereign in due time, in the Crimea, in a war with the enemy, it would have been a completely different turn.”)
- Who do you think the narrator could be?(The narrator, most likely, is a simple person, a craftsman, a craftsman. His speech contains many irregularities, vernacular, inversions typical of folklore works, historical characters - Alexander I and Platov - are shown from the point of view of a commoner.)
- When and where does the story take place? (The action takes place in Russia and England shortly after the war with Napoleon, the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 is mentioned. The trip of Alexander I with Platov to London is a historical fact. Mention is made of the Decembrist uprising of 1825, called "confusion".)
2. Listening to the reading of the second chapter and commentary on it on the interactive whiteboard. "View point of the Tula master"
VI. Characteristics of heroesOpen the page "Statemen and the left-hander"
(Alexander Pavlovich: “He traveled all over the countries and everywhere, through his affectionateness, he always had the most internecine conversations with all sorts of people”; “We Russians are worthless with our significance”; etc.
Platov: “And as soon as Platov notices that the sovereign is very interested in something foreign, then all the escorts are silent, and Platov will now say: so and so, and we have our own at home just as well, and he will take something”; “and Platov keeps his anticipation that everything means nothing to him”; and etc.)
Let's pay attention to new, unusual words of the tale. How are they formed? Give examples. Open the "Speech of Heroes" page.(New words are formed, the narrator or the hero encounters words unfamiliar to an illiterate person and change them so that it is “clearer.” For example: “melkoscope” - a microscope; “kislyarka” - kizlyarka; “Abolon polvedere” - Apollo Belvedere; "- table; "double" - double; "ceramides"- pyramids; "prelamut" - mother of pearl; "Candelabria" - Calabria, etc.)
What is the role of such words? (Such "folk" words create a humorous effect.)
V. Testing at the end of the lesson using an interactive whiteboard.
Homework
- Reread 4-10 chapters of the tale;
- Write out quotes characterizing Nikolai Pavlovich, Platov, left-handed.
- Prepare a retelling of the episode of your choice.
Development of a lesson on literature on the topic "N.S. Leskov "Lefty". The concept of the genre of a tale. Lexical features of the tale of N.S. Leskov"
Goals and objectives: expanding knowledge about the life and work of N. S. Leskov; formation of text analysis skills, work with vocabulary, development of skills to find the desired meaning in the dictionary; the development of monologue speech of students, to interest students in the unusualness of the narrative, the cultivation of love for the word, for the folk speech of heroes.
1. Organizational moment
Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.
2. Lesson progress
Preparing for perception.
1) Brief information from the biography of N.S. Leskov. A prepared student speaks. slide 1
Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov is a Russian writer of the 19th century, according to many, the most national writer of Russia. Leskov was born on February 4 (16), 1831 in the village of Gorohovo (Oryol province) in a spiritual environment. The writer's father was an official of the criminal chamber, and his mother was a noblewoman. Nicholas spent his childhood years in the family estate in Orel. In 1839 the Leskov family moved to the village of Panino. Life in the village left its mark on the writer's work. He studied the people in everyday life and conversations, and also considered himself one of the people.
From 1841 to 1846 Leskov attended the Oryol Gymnasium. In 1948, he lost his father, and their family property burned down in a fire. Around the same time, he entered the service of the criminal chamber, where he collected a lot of material for his future work. A year later he was transferred to the state chamber of Kyiv. There he lived with his uncle S.P. Alferyev. In Kyiv, in his free time, he attended lectures at the university, was fond of icon painting and the Polish language, and also attended religious and philosophical circles and talked a lot with the Old Believers. During this period, he developed an interest in Ukrainian culture.
In 1857, Leskov retired and entered the service of A. Ya. Scott, his aunt's English husband. While working for Schcott & Wilkens, he gained vast experience in many sectors, including industry and agriculture. For the first time as a publicist, he showed himself in 1860. A year later, he moved to St. Petersburg and decided to devote himself to literary activity. His works began to appear in the Notes of the Fatherland. Many of his stories were based on the knowledge of Russian original life, and were saturated with sincere participation in the needs of the people.
In his stories, Leskov also tried to show the tragic fate of Russia and the unpreparedness for the revolution. In this regard, he was in conflict with the revolutionary democrats. Much has changed in the writer's work after meeting Leo Tolstoy. In his works of 1870-1880, national-historical issues also appeared. During these years he wrote several novels and short stories about artists. Leskov always admired the breadth of the Russian soul, and this theme was reflected in the story "Lefty". The writer died on February 21 (March 5), 1895 in St. Petersburg.
