What is the culture of human behavior. Personal behavior culture - abstract

CULTURE OF BEHAVIOR

a set of formed, socially significant qualities of a person, everyday actions of a person in society, based on the norms of morality, ethics, aesthetic. culture.

On the one hand, K. p. expresses morals. the requirements of society, enshrined in the norms, principles and ideals, on the other hand, the provisions that guide, regulate and control the actions and actions of students. In K. the item is shown unity external. factors that regulate both behavior, and internal - individual capabilities of the individual. Assimilated by a person, the rules of K. p. turn into a valuable quality of a person - upbringing. Good breeding, good manners, observance of etiquette have always been valued in society, because they reflected a rich inner. the world of man. In life, the unity of the outside. and int. culture is not always maintained. For external gloss and fine manners can hide indifference, and decent and kind people sometimes create inconvenience to others by not always knowing how to behave in society.

Ext. attractiveness in the life of a child, a teenager plays a very important role. Often, his behavior and even his position in the team depend on the assessment of his appearance by others, by the child himself. The education of a culture of appearance begins with the formation of habits of cleanliness, with the observance of the rules of personal hygiene. Indicators of upbringing K. p. are gestures, facial expressions, gait,. The ability to dress elegantly, choose your own style and not blindly imitate fashion is also developed from a very early age and is necessary for both girls and boys. It largely depends on adults how the child's external appearance will be formed. human beauty. In the absence of the correct ped. leadership, under the influence of not very cultured people, vulgar aesthetics can develop. representation. Mass media are of great importance in educating the tastes of children and youth.

An important task is the education of aesthetic. attitudes towards objects and phenomena of everyday life, including the rational organization of one's home, the correct behavior during meals and in other everyday situations. In everyday communication, children learn the rules of good manners, imitating the behavior of adults, Art. comrades.

The child's personal experience of communicating with other people is not great enough, the formation of conscious skills and habits is of decisive importance. classes, this process is relatively easy, because uch. and educate. activities are carried out by one, under the control of which children are throughout the day. Game forms are widely used. Adolescents are emotional, touchy, get tired quickly, their willpower is not sufficiently developed, which, under adverse conditions, can lead to incontinence, imbalance, and unmotivated actions.

Adolescents are characterized by a desire for self-assertion in a team, i.e. a teenager is internally ready to accept the rules, the implementation of which will allow him to take a worthy place among his peers, but he is not always able to do this. Admonitions, reproaches, remarks are ineffective means of educating K. p., causing hidden, and sometimes even obvious resistance to education. The task of educators is to change the skeptic. attitude to the rules of courtesy, good manners, show morals. essence and attract. sides K. p.

High school students already have the experience of correct morals. relations, when the content of the act corresponds to external. the form of its implementation. They have a more developed need for self-education, which contributes to the formation of K. p.

The behavioral style of a teenager, a young man in Means. least formed under the influence of societies. opinions, so it is important to get into the realm of societies. evaluations included the C.P. Therefore, the upbringing of K. p. in children, first of all, requires an increase in responsibility for the implementation of norms of behavior by all members of society. Of great importance are national features of the capitalist style that have developed as a result of morals. development pl. generations and are an indispensable attribute of universal culture.

Lit .: Aesthetics of behavior, M., 1964; Bogdanova O. S. Petrova V. I., Education of the culture of behavior of students 1 - 3 cells, M., 1978, Dorokhov A. A., It is worth remembering, M., 1980; Education is conscious. discipline and culture of behavior of schoolchildren, ed. Edited by I. S. Mar'enko. Moscow, 1982. Volchenko L. B., Culture of behavior, etiquette, M., 1982; G P and b about in a L. A., On the culture of behavior. K., 1983; Kozlov A. A., Lisovsky A. V., A young man: the formation of a lifestyle, M., 1986; Busheleva B.V., Let's talk about good manners. Book for students. M., O. S. Bogdanova.

Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. - M: "Great Russian Encyclopedia". Ed. V. G. Panova. 1993 .

See what "CULTURE OF BEHAVIOR" is in other dictionaries:

Culture of behavior- a high degree of compliance of everyday actions and actions of a person with the norms of morality, ethics, aesthetics. The culture of behavior is achieved through the formation of socially significant moral qualities of the individual, conscious acceptance ... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture (encyclopedic dictionary of a teacher)

culture of behavior- elgesio kultūra statusas T sritis švietimas apibrėžtis Objektyvių santykių su aplinka sutikimas su higienos, etiketo, estetikos ir moralės reikalavimais. Paprasčiausios vidinės elgesio kultūros apraiškos, pvz.: švara, etiketo taisyklių laikymasis … Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas

culture of behavior- elgesio kultūra statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Higienos, etiketo, estetikos ir moralės reikalavimų laikymasis. Paprasčiausios vidinės elgesio kultūros apraiškos: švarumas, etiketo taisyklių paisymas, pakantumas, mandagumas,… … Sporto terminų žodynas

CULTURE OF BEHAVIOR- a set of forms of everyday human behavior (at work, in everyday life, in communication with other people), in which the moral and aesthetic norms of this behavior find external expression. If moral norms determine the content of actions, prescribe ... Ethics Dictionary

Culture of behavior- a set of formed, socially significant qualities of a person, everyday actions of a person in society, based on the norms of morality, ethics, aesthetic culture. K.p. expresses, on the one hand, moral requirements ... ...

CULTURE OF BEHAVIOR- characterization of behavior according to the criterion and measure of compliance with moral and ethical principles, social norms, rules of etiquette ... Professional education. Dictionary

Culture of behavior- compliance with the basic requirements and rules of human society, the ability to find the right tone in communicating with others ... Pedagogical Dictionary

culture- (from Latin cultura cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) a historically determined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in their ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

CULTURE- (lat. cultura cultivation, education, veneration) the universe of artificial objects (ideal and material objects; objectified actions and relationships), created by mankind in the process of mastering nature and having structural, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

culture- CULTURE (from Latin culture cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) is a system of historically developing supra-biological programs of human life (activity, behavior and communication) that provide ... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

Attitude towards a person largely depends on his behavior among others. It is no coincidence that the vast majority have a negative attitude towards boors, or arrogant personalities. Cultural people, on the contrary, are desirable in any society.

