Under writing connection such a connection is understood in which there is no grammatical dependence of one component of a syntactic construction on another component. A coordinative connection takes place between word forms of a simple sentence and predicative units in a complex sentence. So, on the example of a poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Echo" it is possible to single out more than one series of composing connections; in the first part of the poem Does the beast roar in the deaf forest, Does the horn blow, does the thunder rumble, Does the maiden sing beyond the hill - To every sound You suddenly give birth to your response in the empty air a coordinative connection is established between four predicative units (simple sentences as part of a complex sentence): 1) p the beast roams in the deaf forest, 2) blows a horn 3) Thunder, 4)the maiden sings behind the hill, which in turn are connected by a subordinate relationship with the fifth predicative unit: to every sound Your response in the empty air You suddenly give birth. In the second part You listen to the roar of thunder, And the voice of the storm and the waves, And the cry of the rural shepherds - And you send the answer... (A. Pushkin) word forms are decorated with a coordinating connection listen And send; roar, voice And cry. In a sentence Every day, getting out of bed at eleven o'clock, Olga Ivanovna played the piano or, if it was sunny, painted something with oil paints.(A. Chekhov) a composing connection is established between word forms playing, writing.
A composition is a special type of syntactic connection that has its own meaningful and formal features.
Coordinating conjunctions are a formal indicator of a coordinating connection. A certain type of union is assigned to the expression of a certain type of syntactic relationship. Yes, in the proposal On a quiet moonlit night, Olga Ivanovna stood on the deck of the Volga steamer and watched That on the water That to beautiful shores(A. Chekhov) composing connection between word forms stood And watched; either on the water or on the shore. Union And expresses enumerative relations of actions coinciding in time; repeating union then ... then expresses the relationship of alternation: the attention of the subject is alternately captured by one object, then another. Wed: (L. Sobolev). Repeating connecting union no no in a sentence Neither longing, neither love, neither resentment, everything faded, passed, departed(A. Blok) informs about the absence of enumerated denotations (referents). Wed: Neither in the cellars neither in the towers neither there were no cases in the cars(L. Sobolev). Contrasting the conditions for the manifestation of different features of the subject in the sentence By age, he should have been with the young, But by wealth and connections he was a member of the circles of old, respectable people(L. Tolstoy) transferred by the opposing union But. Recurring union not that… not that makes a difference uncertainty. For example: And again not that dreaming, not that Chang thinks that distant morning, when, after a painful, restless ocean, a steamer sailed from China with a captain and Chang entered the Red Sea(I. Bunin). Union or expresses semantic relations of mutual exclusion. For example: Then, with Mimi's permission, I or Volodya go to the carriage(L. Tolstoy).
When there is no union, the decisive grammatical indicator of composition is intonation. It, intonation, is also a differentiator of the semantic relations of the composed series. An example of enumerative intonation in a simple sentence: Everything is sleeping around; only lamps In the darkness of the temple gild Granite pillars bulks And them banners impending row (A. Pushkin); the same semantic relations in a complex sentence are also conveyed by enumerative intonation: Behind the window birch trees turn white, Christmas trees pull prickly paws, On the pine bark, like tears, Resinous drops glow(L. Oshin).
The components of a sentence connected by a coordinative link form a composed (or coordinative) series. An essential feature of a composed series is such a property of its structure as the absence of a main and dependent component. This is due to the fact that none of the words included in the composed series serves to explain another word; in the composed series there is no relation between the defined and the defining. The components of a composed series are thus formally independent of each other. However, in a semantic sense, they may not have the same significance, one of the components, as a rule, postpositive, may carry information more significant than the information provided by the first component; the postpositive component can act as a concretizer of another, prepositive member of the series. For example: The watchmen not only did not get up from their seats when he passed, but didn't even look on him(N. Gogol); All, especially officials, remained dazed for a while(N. Gogol); At their intersection in round meadows, stood old, different broken, in lichen, large sandstone statues(L. Tolstoy); The crowd was buzzing all around, discussing the unprecedented incident; the word was nasty, vile, seductive, swine a scandal that ended only when the truck carried away the unfortunate Ivan Nikolaevich, a policeman, Panteley and Ryukhin from the gates of Griboyedov(M. Bulgakov).
