What is fine art definition for kids. Types of fine arts, their characteristics

MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION D / S O / V No. 13

Consultation on the topic

"Art. The main types of art. Genres of painting».

Performed:

Selezneva N.E.,

teacher of the II junior group

Slavyansk-on-Kuban

The art world is rich and complex. We look at picturesque canvases, look at statues in museums, listen to music, read literature, marvel at the beauty of old buildings, watch theatrical performances of artists, watch movies. And these seemingly different phenomena are called in one word - art.

Art (from the Old Slavonic word iskocity ) is a work of art in general. When they talk about art forms, they mean various works that can be combined according to some common feature. The main types of art are: architecture, painting, graphics, applied arts, literature, music, cinema, dance, photography, theater, etc.

The main types of fine arts are:

• Painting (work done in color, paints, on the plane)
• Graphics (work done with lines, strokes, on a plane without paints)
• Sculpture (work made in volume by carving, modeling, casting)
• Architecture (the art of creating buildings, structures, a complex of structures)
• Arts and crafts (the art of decorating)

Until the 19th century, the three main types were considered:

• Architecture (architecture)
• Sculpture (carving)
• Painting (to write lively)

Then came another kind of art

• Graphics (drawing)

Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - I cut out, carve), sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional, three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.

Painting , a type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints applied to any surface.

Architecture (lat. architectura, from the Greek architéktôn - builder) (architecture), the art of designing and building buildings and other structures (as well as their complexes) that create a materially organized environment.

Graphic arts (Greek graphikë, from gráphô - I write), a type of fine art, including drawing and printed artistic images (engraving, lithography, monotype, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive possibilities ...

Arts and Crafts, the field of decorative art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, clothing, jewelry, toys, etc.).

Fine art genres.

Genre - a type of artistic work, characterized by certain themes.

Fine art genres include:

• Landscape is an image of nature. Happens:

• Nautical
• Rustic
• Architectural
• Urban
• By the seasons

• Still life - the image of objects: flowers, game, utensils(slide)
• Portrait - an image of a person(slide)
• Animalistic - the image of animals(slide)
• Household - an image of people's lives(slide)
• Battle - the image of hostilities(slide)
• Fairy-epic - the image of fairy-tale heroes(slide)
• Historical - depiction of historical events(slide)

Genres are historically transient. So, for example, in ancient Russian painting, which was entirely aimed at Christian mythology, there were genres of their own: images, lives of saints, holidays, and some others. Beginning with the secular culture of the Renaissance, genres were formed in European painting, where the artist's gaze is directed at reality: historical genre, portrait, everyday genre, landscape, still life.
Thematic picture- very broad concept. This category includes the events of the past and the most topical phenomena of our life, an everyday scene and a generalized philosophical view of people and nature. Sometimes these items are whimsically combined in one picture.
The range of tasks that the artist sets himself in a thematic picture is varied. He may seek to show life as it is, revealing the social roots of typical social phenomena. He can embody the fundamental social ideas and ideals in the picture. His gaze can be directed to the past and discover in it the features of the present; in the modern to try to predict the sprouts of the future.
Portrait can also be very different in their tasks. In some cases, when a portrait is intended to perpetuate the appearance of prominent people, its defining qualities are the accuracy of the transfer of appearance and external restraint, representativeness. In others, the artist's attention is directed to the stable character traits of the model, to the correlation in the character of individual and typical qualities for many people - these works are called social or psychological portraits.
Scenery - a genre that has long been considered minor. The main landscape problems are: how to convey sunlight, shadows, reflections on foliage and bodies, refraction of light in a fast stream of a stream, how to naturally place people's figures among nature.
A distinction should be made between a landscape study and a landscape painting. An etude, which is written directly from nature, usually quickly, in one or several sessions, does not pretend to create a complete image of nature. The charm of the sketch is in the swiftness, in the accuracy of individual cursory observations, in the truthful transfer of the momentary state of the landscape, in the emotionality of the painting.
A landscape painting is more often created in a workshop, as are works of other genres. This is a finished, carefully and thoughtfully executed work (carefulness should not be confused with the detail of the drawing), expressing general ideas about nature.
Should be considered as a separate genremarina, seascape. It has a number of features associated with the image of the sea.
A special genre of painting, called still life (dead nature), consists of paintings depicting objects that surround us.
Still life sometimes referred to as a creative laboratory. In this "laboratory", artists can focus on the depiction of objects through the art form itself, not complicated by plot and other tasks. In some cases, the artist is primarily concerned with the transfer of material, the texture of objects, in others - with the plasticity of forms.
The main function of genres- organizing content. So, considering the thematic picture, we do not seek to understand the nature of each of the characters in itself, first of all, attention is directed to the interaction of characters; in a portrait, on the contrary, it is not the interaction that is essential, but the character itself.
The genre with its historically established style, certain thematic tasks directs perception in the right direction. It is important for us that the genre affiliation largely explains the specifics of the pictorial tasks proper, the originality of the pictorial form of the work.

