Four types of human character. The concept of temperament, properties and types of temperament

04.05.2018

Temperament - statistics

Many people who have ever encountered psychological tests have heard about temperament and have a rough idea of ​​what it is. Someone can even name a couple of types or some author of a temperament test.

There is an opinion that "pure" temperaments do not exist, or they are extremely rare. You can try to find such articles in search engines - there are quite a few of them. True, such statements are often not supported by anything, or simply outdated - the world and society do not stand still, but are constantly changing and developing. So let's try to figure it out.

To begin with, let's define what we will consider a "pure" temperament. Let's take for this the method "Belov's formula of temperament". Each of the four temperaments has 3 gradations of severity: insignificant pronounced qualities, significant, pronounced ones. Accordingly, we will assume that if the qualities of one of the temperaments are pronounced, while the qualities of the others are insignificant, then we are dealing with a “pure” temperament.

Facts and debunking myths

Pure temperament - a rare phenomenon?

20,207 people were interviewed, of which 10,780 (53.3%) turned out to be with mixed temperaments. Is this enough to argue that "pure" temperaments are rare? - NO!

Who more?

Many believe that most of all are sanguine, basing this on "personal experience." Look at the diagram - and it's not! Relative to the rest of the "pure" temperaments, most of all are melancholic, and less - choleric.

Bright combinations

If in a person all temperaments are expressed approximately equally, this is one thing, but if two of any temperaments are pronounced, with a weak expression of the rest, interesting combinations arise. For example, sanguine + choleric - both mobile, sociable, only the first is balanced, and the second is not. Moreover, there are 10.4% of such people.

Combinations of opposites

Or combinations of "melancholic + sanguine", "phlegmatic + choleric" - how can two opposites coexist in one person? And such people total 1.2%.

As you can see, "pure" temperaments are not so rare - 46.7% of the entire rather rather large sample. What temperament do you have?

Content:

What is temperament?

Temperament is understood as such human characteristics that determine the dynamics of the course of nervous processes in his psyche and, accordingly, his behavior. This the most dynamics, in turn, can also be decomposed into components: this is the intensity, rhythm, pace and duration of mental processes. In addition, dynamics is understood as the features of human behavior - the speed or slowness of his reactions, activity, mobility.

Temperament is expressed in actions, speech and behavior of a person. And of course, in his handwriting.

Do you know who was the first to point out the physiological basis of temperament? Academician Pavlov? No, there were seers before him. All four temperaments (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic) were described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. e. But a truly scientific basis for the theory of temperament was already given by Pavlov. It was he who explained that the basis of temperament is a combination of the basic properties of the nervous processes that occur in humans.

Of course, everyone's nervous system is different. One reacts to stress with hysteria and swearing, and the other quietly talks to himself, bringing himself to complete exhaustion. We also perceive joy in different ways. And yet it can be said that the differences in our nervous manifestations are due to only two main processes - excitation and inhibition. In this sense, three properties of these processes are important: strength, balance and mobility.

These features make it possible to divide people depending on the type of temperament into sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic. Consider this classification of temperaments and try to understand how they are reflected in handwriting.

The phlegmatic in his temperament is not at all like the sanguine. And yet they have something in common: like a sanguine person, a phlegmatic person is able to fall into the same stupor at work. But the point here is not in interest - phlegmatic is quite satisfied with calm and measured activity. Just due to the fact that he lacks general mobility and vigor, the phlegmatic may well “stagnate”. It needs to be kicked, shaken, sometimes even annoyed. Without these external stimuli, the phlegmatic becomes inert and completely unmovable. It is clear that his handwriting will be slow in speed, but balanced and stable in style.

All these qualities of his - calmness, moderation, slowness - are manifestations of a phlegmatic temperament. Many people miss them, and we look with envy at the good-natured phlegmatic. His mood does not jump like a squirrel in the spring. He is balanced and thorough. All this is a consequence of his slow mental processes. No matter how hard you try, you will not be able to get the phlegmatic out of himself: he will "persist" in his complacency.

