MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ORENBURG STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY
______________________________________________________________
N.M. MYSHIAKOVA
World Art
Part 2 artistic culture of the most ancient and ancient world
Program materials for the course of lectures
(GSE.F.04. - cultural studies)
(Minutes No. 4 dated June 15, 2004 of the meeting of the Presidium of the UMO Council on the specialties of teacher education)
OGPU publishing house
Orenburg 2004
UDC 008:930.8
Reviewers
N. L. Morgunova, Doctor of Historical Sciences,
OGPU professor
A. G. Prokofieva, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences,
OGPU professor
Myshyakova N.M.
M 96 World art culture. Part 2: Artistic
Culture of the Ancient and Ancient World: Materials for a course of lectures. -
Orenburg: OGPU Publishing House, 2004. - 79 p.
The program is the second part of the course "Culturology" (Part 1: "Mythology") and is intended for students of all faculties and students of humanitarian faculties studying in the specialty "Culturology".
UDC 008:930.8
Myshyakova N.M., 2004
OGPU publishing house, 2004
The program is the second part of the general course "Culturology" (part 1 - "Mythology") and is intended for students of the humanities. The program assumes a variable, selective use of the material depending on the number of hours, the specifics of the faculty, the availability of illustrative material, etc. Program materials allow us to consider selected topics in a broad national, sociocultural, morphological context, revealing the interaction of cultures or their typological commonality. Topics that are not included in the main course can be used in the extracurricular system.
Section 1. Artistic culture of the ancient world
The concept of a traditional type of culture. The peculiarity of the social structure. Appropriating character of the economy. Formation of culture as a mechanism of self-organization of society. Accumulation of life experience and cultural tradition. The main stages of ancient culture. The problem of the origin of artistic culture. “Metahistorical space” of the birth of “metaart” ( E.Sementsova). The anonymous nature of artistic activity. Syncretism of primitive culture. “moral neutrality” ( M.S. Kagan) primitive art. Data from archeology and ethnography. Stone tools of the Late Paleolithic. concept excess skill. Animism And totemism primitive art. Primitive “ideological syncretism” ( N.A. Dmitrieva). "Archaeological" hypotheses linking the genesis of "primary forms of creativity" with "hints" of "natural sculpture", "macaroni", "hands" ( A.D. Stolyar).
Art."Animal" embodiment of the cosmos. The connection of primitive art with hunting and hunting magic Paleolithic animalism as the art of "great hunters" for a large herd animal. Mythological system of cave painting.
Discovery of wall paintings in the cave of Altamira by Spaniard Marcelino de Sautuola (1875). Altamira is a Paleolithic "art gallery", the most significant in terms of artistic wealth and "tragic role in historiography" ( A.D. Stolyar). Placement of drawings (on the ceiling, on the walls, in hard-to-reach places). Drawing style. Non-observance of external mutual proportions. The phenomenon of superposition. Lack of perspective. Rare cases of depiction of space (“a buffalo looking back” and “a woman resting” in the La Madeleine cave). Lack of vertical and horizontal orientation. X-ray style. Image scenes. Techniques for transmitting movement (position of the legs, tilt of the body, turn of the head). Receptions of simplification and symbolization of the image. Two styles of primitive art: lifelike And conditional. The image of the beast and the expression of man. Primitive pictorial technique (large stone incisors; a finger stained with colored clay). The use of the shape of a rock for pictorial purposes (“standing buffalo” in the stalagmite of the Castillo cave, “buffalo with arrows” in a cave in Nio). The use of mineral dyes.
Types of animals depicted : bison, tours, rhinos, goats, horses, wolves. Rarely depicted animals: deer, donkey, predatory animals. The uniqueness of the image of fish, birds, snakes, insects.
