What was the Belgorod housing and communal services a century ago. Belgorod fortress and service in it

In April 1649 the king Alexey Mikhailovich approved the Order on city deanery. In it, the sovereign commands, “so that there is no dirt - to have a janitor in every yard”, in order to “be in charge of every household business, repairs and other matters.” Thus, at the state level, for the first time, supervision was created over the performance of the functions of “public deanery” (to do good to society). This is considered the time of foundation of the services of the Russian housing and communal services.

A decree Peter the Great dated January 16, 1721, he transferred the functions of "public deanery" to the Russian police created by that time. Peter I called the police “the soul of citizenship and all good orders”, associated with this department the concepts of “welfare of the population”, “prohibition of excesses in household expenses”, “instruction of good homeowners”, “cleanliness production on the streets and in houses”.

Janitor, dear janitor

These words from the scary song of the group "Agatha Christie" in our case sound calm and respectful. For more than a hundred years, little has changed in the tools with which janitors bring beauty to the streets and yards. In metal, a representative of this profession displayed Taras Kostenko. Today this sculpture is one of the sights of Belgorod.

It was thanks to the janitors that a century ago Belgorod was recognized by contemporaries as one of the best county towns not only in the Kursk province, but also in the Russian Empire. This was written in the book "Kursk province on an old postcard" local historian Yuri Donchenko, noting further that "he [Belgorod] made a good impression on every visitor, giving enough comfort to those living in it."

Photo by Vladimir Yurchenko

IN 1913 janitor's salary was 18 rubles per month. With this money, he could buy a choice of three coats or four suits, 12 pairs of leather shoes, more than 80 kg of beef, 54 bottles of vodka, 1,250 loaves of bread, over a ton of potatoes, almost 700 liters of milk. The artel janitors lived in the janitors' quarters, their families usually stayed in the village. Inventory and ammunition were issued state-owned. The janitors always had a metal badge indicating the number of the quarter and a whistle - "in case of scaring off adversaries and calling a policeman."

Best of fourteen

At the beginning of the last century, the city authorities of Belgorod treated the comfort of the townspeople with commendable responsibility, at least this is what the documents show. IN 1913 For seven years now, the Law “On Ensuring Normal Rest of Employees in Trade and Craft Establishments” has been in force and strictly observed on the territory of the city. The fifth article of this document forbade trading on Sundays and church holidays.

"Guide to Belgorod"Ivan Kulegaev says that in 1911 Belgorod was a fairly good district town, "the best of the 14 cities of the Kursk province." It had everything that was supposed to be in a city with organized trade, consumer services and housing and communal services corresponding to its time.

There was something to keep an eye on: there was a hospital, pharmacies, doctors, police and fire departments, printing houses, bathhouses, bookstores, a brewery. Belgorod residents were entertained by three cinemas and two concert halls. On holidays and weekends, it was possible to walk in city parks. in Belgorod to 1913 there are about two dozen educational institutions. Trade enterprises carried grain, cattle, wool, leather, lard, wax and manufactured goods.

Naturally, even at that time, garbage disposal, its storage and disposal were a considerable problem. However, the Belgorod Zemstvo Council strictly followed this - they punished negligent business executives and were in charge of the arrangement and maintenance of public buildings. And the housing commission kept records of rent and utility bills. There was also one more organization - the presence of the City on the apartment tax. Receipts were issued taking into account a special gradation, based on which houses the apartments were located in - brick or wooden.

According to the Estimated and Statistical Department of the Kursk Provincial Zemstvo for 1913, apartments with two to five bedrooms cost their owners from four to six rubles a month. The payment included heating, lighting, sewage treatment and repairs. For these purposes, the Belgorod zemstvo administration of the Belgorod district spent at least 15 % your annual budget, or about 50 thousand rubles. Well, in general, up to 80 % budget funds.

water history

At the end of the 18th century, the empress Catherine II ordered the construction of the first water supply system in Moscow. The construction was entrusted to General Bauer. The search for clean water led to springs near the village of Bolshie Mytishchi, from where they began to build the first Moscow water supply. Work completed by 1804. IN 1898 The first sewer was built in Moscow.