Phlegmatic is generally distinguished by perseverance. If he started to do some business, then be sure - he will finish it. However, often such people annoy us precisely with their solidity and calmness. You wait - you wait for a response from them - but that is still not there. the phlegmatic shows weakly: such is the nature of his temperament. Therefore, you should not expect bright manifestations of feelings from him. Probably, it is better to be imbued with its merits and more loyally look at its shortcomings. Or constantly shake it up, not allowing it to “stagnate”.

Choleric temperament is a characteristic.

Of course, a choleric person may well stir up a phlegmatic person - he already has more than enough bad energy. However, why stupid? What is wrong with the fact that a person is constantly fast, active and cannot sit still? It's boring without them. With some sanguine and phlegmatic people, the world would become understandable and monosyllabic. But with choleric people, it's a completely different matter. Sometimes you don’t understand anything about them: why did they run around, fuss? What is the reason for their concern? What makes them gesticulate furiously, defending a seemingly not particularly relevant issue?

To do all this makes them, of course, irrepressible temperament. The processes of excitation in their nervous system predominate over the processes of inhibition - this is the main property of their nervous activity. Therefore, it is difficult for a choleric person to sit still. He is impulsive, unrestrained and quick (and we see these qualities in his nervous, angular, quick handwriting).

Of course, such a person rarely reaches the golden mean: he is either joyfully excited (by a business, meeting or event), or, conversely, quick-tempered and irritable. All this is understandable: at first, the choleric person puts all of himself into some kind of enterprise, and therefore suddenly ... his strength is depleted. He himself does not notice how it happened. Had I known, I would have been insured. But the choleric does not think about it at all. He works hard.

Of course, its results are sometimes impressive: what a phlegmatic person would do for a week, a choleric person manages to do in two hours. If he is fascinated by the business (and this is the best option for him), he works with enthusiasm, overcoming any difficulties - he can handle everything. In addition, the choleric person knows how to convince - his speech is incendiary, and his gestures and movements are expressive and eloquent. Such one convinces by the strength of his personality alone.

Sometimes his feelings overwhelm him. In his impulse, he cannot stop and take a break. He rushes at full speed and therefore often misjudges situations or people. These mistakes boomerang back to him. And it is precisely at such a moment when the choleric is already completely exhausted and unable to resist. Then he becomes irritable, angry and harsh. His mood is already at zero, and here you are with your problems! And it doesn’t matter that he himself is to blame for these problems: he will not be responsible for them (by the way, his handwriting will become difficult to read - because he doesn’t give a damn what you think about him!).

If you want to achieve a result from a choleric, try to understand the essence of this contradictory nature. If you see that he is already exhausted, step aside and let him recover. Otherwise, you will just run into rudeness. Moreover, choleric people are usually truth-tellers and simply love to tell a person in person everything that they think about him (even if they later regret it).

Characteristics of the melancholic temperament.

Often, melancholics turn out to be an enthusiastic audience of choleric people. True, choleric people are not always aware of this. After all, melancholic people are good at hiding their feelings. They generally do not like to flaunt themselves - in any capacity, even as an audience.

The fact is that melancholic people tend to deeply experience what is happening. You may not be aware of this: outwardly, a melancholic is usually calm and inconspicuous. When deep and complex feelings are awakened inside him, he will live by them for a long time. Moreover, these feelings have not only a long duration, but also a special power. That is why melancholic people are so vulnerable and fragile psychologically. They are afraid to express their feelings, because in response they may not get the reaction that they expect. And melancholic people know this. They are touchy and forget their grievances and sorrows badly (and outwardly, mind you, this may not manifest itself at all). Psychological trauma makes them even more closed and unloved.

Melancholics do not get along well with people and have a hard time getting used to new situations. Over the years, this comes easier to them, but in their youth they look shy and awkward. Their embarrassment is usually clearly visible. But this is just a property of their temperament - their mental processes just go slowly and the reaction to irritations is also slow. The handwriting of such people is slow and neat. It is also characterized by a complete lack of embellishments - after all, melancholic people are very modest and will not attract attention to themselves with the help of intricate trinkets.