Anthropomorphic images. Frequent images of women. The image of a woman as an anthropomorphic component of the concept of the world. Realistic And stylized image types. Frontality, immobility of female figures, their potential monumentality. Flat, undeveloped image of the face. Claviphor images (resembling musical signs or a musical key). Type dressed women. The uniqueness of the image of two "resting women" in the cave of La Madeleine. “Modernism” images ( J. Jelinek).
Images of men. The drama of the scenes and situations in which men are depicted: pierced by arrows, defending themselves from the beast ( torment). phallic motifs.
System symbolic images. Various interpretations of symbols (gender signs, calendar, ritual touches). positive And negative hand images. Images of a hand with undeveloped fingers ( mutilation).
Exit of the image from the cave to the surface of the rock (Mesolithic). Pose volatilegallop. System ornamental characters. “The birth of a vessel with an integral system of painting is an ideological revolution” ( E.Sementsova). Developed worship of the mother goddess, the bull. Patterns of "band" ceramics, scorpions, fish, birds, images of "horns dedications”, symbols of the cross, swastika spirals, etc. The tendency to create a relatively independent pictorial integrity. The development of picture writing - pictographs. Colorized pebbles Mas d'Azil caves in Ariège (France) - possible signs of ancient writing (the assumption of the French scientist E. Piette).
Primitive sculpture. Steles with a relief of a human face. zooanthropomorphic images. Paleolithic Venuses. Problems of erotic and social attribution "Venus". "literalism" as a "stadial feature of ancient symbolism" ( A.D. Stolyar).
primitive architecture. Development of monumental space, choice stone as the main material. Natural cluster images ( labyrinths). Anthropomorphism of the idea of stone boulders. Cyclopean fortresses. European cities. Megalithic structures: menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs. Stonehenge in England (a complex spatial structure, thoughtful design). Megalithic culture of France. "Log" cultures of the Middle Volga and Southern Urals. Burial structures. Elements of architectural decor.
Manufacturing decorations: key chains, hairpins, necklaces, bracelets. Jewelry wearing style. Materials and processing technique. Jewelry-amulets.
Primitive theater(use of masks, imitating the habits of animals, body painting, etc.). The role of totemic and initiatory rites in the development of primitive theatre. The image of an animal in primitive ideas. The appearance of the first human masks in funeral and memorial rites. The role of secret men's unions in the preservation and development of primitive "theatrical" traditions. Witchcraft "sessions" and shamanistic rituals are examples of syncretic theatrical and ritual action. Elements of theatricality in wedding ceremonies, in calendar agrarian folk-ritual games.
The art of dance. The rhythm of movements and the rhythm of sound.
"Aging" music inside the primitive syncretic complex of pre-art. Melodic and rhythmic formulas. Logical organization of sounds. The first primitive instruments: beaters, rattles, stone slabs-lithophones, shell pipes, flutes made of animal bones and horns, musical bow. Difficulty in intonation. Formation of the simplest musical and sound systems, elementary types of meter and mode. musical mythology. The idea of music as a powerful force capable of influencing nature. Lyric spells.
The concept of A.N. Veselovsky about the origin poetry from folk tradition. Epos and lyrics as "the result of the decomposition of the ancient ritual choir". The concepts of “collective emotionality” and “group subjectivism” ( A.N. Veselovsky).lead singers ritual choir - a prototype poet. Canonization of primitive lyrics, its magical goals. Semantic complex- the most important element of primitive poetry. Poetics of repeatability And and variations. Formation of semantic-syntactic parallelism. Characteristic stylistic features of primitive poetry (reception of contrast, accumulation of synonyms, refrains, polylogy, metaphorical formulas, etc.).
The internal aspect of the problem of the origin of verbal art. concept myth. The ritualistic concept of the relationship between myth and ritual (J. Fraser, R. Harrison and others). Ritual-mythological school (N. Fry, R. Chase and others). Identification of poetry with myth and ritual.