And in Belgorod, the first water supply system with hoisting machines began to operate from 1871. The city was supplied with spring water from under the Chalk (White) Mountains through water supply networks, the length of which was 5 km. The released water was measured in buckets. In the first year, Belgorod residents received 621.5 thousand buckets of water - 7.8 thousand cubic meters of water. In the settlement Zhiloy (the western part of the city from the Moscow highway) in 1886, water was supplied from an artesian well. By the way, to this day Belgorod residents drink artesian water.

By the beginning of the 20th century, 20% of Russian cities had water pipes. The average water consumption in cities was no more than 40 liters per person per day. The quality of the supplied water left much to be desired. Sewer systems with purification of waste streams were available only in 23 cities of the Russian Empire. In the whole country, the sewerage network reached only 18% of the total length of the water supply network. According to the statistical reports of that time, 60% of the city's housing stock had no electricity, almost 80% had no running water and 90% had no sewerage. The share of housing stock with central heating was about 1%. Belgorod was no exception in these indicators, although, as Anatoly Krupenkov and Boris Osykov noted in the Historical Chronicle of Belgorod, there was a steady trend towards development.

According to Kulegaev's guidebook, the Belgorod water supply system by that time consisted of two suburban water pumps. There were two tanks - on Bazarnaya and Peter and Paul squares. “18 water folding booths began to function in the city. Water supply was installed in 181 private households and in 8 city houses. There are 45 fire hydrants. The net income from the water pipeline exceeded 6 thousand rubles per year.

With the development of the city, the water supply system also develops. The volume of released water is already 1910 amounted to 8 million buckets, or almost 100 thousand cubic meters of water.

December 1910 The Belgorod city government adopts a resolution by which it decides to complete the construction of the water supply and "take care of replacing the most unusable water meters with new ones." It is also noted that the watchmen of the water booths should have books to record the daily proceeds from the sale of water. Well, five years later, 1915- The volume of water supplied by the water pipeline has more than doubled and amounted to about 260 thousand cubic meters.

Its fountains are inseparable from Belgorod and city water supply. The very first of them appeared simultaneously with the citywide water supply system in 1871. They became a decorative source in the convent, which was used for consecration and collection of drinking water on church holidays. At the turn of the century, a fountain appeared in the city in the New Square - one of the most recognizable symbols of pre-revolutionary Belgorod.

About light and heating

The first power plant was launched in Belgorod in August 1911. It was then that it became possible to illuminate the streets of the city not with kerosene lanterns, but with light bulbs.

TO 1913 light was supplied eight months of the year. Moreover, according to the "Historical and statistical collection of the Belgorod province", published in 2012, from January to May, the lighting of the city on non-lunar nights took place from 5 pm to 3 am, from September to December - from 5 pm to 6 am.

Among the main communal specialties that were in demand in 1913 in Belgorod, there was a profession of a stoker. It was the stokers who provided warmth and comfort in the houses, offices, state institutions of the county town in frosty weather. All of them were heated with coal or firewood. The stokers were well paid - up to 30 rubles a month, they ate in the factory canteens. Lunch cost them 32 kopecks. For the homeless, the city authorities provided a dormitory in a two-story brick building. On the top floor there was a room with a stage for performances and cinema. Movies were shown on Saturdays, performances were given 12 times a year. There was also another room - for billiards, books and magazines.

Hey cabbie!

To the sample household service 1913 in Belgorod, no doubt, it is worth including the cabmen. They famously flew and scorched on Bagrovaya, Gostenaya, Kursk, Moscow, Sumy and even the narrow streets of the city. By that time there were quite a few of them in Belgorod. Even a special settlement existed, called the settlement of Coachmen, with a population of 199 souls.