Melancholics sometimes spare their feelings and try to get carried away less: they know how difficult it will be for them if feelings come flooding over them in a wave. Therefore, they often choose for themselves a calm and monotonous job that will not surprise them and will not provoke a negative reaction from them. Outwardly, such people look boring, but if you get to know them better, you will find behind their nondescript appearance a huge and bright inner world.

You have read this description and you have probably identified yourself with some type.

Happened? Are you sanguine or choleric? Not one or the other, but everything put together? And rightly so - after all, pure types are practically never found in life. Of course, you can determine which type of temperament prevails in you, and then catch the shades of other temperaments. And of course, one should not think that one temperament can be better than another (even if only a certain set of qualities appeals to you). All this is a game of nature. And so it is pointless to fight it. Wouldn't it be better to take the best that she gave you and try to develop what you lack?

The very first ideas about temperaments belong to Hippocrates. The ancient Greek philosopher and physician classified people according to their predominant liquid. Sanguine - blood, choleric - bile, phlegmatic - mucus, melancholic - black bile. Modern ideas about temperaments have changed somewhat, although the names have remained the same. What is temperament and what role does it play in human life? Let's figure it out.

Temperament is based on the type of higher nervous system. People (like animals) are different from birth:

• by the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition;
• balance of these processes;
• mobility (replacement) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Together, this determines the endurance of nerve cells, that is, the endurance of the psyche.

Temperament Discovery

With the predominance of excitation over inhibition, conditioned reflexes form quickly and slowly subside, and with the opposite ratio, they form slowly and quickly fade away. These patterns were revealed by the domestic scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.

This discovery made an invaluable contribution to the further development of psychology and pedagogy. At present, there is no doubt that each person requires an individual approach in the process of education, training or psychological correction.

Temperament and personality

Temperament - a set of innate properties of the psyche. It serves as the basis for the formation of character. This is the biological that is in man.

However, temperament is involved in. As a combination of individual characteristics, it affects the dynamics and emotional side and behavior of a person.

Depends on temperament

• the rate of occurrence of mental activity;
• stability of mental processes;
• mental tempo and rhythm;
• intensity of mental processes;
• direction of mental activity.

Anxiety, impulsiveness, emotionality, impressionability and other properties depend on temperament.

Temperament and character

Temperament is often confused with. I propose once and for all to put an end to the differentiation of these issues.

• If character is a product of socialization, then temperament is an innate unchanging feature of the individual.
• You can't change temperament, but you can learn to control it. Character can be changed.
• Temperamental traits can be masked by character traits, which makes it difficult to determine what type of temperament a particular person belongs to.

Temperament and activity

Temperament provides an individual style of activity, that is, methods of work that are characteristic of a particular person. So, for example, one child, when solving a problem, can sit idle for a long time, think over and immediately write down the result, while the other immediately starts writing something down, sketching, crossing out, and after a while will isolate the main thing from this. Same result, different paths.

Temperament Properties

Each temperament has certain properties.

sensitivity

The necessary minimum force of irritation from the outside is implied to initiate reactions in the psyche of the individual. In addition, sensitivity implies an assessment of the rate of this reaction.

Reactivity

Determines the strength and speed of response to an unexpected stimulus, that is, these are involuntary reactions to light, loud sound, unexpected action. The distractibility of a person and the possibility of concentration depend on reactivity.

Activity (passivity)

The degree of influence of temperament on the stimuli surrounding it. Simply put, this is the speed with which a person can influence circumstances, obstacles that prevent him from achieving his goal. Activity follows from the ratio of a person's orientation to the outside world (previous paragraph) and focus on their goals, desires, needs, beliefs.

Plasticity (rigidity)

This characterizes the rate of adaptation of a person to changes in the external environment. Plasticity is a good ability to adapt, rigidity is the impossibility, difficulty in changing beliefs, views, interests.

Extraversion (introversion)

Orientation of a person to the external world or internal (orientation of vital energy). The second interpretation: the orientation of a person to the present external () or figurative past or future ().