E. Cassirer's study of myth as a special symbolic and rational language.
Structural anthropology of K. Levi-Strauss. Logical mechanisms of primitive thinking: “a field of unconscious logical operations”; the principle of "bricolage"; system of binary oppositions; mechanisms of mediation (mediation) and “generating semantics” ( C. Levi-Strauss). Symbolism, geneticism and etiology of mythological thinking. Universal personification in myths and a wide metaphorical comparison of natural and cultural objects, the “paradigmatic” nature of the myth ( E. Meletinsky). Myth as a worldview and narrative. Myth as a sign system ( R. Bart). Mythological thinking is the intellectual basis for neolithic technical revolution. Myth and fairy tale. Myth and historical tradition. Myth and legend. Myth and archaic epic. Classification of myths. Culture and mythology of Eurasia (Indo-European, West Semitic, German-Scandinavian, Celtic, Turkic-speaking peoples, peoples of Transcaucasia, Siberia, etc.), Africa, America, Australia.
Late forms of primitive art: earthenware vessels with geometric ornamental painting, with small schematic sculptural figures of people, horses, birds; bucket-shaped bronze vessels ( situla).
The Artistic Culture of the Ancient World on the Territory of Russia. Western and Eastern Europe: General and Special. The wide development of geometric ornamentation is the specificity of the late Paleolithic Eastern Europe, as well as rock art - a typical phenomenon of ancient art Western Europe.
Art of the era Paleolithic(Avdeevsky settlement, Kostenki settlement, Kobystan, Kapova cave, Sungir, Mezino sites, etc.). Dominance of zoomorphic images. Mammoth is the main character of the animal gallery. Images of birds and snakes (falcons, kites; zigzag meander ornaments of Mezin birds).
Anthropomorphic images (paleolithic "Venuses" in Kostenki).
Art Central Asia era Neolithic And bronze in eka. A special distribution of terracotta figurines of women (the cult of the mother goddess). "Canonical" forms of female figurines (standing women with broad rectangular shoulders and lowered short arms; numerous oval moldings on the body - symbols of "many breasts").
Rock carvings of Central Asia. concept petroglyphs(drawings on the rock in red paint). The mountain goat is the most characteristic motif of the rock carvings of Central Asia.
Art Caucasuscopper And Bronze Age. The most typical monuments are the ancient settlements of the central part. The originality of ceramics: the principle of "facial filling", dryness, graphic and excessive compositional complexity of ornaments (V.B. Black). The grandiosity of the Maykop burial mound (3 thousand BC). Proximity of the monuments of the Maykop kurgan to Sumerian and Asia Minor antiquities.
The uniqueness and decorative expressiveness of metal jewelry Transcaucasia. The cult character of the bronze belts, decorated with engraving; "cosmism" of zoomorphic images. The development of ceramics (black polished vessels, a spectacular combination of black and white).
Megalithic structures of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Vishaps And vishapoids- monumental stone sculptures, fish-shaped steles (catfish or "chanar"), carved from basalt.
Small plastic North Caucasus. North Caucasian animal style. Mythological "serpent fighters", reflecting ancient animistic and totemic ideas. Numerous zoomorphic pendants in the form of heads of aurochs, deer, bears.
Northern Black Sea region era Neolithic And bronze age. The development of stone as a building material; the creation of mounds; appearance of the first anthropomorphic images. Kurgans as a steppe phenomenon proper. The grandiose sizes of mounds pitculture. Grave sculptures, typical for the steppe zone, are “stone women” (anthropomorphic stele-slabs with slightly rounded corners and a small protrusion denoting the head). The features of the pit sculptures are the interpretation of facial features in the form of a T-shaped sign. Grave sculptures as a possible image of the "goddess of burials".
Art Tripoli tribes(settled agricultural and pastoral tribes in the steppe zone between the Dnieper and the Dniester) - "the culture of painted ceramics" ( T.S. Passek). The use of ceramic materials for the construction of dwellings. A lot of ceramic products: vessels, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, toys, amulets. Technique manufacturing (hand-sculpting without the use of a potter's wheel) and types Tripolye ceramics: ceramics with in-depth ornament in the form of a spiral; thin-walled ceramics with a polished surface, decorated with flutes; ceramics from a pink thin mass with a spiral ornament in one or more colors (red, black, white). A special group of "kitchen ceramics".
