Class hour progress
Teacher: What is success?
In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, the following meanings of the word "success" are recorded:
1) good luck in achieving something;
2) public recognition;
3) good results in work, study.
Guys, do you know the name Lewis Carroll? Yes, of course, this is a famous English writer, and also a mathematician, logician, philosopher and photographer. And his, perhaps, the most popular work is ... ("Alice in Wonderland"). Listen to what conversation took place once between the main character and the Cat, and answer the question: what did Alice not have?
“Will you tell me which way I should go from here?
It depends a lot on where you want to go, said the Cat.
I, in general, do not care ... - said Alice.
Then it doesn't matter which way to go, - said the Cat.
Oh, there you will surely come, - said the Cat, - if you only walk long enough.
What didn't Alice have?
(Children's answers.)
Yes, you are right, Alice had no purpose. But you and I don't care where we're going, right? It is very important to set the right goal. If a bright target beacon burns in front of a person, then exact coordinates appear on the map of life, where to follow him. And most importantly - do not go astray.
Imagine yourself as a captain who steers his ship across the ocean of life, goes around dangerous rocks, steadfastly bears the blow of hurricane winds, calmly endures the calm.
If your ship hits underwater rocks and you get hit, what should the captain do? Do not count the holes, do not look at what has died, but ask yourself: “Do I see my lighthouse, my dream, my goal? Where should I sail?"
A famous philosopher said: “When a person does not know which pier he is on his way to, not a single wind will be favorable for him.”
It often seems to us that there are insurmountable obstacles on the way to our success in life, that the path to success is difficult and thorny. Let's try to draw an "obstacle course" (drawing on the board: little man - barrier - success). What arises on a person's path to success, prevents him from moving easily and freely, makes him return to the starting point again and again?
And now I want to tell you a legend.
“One wise man in his declining years decided to find a replacement for himself - a student, in order to pass on his experience to him. The sage thought, called all his disciples to him and said: “I am interested to know if any of you can open a huge, heavy door in that wall over there?” Some students immediately gave up, considering the problem unsolvable. Other students nevertheless decided to study the door, they carefully examined it, talked about what improvised means can be used here, and in the end they came to the conclusion that this problem could not be solved. And only one single student came up to the door and studied it with special attention. In fact, the door was slightly closed, while everyone else thought it was tightly locked. The student pushed the door lightly and it opened easily. The elder found his successor. He turned to the rest of the students and told them…”
Guys, what do you think the sage said exactly?
(Children's answers.)
Here are the old man's words:
“What accompanies success in life, my dear students?
First, life itself.
Second, don't rush.
Third, be prepared to make decisions.
Fourth, do not dare to retreat, since the decision has already been made.
Fifth, spare no effort and energy.
And just don't be afraid to make mistakes in this life.
Which of these tips would you take as a rule? Why? What advice do you find the most difficult? Why?
(Children's answers.)
And what qualities, traits of character are necessary for a successful person?
(Children's answers.)
And confidence, a positive attitude and innovative thinking are always important.
One day I was watching a program called The Guinness World Records Show and saw a Chinese genius who brought a completely crazy idea to life. Since childhood, he loved to blow soap bubbles. And as an adult, he did not give up this occupation, but brought it to perfection. Today he blows balloons just magical - different colors and sizes. He can put a person in his ball. The spectacle is incredible! That is, this person brought his hobby to a professional level, began to participate in various shows, teach others this art, founded the science of blowing balloons, and also set up the production of balloon blowing machines! This is how a person became successful. Made a business out of a soap ball! And all because I thought outside the box.
I think you can also give similar examples from life.
(Children give examples.)
Who, in your opinion, is a successful person?
(Children's answers.)
Agree, every person should have wings of success that carry him through life and help him overcome obstacles. What are these wings made of? In my hands are treasures - scatterings of other people's thoughts, thoughts about gaining inner strength that can lead a person to success in life. Read the statements of various people about happiness, luck, success and choose 2-3 nouns, 2-3 adjectives, 2-3 verbs from them - words that touched you in some way - and build your aphorism from these words. Write it on the wings of a butterfly - the wings of success. (The teacher distributes paper butterflies.)