Excitability of emotions

Determines the speed of emotional response to the minimum stimulus from the outside (the minimum force to which an emotional reaction occurs).

Rate of reactions

This is the speed of mental processes and reactions (duration): the speed of reaction, the pace of speech, the speed of the mind.

The properties of temperament are manifested depending on the situation and specific conditions. Therefore, people of different temperaments can act in completely different ways in identical situations, but in the same way in different conditions.

Temperament types

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish 4 types of temperament, or types of the nervous system (according to its properties). But at the same time, there are several typologies.

By the processes of excitation-inhibition

sanguine

This is a strong, mobile and balanced type. It is characterized by a rapid process of excitation and its rapid change to inhibition.

• A person with this type of psyche is distinguished by love of life, activity, sociability, responsiveness.
• He is not inclined to experiences, easily adapts to new conditions, strives for leadership.
• Sanguine is successful in work, friendship and love.
• He easily switches from one thing to another and with the same ease changes hobbies.
• However, without external stimuli, he begins to get bored, becomes lethargic.
• It is always distinguished by some superficiality in the perception of people and phenomena, which sometimes causes difficulties in interpersonal relationships. But the sanguine easily copes with them.
• sanguine bright, but unstable.
• Often and loudly laughs, but gets angry over trifles.
• Resourceful and agile, can control emotions.
• As a rule, has a fast speech.

Phlegmatic person

This is a strong, inert and balanced type. Conditioned reflexes are developed slowly, but after that they become very stable.

• A person with this type is always passive, cautious and reasonable. Sometimes it comes to "nudity and nausea."
• At the same time, he is peaceful and friendly.
• It is easy to manage, control his actions.
• The phlegmatic is not distinguished by emotionality and sensitivity, but you can always rely on him.
• He has great perseverance, self-control, patience, high efficiency, but is slow.
• In a relationship, stable, not prone to change.
• It has good resistance to negative long-term stimuli from the outside. The endurance and composure characteristic of phlegmatic sometimes turns into indifference to oneself and others, to work.

Choleric

Strong, mobile and unbalanced type. The processes of excitation prevail over the processes of inhibition.

• Easily excitable, aggressive and restless type.
• Choleric is characterized by variability, inconstancy, impulsiveness, activity and optimism.
• Together with great vitality, one can distinguish incontinence and abruptness of movements and actions, loudness, low level of self-control, impatience and frequent sudden mood swings.
• Choleric is distinguished by expressive facial expressions, quick speech and rapid movements.

melancholic

Weak, inert (or mobile) and unbalanced type.

• It is characterized by a pessimistic attitude, a tendency to anxiety and reasoning.
• He is reserved and unsociable, easily vulnerable, emotional, highly sensitive.
• It has little resistance to external stimuli, is inhibited and passive.
• Melancholic, as a rule, is not self-confident, timid, fearful, touchy.
• But his inner world and associative thinking are very striking.
• The melancholic is not distinguished by expressive facial expressions and movements; he does not adapt well to new conditions.
• Differs in quiet speech, weakness of attention and rapid fatigue.

Typology of Galen

The Roman philosopher and physician Galen also identified 4 types of temperament, but he focused on feelings. This typology does not contradict the others, on the contrary, it complements them and, in my opinion, is of particular interest from the standpoint of everyday psychology.

sanguine

Submissive to the senses, but cools quickly. Strives for pleasure, gullible and gullible person.

Choleric

Man of passions. He is characterized by pride, vindictiveness and ambition.

Phlegmatic person

Resistant to emotional influences. He does not complain and is not indignant, he is irritated with great difficulty.

melancholic

Sadness is his main characteristic. Any suffering seems unbearable, and desires are saturated with sadness. Often thinks that they are neglected, offended by trifles.

By the ratio of signaling systems

It is customary to call a signal system a set of mental processes responsible for the perception, analysis of information and response. A person has two such systems:

• the first signal system (assimilation of information through the activity of the cerebral cortex, through receptors);
• the second signal system (everything connected with speech and word).