Neolithic tribes North. Sculpture of the Oleneostrovsky burial ground: ornamental items made of bone; zoomorphic sculpture.
Amber products the Baltics. Petroglyphs on the granite rocks of the eastern coast of Lake Onega and the White Sea.
ancient art Ural and Western Siberia(on the right side of the Yenisei "everything looks peculiar" - I.G. Gmelin). The relationship of the art of the tribes of Western Siberia to the art of the most ancient Finno-Ugric tribes of the Urals and Eastern Europe. Bear cult. Bear ceremonies and holidays. Images of a waterfowl - ducks. An echo of the Finnish epic Kalevala. Decorated dishes and crafts made of wood, bone, birch bark; round sculpture made of bone, wood and stone; art casting; cave drawings ( Ural inscriptions). The main and most ancient type of ornament is wavy lines (alternating vertical straight lines with horizontal or oblique wavy lines). General stylistic features of images animals: eye in the form of a protruding rounded area; an annular groove emphasizing the contour of the eye and the deepening of the lacrimal gland; non-distinction of the pupil. The oldest wooden anthropomorphic Images - idols: carelessly processed pillar-like images with roughly outlined facial features (obligatory - the presence of eyes and mouth) and sometimes with signs of gender. Anthropomorphic figurines mohar(Mansi figurines, which were made after the death of a person for a temporary receptacle for the reincarnating soul). Mohar Ugrians - shongyt("scull"). Figured stamps of ceramic patterns (traces of various animals and birds). The prevalence of the "ribbon type" ornament (V.I. Moshinskaya).
Bronze Age stone statues Southern Siberia. Statues of the Minusinsk Valley: sandstone or granite steles in the form of slabs or high pillars (a face is carved in the lower part of the pillar, symbolic signs are above). Decoration of the top of the sculpture in the form of a realistic round sculpture of a human or animal head: “Old woman-stone” on the Tagar mound; "Akhmarchinsky ram" on the Upper Bidzhinsky mound. Problems of interpretation of stone sculptures: grave monuments or anthropomorphic idols.
culture Baikal region: ornaments made from the teeth and fangs of animals. Baikal ornamental style: a combination of long horizontal and short perpendicular lines; complete subordination of the ornament to the shape of the vessel; bordering the upper part of the product; repeatedly repeating zigzags and "pendants".
Center of rock paintings - Stone islands on the Angara. The image of the elk is a reflection of the traditions of the Evenks (hunting mysteries; shamanic trips to the mythical progenitor - the elk "bugada"). Sculptures of fish.
The originality of the artistic world of the ancient tribes FarEast(basin of the Amur and Ussuri, Amur and Primorye). The specificity of the Far Eastern ornament: curvilinearity, the predominance of spirals and "braiding", an ornament in the form of fish scales. "Amur braid": patterns of interlacing wide ribbons forming a grid with rhombic cells. Traditions of the most ancient Far Eastern ornament in the modern ornamental art of the Amur tribes.
Culture of the ancients eskimos("Bering Sea stage" - G. B. Collins). Masterpieces of bone carving. A characteristic feature of the culture of the Arctic tribes is the desire to decorate any household item, weapon, tool with an ornament. The nature of the patterns: carved, thin, smooth lines, bordered by a dotted line and strictly corresponding to the shape of the object; convex ovals and circles, often with a dot inside; a combination of volume-convex plastic elements of abstract-ornamental decorations with carved lines. A characteristic feature of the Bering Sea art is the combination on one object of intricately stylized images of animals, anthropomorphic figurines and masks-masks. The similarity of the Bering Sea masks-masks with similar works of art of the Indians of northwestern America.