Another essential feature of the composition is the subordination of the components of a series (in the structure of a simple and complex sentences) to one word (word form) and the ability to express a certain type of syntactic relations in this subordination. For example, the composed row fountains, lines, gold, sea in a sentence I remember the fountains that have long since faded, The strict lines of white marble, The gold that glittered dully in the sun, The cold, blue sea behind the park(L. Oshin) spreads, explains the word remember(remember what?), all components of the series express explanatory relations. In a multicomponent complex sentence I came to you with greetings to tell you that the sun rose, that it fluttered with hot light on the sheets(A. Fet) subordinate clauses are subordinate, they, answering the question “about what?”, Distribute, explain, specify the lexical meaning of the word tell in the main part (tell about what?: that the sun has risen; about what else? that it trembled with hot light on the sheets) and express explanatory relations.
Correlating with one core word, the components of the composed series can express one type of semantic relations, thus occupying one syntactic place and performing the function of one member of the sentence, and different semantic relations, thus occupying different syntactic places and performing the function of different members of the sentence.
The components of the composed series, occupying one syntactic place and performing the function of one member of the sentence, are homogeneous and form a number of homogeneous members. For example: Neither the Acropolis, nor Baalbek, nor Thebes, nor Paestum, nor Hagia Sophia, nor the old churches in the Russian Kremlin are still incomparable for me with Gothic cathedrals.(I. Bunina) - the composed series is represented by nouns Acropolis, Baalbek, Thebes, Paestum, Hagia Sophia, churches, naming different objects of speech, but occupying the position of the subject, represented by the nominative case, and being subjects. They form a series of homogeneous members. In a sentence The admiral saw red and orange flashes(L. Sobolev) a homogeneous series is represented by adjectives – red, orange, naming an attribute of an object by color, in the function of definition.
The components of the composed series, occupying different syntactic places and therefore being different members of the sentence, are not homogeneous. For example, the components of the composed series in the sentence are not homogeneous On the sands, in heavenly nakedness, the coffee bodies of black-haired teenagers are lying around.(A. Fadeev). The composed series is represented here by word forms on the sands And in heavenly nakedness, the first word form takes the position of the circumstance of the place, the second - the circumstance of the manner of action (or accompanying circumstance): where are the bodies lying around? - on the sand; are they in what condition? - naked. Similarly, in the statement Scientists were confused: they expected to see our ancestor not at all there and not like that(V. Shcheulin) word forms not there and not like that are components of the composed series, as evidenced by the coordinative connective union “and”, however, they are not homogeneous members, since the adverb “there” takes the position of the adverb of the place: expected to see where? - not there; while the pronoun "such" expresses attributive relations: expected to see the ancestor as? - not like that. This suggests that the syntactic positions of the selected word forms are different, so they cannot be considered homogeneous.
The components of a composed series that occupy one syntactic place and perform the function of one member of the sentence are homogeneous if they are correlated with one common member of the sentence or are subordinate to it. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous. An example of homogeneous subjects: From century to century poetry And prose mortal combat is waged among themselves(E. Vinokur); That story was folded mountains, towers, stars, clouds, snow And herbs spring heap, people, songs And river (N. Tikhonov);
homogeneous predicates: My life - fate my power, everyone day her and hour (M. Aliger); No it's time unfortunate, morbid, pitiful (I. Bunin); Even in childhood he was known as an eccentric And was unlike on comrades(F. Dostoevsky); First was me oars And sharp And sometimes too much careless (M. Lermontov).
Homogeneous secondary members of the sentence:
homogeneous definitions: The work must have clear, definite thought(A. Chekhov); Gloomy, vague rain clouds hung over the garden in clubs(I. Bunin);
additions: Take care of old people from resentment, cold, fire (L. Tatyanicheva); Every noble person is deeply aware of his own kinship, their hard-earned connections with the fatherland(V. Belinsky);
circumstances: Attentively, tirelessly, stubbornly learn the language(M. Gorky); Ripe bread dim, gloomy whitened ahead(I. Bunin); You V summer heat And snow bright and good(E. Dolmatovsky).
However, it should be remembered that the performance of the same syntactic function of adjacent word forms is not a guarantee of homogeneity. For the homogeneity of such members of the sentence, a necessary condition is the presence of a coordinating connection. For example, in a sentence Dubov had no idea about Morozkin's complex experiences(A. Fadeev) definitions difficult And Morokin's, characterizing the subject (experiences of Frost) from different angles (in quality and belonging), are not homogeneous, since they are not connected by a composing connection, which is signaled by a composing union, which is absent here, and enumerative intonation, as evidenced by the absence of a comma between definitions. Similarly: On it was new blue satin shirt(N. Ostrovsky). The absence of a comma and a union - signs of a coordinating connection - indicates the heterogeneity of the selected definitions for the word shirt.