But it only seemed that this service acted chaotically, uncontrollably. In fact, there was a stochastic point in the county center - the prototype of the current taxi fleet. The owner of the capital point was the merchant Antsyrev. He stored hay for the horses, made sure that they were fed, healthy and shod. Also, it was imperative to ensure that the point was kept clean, and the cabbies set to work sober. And there were 3,213 horses that ran 62,243 versts in a year, writes in the almanac "Old Belgorod" Anatoly Krupenkov, under the jurisdiction of this metropolitan point.

The note of the dachshund was interesting: “The Committee for the Arrangement of Celebrations earnestly asks the gentlemen who come not to believe the cab drivers who spread ridiculous rumors about various kinds of terrible diseases in some hotels. This is done in order to get extra payment from hotel owners who persuaded cabbies to deliver visitors to them.

Dachshund for cabbies in pre-revolutionary Belgorod from Ivan Kulegaev's Guide to Belgorod

1. one-horse from the station and to the station - 20 kopecks;
2. parokonny - 35 kopecks;
3. the end of the city is one-horse - 15 kopecks;
4. parokonny - 25 kopecks.

During the celebrations:

1. per hour one-horse - 60 kopecks;
2. parokonny - 1 ruble;
3. at the end of a single-horse - 30 kopecks;
4. parokonny - 50 kopecks;
5. to the station - 10 kopecks more expensive than the end.

Cabbers and a stochastic point in Belgorod existed until 1917. Followed 1913 events - the beginning of the First World War, the October Revolution - slowed down for a long time the further development of public services not only in Belgorod, but throughout Russia.

TO 1917 800 cities of the country had 200 water pipes, 23 sewers, 35 tram enterprises, 600 baths and only 13 laundries. Only in 1927 the level of development of public utilities in Russia has risen to 1913.

Vitaly Sochkan

He left behind a great literary legacy. All his works are wonderful and we read them with pleasure. Recently, in literature, we met with. It consists of fourteen parts. Today we will analyze the third chapter of Pushkin's famous work The Captain's Daughter. This chapter is called Fortress. What is the Belogorsk fortress in the work of Pushkin and what orders were established there?

What was the Belogorsk fortress and the order established in it?

Let's turn to the text. When the protagonist arrived at the Belogorsk Fortress, he did not see impregnable and formidable bastions there, and there was no strict boss there either. Grinev did not see the fortress or a brave army with weapons in their hands, just as he did not find cannons that would be placed on the walls. What appeared before his eyes?

Arriving at the place, Grinev sees the village. She was lost in the steppe and was surrounded by a fence made of logs. Many of them were already rotten, but this did not bother the local inhabitants. All because in this place hostilities very rarely took place, and the rare unrest of the gangs of the Kirghiz did not carry danger. The village had an unsightly appearance, with its crooked streets, low thatched houses. The commandant met Grinev, who could easily go to the exercises not in the uniform of the chief, but in an ordinary dressing gown. The army was represented by disabled soldiers, those who had long since left military age. A completely undefended fortress, on whose territory there was only one old cannon.

But, despite the strange reality, Grinev liked the inhabitants. He met wonderful people, was able to see the beauty of their lives. Someone might have wished for another society in the fortress, but the young man wrote in his notes that he did not need another society. The guy likes sincere conversations with people. All orders on the territory of the fortress are built in a home-style. It is not difficult to explain such a family nature of relations that has been established between people living in the fortress. The commandant's wife is in charge there, the military themselves are former peasants, and the absence of a military threat dictates a homely mood.

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

Reading the Fortress chapter, only good impressions remain about almost every hero. Here is the commandant Kuzmich, an experienced soldier who, in his old age, already wants peace. We also get to know his wife, who manages everything in the fortress. Her name is Vasilisa Egorovna. She is a clever, curious and even lively woman who skillfully managed the household. She was a pious, domineering person. Lives in the old style.