There are generally accepted norms of decency and rules of conduct, the observance of which is the key to successful communication. All these norms and rules can be combined under one term - the culture of human behavior.

Culture of behavior and personality

The concept of cultural behavior and ethics has existed for many centuries, and in our time has not lost its relevance. This concept includes the rules of behavior in society, the actions and forms of communication of people, which are based on morality, as well as the internal and external culture of a person. The norms of behavior are the determining factor in the correctness or incorrectness of a person's actions in society. First of all, the main factor of cultural behavior is upbringing, i.e. a person's willingness to comply with the norms of behavior, his goodwill and tact in relation to others. Ethics and culture of behavior is a kind of standard, a system of rules accepted in society. Etiquette is designed to serve people for everyday communication, being a set of polite intonations of colloquial speech.

The culture of communication and behavior is an ambiguous concept. Etiquette can always be realized in communication, but not all communication can be recognized as etiquette. Communication is much more than etiquette. In any cultural communication, partners can differ in gender, age, nationality, social status, as well as the degree of acquaintance and kinship. The culture of behavior is built according to these criteria. For example, the younger is obliged to listen to the elder, and not to interrupt him, and a man in the presence of a woman does not have the right to be rude. To some extent, ethics is a system of cultural containment to ensure a positive way of communication between unequal partners. The culture of behavior is almost always designed for two addressees - a partner and an audience. Thus, its rules and norms are distributed in two directions at once.

Rules of the culture of behavior

Rules and norms of cultural behavior begin long before two people have the opportunity to get to know each other. In most cases, people entering into communication remain unfamiliar with each other. But this does not prevent them from being polite and tactful.

The basic rules and norms of a culture of behavior are brought up in a person from childhood. However, if for some reason you have not been instilled with them, or you have forgotten some of them, follow the simplified and basic version of how to become a cultured person:

These simple rules will not only facilitate relationships with people, but also help you become a cultured person in the face of others, which is a rarity today.

The culture of human behavior in society is influenced by a number of factors that determine the relationship between people in different spheres of life. This is a peculiar form of behavior in everyday life, in communication, in the labor process.

Peculiarities

The influence of external and internal influences affects the culture of behavior in society. On the one hand, there are such requirements of moral rules that are enshrined in certain principles and norms. On the other hand, a person is influenced by his personal qualities associated with individual development. A culture of behavior is the end result of the process of becoming a person.

Gradually, with age, moral qualities are formed in a person, education is laid.

The peculiarity of the concept lies in the relationship of three components of culture:

• communication is fixed on a humane relationship with each other. The norms of communication are politeness, respect, following the generally accepted forms of greeting, gratitude;
• the external component affects emotional condition. It is important to begin the formation of an external culture with instilling a love for cleanliness, observing the rules of personal hygiene;
• household part is meeting the needs. They start from eating and end with aesthetic requirements.

The culture of behavior is dependent on the rules of etiquette established by society. Etiquette is manifested not only in words, but also in gestures. All actions express attitude towards other people. This phenomenon appeared quite a long time ago, is often mentioned in history. Etiquette is subject to change under the influence of time and living conditions.

Morality and Morality

At first glance, it may seem that these are two identical concepts, but there is a difference between them:

1. Morality is a set of values ​​and norms that governs relationships.
2. Morality is the fulfillment of one's own internal principles.

These two categories have long been the subject of study by philosophers. Both concepts belong to the same science - ethics. Philosophical approaches to the difference in meaning show that in reality the two categories have different meanings and tasks. The essence of morality lies in the fact that it allows or condemns certain actions that directly depend on society. Each group allocated by society has its own morality.

Any act is evaluated from the side of the norms of behavior established by a specific morality, which, nevertheless, is capable of changing in the process of life under the influence of various factors. Moral values ​​have an impact on the observance of the rules of etiquette, on the cultural development of a person.

Morality cannot change and is absolute. It can be expressed in love for the family, condemnation of discrimination in various manifestations.

Based on the opinions of scientists, we can draw the main conclusions regarding the similarities and differences between the concepts under consideration:

• morality reflects the spiritual development of a person; morality is social in nature;
• moral development is fixed inside from an early age, it is distinguished by the unity of rules;
• morality has specific features for each group.

Upbringing

The impact of the environment and one's own qualities on a person form him as a person. The ability to combine external and internal factors allows us to talk about education. It is laid down from an early age and develops under the influence of the family.

The formation of the child occurs on the basis of patterns created by adults. Those features that were laid down in childhood cannot be changed in the process of life. It is impossible to force a teenager to live according to other rules of morality if certain moral principles were instilled in him from birth. The result of upbringing includes not only requirements and rules pre-planned by parents. This also includes the environment, which through its behavior influences the internal formation of a person.

The complex of accumulated knowledge and skills, norms of ethics, views together constitutes education. It is passed down from the older generation. There are many aspects that unconsciously take part in creating the inner component of a person. Heredity and genetics play an important role here. Experts say that there is a certain dependence of education on development.

The main place where the child receives initial knowledge and experience is the secondary school.

The educational institution sets the task of developing a personality from different angles. The school should promote not only mental, but also emotional development.

But positive results are not always obtained. This is due to the fact that outdated methods of presenting knowledge are currently being used, so most children do not have the desire to study science or other aspects of knowledge.

The influence of the family on the educational process is no less important. There are different family models that differ in the number of members, age, level of education, traditions, degree of morality. All this as a whole affects the personality and helps to form one's views on life situations.

It is important to determine in time the interest of the child in a particular lesson and direct his energy in the right direction. Only together with the desire of the person himself, the necessary level of development is achieved, which in the future has an impact on education.

The following types of educational areas are distinguished:

• mental sets the task of assimilating the required amount of knowledge, forming one's own worldview, developing interest in knowledge;
• the physical helps not only maintain a healthy state, but also forms qualities for fruitful work;
• labor acts as the main factor of development;
• moral allows a person to develop certain habits, to determine the model of behavior of an individual in society. The development of this direction largely depends on the values ​​existing in society and in the family;
• the aesthetic includes a complex of components that influence the formation of the ideal in various manifestations of life. Influences the attitude towards culture.