2) The word of the teacher. The history of the creation of "Lefty". slide 2
Tale Nikolai Leskov was written and published in1881 .
First published in the magazine "Rus", in 1881, No. 49, 50 and 51 under the title "The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea (Shop Legend)". First published as a separate edition in 1882. When published in "Rus", as well as in a separate edition, the story was accompanied by a preface:
"I can't say exactly where the first steel flea fable was born, that is, whether it started inThule , on Izhme or in Sestroretsk , but apparently she came from one of those places. In any case, the tale of a steel flea is a special gunsmithing legend, and it expresses the pride of Russian gunsmiths. It depicts the struggle of our masters with the English masters, from which our masters came out victoriously and the English were completely shamed and humiliated. Here is a secret reasonmilitary failures in the Crimea . I wrote down this legend in Sestroretsk according to a local tale from an old gunsmith, a native of Tula, who moved tosister river during the reign of the emperorAlexander the First . The narrator two years ago was still in good spirits and in fresh memory; he willingly recalled the old days, greatly honored the sovereignNikolai Pavlovich , lived "according to the old faith", read divine books and bred canaries. People treated him with respect."
Nikolai Semenovich himself defined the genre of his work as a tale. What is it?
Skaz is the principle of narration, based on the imitation of the speech manner of the character-narrator, lexically, syntactically, and intonationally oriented towards oral speech.The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and style of speech. slide 3
Perception. And now let's turn directly to the work itself and find lexical features. The first interesting phrase that we meet is internecine conversations. Let's look at the meaning of this word in the explanatory dictionary.
The meaning of the word Internecine according to Efremova:
Internecine - 1. Correlating in meaning. with noun:civil strife,
civil strife,
connected
with them.
In Ozhegov's dictionary we find the meaning of the word - (usually about antiquity, the distant past)disagreement
,
discord
between any social groups in the state.
This interpretation does not fit our text. How to determine the value? To do this, get acquainted with the concept of folk etymology.
Folk etymology is falseetymology , a lexical association arising under the influencevernacular ; in the future, it can also be perceived in the literary language. slide 4
Let's think on the basis of what associations this word could have arisen.
Students' answers: internecine conversations - conversations among themselves.
And now you yourself will begin to compile an explanatory-etymological dictionary. Divide the notebook into 2 columns, in the first one write down the words that have a definition in the dictionary, in the second - they do not. (The class can be divided into 2 groups, one works on chapter 1, the other on the second. It is better for children to work in pairs using mobile Internet and Internet dictionaries)
Before writing the interpretation of the word, children are invited to think from which words new concepts could form.
Interpretation. Conversation on:
Why are there so many unusual, distorted words in the text of the work?
Suggested answer: The narrator is a simple person, illiterate, who changes foreign words to make it "clearer". Many words have acquired a humorous meaning in the spirit of popular understanding.
What do you think of the characters' speech?
Suggested answer: The speech of the heroes is unusual and unusual for the modern reader due to the wide use of words of folk etymological origin.
3. The result of the lesson. Reflection.
Continue offers.
I met ..... (creative biography of N.S. Leskov)
I learned about .... (the history of the creation of "Lefty")
I memorized new terms... (tale, folk etymology)
Especially liked..
4. Homework.
Continue compiling the dictionary for the following chapters.
1) Lesson number 2 can be started by checking the assimilation of the meaning of new words.
Indicate the numbers of words, the interpretation of which is an error.
1) escorts - One who accompanies someone
2) coven - Enough is overthat's it.
3) nymphosoria - a type of ciliates, a unicellular organism
4) orderly - day duty.
5) agitation - agitation
6) Folder - folding icon
7) Ceramides - Egyptian pyramids.
Match words and realities (an object or a drawing of this object) when interpreting the lexical meaning of a word.
Ceramides |
|
Merblues montons |
|
Nymphosoria |
|
Folder. |
|
pistol |
To complicate the task, in the right column you can not give words, but ask students to choose them themselves.
2) As homework, you can give a crossword puzzle.
3) In lesson number 3, to consolidate the knowledge of new words, you can solve a couple of the most successful crossword puzzles.