Masha is Kuzmich's daughter, a sweet girl, a little shy. Although she was not very smart, she was an honest and decent girl. Our hero falls in love with her.
In the third part, we also meet Shvabrin. Here it causes negative emotions, especially when you read Pushkin's work further. Shvabrin was a dishonest officer who could easily backstab. This is a person who can even slander, just to achieve his goals.

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Summary of the fifth chapter of the work "The Captain's Daughter" Summary - Analysis of the fourth chapter of the work "The Captain's Daughter" Summary - Analysis of the second chapter of the work "The Captain's Daughter"

The Belogorsk fortress was a village lost in the steppe, surrounded by a tyn that had rotted in many places. The majority of the population consisted of disabled soldiers (a disabled person, that is, who had left military age, but remained in the ranks of the army) teams that made up a garrison of one hundred and thirty people, and Cossacks. Orders in the fortress were the most domestic - everything was run by Vasilisa Yegorovna, the wife of the captain. To a large extent, this was due to the fact that both the soldiers and their commanders, except for Shvabrin, were themselves peasants, lived on subsistence farming, and there had never been a military threat as such. Peaceful uncomplicated life dictated its own rules of existence. Minor unrest of a few gangs of Bashkirs and Kirghiz were relatively harmless, and they had not been for many years. Most of the soldiers had already grown old in the service in Belogorskaya, their commander and his wife had lived there for twenty years.
Ivan Kuzmich was an old campaigner, stupid, but honest and kind. He became an officer from the children of soldiers and deep down he continued to be a soldier. His nobility (and only a nobleman could be an officer) was deprived of even that minimal aristocracy that Grinev's parents possessed. He sometimes recalled the service and tried to “teach” the soldiers, trying to explain to them where the right and where the left leg was, but his wife constantly pulled him up and, from the point of view of everyday life, was, as a rule, completely right.
Vasilisa Yegorovna was not a stupid woman, talkative and curious, like any brisk village woman who was forced to manage a large household, and she considered the whole fortress to be her household. She adored the news and everything that added variety to a boring life, tried to keep everything in her hands, which she succeeded in doing, since she was the commandant's wife. Of course, her horizons were minimal, and the fact that Grinev's father owned three hundred serfs made a deep impression on her, while it was a very small number of serf souls in Catherine's time.
Marya Ivanovna, their daughter, was a quiet, silent woman, easily embarrassed, but very sincere and sincere. She was a marriageable girl, but in such a wilderness it was not at all easy to meet an interesting person. Masha possessed great cordial sensitivity and intuitively could feel the qualities of a person, so she shunned Shvabrin.
Aleksey Ivanovich Shvabrin at first gave the impression of a witty and uninhibited person who knew the value of local secrets and good-naturedly teased them. Later it turns out that this impression is deceptive, and Shvabrin harbors a deep wound in his soul.
On the one hand, the soldier's song put in the epigraph sets the reader in a certain brave mood and tells what the chapter should be about, on the other hand, it is a kind of humor of the author. Indeed, the wooden fence around the village can hardly be called a "fortress". in the song it is sung about a cannon, and it seems that it is just about the cannon from the story, because it was the only noise. The quote from Fonvizin's "Undergrowth" orients just such a perception. It is the “old people” who turn out to be the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress cut off from the world.