Taken together, the process of education is based on the main principles:

• the impact of society;
• relationship with the labor process and other areas of life;
• individuality in approach.

Parenting functions:

• to encourage a person to self-education;
• preventively protect against mistakes in making vital decisions;
• develop the creative, spiritual, intellectual and physical potential of the individual;

The goal of upbringing is traditionally considered to be the final formation of a personality that is developed in harmony with internal and external factors. The ratio of the physical and spiritual nature of man is the ancient concept of harmonious development.

History has developed techniques for individual self-education:

• through a test that involves limiting oneself to certain needs;
• constant self-analysis allows you to evaluate your own actions and understand their correctness;
• reflection practice.

These ancient ideas about achieving harmony are reflected in modern approaches to achieving results in the education of the individual.

Children repeat the behavior of their parents, adopt some of their views, however, due to communication with other people, a holistic formation of their own worldview occurs, their own model of behavior is created.

Professional ethics

Morality and ethics are studied by ethics. This science is aimed at comprehending not only the origins of the origin of morality, but also the rules of human behavior. In the process of communication, the significance of this science is manifested, since the joint activity of a person cannot be carried out separately from morality.

In ethics, there is a separate list of moral norms that express a person's attitude to professional duties, including communication with colleagues. This set of norms is called professional ethics.

The subject of professional ethics is the following:

• personal qualities of a specialist required for the proper performance of labor duties;
• relationships in the team between colleagues, between specialists of different levels by position;
• directions and ways of training employees, affecting the movement up the career ladder.

For some professions, the rules of ethical behavior have even been developed at the legal level in the form of codes, sets of requirements. Such measures are necessary in areas that are related to the management of people's lives and health and involve increased responsibility. For example, in education, health care.

In the process of work, people find themselves in different situations that affect the formation of the type of behavior. There are some points related to the characterization of the working relationship:

• interactions that arise when the interests of a person intersect in a team;
• attitude to the labor process and to its other participants.

Each field of activity has its own special features and requirements in the field of morality. Depending on the type of company where a person works, there is a certain type of professional ethics:

• for a doctor;
• for the teacher;
• acting;
• lawyer;
• psychology ethics.

A special role in modern society is played by economic ethics, which is the norms of behavior that apply to the model of doing business, the nature of relations between participants within this area. This type also includes requirements for negotiating, using methods of competition, and compiling documentation.

Of great importance in the process of work is the structure of building relationships between firms. In this case, we are talking about business etiquette, which sets the style of the work process, the manner of communicating internal and external communication.

Professional ethics is formed by generations, it cannot be absolute and needs to be constantly developed.

Ethics of business communication is directly connected with all considered concepts. It can be expressed in direct daily contact with colleagues, employees of other organizations, with superiors. She must also be present during business correspondence or in a telephone conversation.

In our time, the number of short-term contacts between people has increased significantly. In a big city, we meet hundreds and even thousands of people during the day. How can one judge the level of their culture without knowing anything or almost nothing about their inner world? Only by their behavior, by external manifestations of culture. Random, fleeting meetings with strangers on the street, in public transport, in a store, in a theater can turn out to be pleasant for us, or, on the contrary, can upset us, unsettle us for a long time. Therefore, when evaluating the cultural level of a person, we first of all have in mind his external manifestations, that is, behavior.

A cultured person is, first of all, polite, and this is his important dignity. Often quote the words of Cervantes: "Nothing costs us so cheaply and is not valued by people so dearly as politeness." Indeed, politeness may not be the most important or the most difficult of virtues to achieve. It is much more difficult to be, for example, principled, fair, courageous. But it is worth remembering how much politeness makes life easier for people and how much it is complicated and even poisoned by rudeness, rudeness. The value of politeness in human communication cannot be overestimated.

People need communication. Currently, the flow of foreign citizens to us has increased - relatives living abroad, business people, tourists. This requires those who accept them, at least minimal knowledge in the field of national traditions.

FROM THE HISTORY OF ETIQUETTE

"Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery"

A.S. Pushkin

Etiquette is a word of French origin. At one of the magnificent and elegant receptions of King Louis XIV, guests were given cards listing some of the rules of conduct required of them. From the French name for cards - "labels" the word "etiquette" came from, which later entered the languages ​​of many countries. The concept of "etiquette" includes the form, demeanor, rules of courtesy and courtesy adopted in the society where each of us lives.

A significant part of the rules of etiquette came to us from the past, and even from the ancient world. Useless and insignificant rules were eliminated in the course of historical development, only the most rational of them, time-tested, were preserved for posterity.

Since ancient times, chroniclers, philosophers, writers and poets have given numerous recommendations regarding the behavior of a person at the table. In ancient Egypt in the III millennium BC. e. one of the popular manuscripts was a collection of good advice "Teachings of Kochemni". In the collection, in the form of recommendations from the father to the sons, the need to practically teach young people the rules of decency and exemplary behavior in society was explained. Even then, the Egyptians considered it necessary to use cutlery, as well as the ability to eat beautifully, silently. Such behavior was regarded as a great dignity and a necessary component of culture.

The monument of Old Norse literature "Edda" also tells in detail about the rules of conduct at the table. For example, etiquette was developed in detail for pronouncing toasts, and violation of these rules led to a fine. We also borrowed from the Scandinavians the rule of giving places of honor at the table to women and the most respected guests.

The morals of the French nobility in the 17th century were a mixture of audacity and gallantry, familiarity and ceremony. Even a secular lady, when making a curtsey, should perform it gracefully and at the same time coordinate with the rank of the person to whom he belonged. The men wore the hat during visits and even at the table. For someone's health they drank standing or kneeling, but always with a naked sword in hand and without a hat. The Comte de Grand Pre drank to the health of his beloved from a loaded pistol, holding his finger on the trigger, after which he fired into the air.

At ceremonial dinners, the companions sat in one row: the noblest of those present took a place at the honorary end of the table and had no neighbors on the right side. On his left hand, the next guest in nobility sat down, and so on to the opposite end of the table. The owner of the house occupied a place depending on his title and position.