ART- a specific type of artistic creativity, the creation of visually perceptible fixed man-made art forms; a generic concept that combines various types of painting, graphics and sculpture.

Since its inception in the Upper Paleolithic about 30 thousand years ago, fine art has repeatedly undergone profound structural changes. The beginning of the pre-literate period - the longest cycle in the history of fine arts - is marked by the emergence of iconic, schematic and mimetic (naturalistic) pictorial and sculptural images - pre-literate art forms.

Structural changes in the classical period of fine arts are associated with a new situation: writing takes on the functions of an image, becoming the most capacious carrier of information. At the same time, the personification of power (Ancient Egypt) stimulates the development of the portrait; the changing picture of the world at an early stage also needs naturalistic forms.

The classical history of art, starting with the civilization of the Ancient World, ends in the late 19th - early 20th century with the collapse of the classical pictorial system, the emergence of avant-garde movements, such as Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, etc. This structural shift is preceded by the invention of new technical methods for obtaining a fixed image. (It should be noted that the discovery of photography belongs to the artist and takes place in the middle of the 19th century, when naturalistic tendencies dominate in European art). From the second half of the 19th century technology takes over the function of direct reproduction of reality.

The collapse of the classical pictorial system gives rise to various marginal, speculative playful, heuristic forms of artistic activity that make up the difference between the postclassical period.

Necessarily creates it for someone, assuming that it will be read, listened to, taken away and appreciated. Art is dialogical, it is always the interaction of at least two - the creator and the viewer. Capturing in artistic images the topics that concern him, raising subtle feelings and impressions about something from the depths of his soul, the artist offers his work topics for reflection, empathy or debate, and the role of the viewer is to understand, accept, comprehend them. That is why the perception of a work of art is a serious work associated with both mental and spiritual activity, sometimes requiring special training and special aesthetic, cultural and historical knowledge, then the work opens up, its scope expands, demonstrating the depth of the artist's personality and worldview.

Fine arts

Image art is the most ancient form of human creative activity, accompanying it for thousands of years. Even in the prehistoric era, he painted figures of animals, endowing them with magical powers.

The main types of fine arts are painting, graphics and sculpture. In their work, artists use various materials and techniques, creating artistic images of the world around them in a very special way. Painting uses for this all the richness of colors and shades, graphics - only the play of shadows and strict graphic lines, sculpture creates three-dimensional tangible images. Painting and sculpture, in turn, are divided into easel and monumental. Easel works are created on special benches or easels for chamber display at exhibitions or in the halls of museums, while monumental works of painting and sculpture adorn the facades or walls of buildings and city squares.

The types of fine arts are also decorative and applied arts, which often act as a synthesis of painting, graphics and sculpture. The art of decorating household items is sometimes distinguished by such invention and originality that it loses its utilitarian function. Household items created by talented artists take pride of place at exhibitions and in the halls of museums.

Painting

Painting still occupies one of the priority places in artistic creativity. This is an art that can do a lot. With the help of a brush and paints, it is able to convey most fully all the beauty and diversity of the visible world. Each image created by the artist is not only a reflection of external reality, it contains deep inner content, feelings, emotions of the creator, his thoughts and experiences.

Color and light are the two main expressions in painting, but there are many techniques for doing the work. oil gouache, pastel, tempera. Painting techniques also include mosaic and stained glass art.

Graphic arts

Graphics is a type of fine art, which, in comparison with painting, does not seek to convey the entire colorful fullness of the surrounding world, its language is more conditional, symbolic. A graphic image is a drawing created by a combination of lines, spots and strokes, predominantly of one black color, sometimes with limited use of one or more additional colors - most often red.