It's time to stop waiting for unexpected gifts from life, and make life yourself. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Look inside yourself more often. (Cicero)
Nothing can replace perseverance: neither talent - there is nothing more common than talented failures, nor genius - the genius-loser has already become a proverb, nor education - the world is full of educated outcasts. Omnipotent only perseverance and perseverance. The motto "push up/don't give up" has solved and will always solve the problems of mankind. (Calvin Coolidge)
People who decide to act are usually lucky; on the contrary, they seldom occur in people who are only concerned with weighing and procrastinating. (Herodotus)
Many years ago I bought a wonderful dictionary. The first thing I did was find the page with the word "impossible" and carefully cut it out of the book. (Napoleon Hill, bestselling author of Think and Grow Rich)
Nothing is impossible for people. (Horace)
Set yourself achievable goals. (Horace)
He who achieves much, lacks much. (Horace)
In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, for peace is a meanness of the soul. (L.N. Tolstoy)
Those who do not give themselves entirely to the cause will not have brilliant success. (Xun Tzu)
Have a goal for your whole life, a goal for a certain era of your life, a goal for a certain time, a goal for a year, for a month, for a week, for a day and for an hour and for a minute ... (L.N. Tolstoy)
For success in life, the ability to deal with people is much more important than having talent. (D.Lebbock)
Success is a path, not a goal. (Ben Sweetland)
At the end of our conversation, I want to give each of you a letter from the past, it can be useful to you both now and in the future. This is a letter from Leo Tolstoy "Believe yourself." (Each student is given an envelope.) Read the letter at home and ask yourself again the question “How to become successful?”. (The text of the letter is attached.)
And I believe that you are smart and happy people, real captains of your destiny! Favorable wind and seven feet under the keel!
Vera BUSHKOVA, English teacher, participant of the All-Russian final of the competition "Teacher of the Year of Russia-2009", Irina CHERNIKH, class teacher of Lyceum No. 9 in the city of Slobodskoy, Kirov Region
Application
Lev Tolstoy
Believe yourself
Appeal to youth
Believe yourself, young men and women emerging from childhood, when for the first time questions arise in our souls: who am I, why do I live and why do all the people around me live? And the main, most exciting question, do all the people around me live like this? Believe in yourself even when the answers that will be presented to you to these questions will not agree with those that were instilled in us in childhood, will not agree with the life in which you find yourself living together with all the people around you . Don't be afraid of this disagreement; on the contrary, know that in this disagreement between you and everything around you, the best that is in us is expressed - that divine principle, the manifestation of which in life is not only the main, but the only meaning of our existence. Then believe not yourself, a famous person, - Vanya, Petya, Lisa, Masha, son; the daughter of a king, minister or worker, merchant or peasant, but to herself, to that eternal, reasonable and good principle that lives in each of us and which for the first time awakened in you and asked you these most important questions in the world and seeks and demands their resolution . Then do not believe people who will tell you with a condescending smile that they once looked for answers to these questions, but did not find them, because it is impossible to find any other than those that are accepted by everyone ...
I remember how, when I was 15 years old, I experienced this time, when suddenly I woke up from the childish obedience to other people's views, in which I had lived until then, and for the first time I realized that I had to live on my own, choose the path myself, answer myself for my life before the beginning that gave it to me...
I did not believe myself then, and only after many decades spent on achieving worldly goals, which I either did not achieve or which I achieved and saw their futility, futility, and often their harm, I realized that the very thing that I knew 60 years ago and did not believe then, and can and should be the only reasonable goal of the efforts of any person.
Yes, dear young men, ... do not believe people who will tell you that aspirations are only unfulfillable dreams of youth, that they also dreamed and aspired, but that life soon showed them that it has its own requirements and that one should not fantasize about what our life could be, but to try in the best possible way to coordinate our actions with the life of the existing society and try only to be a useful member of this society.
