What is participle in Russian? Russian lessons: what is a passive participle.

For others.

Interpretations of participles are different. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Do not be surprised, therefore, if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. Deciding which point of view to follow depends on the answers to some questions:

1. How many parts of speech are distinguished in Russian?
2. What form: the indefinite form of the verb or participle in the form of m.r. unit I.p. - consider the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does the verb have?

• Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
• Because patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
• Because he considers this position not only scientifically sound and consistent with common sense and a broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for children.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant for many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that the children easily, automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the spelling of the suffixes of the present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verbal stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from the 6th grade to the 11th. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises in the course of learning, will contribute to the development of the child, the awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, the originality of the verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are easier to orient themselves in distinguishing between participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, it is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study of foreign languages ​​(attributing participles to verb forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, such as English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: sign of the object by action. Questions: what? doing what? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological features: Features of the morphological form: participles have the features of both a verb and an adjective.

• Constant (immutable) features are the features of the verb:
  • type: SV and NSV,
  • transitivity,
  • recurrence,
  • tense (present and past)
  • pledge.
• Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
  • number,
  • case,
  • fullness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are a definition or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of the adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: real and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes a sign of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any sign, but only one that in a real situation is associated with an action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping Baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items are subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is performed on the object by some producer of the action.

Valid participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called valid. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sits)

Girl talking on the phone...

defined word girl, definition chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word dishes, the definition of dishwasher-washed (dishes didn't wash themselves, someone else did).

Essay, what I wrote last week is lost.

Defined word essay, definition written by me last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and short form.

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Varieties of tulips bred in Holland are highly valued all over the world.

bred- full form

These varieties of tulips are bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by numbers, by gender (in the singular), and by cases. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

bred- unit, m.r., I.p.

We are living in the country occupying one sixth of the land.

occupying- sing., w.r., p.p.

Our Houses, located in the neighborhood, were not at all similar.

located- pl., I.p.

Short forms change in numbers and in singular. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book was written and submitted to the publisher.
The novel has been written and has already been published.
The essay was written and published in a magazine.
Letters written and sent.

§5. Participle formation

Different verbs have a different number of participial forms. It depends on the form and transitivity of the verb.

NSV transitive verbs have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
reading
3) passive participle of the present tense: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of both the past and the present tense are possible.

Transitive verbs ST have 2 forms of participles:

1) real past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy ST. Present tense forms from CB verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) real participle of the present tense: walking,
2) real past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of the past and present tense are possible.

Intransitive verbs ST have a single participle form:

real past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from CB verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. Participles do not have a future tense.
From transitive verbs, forms of both real and passive participles can be formed. From intransitive - only real participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

• some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, hand-written, sewn, swept- forms of passive participles of the past tense;
• some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. beloved, desired- forms of passive participles of the present tense;
• from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesov. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For the spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if the object is involved in the action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: type, time.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent sign: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

1). The word in full form with suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

• verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
• participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words with it: bought newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

• verbal adjective, if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn down- intransitive gl.), conceivable (from think- intransitive gl.), unfading (from fade- intransitive gl.);
• participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: declined (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung., The linen was washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung.

In short adjectives, the sign is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is to her these characteristics are common. Can't add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive construct.

§7. Participial

A participial turnover is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Do not confuse:

The dependent word and the defined word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle belongs, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that propagates the participle. Its form depends on the form of the sacrament.

Fog, which fell on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Participle - drooping, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(Which?) drooping- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: drooping(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial - descended on the river at night.

test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent participle features?

2. Is it correct to assume that participles change like adjectives?

3. What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?

   • Defined word
   • dependent word

4. What participles do not have short forms?

   • Valid
   • In the suffering
   • Everyone has

5. How do short forms of participle change?

   • By cases

6. How do the full forms of the participle change?

   • By cases
   • By numbers and in the singular - by gender
   • By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender

7. What determines how many participial forms do different verbs have?

   • From recurrence of verbs
   • From verb conjugation

8. What verbs have all 4 forms of participles: real present tense, real past tense, passive present tense, passive past tense?

   • Transitional NAFs
   • Transitional SW

9. Which verbs have only 1 participle form: real past tense?

   • Intransitive NSV
   • Intransitive SW
   • Transitional NSV
   • Transitional SW

10. How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs CB?

11. How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs NSV?

Right answers:

1. dependent word
2. Valid
3. By numbers and in the singular - by gender
4. By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
5. From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
6. Transitional NAFs
7. Intransitive SW

• A16. Vowels in personal verb endings and participle suffixes

In contact with

In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren go through the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.

Participle

What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes of linguists do not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And they have the same syntactic role (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a unanimous decision.

Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitseva to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks it is said that it is still not clear to which category it should be attributed.

Valid

Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called real. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.

Consider the example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."

As we can see, the wind blew on its own from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and without being affected in any way. It is these forms that are called real.

Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."

The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "protected" belongs to the category of real.

Passive

The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.

Let's take an example: "The parents called to school by the teacher were worried."

In this sentence, we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "call". We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to the school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, they refer to such communion as passive. That is, parents, as it were, “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.

Suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense

Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own characteristics of word formation.