Crossword. Sample. The work of Yulia Vodopyanova (6th grade 2015)
Questions:
1. This type of clothing was made from camel hair
2. What was the name of the sea along which Levsha sailed on the ship?
4. The meaning of this word is explained as embarrassing, embarrassing.
5. Device for looking at small objects
6. This is the name of the food warehouse.
7. Definition of a hump nose
8. They are Egypt's main attraction
9. In the text, a synonym for the word expectation.
10 The name of the wine drink.
4) After a more detailed conversation about the genre of the tale, give the children a creative task, come up with their own tale. An example of the work of a 6th grade student.
A story about how a grandmother visited a competition in rhythmic gymnastics.
Once my granddaughter called my neighbor in the village on a sotel (cell phone) and invited her to her performance in rhythmic gymnastics. She is a group player (performs in group exercises). Grandma went to the railway (to the railway station), took a ticket and went to the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
Her granddaughter performed at the Olympic Reserve School. Grandma went into the hall, the people were in darkness. Sat down and began to wait (wait). Here the girls came out in bright, beautiful bodysuits (swimsuit on the body), painted on their faces, like Serezha Zersky (Zverev). The music played. The girls began to perform various tricks (throwing their legs high, behind their ears), tossing maces up. Grandma's breath was taken away. The number was performed flawlessly (no errors and falls). They won.
Folk etymology - false etymology, lexical association arising under the influence of vernacular; in the future, it can also be perceived in the literary language.
table Words recorded in the explanatory dictionary The first chapter escorts - The one who accompanies someone (according to the dictionary of Ozhegov S.I. http://tolkslovar.ru /) sabbath - Enough, over, that's it. (according to the dictionary of T.F. Efremova) Kunstkamera - Museum, a collection of rarities, outlandish objects (Ozhegs) cloak - Men's clothing in the form of a long, widening cape made of thin felt. orderly - a soldier (sailor), who was with a general (admiral) or an officer as a government servant Skladen - a folding icon The second chapter swung - Start to gasp intensely, complain. (according to the dictionary of Ushakov D.N. http://www.classes.ru/) embarrass - embarrass, embarrass, put in an awkward position Words of folk etymological origin humpbacked) Kislyarka (Kizlyarka) - low-quality grape vodka produced in the city of Kizlyar in the Caucasus Internecine conversations - here in the sense of "talking among themselves" busts "and" chandeliers "buremeters (barometer) from the association with the words - measure the storm merbluz (camel) instead of" camel "; combination of the words "freeze" and "camel"
The peculiarity of the language in the story 8220 Lefty 8221
The story of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" is a special work. His idea arose from the author on the basis of a folk joke about how “the British made a flea out of steel, and our Tula people shod it and sent it back.” Thus, the story initially assumed closeness to folklore not only in content, but also in the manner of narration. The style of "Lefty" is very peculiar. Leskov managed to bring the genre of the story as close as possible to oral folk art, namely to the tale, while at the same time retaining certain features of the literary author's story.
The originality of the language in the story "Lefty" is manifested primarily in the very manner of narration. The reader immediately gets the feeling that the narrator was directly involved in the events described. This is important for understanding the main ideas of the work, because the emotionality of the protagonist makes you experience with him, the reader perceives a somewhat subjective view of the actions of other heroes of the story, but it is this subjectivity that makes them as real as possible, the reader himself, as it were, is transferred to those distant times.
In addition, the fairy tale manner of narration is a clear sign that the narrator is a simple person, a hero from the people. He expresses not only his thoughts, feelings and experiences, behind this generalized image stands the entire working Russian people, living from hand to mouth, but caring about the prestige of their native country. With the help of descriptions of views on the life of gunsmiths and craftsmen through the eyes of not an outside observer, but a sympathetic fellow, Leskov raises an eternal problem: why the fate of the common people, who feed and clothe the entire upper class, is indifferent to those in power, why the craftsmen are remembered only when they need to support "prestige of the nation"? Bitterness and anger can be heard in the description of Lefty's death, and the author especially clearly shows the contrast between the fate of the Russian master and the English half-skipper, who found themselves in a similar situation.