Do not believe in that dangerous temptation, which has especially intensified in our time, that the highest purpose of man is to contribute to the reorganization of society that exists in a certain place and at a certain time ... Do not believe this. Do not believe that the realization of good and truth is impossible in your soul...
Yes, believe yourself, when it is not the desire to surpass people, to be different from others, to be powerful, famous, glorified, to be the savior of people, to deliver them from the harmful arrangement of life for yourself, when the main desire of your soul will be to be yourself better...
What historical events did the writer witness? (A.S. Pushkin, 1837; M.Yu. Lermontov, 1841; N.V. Gogol, 1852; N.G. Chernyshevsky, 1854 employee of Sovremennik; Crimean War,; death of Nicholas I, 1855; “Peasant reform ", 1861; assassination attempt on Alexander II; Paris Commune; emergence of the Land and Freedom Society, 1876; Russian-Turkish war, death of Alexander II, 1881; assassination attempt on Alexander III, 1887: Russian-Japanese war,; Bloody Sunday, 1905 Which of the prominent people did Tolstoy communicate with? (N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, A.I. Herzen, A.N. Ostrovsky, A.P. Chekhov, F.M. Tyutchev, T.G. Shevchenko and others)
Tolstoy's Rules and Program What is assigned to be fulfilled by all means, then do it, no matter what What you do, do it well Never cope in a book if you forgot something, but try to remember it yourself Make your mind constantly act with all its possible strength Read and think always loud Don't be ashamed to tell people who bother you that they're bothering you
The moral-philosophical doctrine, as it developed, was expounded by Tolstoy in works of a philosophical and journalistic nature (“Confession”, “On Life”, “So what should we do?”, “The Kingdom of God is within you”, “What is my faith?” , “What is religion and what is its essence?”, “Religion and morality”, “The law of violence and the law of love”, etc.), in pedagogical essays (“On education”, “On science”, “Conversations with children on moral issues"), in books of aphorisms ("Circle of reading", "Way of life", "Thoughts of wise people"), etc.
Love? What is love? Love prevents death. Love is life. Everything, everything that I understand, I understand only because I love. Everything is, everything exists only because I love. Everything is connected by her. Love is God… LN Tolstoy Love? What is love? Love prevents death. Love is life. Everything, everything that I understand, I understand only because I love. Everything is, everything exists only because I love. Everything is connected by her. Love is God… L.N. Tolstoy
Composition
“It’s funny for me to remember how I thought and how you seem to think that you can arrange for yourself a happy and honest little world in which you can live calmly, without mistakes, without repentance, without confusion, and do everything slowly, carefully, only good things. Ridiculous!.. To live honestly, you have to tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, and forever fight and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness. These words of Tolstoy from his letter (1857) explain a lot in his life and work. Glimpses of these ideas arose early in Tolstoy's mind. He repeatedly recalled the game, which he loved very much as a child.
It was invented by the eldest of the Tolstoy brothers - Nikolenka. “So, when my brothers and I were - I was five, Mitenka was six, Seryozha was seven years old, he announced to us that he had a secret, through which, when it was revealed, all people would become happy; there will be no illnesses, no troubles, no one will be angry with anyone, and everyone will love each other, everyone will become ant brothers. (Probably these were the “Moravian brothers”; whom he heard or read about, but in our language they were ant brothers.) And I remember that the word “ant” was especially liked, reminiscent of ants in a tussock.
The secret of human happiness was, according to Nikolenka, "written by him on a green stick, and this stick was buried by the road on the edge of the ravine of the Old Order." To find out the secret, it was necessary to fulfill many difficult conditions ... The ideal of the "ant" brothers - the brotherhood of people from all over the world - Tolstoy carried through his whole life. “We called it a game,” he wrote at the end of his life, “and yet everything in the world is a game, except for this ...” Tolstoy's childhood years passed in the Tula estate of his parents - Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy did not remember his mother: she died when he was not two years old.