According to the ratio of signaling systems, 3 types of people (temperament) can be distinguished.

Artist

The first signal system prevails.

Thinker

The second signal system predominates.

mixed type

Approximately equal influence of both systems.

This classification is considered relative, since the severity of the systems depends on the specific type of activity.

E. Kretschmer's constitutional theory

The German psychiatrist and psychologist Kretschmer compiled a typology of temperaments depending on the physique of a person.

Schizothymic (asthenic type)

A weak-willed and closed type, prone to emotional swings. Gentleman and dreamer, idealist. At the same time, the schizothymic is stubborn and selfish, prone to abstract reflections.

Cyclothymic (picnic type)

Like the first type, it is distinguished by emotional waves. This is a cheerful talker and a humorist, a realist, a good conversationalist.

Ixothymic (athletic type)

Not distinguished by the flexibility of thought, calm and unimpressive. His gestures and facial expressions are restrained. Ixothymic hardly adapts to new conditions.

By observing a person’s behavior and evaluating his physique, we can assume what type of temperament he belongs to. This will be useful for establishing contact.

Definition of temperament and brief instructions for interaction

You can guess the temperament of the interlocutor based on observations of him, but this is an ambiguous and complex method. Currently, there are many accurate methods for diagnosis and self-diagnosis.

1. Eysenck test. The most popular technique that determines the type of temperament on two scales: stable and unstable, introversion and extraversion. Allows you to determine the severity of each type and the nature of the mixed temperament. Suitable for self-diagnosis.
2. Another popular technique is the Belov formula. This questionnaire is smaller than the previous one, characterizes only temperaments (without scales), but also gives the value and percentage of each type in a person.

Determination of temperament is the first stage, but far from being the main one. Much more important is the ability to understand the person opposite and competently interact with him, given his innate characteristics.

Interaction with choleric

1. Remember that not everything a choleric person says is true. It's just that his speech is ahead of his thoughts.
2. It's all the fault of the conditions and specific emotions of the choleric at the moment. Under other conditions, he may say opposite things.
3. If, in a fit of anger, a choleric person said something impartial, then this does not mean at all that he really has a bad opinion of you.
4. In a relationship with a choleric person, it is worth being condescending, not taking everything to heart, taking into account individually dangerous situations for him and avoiding them.
5. Remember that choleric people do not get hung up on quarrels and conflicts (especially random and second ones), they really forget them and no longer return to discussions.
6. Do not put pressure on the choleric, especially in work matters.
7. Instead, take a break and be supportive.

Interaction with a sanguine person

1. Communication is air for a sanguine person. It is worth getting used to and accepting the fact that there are always a lot of people around him. People are drawn to the sanguine, and he to them.
2. It seems that it is impossible to quarrel with him, but it is not. Despite optimism and friendliness, sanguine people are rich in "cockroaches".
3. Due to the superficiality of judgments, sanguine people often draw the wrong conclusions. But they cannot be superficial. Remember this and give them a second chance.
4. It is difficult for a sanguine person to admit his mistakes, he does not know how to do this. That's why you shouldn't wait for it.
5. The face is an instruction for a sanguine person. The case when everything is really written on the face. Be observant, and the facial expressions of a sanguine person will tell you everything: what a person thinks, what is pleasant for him, and what is unpleasant and something else.
6. Constantly feed it with impressions, events. With monotony and the same type of sensations, the sanguine person is bored, he can leave the relationship. But to those who always give them new emotions, sensations and conditions of reality, they become attached for a long time.
7. Sanguine people like it when they are asked for advice or asked for their opinion.
8. Discuss with him, solve problems, make plans.
9. Do not neglect extreme sports and adrenaline.