"Women-fly agaric" in rock paintings on the banks of the Pegty-mel River in the polar Chukotka is a reflection of the important role of the mushroom in the shamanic culture and mythology of the Chukchi.
The stability of traditional artistic culture and the development of traditions in the contemporary art of the peoples of Siberia.
Primitive cultures of modern Africa (polychrome frescoes of Tassili), Australia ("churingi", handprints, negative images, drawings).
The historical significance of traditional artistic cultures.
Good afternoon, dear readers! Today I would like to introduce you to the general concept of World Artistic Culture. I think many will. Let's start by defining what MHC is. Next, I will continue to develop this topic, and we will see and learn many styles of painting and architecture. Now, let's define what culture is? Culture is all that is created by man as a result of his material and spiritual development. This is not only a process, but the very process of people's creative activity, as a result of which both a person and the world around him change. Also, the main task of human cultural activity is the knowledge and transformation of the world. After all, even in the stone jungle, a person tried to transform the world around him - killed mammoth, here's a carpet on the wall. are also a consequence of human cultural development. But we will learn about Primitive culture in the next article.
The concept of "culture" can be divided into two sections: material and spiritual. What is material culture?! This is the material and production activity of a person and its results. In other words, this is everything that a person has created, and we can touch it, smell it, lick it. Spiritual culture is also divided into two subspecies - a spiritual product and spiritual values. A spiritual product is the spiritual world of each person and his activity to create spiritual values. And he has three values: science, art and morality. I hope everyone knows that it is not necessary to give these concepts. Yu.M. Lotman said: "Nothing dies in true culture." Let's think about what he meant. Probably, if an ordinary person brings something that has not been seen before into culture, then this will never die. Maybe it will be forgotten, but it will not die. This will be remembered and revived! That's how it always happens...
Let me give you one more statement. T. Mann said: "Art is an eternal symbol of humanity's striving for goodness, truth, and perfection." What is art? Art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which expresses the idea of the world and man through artistic images. IN difference from science which is based on formulas, laws and concepts. What gives art to people? First, it is a force that can unite people. Secondly, it deals with the eternal problems of mankind. After all, for example, the problem of fathers and children didn't go anywhere. I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov and many other Russian and foreign writers covered this problem in your novels/novels/stories. And this is one kind of art. Thirdly, art reflects the patterns of development of society. Fourthly, it develops the outlook of a person, his inner world. And finally, fifthly, it gives creativity. Many artists or composers created under the influence of this or that shock. From a picture of some kind or no one knows, but the fact remains!
I used the expression “art forms” here, but what is it, who knows? Types of art are historically formed special images of human artistic activity, which differ in the means of expressing reality, according to the laws of creating artistic images. These include literature (the main reflection of reality is the word), music (surrounding reality is expressed in sounds) and fine arts (creation on a plane or in space of the visible world). The latter can be divided into spatial and temporal. The spatial arts have a visible form, while the temporal arts are perceived over time.
Well, here we have learned the basic concepts of what World Art Culture is. Do not forget, this is only the beginning, in the next article we will get acquainted with the art of the Ancient World and understand what motivated primitive man in terms of art. Read and learn as much as you can, and it's time for me to say goodbye to you. Goodbye, dear readers! Wait for the next issue and you will learn a lot of new and interesting things.
Video A new kind of art - a flash drive in the wall
The concept of "culture" is so ambiguous that there is still no single definition. We say "Greek culture", "work culture", "artistic culture". To better understand the meaning of this word, let's look at its origin.
original latin word « culture » meant "cultivation of the earth" and was opposed to the meaning of "natura", i.e. nature. The term "culture" can be used in other similar meanings: education, development, improvement.
Thus, the concept of "culture" means everything that is created by human labor as a result of the transformation of nature in an effort to achieve perfection. This is both the result and the very process of people's creative activity to transform nature, based on highly conscious activity. That is why culture does not exist outside of man and his activities. The history of human society is the history of world artistic culture.
Culture is a historically defined level of development of society and man, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people.