Kissing was very common. They served not only as an ordinary greeting, but, together with hugs, replaced congratulations, expressions of gratitude and friendly outpourings.

According to the etiquette of that time, the prevailing ideas about the norm of behavior, courtesy and expression of feelings took on somewhat exaggerated forms. However, despite the complexity of etiquette and ceremonial manners, court customs differed little from the general customs of the era. One day, Louis XIV began to throw bread balls at the ladies of the court and graciously allowed him to answer the same. They moved from balls to apples and oranges, and when the king hurt one of the ladies, she poured the contents of the salad bowl onto him.

The 1640 etiquette manual recommended washing the hands every day and the face almost as often, and the 1673 manual advised courtiers to "keep hair, eyes, teeth, hands, and even feet clean, especially in summer, so as not to cause nausea in their interlocutors".

Of course, the etiquette of today is far from the good manners of the time of the French king. But still, we note that a significant part of its rules came to us from history, and some even from ancient history. Modern etiquette inherits the customs and traditions of the behavior of all peoples. Since the time of ancient Rome, the custom of hospitality has come to us. Cutlery, the rules for the use of which are sometimes neglected, were already held in high esteem by the ancient Egyptians. And the ability to eat beautifully and silently has always been considered a necessary component of culture, a great dignity.

In the Middle Ages, and more precisely in the XI-XIII centuries, it was considered the highest manifestation of sophistication when gentlemen sat at the dinner table with their ladies in pairs, ate from one plate and drank from one glass. The reasonable beginning of this custom - an attentive, courteous attitude towards a woman - has survived to this day and, but they no longer eat from the same plate.

In the late Middle Ages, the rules of etiquette acquire the character of a law, of course, only for the nobility. From the 18th century, etiquette manuals began to be printed. Under Peter I, a book for youth was published three times, "An Honest Mirror of Youth, or Indications for Worldly Behavior." Following the alphabet and arithmetic, it set out the rules for how to sit at a table and handle a fork and knife, at what distance to take off your hat when meeting with friends, etc. Curious recommendations about behavior in public places and at the table: "No one has hang your head and lower your eyes, walk down the street or look askance at people, but step straight and without bending over. Or another: "Do not slurp over food like a pig and do not clean your head, do not speak without swallowing a piece, because ignoramuses do this. Often sneezing, blowing your nose and coughing is not pretty." Etiquette - and rightly so - was directly correlated with moral relations.

The development of the rules of etiquette, combined with criticism of its class, degrading character of ordinary people, was carried out by great enlighteners and writers.

"Rules of conduct collected for youth in 1653", written by the outstanding Czech humanist teacher J.A. Comenius, are still being read with great interest. Here are some of them:

If possible, it is better to give favors than to receive them;

When meeting someone, greet him; in front of respected persons, even bare your head, give them a place and testify to them your respect with a bow.

Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all peoples from hoary antiquity to the present day. Basically, these rules of conduct are universal, since they are observed not only by representatives of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems that exist in the modern world. The peoples of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, due to the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.

CULTURE OF BEHAVIOR AND MORALITY

"Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his appearance."

I.-V. Goethe

"In a poorly educated person, courage becomes rudeness, learning becomes buffoonery, simplicity becomes uncouthness, good nature becomes flattery."

D. Lonk

Etiquette is the external side of human relationships that have developed in a given society and the order of communication supported by it, the accepted ritual and manner of behavior. Etiquette is included in the concept of a culture of behavior, which, however, is not limited to it, if only because it includes not only standard, "etiquette", but also non-standard forms of behavior that have become quite widespread in modern society. In my essay, I would like to touch only that side of the culture of behavior that relates to etiquette actions, etiquette.

In recent decades, interest in the culture of behavior has been actively revived, especially among young people. Young people want to know how to behave in different situations of life, how to speak, how to move, how to behave in a public place...

But interest did not arise immediately. We must not forget that after the Great October Revolution, etiquette collapsed with the foundations of the old society. Interest in the culture of behavior came later, in the postwar years, when the discrepancy between internal and external culture, between a high level of education and serious production achievements, was clearly revealed.

We meet many people every day. And the mood of people and our future relations with them largely depend on how these meetings proceed. There are no trifles in etiquette. One and the same act, even slightly violating generally accepted norms, is perceived indifferently by some, and with resentment by others. Therefore, it is better to strive for maximum courtesy in all situations.

Polite is the behavior that corresponds to the rules of decency and manners accepted in a given society, which have largely changed historically, and even today are very different among different peoples. But behind all this diversity of rules and forms of behavior, what is most important in politeness appears: attention and respect for others.

What about upbringing? How is it different from politeness? We can say this: good breeding is politeness that has become a habit, which has become second nature. There is a difference between a simply polite person and a well-mannered person - in the degree of reaction, in shades, in things that do not seem to determine the essence of the matter, but are nevertheless very important in human relations.

An educated person, without hesitation, automatically does what the "simply polite" knows, but does not always do: when the elder addresses him, he rises from his seat if he speaks while standing; skips ahead a woman; removes headgear where it is supposed to be removed; gives way, etc. "Just polite" will sometimes do it, sometimes not. Depending on the mood and circumstances. I think it is clear that real culture takes place only where good breeding appears, where the rules of etiquette, external culture, polite behavior become an internal need, are embodied in character, become its integral features.

There are several types of etiquette, the main of which are:

- court etiquette- strictly regulated order and forms of circumvention established at the courts of monarchs;

- diplomatic etiquette a specific form of behavior of diplomats and other officials in contact with each other at various diplomatic receptions, visits, negotiations;

- military etiquette- a set of rules generally accepted in the army, norms and manners of behavior of military personnel in all spheres of their activity;

- civil etiquette- a set of rules, traditions and conventions observed by citizens when communicating with each other.

Most of the rules of diplomatic, military and general civil etiquette coincide to some extent. The difference between them lies in the fact that more importance is attached to the observance of the rules of etiquette by diplomats, since deviation from them or violation of these rules can damage the prestige of the country or its official representatives and lead to complications in the relations between states.

Court etiquette is strictly observed as an established order and form of treatment at the courts of monarchs, however, it is preserved only in monarchical countries.