Interaction with melancholic

1. Avoid loud and harsh sounds, screams.
2. Do not resort to a negative assessment of the melancholic and what is dear to him.
3. Avoid criticism and punishment, censure. If necessary, choose soft, non-accusatory forms.
4. Getting close to a melancholic is easy - you need to arouse pity for yourself, tell a sad story, arouse and show sympathy.
5. Avoid extreme situations and entertainment.
6. Preference should be given to warm sincere conversations.
7. Of the films, the melancholic will prefer drama rather than horror and thrillers.
8. Never say "urgent", do not push, do not demand, do not order. This drives the melancholic into a stupor, he begins to feverishly make incorrect movements, panics, does not understand anything.
9. In detailed work that requires focus and attention, the melancholic is an excellent candidate.
10. The melancholic should be introduced to new people gradually, carefully. Do not "throw it with a swing into the hole."
11. Melancholics have a well-developed intuition, they rarely make mistakes.

Interaction with the phlegmatic

1. You can learn phlegmatic only through communication, but you need to pull everything out with ticks.
2. Phlegmatic people are conservatives, so you should not demand that they quickly get used to and accept something new.
3. In new situations or after a non-standard offer, give the phlegmatic enough time to think.
4. Do not expect efficiency and speed in other matters. A person interacting with a phlegmatic person must be able to wait and be patient.
5. Do not expect sympathy and other emotional response, especially momentary.
6. But this does not mean that they are completely indifferent and do not experience emotions. A phlegmatic person may worry about you, but it is difficult for him to squeeze words or gestures out of himself, he would rather silently do something useful for you.
7. By the way, they expect the same sympathy from those around them: support in deeds, not in words.
8. If you want to win the favor of a phlegmatic, then you need to be a realist, avoid fantasies, demonstrate logic and prudence, equanimity and rationality.
9. Entertainment, holidays, creativity, conversations do not attract phlegmatic people. He cares about business.
10. The second thing that attracts is a clear, practical, understandable speech. It is recommended to avoid figurativeness and slang in communication with a phlegmatic person.
11. It is better to write all requests or tasks for a phlegmatic person on paper, writing them as clear instructions.

There are no bad or good temperaments, you can find a common language with any person, however, provided that your temperaments match.

• So, for example, a choleric person is incompatible with a sanguine person. These are two leaders.
• The choleric and the melancholic will not get along either. One does not intentionally, but constantly offends, the other is touchy in itself.
• Choleric and phlegmatic - the best option.
• Sanguine and phlegmatic will often quarrel, but at the same time they can resolve these conflicts. However, dissatisfaction with each other will grow.
• Sanguine is the opposite of melancholic. Moreover, it is ideal if the sanguine person is a man.

I want to introduce you, dear friends, to some interesting facts about temperaments.

• Happy married couples come from people with different temperaments.
• For friendship, on the contrary, it is important that the temperaments are the same (except for choleric people).
• Phlegmatic people are universal partners in any relationship, but not with phlegmatic people.
• Sanguine people make great leaders. Choleric or phlegmatic is completely unsuitable for such a role.
• Job descriptions and other information should be presented in a different form for each type of temperament.
• The phlegmatic responds slowly to questions.
• Sanguine because of haste, and choleric because of impulsiveness is prone to rash and incorrect answers.
• You need to ask a melancholic gently and kindly.
• The specifics of people's speech and the nature of information transfer depend on temperament. We can present the same picture from words of different types in completely different ways.

It is worth noting that in practice pure types of temperament are rarely found, more often mixed ones can be found. This further complicates the process of determining temperament and choosing an approach to interacting with a person.

In conclusion, I want to note that the compatibility of people by temperament, or at least understanding the characteristics of another person, is important for any sphere of relations (family, professional, friendly). We often hear the phrase “We didn’t agree on the characters,” but in fact it would be more accurate to say “They didn’t agree on the temperaments.” And this really can be.

The representative of this type is a lively, inquisitive, mobile (but without sharp, impetuous movements) person. As a rule, cheerful and cheerful. Emotionally unstable, easily succumbed to feelings, but they are usually not strong and not deep. He quickly forgets insults, relatively easily experiences failures. He is very inclined to the team, easily establishes contacts, sociable, friendly, affable, quickly converges with people, easily establishes good relations.