However, in addition to the tale manner of narration, one can note the rather widespread use of vernacular in the story. For example, in the descriptions of the actions of Emperor Alexander I and the Cossack Platov, such colloquial verbs appear as “ride” and “pull”. This not only once again testifies to the closeness of the narrator to the people, but also expresses his attitude towards the authorities. People are well aware that their pressing problems do not bother the emperor at all, but they do not get angry, but come up with naive excuses: Tsar Alexander, in their understanding, is just as simple a person, he may want to change the life of the province for the better, but he is forced to work more important things. The absurd order to conduct “internecine negotiations” is put by the narrator into the mouth of Emperor Nicholas with secret pride, but the reader guesses Leskov’s irony: the naive artisan tries his best to show the significance and importance of the imperial personality and does not suspect how much he is mistaken. Thus, there is also a comic effect from the inconsistency of overly pompous words.
Also, the stylization of foreign words causes a smile, the narrator with the same proud expression talks about Platov’s “awe”, about how the flea “danse dances”, but he does not even realize how stupid it sounds. Here Leskov again demonstrates the naivety of ordinary people, but in addition, this episode conveys the spirit of the time, when a secret desire to be like enlightened Europeans was hidden under sincere patriotism. A particular manifestation of this is the conversion of the names of works of art that are too inconvenient for a Russian person into the native language, for example, the reader learns about the existence of Abolon Polvedersky and is again surprised equally by both the resourcefulness and, again, the naivety of the Russian peasant.
Even Russian words must be used in a special way by fellow Levsha, he again with an important and sedate look reports that Platov “not quite” could speak French, and authoritatively remarks that “he doesn’t need it: a married man”. This is an obvious verbal alogism, behind which lies the irony of the author, caused by the author's pity for the peasant, moreover, the irony is sad.
Particular attention from the point of view of the originality of the language is attracted by neologisms caused by ignorance of the thing that the peasant is talking about. These are words such as “busters” (a chandelier plus a bust) and “melkoskop” (named so, apparently, according to the function performed). The author notes that in the minds of the people, the objects of aristocratic luxury have merged into an incomprehensible ball, people do not distinguish busts from chandeliers, their senseless pomposity of palaces leads them to such awe. And the word “melkoskop” became an illustration of another Leskov’s idea: Russian masters are apprehensive about the achievements of foreign science, their talent is so great that no technical inventions can defeat the master’s genius. However, at the same time, in the finale, the narrator sadly notes that the machines still supplanted human talent and skill.
The originality of the language of the story "Lefty" lies in the manner of narration, in the use of vernacular and neologisms. With the help of these literary techniques, the author managed to reveal the character of Russian craftsmen, the reader is shown vivid, original images of Lefty and the narrator.
Realizing the place and significance of N.S. Leskov in the literary process, we always note that this is a surprisingly original writer. The outward dissimilarity of his predecessors and contemporaries sometimes forced him to see in him a completely new phenomenon, which had no analogues in Russian literature. Leskov is brightly original, and at the same time, you can learn a lot from him..He is an amazing experimenter who gave birth to a whole wave of artistic searches in Russian literature; he is a cheerful, mischievous experimenter, and at the same time extremely serious and deep, setting great educational goals for himself.
Creativity Leskov, one might say, knows no social boundaries. He displays in his works people of various classes and circles: and landowners - from the rich to the semi-poor, and officials of all stripes - from the minister to the quarter, and the clergy - monastic and parish - from the metropolitan to the deacon, and the military of various ranks and types of weapons, and peasants, and people from the peasantry - soldiers, artisans and any working people. Leskov willingly shows different representatives of the nationalities of the then Russia: Ukrainians, Yakuts, Jews, Gypsies, Poles ... Leskov's versatility of knowledge of the life of each class, estate, nationality is amazing. Leskov's exceptional life experience, his vigilance, memory, his linguistic flair were needed to describe the life of the people so intently, with such knowledge of life, economic structure, family relations, folk art, folk language.
With all the breadth of coverage of Russian life, there is a sphere in Leskov's work, to which his most significant and famous works belong: this is the sphere of the life of the people.
Who are the heroes of Leskov's most beloved works by our readers?
Heroes" The sealed angel- masons workers "Lefty"- blacksmith, Tula gunsmith," Tupey artist"- serf hairdresser and theatrical make-up artist
To put a hero from the people at the center of the story, one must first of all master his language, to be able to reproduce the speech of different strata of the people, different professions, destinies, ages. The task of recreating the living language of the people in a literary work required special art when Leskov used the form of a tale.