Culture is a set of genetically non-inherited information in the field of human behavior.
Culture is the total volume of human creativity.Culture is a set of material and spiritual values produced by mankind throughout history.
Rice. 1. Conditional division of culture by type.
National culture - it is a set of symbols, beliefs, beliefs, values, norms, patterns of behavior that characterize the spiritual life of the human community in a particular country, state.
World culture is a synthesis of the best achievements of all national cultures of various peoples, from ancient civilizations to the present day.
spiritual culture- the totality of all human knowledge and methods of activity to create spiritual values. The main types of spiritual creation are science, religion, art.
material culture- this is a culture, the objects of which are tools of labor, means of production, clothing, life, housing, means of communication - all that is the process and result of human material activity.
folk culture is the culture of the broad masses, which has been formed since the formation of the national state, passed down from generation to generation in the process of direct interaction. Folk culture is created by the people themselves, often by unknown authors. It includes: fairy tales, songs, folklore, myths, traditions, customs.
Mass culture- the culture of life, entertainment and information that prevails in modern society. It includes such phenomena as mass media (TV and radio), sports, cinema, music, popular literature, visual arts, etc.Elite culture- This is a culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by closeness, aristocracy and self-sufficiency.
Culture is an integral part of the life of society, it is inseparable from a person as a social being: culture is a process of active human activity aimed at mastering, understanding and transforming the world. The degree of cultural development always depends on the specific historical stage of society. The main role of culture in the life of society is that culture acts as a means of storing and transmitting human experience.
Hence the main cultural functions:
-
In addition to the presented types of culture (Fig. 1), artistic culture is distinguished separately.
Art culture- one of the types of culture that solves the problems of intellectual and sensory reflection of being in artistic images.
This position of artistic culture is based on the ability of artistic creativity inherent only in man, which distinguishes him from other living beings. It is impossible to reduce artistic culture only to art or to identify it with cultural activity in general.
Rice. 2 An example of a work of art by a primitive man. Rock drawing of a bull from the cave of Altamira (Spain).
Art occupies a central place in artistic culture. Art is a kind of artistic assimilation of reality by a person, with the aim of forming and developing his ability to creatively transform the world and himself according to the laws of beauty.
We refer to art as: literature, painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, art photography, arts and crafts, theater, circus, cinema, etc. In each of them, works of art are created - books, paintings, sculptures, performances, films, etc.
Each people has its own culture, and together all the peoples of the world have created a world culture.
World Art- not a simple sum of cultures of equal peoples. This is a constant interaction of cultures. Each people "speaks" with other peoples, with people separated from it by centuries, with the language of its culture. And this universal language of culture should be understandable to you and me, just like the language of mathematics or physics, as a foreign language, the knowledge of which makes a person especially educated. Of course, we must learn to understand the language of culture.
Review questions:
- Think about how culture affects a person?
- Think about how a person influences culture?
- What kinds of art do you know?
- Using additional sources, find out what does physical culture have to do with culture?
World artistic culture reveals the specifics and originality of the spiritual and aesthetic experience of mankind, generalizes the ideas that a person has about the arts. This subject is included in the basic curriculum and is required to study.
The concept of culture. Principles of studying artistic culture.
World Art - a whole list of scientific disciplines:
History of art (as well as its philosophy and psychology)
Aesthetics (the study of the forms of beauty in art)
Culturology (complex of studies of culture in general)
Cultural ethnography (a science that studies the material and spiritual of peoples-ethnoses)
The semantics of culture (the study of cultural objects in terms of the meaning they express)
Semiotics of culture (consideration of culture as a system of signs)
Hermeneutics (the study of the principles of interpretation and interpretation of cultural objects)
Ontology of culture (relationship between culture and universal laws of being)
Epistemology of culture (the study of forms of knowledge based on cultural heritage)
Axiology (consideration of value orientations approved by culture)
What is culture? The Latin origin of the word refers us to the noun colere"cultivation", "cultivation". But there is no single definition.