With proper upbringing, a sanguine person is distinguished by a highly developed sense of collectivism, responsiveness, an active attitude to educational work, work and social life. Under adverse conditions, when there is no systematic, purposeful education, a sanguine person may show a frivolous, carefree and careless attitude to business, scattered, inability and unwillingness to bring things to the end, a frivolous attitude to learning, work, other people, overestimation of oneself and one's capabilities.

The representative of this type is slow, calm, unhurried. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. Inclined to order, familiar surroundings, does not like changes in anything. As a rule, he brings the work begun to the end. All mental processes in a phlegmatic person proceed slowly. This slowness can interfere with his learning activities, especially where you need to quickly memorize, quickly understand, figure out, quickly do. In such cases, the phlegmatic may show helplessness, but he usually remembers for a long time, thoroughly and firmly.

In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of phlegmatic temperament is manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of life. : phlegmatic is not easy to piss off and hurt emotionally, he avoids quarrels, he is not unbalanced by troubles and failures. With proper upbringing, a phlegmatic person easily develops such traits as perseverance, efficiency, perseverance. But in adverse circumstances, a phlegmatic person can develop such specific negative traits as lethargy, inertia, passivity, laziness. Sometimes a person of this temperament can develop an indifferent, indifferent attitude towards work, the surrounding life, people and even himself.

Representatives of this type are distinguished by speed (sometimes feverish speed) of movement and action, impulsiveness, and excitability. Their mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The imbalance inherent in choleric is clearly reflected in his activities. : he gets down to business with enthusiasm and even passion, takes the initiative, works with enthusiasm. But his supply of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, especially when the work is monotonous and requires perseverance and patience, and then cooling may set in, uplift and inspiration disappear, and the mood drops sharply. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this temperament, is clearly manifested in communication with people with whom the choleric person allows harshness, irascibility, irritability, emotional restraint (which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate people's actions) and on this basis sometimes creates conflict situations in the team .

The positive aspects of the choleric temperament are energy, activity, passion, initiative. Negative manifestations - general incontinence, rudeness and harshness, irascibility, a tendency to affect - often develop in adverse conditions of life and activity.

In representatives of this temperament, mental processes proceed slowly, people react with difficulty to strong stimuli; prolonged and severe stress causes them to slow down their activity, and then stop it. They get tired quickly. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work productively. Emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholics are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure insults, grief, but outwardly these experiences are expressed in them weakly.

Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. In adverse conditions of life and activity, such traits as painful vulnerability, depression, gloom, suspiciousness, pessimism can develop on the basis of the melancholic temperament. . Such a person is alienated from the team, avoids social activities, plunges into his own experiences. But in favorable conditions, with proper education, the most valuable qualities of a melancholic personality are revealed. His impressionability, subtle emotional sensitivity, acute susceptibility to the world around him allow him to achieve great success in art - music, drawing, poetry. Melancholic people are often distinguished by softness, tact, delicacy, sensitivity and responsiveness. : whoever is vulnerable himself usually subtly feels the pain that he causes to other people.

The temperaments of people are the individual characteristics of the personality and character of each of them. The temperament and character of a person are the main properties of his personality and personality. It reflects the characteristics of human behavior that are characteristic of him from birth, expresses the attitude of the individual to the world around him.

For a person to be successful and communicate with others, it is simply necessary to take into account the temperaments of people and their characteristics. This reduces the likelihood of conflict situations and possible stress.

The temperaments of people have been studied since the 2nd century BC. e. It was then that Claudius Galen identified four types that are still used today.

The temperament of a person is determined from birth - this is an innate property of the individual, unchanged throughout life. However, temperament has always been a subject for scientific research. His study was carried out by such as Wundt, Kant, Pavlov. And the British psychologist Eysenck in the twentieth century developed a test to determine the temperament of a person. The test is a questionnaire of 50-100 questions. Thanks to this test, it is possible to determine with sufficient accuracy the type of human temperament.

The temperaments of people are completely different. But there is no worst or best of them. Therefore, when communicating, efforts should be made to identify and use the advantages of a particular temperament.