The tale in Russian literature comes from Gogol, but in particular it was skillfully developed by Leskov and glorified him as an artist. The essence of this manner is that the narration is conducted, as it were, not on behalf of a neutral, objective author; the narration is led by a narrator, usually a participant in the reported events. The speech of a work of art imitates the live speech of an oral story. At the same time, in a tale, the narrator is usually a person of a different social circle and cultural stratum to which the writer and the intended reader of the work belong. Leskov's story is led either by a merchant, or a monk, or an artisan, or a retired mayor, or a former soldier. . Each narrator speaks according to his education and upbringing, his age and profession, his concept of himself, his desire and ability to impress listeners.
This manner gives Leskov's story a special liveliness. The language of his works, unusually rich and varied, deepens the social and individual characteristics of his characters, becomes for the writer a means of finely assessing people and events. Gorky wrote about the Leskovsky tale: "... The people in his stories often talk about themselves, but their speech is so amazingly alive, so truthful and convincing that they stand before you just as mysteriously tangible, physically clear, like people from the books of L. Tolstoy and others, otherwise say, Leskov achieves the same result, but with a different method of skill.
To illustrate Leskov's tale manner, let's take some tirade from Lefty. Here is how the narrator, based on Lefty's impressions, describes the living and working conditions of English workers : "Each worker is constantly full of them, dressed not in scraps, but on each capable tunic vest, shod in thick anklets with iron knobs so that they don’t cut their feet anywhere; he works not with a boilie, but with training and has himself In front of everyone, a multiplication table hangs in plain sight, and an erasable tablet is at hand: everything that the master does, he looks at the block and checks with the concept, and then writes one thing on the tablet, erases the other and neatly reduces: what is written on the numbers , then it really comes out."
The narrator did not see the English workers. He dresses them according to his imagination, connecting a jacket with a vest. He knows that they work there “according to science”, he himself heard only about the “multiplication dovetail” in this regard, which means that the master, who works not “by eye”, but with the help of “tsifirs”, should compare his products with it. The narrator, of course, lacks familiar words, he distorts unfamiliar words or uses them incorrectly.. "Shoes" become "shoes" - probably by association with panache. The multiplication table turns into a "dolbitsa" - obviously, because the students "hollow" it. Wanting to designate some kind of extension on the boots, the narrator calls it a knob, transferring the name of the extension on a stick to it.
Narrators from the folk environment often change strange-sounding foreign words into Russian., which, with such a rework, receive new or additional values; Leskov especially willingly imitates this so-called "folk etymology ". So, in "Lefty" the barometer turns into a "buremeter", "microscope" - into a "melkoskop", "pudding" - into "studing " etc. Leskov, who passionately loved puns, puns, witticisms, jokes, filled "Lefty" with linguistic curiosities. But their set does not evoke the impression of excess, because the immense brightness of verbal patterns is in the spirit of folk buffoonery. And sometimes a word game not only amuses, but behind it is a satirical denunciation.
The narrator in a tale usually refers to some interlocutor or group of interlocutors., the narrative begins and progresses in response to their questions and remarks. At the core "Toupee artist"- the story of an old nanny to her pupil, a nine-year-old boy. This nanny is a former actress of the Oryol fortress theater of Count Kamensky. This is the same theater that is described in Herzen's story "The Thieving Magpie" under the name of Prince Skalinsky's theater. But the heroine of Herzen's story is not only a highly talented, but, due to the exceptional circumstances of her life, an educated actress... Leskov's Lyuba is an uneducated serf girl, by natural talent capable of singing, dancing, and playing roles in plays "observe" (that is, hearsay, following other actresses ) She is not able to tell everything and reveal what the author wants to tell the reader, and not everything can know (for example, the conversations of the master with his brother). Therefore, not the whole story is told on behalf of the nanny; part of the events are described by the author with the inclusion of excerpts and small quotes from babysitter's story.
In Leskov's most popular work - "Lefty" we meet with a tale of a different kind. There is no author, no audience, no narrator. More precisely, the author's voice is heard for the first time after the end of the tale: in the final chapter, the writer characterizes the story told as a "fabulous legend", an "epos" of masters, "a myth personified by folk fantasy".
(*10) The narrator in "Lefty" exists only as a voice that does not belong to a specific, named person. This is, as it were, the voice of the people - the creator of the "gunsmith's legend".
"Lefty"- not a household tale, where the narrator tells about the events he experienced or personally known to him; here he retells the legend created by the people, as folk narrators perform epics or historical songs. As in the folk epic, in "Lefty" there are a number of historical figures: two kings - Alexander I and Nicholas I, ministers Chernyshev, Nesselrode (Kiselvrode), Kleinmikhel, ataman of the Don Cossack army Platov, commandant of the Peter and Paul Fortress Skobelev and others.