If the same word in the same form is repeated in the sentence, it is impossible to talk about the homogeneity of the member of the sentence designated by them even if there is a composing connection, because here we are talking about one action, one sign. For example: Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove! Alone in the wilderness of pine forests Long, long time ago Are you waiting for me(A. Pushkin); I'm going, I'm going open field, bell ding-ding-ding. The repetition of a lexeme performs a stylistic device, informing about the duration of actions.
The components of a homogeneous series can be represented both by one morphological form, and by different forms of one part of speech, as well as by different parts of speech. For example: And someone's tender fleshy face, shaved and plump, wearing horn-rimmed glasses, appeared before Ivan(M. Bulgakov); And this is very well known not only in Russia, but also in Europe (M. Bulgakov); It is not the air that draws him into the garden, he sees something in this spring full moon. on the moon And in the garden, in height (M. Bulgakov); In his eyes alone blue, bulging And several motionless, one could notice either thoughtfulness or fatigue, and his voice sounded evenly(I. Turgenev); Hump nose, proud lips, forehead white And clean, without any particular marks (M. Bulgakov).
The components of an inhomogeneous composed series can also have both one and different ways of morphological expression. For example: She looked at him for a long time And attentively (A. Fadeev); She looked at him for a long time, V deep almost thoughtfully.
Thus, composition and homogeneity are not identical concepts. The concept of a composed series is wider than the concept of homogeneity: homogeneous members of a sentence form a composed series and are its components, but not all components of a composed series are homogeneous.
The composed series can be open and closed. Under open refers to a series capable of potential propagation. It is typical for constructions with enumerative relations, as well as with relations of mutual exclusion and alternation. They may be multicomponent. For example: Nai-tours in a big way planted colt in holster, jumped to the machine gun by the sidewalk, crouched, crouched, and left hand corrected tape(M. Bulgakov); She never(Marie) did not get tired of listening to these naive sea tales - albeit repeated more than once - O sea and fishing life, O little meager joys, O simple artless love, O distant voyages, about storms And crashes, O submissive, harsh acceptance always close of death, O rough fun on the land(A. Kuprin); me or sobbing, or I will scream, or I'll faint (A. Chekhov); Sliding like a cat, he's not crawled, not that slipped through, not that flew over across the traveled road...(A. Fadeev).
Under closed two-component series are understood, which cannot be supplemented by new members with the same semantic relations. These are, as a rule, comparative, gradational, and adversative constructions. For example: The guest went not out of town, A in town (M. Bulgakov); Levin dutifully put own sauce, but did not give there is Stepan Arkadyich(L. Tolstoy); Not only Volodya , but also other children enjoyed going to the theater.
The connection between the components of a composed series can be obligatory and optional. In the presence of mandatory links, one of the row components cannot be omitted. The necessity of this connection is determined, for example, by the lexical meaning of the verb as a general word. These are verbs with the meaning of connection, separation, comparison: add, compare, divide, marry, demarcate, compare. A feature of these verbs is that they name actions directed simultaneously not at one object, but at several objects that are in the same relation to this action. All components of the composed series in this case are among the obligatory distributors of verbs: combine work and leisure; separate sugar and salt, compare the properties and states of an object, put things and books together, marry a brother and a girlfriend, compare structural and semantic approaches to a sentence and under. The obligatoriness of a connection in a composed series can be dictated by the nature of the union, as well as the presence of other auxiliary words (particles Not) that determine the presence of homogeneous members. For example: But the proposal to send Kant to Solovki not only not impressed foreigner, but even enthralled (M. Bulgakov); Levin put on big boots and for the first time not a fur coat, A cloth undershirt and went to housework(L. Tolstoy).
In the absence of these conditions, the connection between the components of the composed series is optional. For example: There were dogs, horses, sheep, cows, workers;(I. Bunin).
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In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.
General information
If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to say that the subordinating relationship can appear only in the first variant, while the composing type is more often used in the second. In the latter case, the task of converting to a common construction is performed, creating a series of homogeneous members. In complex structures, the coordinating and subordinating connection does not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.
First difference
The use of composition and subordination helps to determine the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the compositional connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the statement are highlighted indicating the need to pay more attention to a particular fragment of the message.
Thus, we can say that the unions used in different variants differ in how they reveal relationships in expressions. In the case of a subordinating relationship, such types of relations as concessive, conditional-effect and causal, take an unambiguous form. At the same time, they are expressed by the unions "although", "because", "if". A coordinative connection in a sentence allows you to use the same union. It is the connecting element "and". But there are situations when the coordinative conjunctions "a" and "but", which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a shade of concession, conditions, consequences, comparisons and comparisons. In imperative expressions, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in the subordinating clause is expressed by the elements "if (instead, the particle "not" is allowed) ... then". Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.