The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all real. For the suffering ones, they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.

In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.

If you do not know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -usch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -yushch. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.

The table helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.

Suffixes of real and passive past participles

Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this sign from the verb.

In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh and -sh are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.

The suffering ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, stabbed.

And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.

With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But it's not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.

In this example, the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.

Let's take another example: "dressed up". And again, let's recall the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.

We will also act in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).

Tasks

In the Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you to understand it more fully.

First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the guys to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a sacrament of different categories and times from them.

For example:

• prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (act., present time), pricking (act., past time);
• speak (2 sp.) - speaker (act., present temp.), spoke (act., past temp.);
• shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaving (actual, past time), shaved (suffering, past time);
• offend (2 ref., excl.) - offended (suffering, present time), offended (suffering, past time).

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Communions divided into real and passive.

Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.

Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).

Participle formation

1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).

2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.

Short form participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.

Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.

In the lesson, you will learn more about the concept of “participle voice”, consider the differences between the active and passive voice (semantic and grammatical). During the lesson, pay special attention to the suffixes with which participles are formed.

Theme: Communion

Lesson: Active and passive participles

Rice. 2. Verb conjugation

Homework

Exercises number 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

Exercise: write out phrases with participles, mark the suffixes of participles, determine the pledge of participles.

1. A wonderful monument. 2. Visible from afar 3. Towering building 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Remaining in memory 7. Intimidating sight 8. Trembling 9. Respectful 10. Passionate tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music

Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.

Didactic materials. Section "Communion"

3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().

Spelling of participles.

4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

Students should pay attention to the fact that passive past participles are formed from perfective verbs and are almost never formed from imperfective verbs (exceptions are participles read, written, seen, heard, put on, carried, grated, chipped and some others).

It is useful to show this on paired verbs, for example: meet and meet; from the perfect verb to meet, the form met is formed, and from the imperfect verb to meet, the passive participle of the past tense is not formed (students often form a non-existent form “met”).

The acquired knowledge is consolidated in the course of the exercise.

Indicate the form and transitivity of each verb. Where possible, form passive participles of the past tense, where it is impossible, explain why: quit (s.v., transition) - abandoned; throw (n. v., transition) - not formed; rush (s. v., non-transition.) - does not form.

a) reveal, reveal; decide, decide; deliver, deliver; raise, raise; clear, clear; water, water; sow, sow; turn off, turn off.

b) Repeat, repeat, repeat; meet, meet, meet; name, name, call; return, return, return; walk, proceed; run away, run; to walk, take a walk; occupy, occupy, occupy, occupy.

When forming passive past participles, students most often make mistakes in writing a vowel before the suffix -nn- or incorrectly use the suffix -enn-. It is very important to teach them to distinguish these suffixes. To do this, students must remember that the suffix -nn- is added to the stem of the past tense ending in a, i.

In all other cases, the suffix -enn- is added. Before the suffix -nn-, the same vowel is preserved that was in the past tense verb. It is useful for students to be reminded that the real and passive participles of the past tense are formed from the basis of the past tense, to which the suffixes of the participles are added.

Training can be done on the following material.

1. Form passive past participles with suffixes -nn- and -enn- from these verbs.

Finish, lose, offend, grab, ignite, plow, listen, disturb, offend, illuminate, hear, soothe, ridicule, bake, transform.

2. Form real and passive past participles from verbs.

Cleanse, melt, endure, cherish, open, confuse, decompose, deliver, bite, promise, stitch, tell, destroy, reward, fan, transform.

3. Disassemble the participle data by composition; indicate the verbs from which they are formed.

Crowned with glory, screwed nut, broken chair, broken will, scattered things, abandoned fields, infused herbs, awarded, pumped out of the cellar, pumped out water, weighed goods, hung carpets, kneaded dough, stirred mortar, soldered pipe, boiled with milk, hidden resentment, a game started, peat thrown out of the car, fish rolled in flour.

4. Form passive participles of the past tense and make phrases with them: lose - lost time.

a) Seal, print, possess, limit, sow, feed, distort, learn, spend, retain, cure, wake up, color, multiply, smear.

b) Stitch, break, understand, bend, forget, knock out, weed, fold, hide, remove, unfold, accept, leave, open, deceive, take out.

5. To these verbs, select aspectual pairs and, where possible, form real and passive participles of the past tense: leave - left - left; leave - leaving.

Return, continue, preserve, correct, prohibit, surprise, embitter, lead, explain, clarify, constrain.

After appropriate training, students quite successfully master the spelling of this spelling. However, difficulties arise when it becomes necessary to distinguish the participle from similar forms of the adjective. So, schoolchildren mix up the spelling of the same-root words exchanged (ruble), replaced (detail), exchanged (coin) because they cannot correctly parse them in composition and find the words from which they are formed. Or another example: students consider the word slow to be a participle formed from the verb to delay.

However, the verb to delay is intransitive, and passive participles are not formed from it. This means that slow is an adjective (from it you can form a comparative degree slower, which is typical for quality adjectives), the word slow (step) is a participle, it is formed from the transitive verb of the perfect form to slow down.

Thus, students should understand that if a given word cannot be matched with the verb from which it is formed, then it is an adjective.