Contemporaries did not appreciate either "Lefty" or Leskov's talent in general.They believed that Leskov was excessive in everything: he overlays bright colors too thickly, puts his heroes in too unusual positions, makes them speak in an exaggeratedly characteristic language, strings too many episodes on one thread and so on.
Most associated with the work of the people "Lefty". At the very basis of its plot lies a comic proverb in which the people expressed admiration for the art of the Tula masters: "Tula people shod a flea". Leskov used and went among the people legends about the skill of Tula gunsmiths. As early as the beginning of the 19th century, an anecdote was published about how an important Russian gentleman showed an expensive English pistol to the workman of the Tula Arms Plant, and he, taking the pistol, "unscrewed the trigger and showed his name under the screw". In "Lefty" Platov arranges the same demonstration to prove to Tsar Alexander that "we have our own house no worse." In the English "armory cabinet of curiosities", (*12) having picked up the especially touted "pistol", Platov unscrews the lock and shows the tsar the inscription: "Ivan Moskvin in the city of Tula".
As you can see, love for the people, the desire to discover and show the best sides of the Russian national character did not make Leskov a panegyrist, did not prevent him from seeing the features of slavery and ignorance that his history imposed on the people. Leskov does not hide these features in the hero of his myth about a brilliant craftsman. The legendary Lefty with two of his comrades managed to forge and attach horseshoes to the paws of a steel flea made in England with carnations. On each horseshoe "the master's name is displayed: which Russian master made that horseshoe." These inscriptions can be seen only in the "microscope, which magnifies five million." But the artisans did not have any microscopes, but only "shooting the eye."
This is, of course, a fabulous exaggeration, but it has real grounds. Tula craftsmen have always been especially famous and are still famous for their miniature products, which can only be seen with a strong magnifying glass.
Admiring the genius of Lefty, Leskov, however, is far from idealizing the people as they were, according to historical conditions, at that time. The left-hander is ignorant, and this cannot but affect his work. The art of the English masters was manifested not so much in the fact that they cast a flea from steel, but in the fact that the flea danced, wound up with a special key. Grounded, she stopped dancing. And the English masters, cordially receiving the one sent to England with a savvy flea, Lefty , indicate that he is hindered by a lack of knowledge: "... Then you could figure out that in every machine there is a calculation of strength, otherwise you are very skillful in your hands, and you didn’t realize that such a small machine, as in a nymphosoria, is designed for the most accurate accuracy and its horseshoes are not Because of this, now nymphosoria does not jump and dance does not dance. "Leskov attached great importance to this moment. In an article devoted to the tale of Levsha, Leskov contrasts Levsha's genius with his ignorance, and his (ardent patriotism) with the lack of concern for the people and homeland in the ruling clique. Leskov writes: one person, and that where "Lefty" stands, one should read "Russian people."
Lefty loves his Russia with a simple-hearted and unsophisticated love. He cannot be tempted by an easy life in a foreign land. He rushes home because he has a task that Russia needs to complete; thus she became the goal of his life. In England, Lefty learned that the muzzles of guns should be lubricated, and not cleaned with crushed brick, as was customary then in the Russian army, which is why "bullets hang in them" and guns, "God forbid war, (...) are not suitable for shooting ". With this, he hurries home. He arrives sick, the authorities didn’t bother to provide him with a document, the police completely robbed him, after which they began to take him to hospitals, but they didn’t take him anywhere without a “tugament”, they dumped the patient on the floor, and, finally, his “nape of the parat split” . Dying, Lefty thought only about how to bring his discovery to the king, and still managed to inform the doctor about it. He reported to the Minister of War, but in response he received only a rude shout: "Know (...) your emetic and laxative, and don't interfere in your own business: in Russia there are generals for this."