Second difference
In complex constructions, the coordinative connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures, its task is to determine the relationship between members of a homogeneous sequence. In addition, a coordinative connection is included in a simple construction in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a common one. In structures consisting of several parts, the coordinative connection is of greater importance.
Third difference
If we compare submission and composition with non-union, then the last two types of communication have much in common. This is explained by the semantic relationship within the structure. So, the coordinative connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. The writing connection is not only a syntactic, but also a lexical way of interaction. Thus, the relations that arise between phrases do not have a specific meaning, but only receive a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. This creates a variety of syntactic constructions. As examples of the allied connection, various combinations of the service parts of speech "and", "here", "a", "well", "therefore", "because", "means" can be given. Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.
Special cases
If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow you to fully explore the relationships that exist in these sentences, then you need to turn to additional factors. They can be the general structure of the statement, as well as the introductory words, particles, various pronouns, turns present in it. In addition, inclinations and forms of time can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. In allied constructions, the meaning of the condition and the consequence is more noticeable when the imperative mood in the first sentence interacts (in the case of a complex formulation, its main part is meant) and other moods or other forms of time located in the second element (in the subordinate part).
Fourth difference
In complex sentences, the subordinate relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning of a complex structure formed from a set of simple ones is not realized. This may be due to the fact that a contradiction is likely to arise with the meaning of the subordinating union, as well as its complete change. An example would be the "when" connector. It is used in subordinating sentences. Its main value is an indicator of time. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions, or someone's condition, then this union can turn from a temporary one into an investigative one. When in the subordinate clause something is evaluated, trying to determine the importance or significance, then the element "when" takes on the target value. In addition, this union may have a comparative meaning and carry an indication of inconsistency.
Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, make speech more expressive and informative. Most often, complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific papers, texts of an official business style.
What is a complex sentence?
Difficult sentence - a sentence, which consists of two or more grammatical bases, is an intonation-shaped semantic unity that expresses a certain meaning. Depending on the ratio of parts, complex sentences are distinguished with a coordinating subordinating and non-union connection.
Compound sentences with coordinating link
Compound sentences - allied sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating link. Parts of compound sentences are combined into one whole with the help of coordinating, adversative or divisive conjunctions. In a letter, a comma is placed before the union between parts of a compound sentence.
Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed.
Compound sentences with subordinating link
Complex sentences - allied proposals, consisting of unequal parts, which are connected by a subordinating relationship. In complex sentences, the main part and the dependent (subordinate) part are distinguished. Parts of the NGN are interconnected with the help of unions and allied words. In a letter, a comma is placed before the union (union word) between the parts of a complex sentence.
Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store that his friend was talking about.
Usually a question can be posed from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to supper. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.
Compound sentences with non-union connection
Unionless complex sentences are sentences, parts of which are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of unions and allied words.
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Examples of complex sentences with an allied connection between parts: The music began to play, the guests began to dance. It will be cold in the morning - we won't go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.
A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).
Complex sentences with different types of connection
Mixed complex sentences may include several sentences connected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. In writing in mixed complex sentences, punctuation is observed, which is characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences.
Examples: Vitya decided: if the teacher asks him to answer the question, he will have to admit that he did not prepare for the lesson. To the right hung a picture depicting a blooming garden, and to the left stood a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: a strong wind rose and it began to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.
If complex sentences as part of a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother had accidentally scattered; at this time, papa came out, and the bird hastily flew away.
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Complex sentences with different types of connection- This complex sentences , which consist of at least of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connection: non-union and subordinating, it consists of two parts (blocks) that are non-unionly connected; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences And gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.
In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - a coordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
3) subordination and non-union communication.
For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.
For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection
In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.
For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.
For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.
Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing And subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.
In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.
For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.
You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of communication
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (associative or coordinative).
5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Draw up a proposal scheme.
A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
In this article, we will look at what complex sentences with different types of connection are, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to be clear, let's start from afar.
What is a complex sentence
In syntax, a sentence is a word united by a common meaning and connected with the help of the laws of grammar, having a common theme, purpose of expression and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, present any material. Thought can be expressed briefly, but it can be expanded. Accordingly, the proposals can be concise or widespread.
Each sentence has its "heart" - a grammatical basis, i.e. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it, what is it?). If the grammatical basis in the sentence is one, it is a simple sentence, if there are two or more of them, then it is complex.
(JV) may include two parts, three, four and even more. Relations in meaning between them, as well as the means of their connection with each other, can be different. There are complex allied proposals and non-union ones. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.
