What is lte in a samsung smartphone. Treble and Bass

Good afternoon, Habr!

Today I would like to introduce the community to LTE. Every self-respecting specialist is already aware of what LTE is, even on Habré there were articles - one, two, three, but in my opinion all of them do not fully reveal the essence. I will try to dwell in more detail on all aspects. For details, please under cat.

A bit of history

In December 1998, an association of several organizations involved in standardization in the field of telecommunications was created, called 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) the signing of the “Partnership Agreement for a project in the field of third generation technologies (The 3rd Generation Partnership Project Agreement). This made it possible to combine efforts to create new technologies, as well as to ensure full compatibility of equipment in the world. Standards bodies involved in the creation of the 3GPP include ARIB(Japan), ETSI(Europe), TTA(Korea), TTS(Japan) and TIPI(USA). Among the developments of 3GPP standards: W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), HSPA (High Speed ​​Packet Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution).

3GPP's work on LTE began in November 2004 in an open discussion format available to any interested organization (including non-3GPP members). Since December 2004, LTE has been under study to comply with the basic requirements formulated in 3GPP TR 25.913.

In November 2005, the main radio access technologies were selected for use in the LTE standard. They became OFDMA downward and SC-FDMA on the uplink. In July 2006, the study phase was completed and work began on the creation of a standard. In September 2007, the LTE specification was finalized. Version 8 specifications were frozen in December 2008 and this was the basis for the first wave of LTE equipment. In September 2009, LTE version 10 specifications were introduced, since that time the technology has become known as LTE-Advanced. At the end of November 2010, the International Telecommunication Union officially recognized LTE-Advanced as the fourth generation 4G wireless communication standard. Formally, LTE version 7, 8, 9 (which is still used all over the world) is not a 4G technology, because. not recognized by the International Telecommunication Union. It was possible to discard all these formalities in the next version of the standard. It was this tenth version and subsequent ones that received the "Advanced" suffix and recognition. The new technology name comes from the term “IMT-Advanced”, which was introduced by the International Telecommunication Union in order to distinguish a new generation of mobile systems, the technical capabilities of which go beyond IMT-2000. Requirements for IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced) the following are presented:

• Global functionality and roaming;
• High energy efficiency;
• Interaction with other radio access systems (backwards compatible);
• Improved peak data rates to support advanced services and applications;
• High level of system security;

The structure of the LTE network is as follows:

From this diagram, it can be seen that the network structure is very different from the networks of 2G and 3G standards. Both the base station subsystem and the switching subsystem have undergone significant changes. The technology of data transmission between the user equipment and the base station has been changed. The data transfer protocols between network elements have also undergone a change. All information (voice, data) is transmitted in the form of packets. Thus, there is no longer a division into parts that process either only voice information or only packet data.

The following main elements of the LTE network can be distinguished:

• Serving SAE Gateway or simply Serving Gateway (SGW)– serving gateway of the LTE network. Designed to process and route packet data coming from/to the base station subsystem. SGW has a direct connection to the 2nd and 3rd generation networks of the same operator, which makes it easy to transfer the connection to / from them due to coverage degradation, congestion, etc. SGW does not have a circuit switching function for voice connections, as in LTE, all information, including voice, is switched and transmitted using packets.
• Public Data Network SAE Gateway or simply PDN Gateway (PGW)– Gateway to data transmission networks of other operators for the LTE network. The main task of PGW is to route LTE network traffic to other data networks such as the Internet, as well as GSM, UMTS networks.
• Mobility Management Entities (MME)– node for managing the mobility of the cellular communication network of the LTE standard. Designed for signaling processing, mainly related to the management of subscribers' mobility in the network.
• Home Subscriber Server (HSS)– subscriber data server of the LTE cellular communication network. It is a large database and is designed to store data about subscribers. In addition, the HSS generates the data necessary to carry out encryption, authentication, and the like. An LTE network may include one or more HSSs. The number of HSSs depends on the geographical structure of the network and the number of subscribers.
• Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)– an element of the LTE standard cellular communication network responsible for managing the charging of charges for the rendered communication services, as well as for the quality of connections in accordance with the characteristics specified for a particular subscriber.