In the story" "Dumb Artist" the writer displays a rich count with an "insignificant face", revealing an insignificant soul. This is an evil tyrant and tormentor: people who are objectionable to him are torn to pieces by hunting dogs, executioners torment them with incredible torture. Thus, Leskov opposes truly courageous people from the people of the people, “masters”, rabid from immeasurable power over people and imagining themselves courageous, because they are always ready to torment and to destroy people at their own whim or whim - of course, by proxy. The image of one of the master's servants is vividly depicted in "The Toupee Artist". This is pop. Arkady, not frightened by the tortures that threaten him, perhaps mortal, is trying to save his beloved girl from abuse (* 19) over her by a depraved master. The priest promises to marry them and hide them for the night, after which both hope to get into the "Turkish Khrushchuk". But the priest, having previously robbed Arkady, betrays the fugitives to the count's people sent in search of the fugitives, for which he receives a well-deserved spit in the face.
"Lefty"
SPECIFICITY OF NARRATORY. LANGUAGE FEATURES. When discussing the genre originality of the story, we did not say anything about such a definition of the genre as “skaz”. And this is no coincidence. A tale as a genre of oral prose implies a focus on oral speech, narration on behalf of a participant in the event.. In this sense, "Lefty" is not a traditional tale. At the same time, a skaz can also be called such a way of narration, which involves the “separation” of the narrative from the participant in the events. In “Lefty” such a process takes place, especially since the word “fable” is used in the story, suggesting the skaz character of the narration. The narrator, being neither a witness nor a participant in the events, actively expresses his attitude to what is happening in various forms. At the same time, in the tale itself, one can detect the originality of the position of both the narrator and the author.
Throughout the story, the style of the story changes.. If at the beginning of the first chapter the narrator outwardly ingenuously outlines the circumstances of the emperor's arrival in England, then he successively tells about the events taking place, using vernacular, obsolete and distorted forms of words, different types of neologisms etc., then already in the sixth chapter (in the story about the Tula masters) the narration becomes different. It does not completely lose its conversational character, however becomes more neutral, practically no distorted forms of words, neologisms are used . By changing the narrative manner, the author wants to show the seriousness of the described situation.. It is no coincidence that it occurs even high vocabulary, when the narrator characterizes "skillful people, on whom the hope of the nation now rested." The same kind of narration can be found in the last, 20th chapter, which, obviously, summing up, contains the author's point of view, so its style differs from that of most of the chapters.
In the calm and outwardly impassive speech of the narrator are often introduced expressively colored words(for example, Alexander Pavlovich decided to "travel" around Europe), which becomes one of the forms of expressing the author's position, deeply hidden in the text.
The story itself skillfully emphasizes intonation features of characters' speech(cf., for example, the statements of Alexander I and Platov).
According to I.V. Stolyarova, Leskov “directs the interest of readers to the events themselves”, which is facilitated by the special logical structure of the text: most of the chapters have an ending, and some have a peculiar beginning, which makes it possible to clearly separate one event from another. This principle creates the effect of a fantastic manner. You can also notice that in a number of chapters, it is at the end that the narrator expresses the author’s position: “And the courtiers who stand on the steps all turn away from him, they think: “Platov got caught and now they will drive him out of the palace, because they couldn’t stand him for courage” (end of chapter 12).
It is impossible not to note the use of various techniques that characterize the features of not only oral speech, but also folk poetic creativity in general: tautologies(“shod on horseshoes”, etc.), peculiar prefixed verb forms(“admired”, “send”, “slap”, etc.), words with diminutive suffixes(“palm”, “bubble”, etc.). It is interesting to pay attention to the introduced saying text(“morning is wiser than night”, “snow on the head”). Sometimes Leskov can modify them.
ABOUT the mixing of different manners of narration is evidenced by the nature of neologisms. They can go into more detail describe the object and its function(double carriage) scene(busters - combining the words busts and chandeliers, the writer gives a more complete description of the room in one word), action(whistles - whistles and messengers accompanying Platov), designate foreign curiosities(.merblue cloaks - camel cloaks, etc.), the state of the heroes (waiting - waiting and agitation, an annoying couch on which Platov lay for many years, characterizing not only the inaction of the hero, but also his wounded pride). The appearance of neologisms in Leskov in many cases is due to literary play.
“Thus, Leskov's tale as a type of narration not only transformed, enriched, but also served to create a new genre variety: a tale of tales. A fairy tale is distinguished by a great depth of coverage of reality, approaching in this sense the novel form. It was Leskov's fairy tale that contributed to the emergence of a new type of truth seeker, who can be put on a par with the heroes of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky ”(Mushchenko E.G., Skobelev V.P., Kroichik L.E. S. 115). The artistic originality of "Lefty" is due to the task of finding special forms of expression of the author's position in order to assert the strength of the national character.