At the age of 9, he also lost his father. A participant in foreign campaigns during the Patriotic War, Tolstoy's father was one of the nobles who were critical of the government: he did not want to serve either at the end of the reign of Alexander I, or under Nicholas. “Of course, I didn’t understand anything about this in childhood,” Tolstoy recalled much later, “but I understood that my father never humiliated himself in front of anyone, did not change his lively, cheerful and often mocking tone. And this self-esteem, which I saw in him, increased my love, my admiration for him.
The teacher of the orphaned children of the Tolstoys (four brothers and sister Mashenka) was a distant relative of the family, T. A. Yergolskaya. “The most important person in terms of influence on my life,” the writer said about her. Auntie, as her pupils called her, was a person of a decisive and selfless character. Tolstoy knew that Tatyana Alexandrovna loved his father and her father loved her, but circumstances separated them. Tolstoy's children's poems dedicated to "dear aunt" have been preserved. He began writing at the age of seven. A notebook for 1835 has come down to us, entitled: “Children's fun. The first section…” Here are the different breeds of birds. Tolstoy received his initial education at home, as was customary then in noble families, and at the age of seventeen he entered Kazan University. But classes at the university did not satisfy the future writer.
A powerful spiritual energy awakened in him, which he himself, perhaps, was not yet aware of. The young man read a lot, thought. “... For some time,” T. A. Ergolskaya wrote in her diary, “the study of philosophy occupies his days and nights. He only thinks about how to delve into the mysteries of human existence. Apparently, for this reason, the nineteen-year-old Tolstoy left the university and went to Yasnaya Polyana, which he inherited. Here he tries to find a use for his powers. He keeps a diary in order to give himself “a report every day in terms of those weaknesses from which you want to improve”, draws up “rules for the development of the will”, takes on the study of many sciences, decides to improve. But the plans for self-education turn out to be too grandiose, and the peasants they understand the young master and do not want to accept his blessings. Tolstoy rushes about, looking for goals in life. He is either going to go to Siberia, then he goes to Moscow and spends several months there - by his own admission, “very carelessly, without service, without employment, without a goal”; then he goes to St. Petersburg, where he successfully passes the exams for the degree of candidate at the university, but does not complete this undertaking either; then he is going to enter the Horse Guards Regiment; then suddenly he decides to rent a postal station ... In the same years, Tolstoy was seriously engaged in music, opened a school for peasant children, took up the study of pedagogy ... In a painful search, Tolstoy gradually comes to the main thing to which he devoted the rest of his life - to literary creativity. The first ideas arise, the first sketches appear.
In 1851, together with his brother Nikolai Tolstoy, he went; to the Caucasus, where there was an endless war with the highlanders, he went, however, with the firm intention of becoming a writer. He participates in battles and campaigns, gets close to people new to him and at the same time works hard. Tolstoy conceived to create a novel about the spiritual development of man. In the first year of the Caucasian service, he wrote "Childhood". The story has been revised four times. In July 1852, Tolstoy sent his first completed work to Nekrasov in Sovremennik. This testified to the young writer's great respect for the magazine.
An insightful editor, Nekrasov highly appreciated the talent of the novice author, noted the important advantage of his work - "the simplicity and reality of the content." The story was published in the September issue of the magazine. So a new outstanding writer appeared in Russia - it was obvious to everyone. Later, "Boyhood" (1854) and "Youth" (1857) were published, which, together with the first part, made up an autobiographical trilogy.
The protagonist of the trilogy is spiritually close to the author, endowed with autobiographical features. This feature of Tolstoy's work was first noted and explained by Chernyshevsky. "Self-deepening", tireless observation of oneself was for the writer a school of knowledge of the human psyche. Tolstoy's diary (the writer kept it from the age of 19 throughout his life) was a kind of creative laboratory. The study of human consciousness, prepared by self-observation, allowed Tolstoy to become a deep psychologist. In the images he created, the inner life of a person is exposed - a complex, contradictory process, usually hidden from prying eyes. Tolstoy reveals, according to Chernyshevsky, "the dialectics of the human soul", i.e. "hardly perceptible phenomena ... of inner life, replacing one another with extreme speed and inexhaustible variety."