KINDS OF ART- various forms of aesthetic human activity, artistic and figurative thinking. There are fine arts (painting, sculpture, graphics) and non-pictorial (architecture, applied arts) . In turn, fine and non-fine arts are conditionally divided into genera, although it is difficult to draw a clear line between them: easel, monumental, decorative. Non-fine arts are more clearly divided in accordance with the material (wooden architecture, ceramics), technique (frame architecture, carving), purpose (public buildings, utensils). In the general system, arts are conditionally combined into genera: types of art that are based on the plasticity of the human body (pantomime, ballet, acrobatics), plastic, or spatial (architecture, sculpture, painting), temporal (poetry, music), temporal-spatial ( drama and musical theater, cinema), synthetic (video art, design).

2. Painting as a kind of art.

PAINTING- a type of visual (perceived by sight), static (not changing in time), spatial art that does not have (unlike architecture and applied art) direct practical application. At the same time, painting differs from sculpture in its planar (not voluminous) character, but from graphics - the primary role that color plays in painting . At the same time, the formal differences between painting and sculpture and graphics cannot be absolutized, since painting acquires a certain volume due to the texture, pasty paint layer and collage technique. : it can be monophonic, monochrome, and can also be closely associated with a building or an object, often performs various (although not actually utilitarian) functions, both religious (in different religious systems) and secular.

The main varieties of painting - easel and monumental - are associated with the material basis (bearing plane) on which the painting is applied. In an easel painting, such a basis is sufficiently strong and dense material (canvas stretched over a stretcher, a wooden board , a sheet of cardboard, metal, etc., usually coated with a special primer ), allows you to freely move works: hang them on the walls, exhibit them at exhibitions, form museum and private collections. As a rule, easel paintings are intended for display and perception in interiors. An important attribute of the picture is the frame. , giving completeness to the picturesque image and allowing, during perception, to clearly delimit the picturesque illusory space from the real environment of the picture - the space of the interior. The “carrier” of monumental painting is a fixed architectural base (wall, vault, building support) or a special structure. Monumental painting can be intended for interiors, facades, open urban space, and the external environment. Related to this is the need to choose more durable (than for easel) materials for monumental painting and to develop a technology that excludes fading in the light, erosion by atmospheric precipitation and other changes in painting in the external environment (stone, ceramic or smalt).

mosaic, stained glass) from colored glass, fresco and other types of painting). The work of monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (wall, load-bearing structure); an important task of the artist here is to achieve a synthesis of arts - harmonious unity, logical connection, stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture. The object can also be the basis of painting; in this case, as a rule, the decorative beginning prevails in it. Special types of painting - icon painting, miniature, decorative painting, diorama, panorama .

Painting has a wide range of expressive means, among which the most important are composition, drawing and color (color) . Painting can use both shades of one color tone, and a system of interconnected tones (colorful gamut ), unchangeable local color or color gradations (halftones, transitions, shades), showing differences in the illumination of objects, in their position in space and environment; reflexes reveal the interaction of differently colored objects; the unity of the pictorial tone allows you to combine objects with the environment, valery show the subtlest shades that arise from the interaction of objects and environment. Reproduction of natural sunlight and air (plein air) is based on the direct study of nature. . The expressiveness of painting is also achieved by the nature of the stroke, the processing of the colorful surface (texture) . The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with linear and aerial perspective. , cut-off modeling , using the constructive qualities of the pattern and the spatial properties of warm and cold colors. Painting can be single-layer (alla prima) and multi-layer, having transparent and translucent layers (underpainting and glazing) .

The main technical varieties of painting: oil painting (paints on vegetable oil as a binder), tempera (paints on natural and artificial emulsions), glue painting , wax painting (including encaustic ), painting with water-based paints on plaster, wet (fresco) and dry (secco) ), enamel, painting with ceramic, silicate, synthetic paints, mosaic, stained glass; watercolor, gouache, pastel, ink are used to perform both pictorial and graphic works.

Traditionally, the main tools of painting are brushes of various widths and softness, but a palette knife and special devices for spraying liquid paint (airbrushes) and for transferring images to canvas by photochemical method are also used.