Organization of information channels

In order for data to be transported over the LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. They are used to distinguish different types of data and allow them to be transported through the access network more efficiently. The use of multiple channels provides a higher level interface within the LTE protocol and enables clearer and more defined data segregation.

There are three categories into which the various data links can be grouped:

• Logical channels– Provides middle layer MAC access control services (Medium Access Control) within the structure of the LTE protocol. Logical channels according to the type of transmitted information are divided into control logical channels and traffic logical channels. Logical control channels are used to transmit various signaling and information messages. Traffic logical channels carry user data.
• Transport channels- Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer in MAC and above. The logical channel information after processing at the RLC/MAC layers is placed in the transport channels for further transmission over the air interface in the physical channels. The transport channel determines how and with what characteristics information is transmitted over the air interface. Information messages at the transport layer are divided into transport blocks. In each transmission time interval (Transmission Time Interval, TTI), at least one transport block is transmitted over the air interface. When using MIMO technology, it is possible to transmit up to four blocks in one TTI.
• Physical channels are transmission channels that carry user data and control messages. They change between upstream and downstream as each has different requirements and operates differently.

And finally

The main manufacturers of LTE operator equipment today are Ericsson, Alcatel-Lucent, Nokia Siemens Networks, Fujitsu, Huawei Technologies, Motorola, Panasonic, Starent, ZTE. In Japan, LTE networks will be deployed in the 800 MHz, 1.5 and 2.1 GHz bands, in Europe (including Russia) - 2.5-2.7 GHz, in the USA - 700 MHz. It is assumed that by 2015 the total revenue of LTE communication network operators will be $150 billion (about 15% of the income of the global cellular services market), and the number of their subscribers worldwide will exceed 400 million people.

Scartel announced plans to build an LTE network in Russia in 2010, and already on December 20, 2011, the first (or second, if we count Kazan, where the network worked for a day) in Russia, the LTE network was launched - in Novosibirsk. We are waiting with fingers crossed for the launch of LTE in 2012 in other cities.

LTE (from English Long-Term Evolution - long-term development) is a wireless high-speed data transmission standard for mobile devices (and not only) that work with data. Often referred to as LTE 4G.

LTE is an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards. The purpose of this communication standard was to increase throughput and speed using the method of digital signal processing and modulation, which were developed at the end of the last century. The LTE wireless interface is not compatible with 2G and 3G, and therefore must operate on a separate frequency.

Where can I hear about LTE?

You can learn about LTE, for example, in the review of the next smartphone that supports this standard, or when buying a smartphone in a store, where the manager will assure you that you definitely need to purchase a device with LTE support. In part, he will be right, because if you have LTE in your smartphone and support the technology in your city, you can transfer files at high speed using wireless Internet or, for example, watch movies in FHD resolution directly on the Internet, if, of course, the device supports viewing videos in Full HD resolution.

LTE speed

The LTE specification is such that it provides download speeds up to 326.4 Mbps, and upload speeds can reach 172.8 Mbps. The delay in data transfer is 5 milliseconds.

Features of LTE technology

The range of an LTE station actually depends on the radiation power, while it is not limited in theory, but the maximum data transfer rate depends on the distance from the station and the radio frequency. The limit for 1 Mbps is between 3.2 km (2600 MHz) and 19.7 km (450 MHz). In our country, many operators operate at frequencies of 2600 MHz, 1800 MHz and 800 MHz. The most commonly used band in the world is 1800 MHz.

LTE in Russia and in the world

According to various sources, more than 50% of the total population of Russia is in the LTE coverage area at the time of writing. In some countries, this figure is an order of magnitude higher. For example, the implementation of LTE in South Korea reaches 97%, in Japan - 90%, and in Singapore - 84%.

The coverage area in Russia is constantly expanding, so we can expect that LTE technology will be available almost throughout the country in the future.

How to connect to LTE?