As the conditions of human life change, the growth of formations and culture, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What used to be considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute.: observance of them depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under one circumstance may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances.

The norms of etiquette, in contrast to the norms of morality, are conditional, they are, as it were, the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in people's behavior and what is not. Every cultured person should not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships. Manners largely reflect the internal culture of a person, his moral and intellectual qualities. The ability to behave correctly in society is of great importance: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, contributes to the achievement of mutual understanding, creates good, stable relationships.

It should be noted that a tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette not only at official ceremonies, but also at home. Genuine politeness, which is based on benevolence, is determined by an act, a sense of proportion, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances. Such a person will never violate public order, will not offend another by word or deed, will not offend his dignity.

Each action, each appeal must, as you know, be accompanied by rituals appropriate to the occasion, "magic words": please, thank you, etc. You can, of course, forget (if it happened) about one or another verbal formula accompanying the service, finding something else, no less suitable. This is an elementary courtesy that, in my opinion, everyone should follow. After all, it’s not so difficult to wish a person good morning and good night, good health and bon appetit, thank you for help or service, and be able to pronounce words of apology if you are wrong or caused concern to someone. You must always remember one, in my opinion, wise saying: "The basic tenet of any morality: do for your neighbor what you want him to do for you..." (K. Liebknecht). It is only important to always remember that the essence and meaning of etiquette are determined by the internal readiness of one person to help another and what is called delicacy, tact. In other words, do not impose your society while remaining polite; strive not to interfere with others, remaining free to perform their own actions. And this means, in the end, that you can’t make noise and interrupt others in a conversation. If you want to express your opinion (including an objection, disagreement with the words or actions of others), you must first inquire whether the interlocutor said everything he wanted, whether he is ready to listen to you.

Etiquette, as you may already guess, includes not only verbal forms of expressing politeness and sympathy. The etiquette of words and actions should not conflict with the appearance of a person, his clothes. In other words, etiquette is completely violated if - with all the correctness and politeness of behavior - young people come to the theater in jeans and colorful T-shirts. Even worse, if someone in bright extravagant clothes joins the funeral procession. A good impression is made by a well-dressed, polite person who knows how to carry himself in any circumstances, and behaves accordingly.

When dressing (and even earlier when purchasing clothes), one must keep in mind that clothes, gait, manner of standing, sitting, even laughing, form a kind of sign system; one way or another, a dressed person declares something, informs others about himself. For example, a wedding dress, a festive costume are signs of an upcoming celebration; a sports suit, a tennis racket in the hands "say" that a person is an athlete; sloppy hairstyle and unkempt jeans - that a person neglects the aesthetic feelings of others. Dirt under the nails and soiled clothes does not at all signal that a person belongs to the working class. They are simply signs of a slut who has neither the rules of personal hygiene nor the concept of the aesthetics of appearance. Loud negotiations during a film show, a hat not taken off in the room are signs of bad manners and selfishness.

"They are greeted by clothes, they are escorted by mind," says Russian folk wisdom. In other words, both the appearance and the words you say are important in communication. Etiquette, as already mentioned, regulate communication, the interaction of people. Being a good interlocutor means knowing the subject of the conversation, that is, understanding what you are talking about, and expressing your own judgments not only correctly, but also interestingly, without tediousness. It is necessary to take etiquette, the ability to communicate seriously, wisely. The rule is quite simple: what may be unpleasant for you is unpleasant for others.

The ability to manage your emotions is important when dealing with people. An educated and cultured person never splashes out his bad and very good mood on others. Good manners imply that the owner of them will not show his irritation and discontent by word, action, or look, and the best way to suppress unpleasant emotions in oneself is benevolence, attention, the ability to listen to the interlocutor, to help him if necessary. A smile is highly valued in etiquette.

One of the basic principles of modern life is the maintenance of normal relations between people and the desire to avoid conflicts. In turn, respect and attention can be earned only with respect for courtesy and restraint.

MODERN STANDARDS OF CONDUCT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

"With what measure you measure, it will be measured back to you"

Gospel

The main features of etiquette are universal, that is, they are the rules of courtesy not only in international communication, but also at home. But sometimes it happens that even a well-educated person gets into a difficult situation. Most often this happens when knowledge of the rules of international etiquette is necessary. Communication between representatives of different countries, different political views, religious beliefs and rituals, national traditions and psychology, ways of life and culture requires not only knowledge of foreign languages, but also the ability to behave naturally, tactfully and with dignity, which is extremely necessary and important when meeting people from other countries. Such skill does not come by itself. This should be learned throughout life.

The courtesy rules of every nation are a very complex combination of national traditions, customs and international etiquette. And wherever you are, in whatever country you are, the hosts have the right to expect attention from the guest, interest in their country, respect for their customs.

In the manner of behavior, a person shows the level of his culture, upbringing (manner of smoking, shaking hands, speaking, etc.). Many Russian businessmen, having got abroad, with a truly Russian scale, throw huge sums into the wind, buying mansions or losing in casinos and restaurants. This is not accepted in a civilized society. Here they do not seek to demonstrate wealth. This is purely barbaric.

Your attitude towards you depends on your behavior and the way you communicate with a representative of another culture. Therefore, it seemed to me necessary to consider the basic norms of behavior of tourists.

TRAIN BY TRAIN. IN England boarding the train is a rather strict ritual that all visitors to the country must follow. At the entrance to the car, people line up, it is not customary to crowd here, pushing each other, pushing children and women aside. The British respect the queue everywhere - at bus stops, at the cinema, in shops and in other institutions. So if you don't want to be known as an ignoramus, it's better not to forget about this little rule.

English trains usually have two class cars - first and third. In long-distance trains, the cars are divided into compartments, which open into the corridor (as in Russia). In the UK, the ticket is first checked by the controller, and then you give it away, passing through the turnstile at the final station of your journey.

Advances in technology are rapidly spreading around the world, and train equipment is changing before our eyes. IN Spain, for example, there is the wonderful Talygo Express from Madrid to San Sebastian and Barcelona. It is one of the fastest trains in the world (cars are made of aluminium) and food is served on sealed trays. A Swedish the "Cruise to the Land of the White Nights" train connecting Stockholm with the Arctic is so luxurious that it's hard to imagine. It provides everything: laundry, shower, music room, stops during which you can see the sights.