You need to answer like this:
The Belgorod fortress is a village surrounded by logs.
chat fence. Everything had a rather unsightly appearance: the streets
cramped and crooked, the huts are low. The people in the fortress are accustomed to
that active hostilities are not taking place here, the service
goes quietly. Captain Mironov and Vasilisa Egorovna, his
wife, have been living here for many years. Vasilisa Egorovna accepts
there is no participation in all the affairs of her husband, the situation in the fortress is almost
domestic. This made a depressing impression on Grinev.
How to explain such a "family" nature of relations between
do people in the fortress?
This was due to the morals of the commandant of the fortress and his wife.
These are people of the old way, they treated their subordinates without
ceremonies, and most of the soldiers were local residents
mi. This was also determined by the fact that strict discipline is not required.
It was scary, because the small unrest of the Bashkirs was not dangerous.
Tell us about its inhabitants.
Ivan Kuzmich, commandant of the fortress, and his wife, Vasilisa
Egorovna, show an example of the old patriarchal
yes life. They live soul to soul, Vasilisa Egorovna in everything
supports her husband, comments (not without irony) on his
actions and advice. From her remarks, we learn that the captain
“does not know sense” in the service, respectively, cannot do anything
teach subordinates. Vasilisa Egorovna Shvabrin is called
sounds like a "beautiful lady".
We learn about Shvabrin that he has been in the fortress for the fifth year,
ditsya here as punishment for a duel that ended in death.
Shvabrin tries to make friends with Grinev, he succeeds
do. In this chapter, he is characterized as witty, lively
unhappy person.
Marya Ivanovna is the daughter of Captain Mironov. She is cute-
an eighteen-year-old girl. It is not yet clear why
Shvabrin, in a conversation with Grinev, described her as du-
rochka. But the reader understands that she is sensitive (not trans-
wears firing cannons), brought up in the old traditions, not-
rich (the Mironovs are poor, but regret it only because
that it might prevent their daughter from getting married).
What is the meaning of the soldier's song, which is the epigraph
to chapter III?
Recall that the epigraph is one of the means of expression
author's position. It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personal
A.S. Pushkin, since the narration is conducted on behalf of
Main character. The author ironically uses the following epigraph:
The Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and
your enemies” have not yet been here. This brave song does not match
corresponds to what is really here.
The second quote from Fovizin's "Undergrowth" also sets up
reader in an ironic way: "strange people" in the sense that
that are very far from the world, not developed properly,
mu that are far from the center of Russia, from large cities

What was the Belgorod fortress, the orders established in it? The Belgorod fortress is a village surrounded by a log fence. Everything had a rather unattractive appearance: the streets were cramped and crooked, the huts were low. People in the fortress are accustomed to the fact that active hostilities do not take place here, the service goes on calmly.

Captain Mironov and Vasilisa Yegorovna, his wife, have been living here for many years. Vasilisa Egorovna takes part in all the affairs of her husband, the situation in the fortress is almost homely. It produced on Grinev

A depressing impression. How to explain such a “family” nature of relations between people in the fortress?

This was due to the morals of the commandant of the fortress and his wife. These are people of the old way, they treated their subordinates without ceremony, and most of the soldiers were local residents. This was also determined by the fact that strict discipline was not required, since minor unrest of the Bashkirs was not dangerous. Tell us about its inhabitants.

Ivan Kuzmich, the commandant of the fortress, and his wife, Vasilisa Yegorovna, show an example of the old patriarchal way of life. They live in perfect harmony, Vasilisa Egorovna supports her husband in everything, comments (not without a share of irony) on his actions, and gives advice. From her remarks, we learn that the captain "does not know sense" in the service, respectively, cannot teach his subordinates anything. Vasilisa Yegorovna Shvabrin calls "a beautiful lady."

We learn about Shvabrin that he has been in the fortress for the fifth year, is here as a punishment for a duel that ended in death. Shvabrin tries to make friends with Grinev, he manages to do this. In this chapter, he is characterized as a witty, cheerful person.

Marya Ivanovna is the daughter of Captain Mironov. She is a pretty eighteen year old girl. It is not yet clear why Shvabrin, in a conversation with Grinev, described her as a fool.

But the reader understands that she is sensitive (does not tolerate firing from cannons), brought up in the old traditions, not rich (the Mironovs are poor, but regret it only because it may prevent their daughter from getting married). What is the meaning of the soldier's song, which is the epigraph to Chapter III? Recall that the epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author's position.

It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A. S. Pushkin, since the narration is conducted on behalf of the main character. The author ironically uses the following epigraph: the Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and “fierce enemies” have not yet been here. This brave song does not correspond to what is actually here.