First of all, the subscriber needs to clarify whether his mobile operator supports LTE. If it does, then you will need a smartphone that supports this technology. After that, the only thing that the subscriber needs to do is simply connect to the mobile Internet and, if possible, the connection will be made using fourth-generation (4G) mobile communications. Please note that LTE is not supported everywhere, even within the same city. For example, the coverage area may be relevant only for some areas of the city.

In some cases, it is necessary to replace the old SIM card with a new one if it does not support new technologies. In addition, if you plan to use high-speed Internet, it is better to connect unlimited Internet, since at such a high speed the traffic is consumed very quickly and, most importantly, almost imperceptibly for the subscriber himself.

Technology moves too fast to keep up with everything. It is enough to relax your attention to the market of technological innovations for a year and nothing is clear about LTE, what is it in the phone and why is it constantly being discussed? But if you do not go into technical details, it is not difficult to understand this issue, you just need to delve into it.

Why is data transfer speed important?

Data transfer has always been a priority for mankind:

• From generation to generation. This made it possible to preserve as much useful information as possible for future generations, to advance scientific and technological progress.
• Over great distances. Once upon a time, it took months and even years to convey the news a thousand kilometers away. Today it can be done in one second.
• Between individuals and large organizations. Misunderstandings often led to disastrous consequences.
• For scientific experiments and the development of something fundamentally new. Now people operate with too massive blocks of information.

In many ways, the future of humanity depends on the ability to share information. The more data that is freely available, and the easier it can be transferred from person to person, the faster progress will develop. Many of the obstacles that still fetter science will disappear, it will be possible not to wait for publications and interesting results for months, as happened in the past.

What is LTE in a smartphone?

High standards in terms of data transfer are also set for ordinary users of mobile devices:

1. In 2010, the full introduction of the 3G format began, which provides for a bandwidth of 100 Mbps.
2. Today, in most major cities of our country, this format is actively used by mobile operators.
3. In fact, the speed very rarely reaches the cherished 100, more often limited to 8-16 Mbps.
4. Relatively recently, new standards have been developed, called 4G, providing for a 10-fold increase in bandwidth compared to the previous format.
5. In order to gradually switch to 4G, it was decided to start with a smooth transition to the LTE format. In fact, this option is able to provide not purely theoretical, but quite real 100Mbit.

To comply with the standards, mobile device manufacturers have begun to include support for the LTE format in their devices. In fact, this is the next step between 3G and 4G, which is designed to reduce the load on wireless networks and allow you to take a step into the future.

This type of wireless data transmission in the next few years should become the main format for any smartphone or tablet.

How is 4G different from LTE?

From a marketing point of view, very useful to compareLTE to 4G. After all, many have already heard about the fourth generation of communication. Everyone really expects 1Gbps transmission. But in the coming years, one can not even dream of such a speed, especially in small cities on the periphery. But with LTE they will begin to “contact” earlier, but the format needs to enlist at least some kind of advertising support.

In fact, hopes can be shattered by harsh reality:

• LTE cannot be fully considered a 4G format.
• It does not meet all the standards of the fourth generation.
• In fact, in most regions, the speed will be limited to 100 Mbps, which is 10 times lower than the initial expectations.
• The bandwidth of the LTE format is growing every day, while 4G exists only in theory and on paper.
• The imperfection of the technical infrastructure does not allow to immediately and massively move to the fourth generation, you have to use the predecessors. One of them is LTE.

FDD LTE - what is it?

In respect of stream encoding, there are two LTE formats, the most advanced of them is FDD. The fact is that when connecting to the network, we are interested not only in the download speed, but also in the upload speed of the material:

• When downloading a file or watching a video, we use one of two streams - Download.
• When uploading data to the server, sharing information and giving access to our device, we use a different stream - Upload.

For an ordinary user, the return has practically no value, but it all depends on the tasks set for oneself. In any case, the two streams of incoming and outgoing information must be encoded in some way so as not to "cross" and "not interfere" with each other. In FDD format this the issue is solved by using different frequencies This saves time and power.

When using TDD, the data is divided already in time. It is for high-speed Internet that this is not the best option, as you might have guessed. A third format is currently being developed, capable of simultaneously separating both in time and in frequency. Theoretically, this approach should save even more time while maintaining maximum power.