IN Japan railway lines connect all the islands. Trains there are clearly divided into classes. Japanese trains are among the most comfortable and fastest in the world. Keep your tickets - you will be asked for them at the end of the trip. Stopovers in Japan are very short, so you need to be prepared to get off in time. The station is announced in Japanese, and in English. Information on the platform is also announced in two languages. So, if you have not mastered Japanese by the time of the trip, then take care of at least English, it will certainly come in handy for you.

TRADITIONS CONCERNING FOOD CONSUMPTION. Some cultures attach great importance to table manners. Violation of table customs is regarded as a deliberate demonstration of disrespect for the owners of the house.

An interesting tradition exists among the peoples of Buryatia. An educated Buryat will not drink a drink without first splashing "sacrifice to the spirits" from his finger. At the same time, it is not necessary to believe in the existence of spirits.

I wanted to take a closer look at customs. Japanese nations, since everyone knows that it is their traditions associated with the consumption of food that are most different from European ones.

The Japanese, however, like the Chinese, use chopsticks at dinner - this is a well-known fact. They come in several types: the simplest are made of wood, and the most expensive are made of ivory. But even in a national restaurant you can ask for a knife and fork, they are always served in large restaurants. But, nevertheless, I would like to note that oriental dishes seem tastier if they are eaten with chopsticks. Eating with chopsticks is very interesting (noted from my own experience), but until you become a master, do not try to use them all lunch: you will have time to die of hunger before you manage to take at least a piece, it is better to practice well first.

When you are treated to alcohol, you should raise your glass, and then immediately take the bottle from the hands of the Japanese and fill his glass. Do not refuse at least the food that is offered to you.

Another Japanese tradition is to serve a hot towel before meals. Do not try to put it on your knees or put it behind the collar. This will only amuse your Japanese friends and show ignorance of oriental etiquette. When the waiter hands you a basket or a tray of hot wipes, take one and dry your hands, you can also refresh your face and neck. In a second, the waiter will set up a tray for you, where you can throw a used napkin.

FLOWERS. IN Europe And Scandinavia a guest invited to dinner must bring flowers to the mistress of the house. In the Scandinavian countries, an odd number of flowers are given. Never give French women carnations, they are said to bring bad luck. IN Germany It is customary to give three flowers.

BATHROOM. Now most hotels in all parts of the world have bathrooms, but in cheap hotels you may get a room with only a sink and quite possibly no running water. If your hotel has one or two bathrooms per floor, then you will have to go through a certain ritual. The first step is to call the maid and arrange your bath time. When it comes, the bathroom will be free and prepared especially for you, the water will be made at the exact temperature you ask for. In small Parisian in hotels, you will find that the cleaned bath is lined with a clean linen towel, but you will have to bring soap with you. The bathtub is expensive, so you expect a big tip from the maid.

For Japanese, a bath is not only washing, but also a great way to relax, soak up, relax. However, there is also a ritual here that you need to know if you live with your Japanese friends. Before going to the bathroom, you need to take off your slippers and put on special shoes for the bathroom. Several people use the same water in Japanese baths, so it is customary to only lie in them. Before climbing into the bath, you must thoroughly wash yourself in the shower. In Japanese hotels, especially in spring resorts, the bathrooms have large pools, elegantly decorated with flowers, which can accommodate several people at once. In Japan, they know that mixed baths in which naked bodies of both sexes are splashed are not accepted in the West, so at the first request you will be provided with one of the small family baths.

RUSSIAN WOMAN ABROAD. Although the townspeople in different countries have already got used to us, but sometimes the appearance and behavior of Russian girls and women can be perceived as an open invitation, promising us not very pleasant prospects. In Romanesque countries (in France, Italy, Spain, etc.) women never get together to drink, as is customary in Russia. Any girl and company of women who looks into a bar that sells strong drinks should expect unpleasant remarks addressed to her.

In all Romanesque countries, men, as a rule, indulge in extraordinary exaggerations about the merits of their lady, especially in public: "You are absolutely magnificent!" or "Angels have such eyes!" All detailed outpourings must be taken with an adjustment for southern exaltation and calmly thank. In Romanesque etiquette, all public outpourings of feelings are very personal and bright, but this is all a game. Not every man falls madly in love with every woman he is introduced to.

HOW TO VISIT. As a rule, in the countries of Western Europe, unlike America, it is not considered good form when guests lavish praise on the house to which they are invited. Until you are asked for your opinion about the situation, it is best to keep quiet. The lady of the house may say, "I want you to take a look at the garden. I spend a lot of time there - flowers are my hobby." The reason for the restraint is that well-bred people are afraid to humiliate less wealthy guests by admiring other people's wealth. I would like to note once again that this remark does not apply to the United States.

FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

"The ability to communicate with people is a commodity, and I will pay more for it than for anything else in the world."

John D. Rockefeller

It is very important to take into account the norms of behavior that exist in every nation and in every country when contacting representatives of different cultures at a business meeting. As civilization develops, the nature of negotiation and the processes associated with the interpenetration of national styles of communication are of increasing importance.

The values ​​that have a national basis and have the greatest impact on a person are the customs and traditions acquired in childhood. National characteristics play a big role in each specific situation of the negotiation process. In cooperation, when the interests of the parties coincide, national differences may not have too much effect on the conduct of business, but in a conflict situation they greatly affect business relations.

If national and cultural differences are significant, then the participants in international communication must adhere to uniform norms and rules. Developing international relations, exchanges in various fields of science, culture and education accelerate the process of rapprochement between business people. Thus, a person educated in America, who is not an American by nationality, assimilates the features of American thinking and behavior, and his style in negotiations as a whole will be American, although he will retain the features inherent in his national character.

It is interesting that representatives of different countries not only conduct negotiations and business meetings in different ways, but also perceive each other in different ways.

Representatives of the business community should not only know the rules of etiquette well, but also strictly observe them in their practical activities.