What are joint ventures
We have already begun to talk about the fact that joint ventures can be allied or non-union. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation, then the connection between them is called allied, and if only by intonation, then, accordingly, unionless.
In turn, allied sentences are divided into coordinating and subordinating - depending on whether their parts are in an "equal" position or one depends on the other.
Spring will come soon. This is a simple suggestion. the world will sparkle with bright colors again. This sentence is complex, while its parts are connected by intonation and union " When". We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors When? - when spring comes), which means that Spring will come soon and nature will bloom. This sentence also has two parts, but they are united by intonation and a coordinating union And. You cannot form a question between parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is a compound one. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly, it will become warm. There are four simple parts in this joint venture, but all of them are united only by intonation, there are no unions on the borders of the parts. This means that it is unionless. In order to compose complex sentences with different types of connection, it would be necessary to combine both allied and unionless relations in one sentence.
How many simple sentences can be in a complex one?
For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple, two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connection (we will see examples below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes there are about ten. But in this case, the proposal can be difficult to perceive. Such sentences combine allied and non-union communication, coordinating and subordinating in any combination.
He was surprised; a strange feeling filled his head and chest; the water ran with frightening speed, indomitably breaking through between the stones, and fell from a height with such force that it seemed that the mountain, along the slopes of which were full of mountain flowers, could not withstand this pressure ...
Here's a great example. Here are parts of complex sentences with different ones. In this sentence there are 5 predicative parts, between which all of the possible types of connection are presented. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.
allied coordinating link
Complex allied sentences are compound (CSP) or complex (CSP).
The coordinative connection (CC) connects "equal" simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the SSP can easily be made independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer from this and will not change.
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect parts of such sentences. and, but, or etc. The sea was restless, and the waves crashed against the rocks with furious force..
allied subordination
With a subordinating relationship (PS), as its name implies, one part of the sentence "subordinates" the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate) only complements, specifies in something, you can ask a question about it from the main part. For subordinating communication, such unions and allied words are used as what, who, when, which, because, if etc.
But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her all the time, that she deceived us ...(A. Pushkin). This sentence has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it's sad to think (about what?), which is in vain ..."
If you try to divide the NGN into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be seen that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without clauses, but the clauses become incomplete in semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.
Unionless connection
Another type of joint venture is unionless. A complex sentence with different types of connection most often combines a connection without unions with one of the allied types or with both types at once.
Parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in union sentences only one sign is placed between their parts - a comma, then in this case you need to make a choice of one of four punctuation marks: a comma, a semicolon, a dash or a colon. In this article, we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of connections, exercises in their grammatically correct compilation and punctuation.
The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts connected by intonation and separated by commas.
So, we briefly gave a description of each of the possible types of connection between the parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.
Algorithm for parsing a joint venture with different types of communication
How to correctly place signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of connections? The most important thing is to determine how many parts it has and where exactly their boundaries pass. To do this, you need to find the grammatical foundations. How many of them - so many predicative parts. Next, we highlight all the minor members related to each of the bases, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and another begins. After that, you need to determine what types of connections between the parts (look for the presence of unions or their absence, try to ask a question or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).
And finally, it remains only to correctly punctuate, because without them it is very difficult to perceive complex sentences with different types of communication in writing (textbook exercises are precisely aimed at developing this skill).
How not to make a mistake in choosing punctuation marks?
Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Once the predicative parts are isolated and the types of connection are established, everything becomes very clear. We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rule relating to a particular type of communication.
Coordinating (SS) and subordinating connection (PS) require a comma before the union. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (with a coordinative connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas; a dash is possible if the parts are sharply contrasted or one of them contains an unexpected result).
With an allied connection, as mentioned above, there may be one of four punctuation marks, depending on what semantic relationships are between the parts of the sentence.
Drawing up schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication
This step can be done before punctuation, or after, to check their correctness. Schemes are used in punctuation to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.
The scheme helps to write complex sentences with different types of communication without punctuation errors. Examples of punctuation and charting will be given right now.
[The day was beautiful, sunny, surprisingly calm]; [a cozy shadow approached from the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of trees begins).
In this sentence, between the first and second parts, an allied connection is easily traced, between the second and third - a coordinating one, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected to them by a subordinating connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =,=,=]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Schemes of complex sentences with different types of communication can be horizontal and vertical. We have given an example of a horizontal scheme.
Summing up
So, we found out what complex sentences with different types of connections are (examples of them are very common in works of fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types of syntactic connection. SP with different types of communication may include NGN, SSP and BSP in various combinations. In order not to make mistakes in punctuation marks, it is necessary to designate simple sentences inside a complex one and determine the types of syntactic connection.
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