How to choose the right mobile internet speed?

It's too easy to get confused in all the numbers and abbreviations. Ultimately, they were developed by engineers for internal use. Each owner of a smartphone does not have to drive numbers, concepts and other data into his head. Enough:

1. Decide on the purposes for which the mobile device will be used.
2. Test speed with a dot and determine what speed is needed for given goals.
3. Choose a tariff plan from the operator, with suitable “numbers”.
4. Do not overpay for "extra" bandwidth that will never be needed.

It is always a pleasure to read about the development of wireless data transmission and think about the future. But for normal speed, a full-fledged infrastructure is needed, in this regard, not all operators can boast of having the necessary equipment in the proper amount.

Why is LTE needed?

Now almost every new phone model will support LTE:

• This is a data transmission format, wireless transmission.
• It is a stepping stone between 3G and 4G.
• Theoretically, the new look should provide 100 Mbps.
• The format is absolutely harmless to health, in terms of radiation and all that.

By and large, this is the new speed standard, which will be achieved through the improvement of the mobile devices themselves and the modernization of the networks themselves. If everything is clear with smartphone manufacturers, they do not stint on new technologies, then there may be problems with the infrastructure in some regions. But it's still too early to talk about it.

LTE will stay on the market for only a couple of years, it will be replaced by 4G. Well, this is under the most optimistic scenarios. In fact, we know that there is nothing more permanent than "for a couple of years."

A real step forward is LTE, what almost every fan of the mobile Internet now knows what it is in a phone. The nice thing is that we have moved from the theory of implementing high standards to practice.

Video about LTE technology

In this video, Anton, as part of the Knowledge Base program, will tell you what is LTE? Why is it needed in the phone and even different from 3G:

Currently, LTE networks are classified as the fourth generation of wireless communications (4G). The main advantages compared to the previous generation are high data transfer rates. This is an obvious plus for users. In turn, providers can use LTE technology to increase without installing new equipment.

The optimal coverage radius of an LTE base station is 5 km. If necessary, the specified range can be extended up to 100 km. Naturally, such a large coverage area is provided by installing the antenna at a sufficient height and does not imply its use in urban areas.

The world's first commercial LTE network was launched in Sweden in 2009. In Russia, the development of this standard has not yet received active support. This is due to the fact that in order to work with LTE networks, operators must have at their disposal frequencies of a certain range.

In May 2012, the Yota operator activated the LTE network in Moscow. Until that time, most services were provided using the WiMax channel. Active users of Yota got the opportunity to exchange "old" modems for equipment that works with the LTE channel in advance. It should be noted that before the launch of the LTE network in the capital, such channels were already operating in Novosibirsk and Krasnodar.

The slow integration of LTE technologies has a negative impact on the development of computer technology. This applies mainly to all kinds of tablet computers and communicators. A certain part of these devices supports the ability to connect to LTE networks.

The operation of LTE networks in Russia is ensured in such a way that when leaving the coverage area of ​​the corresponding antennas, instantaneous switching to relatively old channels is carried out. Naturally, this function is supported only by those devices that can work with LTE, WiMax and GPRS channels.

Sources:

• how lte works

Mobile communication technologies are constantly evolving. In order to be able to provide customers with competitive services, cellular operators strive to use the latest achievements in this area. The most promising direction today is the commissioning of 4G class networks.

The 4G class today includes mobile communication networks created on the basis of fourth generation technologies. They are characterized by a high speed of information exchange, as well as improved voice quality. Unlike 3G, networks of this class use only packet data transfer protocols (IPv4, IPv6). The exchange rate is more than 100 Mbps for mobile and more than 1 Gbps for fixed subscribers. Voice transmission in 4G networks is carried out via VoIP. Currently, there are two technologies that are recognized as meeting all the requirements of 4G class networks. These are LTE-Advanced and WiMAX (WirelessMANAdvanced).