Classification of definitions concepts of "culture" Spanish culturologist Albert Cafaña.
1) definitions based on the concept of social heritage (Edward Sapir: “ culture is any socially inherited element of human life - both material and spiritual»)
2) definitions based on the notion of learnable forms of behavior (Julian Stuart: “ Culture is usually understood as acquired ways of behaving that are socially transmitted...»)
3) definitions based on the concept of ideas (James Ford: “... culture can be generally defined as the flow of ideas from individual to individual through symbolic behavior, verbal learning, or imitation»)
4) definitions based on the concept of the superorganic (i.e., lying beyond the limits of sensory perception), - intellectual, emotional, spiritual)
cultureis a set of socially inherited material and spiritual elements of human life: physical objects created by man, labor skills, behavioral norms, aesthetic patterns, ideas, as well as the ability to preserve, use and pass them on to descendants.
The division of culture into material and spiritual. It is generally accepted thatmaterial represents objects of labor, housing, clothing, vehicles, means of production, etc. But this type of culture is represented not only by certain objects, it includes the knowledge, abilities and skills of the person involved in the production process. The physical development of a person is also part of this culture. Spiritual culture is art, religion, education, science and the level of implementation of its achievements in everyday life and production, traditions, customs, rituals, medicine, the degree of development of the needs and interests of people in material and spiritual terms. This can also include relationships between people, as well as the relationship of man to himself and nature ...
Such a division is legitimate, but it is not worth accepting it as an absolute truth. This is pointed out, for example, by the Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev:« Every Culture (even material Culture) is a Culture of the spirit, every Culture has a spiritual basis - it is a product of the creative work of the spirit...". In other words, any material culture has as its cause a spiritual culture, and as a consequence this or that spiritual state. For example, a mobile phone that each of you has is an object of material culture, but its existence is possible only thanks to spiritual culture (a field of science), and its result is your spiritual state (for example, the phenomenon of SMS thinking).
Art culture - it is the world of art, which is characterized by interaction with society and other types of culture. This type of culture is a product of human artistic activity. Artistic culture It includes the following components:
art production,
art sciences,
art criticism,
- "consumption" of works of art (listeners, viewers, readers).
Obviously, the first three of these components presuppose professional involvement in the artistic field (in the role of an artist (in the broadest sense of the word), an art historian, and a critic). The fourth concerns us directly.
The objective of the MHC course : acquisition by a person of the status of a "competent" consumer (spectator, reader, listener), who has certain knowledge in the field of art and an understanding of the laws according to which art exists and develops.
In order to study this or that scientific discipline, we need to choose a kind of "observation point" - that is, our position in time and space relative to the phenomena being studied. The French philosopher Henri Corbin calls this point "historial".
When it comes to scientific disciplines, it is likely that the historical will coincide with the point that indicates the state of modern humanity. That is, let's say, we will study physics, based mostly on modern theses put forward by this science. That is, the scientific historial is impersonal and more or less immobile: we analyze the physical hypotheses put forward in the 4th century. BC. (for example, the idea of atoms for the authorship of Democritus) and the molecular theory of the 19th century based on the same scientific data belonging to the 21st century.
Is such an approach possible in the field of art? Can we study, for example, ancient Greek art, staying on the positions of modernity (modern scientific data, social structure, technical capabilities, aesthetic trends) and our cultural and national identity (traditions, current value system, religious beliefs, etc.)? That is, can we study Homer's texts while remaining entirely Russian people of the 21st century, living in the era of the information society, democratic values, brought up in line with Christian and post-Christian culture? No, we cannot, because in this case we will simply remain indifferent and deaf to these works; all we can say about them is some senseless and banal nonsense - they say, these are “masterpieces” and “everyone should know them” ... What should we do? Answer: to shift our history to that spatio-temporal point when these works were created (in the case of Homer, this will be Ancient Greece of the archaic period). Intellectually and emotionally, this will mean trying to understand and feel the Homeric poems as they were felt and understood by the author's contemporaries and the author himself. Then our history will be personal and mobile. Then we can at least understand something. This movement of the historical is perhaps the most technically difficult thing that we have to do. Because it requires us to constantly modify our thinking, to constantly free ourselves from the stereotypes of modernity. It's really not easy and it takes practice.