AMERICANS. In communication with each other, they are simple and informal, while they are not embarrassed by the difference in social status or age. The spirit of competition is present in their work, in the family, in friendship, on vacation, in sports, etc. Most Americans judge success in life by the amount of money they earn. In a conversation, they do not tolerate pauses and like to ask a lot of questions: as a rule, these questions are straightforward and can be personal. In an informal setting, at the table, there may be an opportunity to talk about hobbies, about family, but it is better to avoid talking about politics and religion. If you are invited to the house, bring a souvenir or a bottle of wine as a gift.

Professionalism and competence are the style of American business communication. They know that there are no trifles in the organization of any business, they prepare carefully for negotiations, not missing from which the success of the business could depend, although they are not characterized by pedantry and pettiness. Punctuality is another characteristic feature of the inhabitants of the United States. They live according to the schedule that they make for every day, so they are never late for business meetings.

They address each other by name, regardless of age and status, thereby emphasizing not only the businesslike, but also the friendly nature of the negotiations, striving for an informal atmosphere during business conversations.

Americans value honesty and frankness in people, do not waste time on formalities, but go straight to the heart of the matter. Independence and autonomy, formed from childhood, teach Americans to rely only on themselves.

FRENCH PEOPLE. The French are not distinguished by strict punctuality; they often follow the rule at receptions: the higher the status of the guest, the later he arrives. To be invited to dinner with a business partner is considered an exceptional honor in France.

In France, where they love and know how to flash a word, a silent person is not quoted. The conversation among the French is relaxed and proceeds with exceptional speed. Their speech speed is one of the highest in the world.

French businessmen are carefully preparing for the upcoming negotiations. They like to thoroughly study all aspects and consequences of incoming proposals. Negotiations are quite tough.

ENGLISH. Independence, bordering on the alienation of the English, is the basis of human relations. The English carefully avoid personal moments in colloquial speech. They are characterized by such features as restraint, a tendency to understatement, scrupulousness.

The ability to patiently listen to the interlocutor, without objecting to him, does not always indicate agreement. You should not start negotiations with English firms without careful preparation and coordination. If the dates and program of stay are agreed, there is no need to inform partners about your arrival and address. Shaking hands is accepted only at the first meeting, in the future, the British are content with a simple oral greeting.

GERMANS. Business relations with German companies can be established by exchanging letters with offers of cooperation. When concluding deals, the Germans usually insist on strict fulfillment of the obligations assumed, as well as on the condition of paying heavy fines in case of non-fulfillment. You should address by surname (and if there is a title, then indicating the title), and not by name, as is customary among Americans.

The Germans are distinguished by hard work, diligence, punctuality, thrift, organization, and prudence.

In Germany, it is very rare to invite business partners home. If such an invitation follows, do not forget to bring a bouquet of flowers to the hostess of the house.

JAPANESE. Unlike many other attempts to establish business contacts with Japanese firms through correspondence and telephone communication, as a rule, they are ineffective, since:

Most small and medium-sized firms operating in the national market conduct their business in Japanese and require an interpreter to contact them;

Japanese entrepreneurs are extremely scrupulous and scrupulous about their obligations, and therefore, not knowing a partner, they are not inclined to have business relations with him;

Japanese firms have a very complex decision-making process;

Japanese entrepreneurs prefer face-to-face conversations.

The most important element of the rules of good manners are bows. Moreover, fifteen, for example, bows are enough only for a simple greeting. To make a good impression, you need to bow forty-five times, special respect is expressed with seventy bows, and the most respected person is greeted by bowing ninety (!) times in a row. It is sometimes very difficult for an unaccustomed Russian person to do this. When presenting, you must exchange your business cards.

The Japanese as a nation, in addition to high organization and accuracy, are distinguished by a lack of a sense of humor and self-criticism. A smile or laughter in Japan can mean different things - it is a sign of a friendly disposition, and an expression of restraint, secrecy, and an open expression of emotions, and a sign of awkwardness caused by a predicament.

The Japanese pay a lot of attention to developing personal relationships with partners during informal meetings. If you receive an invitation to a traditional Japanese restaurant, you need to pay attention to shoes and socks - you will have to take off your shoes.

CONCLUSION

Traditions and customs have evolved over the centuries, passed down from generation to generation, and each nation has its own. From ancient folk traditions, the laws of holding festivities, hospitality, and table etiquette gradually evolved and improved.

Etiquette was and remains necessary for modern man, it has not become outdated over the centuries, but rather, on the contrary. It is necessary to be able to behave at home and in society in such a way as to earn universal approval and not offend the dignity of another.

We have a proverb: "Meet by clothes, but see off by mind." In other countries, this proverb sounds differently: "They meet by clothes, but see off by manners."

Intelligence consists not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand another. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly help another, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas.

Intelligence is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.

At the heart of all good manners is the concern that the person does not interfere with the person, so that everyone feels comfortable together. We must be able not to interfere with each other. It is necessary to educate in oneself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners, a careful attitude to the world, to society, to nature, to one's past.

No need to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing - the need for a respectful attitude towards others.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1) Bezrukikh M. and others. I and others, or Rules of conduct for everyone. M.: Polit. lit., 1991.

2) Vanderbilt E. Etiquette. In 2 books: trans. from English. ed. L. Barykina - M .: JSC "Avial", 1996.

3) Kholopova T.N., Lebedeva M.M. Protocol and etiquette for business people. Moscow: Infra; Ankil, 1995.

4) Encyclopedia of good manners / Comp. V. Pivovar - St. Petersburg: LLP "Diamant", 1996.

5) Journal "Science and Life" No. 5, 1982 / V. Matveev. Etiquette: History and Modernity.

The totality of forms of everyday human behavior in which the moral and aesthetic norms of this behavior find external expression.

If moral norms determine the content of actions, prescribe what exactly people should do, then the culture of behavior reveals how exactly the requirements of morality are implemented in behavior, what is the external appearance of a person’s behavior, to what extent these norms organically, naturally and naturally merged with his way of life. have become daily rules of life. For example, the requirement of respect for people in relation to everyday behavior is expressed in the rules of courtesy, delicacy, tact, courtesy, the ability to save other people's time, etc.

From the point of view of the culture of behavior, fidelity to the obligations assumed means accuracy in fulfilling promises and returning borrowed money, timeliness and accuracy in the implementation of an agreement, etc. Honesty in the form of its manifestation coincides with directness and sincerity.