The second quote from Fovizin's "Undergrowth" also sets the reader in an ironic mood: "strange people" in the sense that they are very far from the world, not developed properly, because they are far from the center of Russia, from large cities. What are your impressions of each of the characters? The characters are underrepresented.

We have just started reading. But impressions about each of them have already developed. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov is no longer a young commandant of the fortress, he does not keep a strict order, since, apparently, he considers it optional. He listens to his wife.

Vasilisa Egorovna is a very skillful housekeeper, she knows how to clearly and correctly organize life so that everyone feels at home. Interested in the fate of other people. Marya Ivanovna is a modest, sweet girl who obeys her parents in everything, brought up in a patriarchal family, perceives her way of life as natural.

Shvabrin evoked an ambivalent feeling. On the one hand, this is a cheerful, witty person. On the other hand, Grinev's remark that Shvabrin presented Masha as a complete fool is alarming.

It can be assumed that Shvabrin has dark feelings and thoughts.

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20. Alexei Ivanovich Shvabrin and Pyotr Grinev are such similar and different characters in the novel The Captain's Daughter by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. These heroes - nobles and officers - ended up in this Siberian village - a fortress not of their own free will, but Shvabrin - for the crime he committed, and Grinev - at the behest of his father. When the enemies captured this fortress, [...] ...
21. Female images In the novel by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" there are not so many female images, because the action took place in a difficult time for the country. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century there was a period of Russian rebellion, also known as the Pugachev uprising. Of course, there were more men involved. However, those few heroines that the author described left an indelible impression. This […]...
22. The Pugachev rebellion swept across the country in many cultural and political centers. The Belogorsk fortress was far from such cities, but a wave of rebellion reached it. There was a small number of soldiers in the fortress who accepted the battle and lost. The leader of the rebellion, the impostor Yemelyan Pugachev, perpetrates reprisals against unarmed people, justifying himself with loud words about justice and aspirations [...] ...
23. As a truly folk poet, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin could not help but be excited by the history of popular uprisings. The poet studied documents related to the history of the Pugachev rebellion in the secret state archives. In 1934, he completed work on the documentary The History of the Pugachev Rebellion, and two years later, on the story The Captain's Daughter. On the first pages of the story, we meet a young officer, [...] ...
24. My favorite hero Usually, valiant, brave knights capable of real feats become my favorite heroes, but in the case of A. S. Pushkin's story “The Captain's Daughter”, I chose a girl, Maria Mironova, as my favorite character. In fact, the author named his work after her. Masha was the daughter of the commandant (captain) of the Belogorsk fortress and possessed […]
25. Love is a multifaceted feeling that inspires, makes a person more talented. When falling in love, people take on various challenges, and each person copes with them differently. In the novel by A. S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”, the love line was introduced not by chance, because it helps to reveal the images of the characters even more vividly, to better penetrate the meaning of the work. The first thing to look at is [...]
26. What qualities love reveals in a person As often happens, against the backdrop of historical events, couples in love develop relationships. At the same time, they perceive what is happening around them less painfully, since love gives them strength, hope and faith in a better future. The story of A.S. […]...
27. In the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" two heroes are described: Shvabrin and Grinev. By origin, both nobles, both end up in the Belogorsk fortress, both are related to Pugachev. At first glance, they seem to be similar. But it's not. Grinev was brought up at home. From the age of five, he was placed in the care of the aspirant Savelich, who taught him [...] ...
28. The story of A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" tells about the historical events of the 70s of the XVIII century. Then the Pugachev uprising swept the eastern outskirts of Russia, and this event changes the calm and peaceful life of the heroes of the story. Of course, the plot and characters of the story are fictitious. Real historical characters are only Emelyan Pugachev, some of his entourage and Empress Catherine II. But for Pushkin […]