Why do we need all this ? The modern Russian philosopher Heydar Dzhemal compared a person with a candle. There is a candle and there is its fire. The flame of a candle is not a candle. But a candle without a flame is also not quite a candle - it's just an oblong wax object. That is, it is the flame of a candle that makes a candle a candle. Also with a person. There is a person (candle) and there is meaning (flame). Not being involved in the realm of meaning, man is not quite a man, but only a set of external signs of a man, a biped without feathers. And only by seeking and finding meanings do we become fully human. And the area of meanings is the area with which artistic culture "works".
The material was prepared by a teacher of Russian language and literature
MKOU "Secondary School No. 10", Shadrinsk
Gubanova Valeria Alekseevna
MHK lesson in modern school.
World art culture (hereinafter referred to as the WCC) as an independent subject arose relatively recently. This is a young subject, its history goes back about twenty to thirty years. The course “World Artistic” Culture differs from other subjects of the school curriculum in that its methodological requirements are still being formed and systematized. As a result of this, we can conclude that the poor development of the methodology and requirements for the MHK lesson makes the subject of the MHK “faded” and uninteresting in relation to other subjects of the school curriculum. Therefore, the teacher of the MHC and the school administration will have to solve these problems.
World art culture as a subject belongs to the educational field "Art".
The MHK lesson in a modern school is designed to form a holistic harmonious personality. The most effective way to achieve this are communicative forms of work with students. In my work I use frontal, group forms of work with students. It is communicative forms that imply not just an exchange of statements, remarks about this or that object of art, but a holistic organization of the exchange of opinions, in which, I emphasize, these opinions are not imposed on anyone. Thanks to such a purposeful and orderly exchange, the modern student forms his own vision of an object of art: whether it is a reproduction, a book, an architectural monument or an excerpt from a piece of music.
Art lessons, in my opinion, are best done in the form of discussions, seminars, creative workshops, small theatrical performances. It is these forms of organization of the lesson that contribute to better assimilation and memorization of the material by students.
The teacher should not forget about the interdisciplinary connections of the MHC school subject with other disciplines that are taught at school. So we all know that art is closely connected with history, geography, literature, music. Therefore, at the MHC lesson, it is imperative to draw parallels to these subjects. But I will note right away that the modern schoolchild does not know or knows history and literature poorly. So at one of the lessons of the Moscow Art Theater, working with slides that depicted an architectural monument of the 16th century, I asked the students the following question: “Who ruled the state at this point in time?” And what struck me was that only one of the seventeen students answered.
Talking about the monuments of literature at the lessons of the Moscow Art Theater, one can say that the modern schoolchild does not know or does not know the authors of the works, and the works themselves, although in the lessons of literature literature teachers study in depth with students both poets and writers. From this follows the conclusion that the MHC teacher must have knowledge about a particular subject that he wants to discuss in class with students. We, teachers, not only need to draw parallels, connections with other subjects of the school course, but also teach our students to do this themselves at the MHC lesson.
At the MHK lesson in a modern school, under the guidance of a teacher, students should learn to independently and creatively organize their activities, search for and systematize material in various sources and convert it into knowledge, use computer technology to design creative and homework.
I want to emphasize that the art lessons should also include students' project activities. It should be focused on the development of interest in independent creative work,the ability to work with text, highlight the main thing, make presentations, analyze, summarize what has been learned. The teacher here should act as a mentor, a mentor. Project activity can act as an independent form of organizing a lesson.
Thus, the MHC lesson in a modern school should not only reveal to us a holistic, harmonious personality, but also educate it.