In broad terms, the concept of "culture of behavior" includes all areas of external and internal culture of a person: etiquette, rules for treating people and behavior in public places, everyday culture, including the nature of personal needs and interests, relationships between people outside of work, organization of personal time, hygiene , aesthetic tastes in the choice of consumer goods (the ability to dress, decorate a home), the aesthetic properties of facial expressions and pantomimes inherent in a person, facial expressions and body movements (grace). They especially emphasize the culture of speech, the ability to competently, clearly and beautifully express their thoughts without resorting to vulgar expressions. In a certain sense, the culture of behavior can be attributed to the culture of work, the ability to properly organize working time and place, to find appropriate methods and operations to achieve the most useful results and obtain high quality products. In a person there must be an organic unity of aesthetic and ethical, spiritual and external. In class societies, the manner of behaving, dressing, and having a refined aesthetic taste served as an external sign of belonging to the "higher circle", while at the same time, external culture often did not correspond to the internal appearance of a person. Politeness and general observance of certain rules in a society based on the principles of selfishness often concealed behind them mutual indifference and alienation, an indifferent or even dismissive and hostile attitude towards people. Therefore, etiquette, taking mainly the character of a purely external ritual, was not based on a truly humane attitude towards people. This is the formal understanding of the culture of behavior.

In a socialist society, it is regarded as a generally accepted form of outward expression of true humanity.

Etiquette is expressed in a complex system of detailed rules of courtesy, clearly classifies the rules for dealing with representatives of various classes and estates, with officials in accordance with their rank (who should be addressed properly, who should be titled as), rules of conduct in various circles (court etiquette , diplomatic etiquette, "high society" etiquette, etc.). In a socialist society, etiquette is greatly simplified, becomes incomparably freer and more natural, acquires the meaning of an everyday benevolent and respectful attitude towards all people, regardless of their position and social status.

Courteous treatment of a woman, respectful attitude towards elders, forms of address and greetings, rules of conversation, behavior at the table, treatment of guests, compliance with the requirements for a person’s dress in various circumstances - all these laws of decency embody the general ideas about the dignity of a person, simple demands of convenience and ease in human relationships. Attention to the external form is manifested here only insofar as it reflects the idea of ​​beauty in the behavior and appearance of a person. In general, etiquette under socialism coincides with the general requirements of courtesy: it is ultimately based on the principles of socialist humanism. As for the ritual forms of etiquette, they are preserved mainly only in the sphere of diplomatic relations (compliance with the so-called diplomatic protocol). But they also reflect a fundamentally new thing in people's relations - they provide for equal treatment of representatives of different countries.

Every day, hourly, we show our upbringing (or bad manners). In the subway, in a trolleybus, at a meeting, at work… Publications on these topics in newspapers meet with a sharp response from readers. In Sovetskaya Rossiya, an article titled “You don’t look very good…” evoked a lot of responses. And it was about whether it is worth talking to a person about the deterioration of his appearance, about his painful appearance, about delicacy, whether we know how to spare the feelings of another. Two completely different attitudes towards manifestations of rudeness and lack of culture are interesting. One says: “I try not to go to cafes even on business trips. We sit down at a table - and immediately you feel humiliated ... "The other says:" And someone's rudeness, tactlessness cannot hurt or humiliate me. Why should I feel humiliated if someone discovers a lack of culture? It's embarrassing for him, that's all. Moreover, somehow I was pushed aside by a respectable man in the theater, and I quietly, so that others would not hear, whispered to him: “My dear, is it possible to drop your dignity like that?”

One can envy a man who knows how to control himself so well, but it would be better to try to imitate him. Delicate people can take the pose of offended, suffering. But isn't it better to try your presence to change the atmosphere for the better.

A lot depends on our reaction to someone's bad behavior. You can rudely pull up a slow-witted youth who does not give way to an elderly person, or you can say the same thing to him quietly, without getting excited.

It is easy to be well-mannered, polite with people like you, much more difficult with people of the opposite nature.

Many books have been written about the culture of behavior; this is a very broad, historically developing concept. You can use books on these topics. And here we will resort to another genre in our alphabet: aphorisms.

Let's take some of the sayings of great thinkers, teachers, writers:

... Any extreme is not good; everything good and useful, taken to an extreme, can become and even, beyond a certain limit, necessarily becomes evil and harm. V. I. Lenin

A person's shortcomings are, as it were, a continuation of his merits. But if the merits continue longer than necessary, are found not when it is necessary, and not where it is necessary, then they are shortcomings. V. I. Lenin

The concept of culture is very broad - from washing the face to the highest heights of human thought. M. I. Kalinin

One must be clear mentally, clean morally and tidy physically. A. P. Chekhov

Everything should be beautiful in a person: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts. Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his appearance. I. Goethe

Only by actions do we judge internal movements, thoughts, actions, other feelings. K. Helvetius

Only by the actions of people can society judge their virtue. K. Helvetius

The actions of wise people are dictated by the mind, less smart people - by experience, the most ignorant - by necessity, animals - by nature. Cicero

In any of our smallest, most insignificant, most inconspicuous actions, our whole character is already reflected: a fool enters, and leaves, and sits down, and gets up, and is silent, and moves differently than an intelligent person. J. La Bruyère

Manners reveal mores, just as a dress reveals the waist.F. Bacon

To free oneself from the observance of the rules of decency does not mean to seek means for the free manifestation of one's shortcomings? C. Montesquieu

Social depravity takes on the color of the social environment in which it develops.O. Balzac

Whenever you really want to do something, stop and think: is what you want to do good. L. N. Tolstoy

Without considering the act, be indecisive; after considering, be decisive. L. N. Tolstoy

Every action you take reflects on other people; do not forget that there is a person next to you. V. A. Sukhomlinsky

When a person tries to bring his virtues to their extreme limits, vices begin to surround him. B. Pascal

Own moral uncleanliness is a sign of contempt for oneself. Apuleius

One of the most common and leading to the greatest disasters of temptations is the temptation to say: "Everyone does it."L. N. Tolstoy

He who has many vices has many masters. F. Petrarch