29. Analysis of the work The genre of the work is a historical story written in the form of memoirs. Contains 14 chapters, each of which has a title and an epigraph. The basis of the historical events described in the story is the uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev of 1773-1775. Composition. The plot tells about the childhood and adolescence of Petrusha Grinev, about life in the parental family. The culmination of the story is the capture by the rebels [...] ...
30. A. S. Pushkin's novel "The Captain's Daughter" is based on real historical events. This is the Pugachev uprising, against which the events of the personal life of fictional characters develop - Grinev, Shvabrin, Masha Mironova. Grinev, an officer of the Belogorsk fortress lost in the steppe, learns about the impending uprising from a letter received by the commandant in early October 1773. The general demands that measures be taken to repel the attack [...] ...
31. Parents' House The story "The Captain's Daughter" was based on real events that took place in the country during the life and work of A. S. Pushkin. Many call this work a historical novel, since it can be used to study the facts of the peasant war of the late 18th century. The author introduces us to a well-known historical character - Emelyan Pugachev, Empress Catherine II, and [...] ...
32. Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age. “Take care of honor from a young age” - this moral testament is the leitmotif of A.S. Pushkin's novel “The Captain's Daughter”. It is through the attitude to this covenant that the characters of the two heroes of the work, Pyotr Grinev and Alexei Shvabrin, are revealed. It would seem that Grinev and Shvabrin are very similar. Both of them are nobles, both are young and received approximately the same upbringing. […]...
33. In many works of A. S. Pushkin, female images play a major role. Masha Troekurova, Tatyana Larina, Masha Mironova have a lot in common. These characters embody the best features of Russian women: the ability to love deeply and strongly, a sense of duty, selflessness. Masha Mironova is the main character of the novel, as can be seen from its title. She is the daughter of poor people, kind and honest. By […]...
34. The story "The Captain's Daughter" is the last great work of A. S. Pushkin, reflecting his gift as a prose writer. This story is not only about such a significant event as the history of the Pugachev rebellion that shook Russia. It is also a love story, surprisingly bright. The title of the story, “The Captain's Daughter”, is already noteworthy, warning the reader that there is a lot of attention in this book [...] ...
35. Masha Mironova is an open, honest, sincere, affectionate and loving person. At first, Masha seemed to be stiff, shy, even Vasilisa Yegorova said that she was a coward, because she was afraid of a cannon shot. Maria was eighteen years old, chubby, ruddy, with light blond hair, combed smoothly behind her ears. She refused Shvabrin, and he called her a fool and a corrupt girl. Maria Mironovna was […]
36. Pyotr Grinev is the main character of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". I believe that his fate and character were influenced not only by unusual and often terrible events, of which he was a direct witness and participant, but also by his parents. Petrusha's mother was of a noble family, her father was a retired prime minister. These are decent and noble people, devoted [...] ...
37. The image of Pugachev is the most complex and interesting image of the story. During the time described by A. S. Pushkin in The Captain's Daughter, the situation in Rus' was very difficult. In the 1760s - 1770s. a powerful wave of speeches by peasants, Cossacks, and working people swept across the country. This was due to the strengthening of serfdom. Empress Catherine II was especially concerned about the performances of the Cossacks. With […]...
38. While working on The History of the Pugachev Rebellion (1834), Pushkin carefully studied the testimonies of eyewitnesses, he was very interested in the appearance of Pugachev, about whom many memories have been preserved. During the publication of the book, an engraving was ordered from the portrait of Pugachev, which was kept in the estate of Prince Vyazemsky near Moscow. Those to whom Pushkin gave the book personally received an engraved portrait enclosed in it. With the first description of the appearance [...] ...
39. The novel is based on the memoirs of the fifty-year-old nobleman Pyotr Andreyevich Grinev, written by him during the reign of Emperor Alexander and dedicated to the “Pugachevshchina”, in which the seventeen-year-old officer Pyotr Grinev, due to a “strange chain of circumstances”, took an involuntary part. Pyotr Andreevich recalls with slight irony his childhood, the childhood of a noble undergrowth. His father, Andrey Petrovich Grinev, in his youth “served under Count Munnich […]...