The development of LTE technology, which is the prototype of LTE-Advanced, was started in 2000 by Hewlett-Packard and NTT DoCoMo. This direction was promising, since even third-generation networks were just beginning to gain popularity. The technology began to meet the requirements of 4G only by the tenth release. However, since this standard could be used in existing mobile networks, it began to enjoy the support of cellular operators. The first network based on LTE-Advanced was officially launched in December 2009 in the cities of Stockholm and Oslo.

WiMAX technology is an evolution of the Wi-Fi wireless data transmission standard. It is being developed by the WiMAX Forum, established in 2001. A feature of WiMAX is the existence of various information exchange protocols for static and mobile subscribers. The first cellular communication network using WiMAX technology was opened in December 2005 in Canada.

Today, 4G networks are beginning to gain more and more popularity around the world. However, their implementation is associated with certain difficulties. One of them is that the high-frequency radio waves used in these networks penetrate extremely poorly through urban structures. Therefore (compared to 3G) many more base stations are required to provide good coverage.

Today, wireless mobile Internet from cellular operators is gaining more and more popularity in big cities. Thanks to him, each user can use the Internet and download information from the network in any part of the coverage area. Wireless Internet is also divided into different types of technologies. For example, there is the Internet of the 3G generation and the LTE generation. At the same time, LTE wireless Internet is a completely new technology today and has not yet entered tightly into our lives.

So, not everyone knows what LTE is and how to use it, as well as what significant innovations it has brought. Let's take a closer look at this new technology together.

Development of mobile networks and the advent of LTE

The first Internet on a mobile phone can be considered GPRS technology, which is also called first generation technology. However, this technology had a very low speed and a small coverage area, which made it difficult to use. Then, in 2003, EDGE technology appeared, which is considered to be the technology of the beginning of the mobile Internet era.

EDGE technology is often referred to as "2G", which translates as "second generation technology". Despite the fact that the speed of such an Internet became much higher than GPRS, it was still low, and many sites had to be loaded for a long time, and one could not dream of such a thing as watching a movie online.

The next stage in the development of data transmission technologies was the emergence of a third-generation wireless network, which is called "3G". Thanks to this new technology, using the Internet has become easy and the connection has become more stable. Now users of this mobile network can download websites quickly and even watch videos online, which was not possible before. This technology is quite common these days. However, it is successfully displaced by the new technology of the fourth generation.

With the development of the Internet and mobile phones, a network was needed that could transfer data over the network even faster and at the same time reduce costs. Then the developers created a fourth-generation network - "4G" or "LTE". The name translates as "long-term evolution", which hints at the long-term use of technology in the near future.

This technology has huge advantages over past generations and is actively entering our daily lives.

Characteristics of LTE technology

4G technology allows you to transfer data over a wireless mobile network at speeds up to 150 Mbps, which is currently the fastest data transfer over a mobile network. With such a fast speed, any user can open websites instantly and download movies in the best quality very quickly. In addition, you can even watch movies in HD quality online without any problems.

The coverage area of ​​4G is up to 100 kilometers, which is much more than that of 3G. 4G also makes better use of the frequency range, reducing the impact of interference on the wireless network.

LTE technology was created in order to increase the data transfer rate, reduce the cost and reduce the delay in the transmission of data packets. The fourth generation network performs all these points admirably. In addition, 4G reduced the costs of mobile operators by 6 times compared to 3G technology, and, therefore, reduced the cost of using services for the consumer.

How can I connect to the LTE network

Almost all modern mobile phones are equipped with the ability to use the fourth generation wireless network, but older models do not support this technology. Connecting to 4G via mobile is not difficult. It is enough just to activate the desired tariff plan from the mobile operator that provides this service. However, it is important to remember that 4G network coverage may not be everywhere today. Basically, the coverage area is located in the central areas of metropolitan areas. However, this will change in the future.

To connect 4G on your phone and tablet, you will need a special SIM card, which can be bought at the offices of a mobile operator. In addition, a laptop will also need a usb modem or router through which data will be transferred to a laptop or computer. A router or modem is also bought in cellular stores.

After purchasing the necessary equipment, it remains only to choose the appropriate tariff. All information on tariff plans can always be viewed on the website of the mobile operator or clarified in the communication stores where you purchase a modem or router.

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