When the siege of Sevastopol began by the Anglo-French and Turkish troops (1854), the young writer sought to be transferred to the active army. The thought of defending his native land inspired Tolstoy. Arriving in Sevastopol, he informed his brother: "The spirit in the troops is beyond any description ... Only our army can stand and win (we will still win, I am convinced of this) under such conditions." Tolstoy conveyed his first impressions of Sevastopol in the story "Sevastopol in December" (in December 1854, a month after the start of the siege).
The story, written in April 1855, showed Russia for the first time the besieged city in its true grandeur. The war was depicted by the author without embellishment, without loud phrases that accompanied the official news about Sevastopol on the pages of magazines and newspapers. The everyday, outwardly disorderly bustle of the city that has become a military camp, the overcrowded infirmary, nuclear strikes, grenade explosions, the torment of the wounded, blood, dirt and death - this is the situation in which the defenders of Sevastopol simply and honestly, without further ado, did their hard work. “Because of the cross, because of the name, because of the threat, people cannot accept these terrible conditions: there must be another, high motivating reason,” Tolstoy said. “And this reason is a feeling that is rarely manifested, bashful in Russian, but lies in in the depths of everyone's soul is love for the motherland.
For a month and a half, Tolstoy commanded a battery on the fourth bastion, the most dangerous of all, and wrote Youth and Sevastopol Tales there between the bombardments. Tolstoy took care of maintaining the morale of his comrades-in-arms, developed a number of valuable military-technical projects, and worked on creating a society to educate soldiers, on publishing a magazine for this purpose. And for him it became more and more obvious not only the greatness of the defenders of the city, but also the impotence of feudal Russia, which was reflected in the course of the Crimean War. The writer decided to open the eyes of the government to the position of the Russian army.
In a special note intended for transmission to the tsar's brother, he revealed the main reason for military failures: “In Russia, with such a powerful material force and the strength of its spirit, there is no army; there are crowds of oppressed slaves who obey thieves, oppressive mercenaries and robbers ... ”But an appeal to a high-ranking person could not help the cause. Tolstoy decided to tell Russian society about the disastrous situation in Sevastopol and the entire Russian army, about the inhumanity of the war. Tolstoy fulfilled his intention by writing the story "Sevastopol in May" (1855).
Tolstoy paints war as madness, making people doubt the mind. There is an amazing scene in the story. A truce is called to remove the corpses. The soldiers of the armies at war with each other "with greedy and benevolent curiosity strive one for the other." Conversations begin, jokes and laughter are heard. Meanwhile, a ten-year-old child wanders among the dead, picking blue flowers. And suddenly, with dull curiosity, he stops in front of the headless corpse, looks at it and runs away in horror. “And these people - Christians ... - the author exclaims, - will they not suddenly fall on their knees with repentance ... will they not embrace like brothers? No! The white rags are hidden, and again the instruments of death and suffering whistle, honest, innocent blood is shed again, and groans and curses are heard. Tolstoy judges the war from a moral point of view. It exposes its influence on human morality.
Napoleon, for the sake of his ambition, destroys millions, and some ensign Petrukov, this "little Napoleon, little monster, is now ready to start a battle, kill a hundred people just to get an extra star or a third of the salary." In one of the scenes, Tolstoy draws a clash between "little monsters" and ordinary people. Soldiers, wounded in a heavy battle, wander into the infirmary. Lieutenant Nepshitshetsky and adjutant Prince Galtsin, who watched the battle from afar, are convinced that there are many malingerers among the soldiers, and they shame the wounded, reminding them of patriotism. Galtsin stops a tall soldier. “Where are you going and why? - he shouted at him sternly. - Him ... - but at that time, approaching the soldier quite close, he noticed that his right hand was behind a cuff and in blood above the elbow. - Wounded, your honor! - What hurt? - Here, it must be with a bullet, - said the soldier, pointing to his hand, - but already here I can’t know what hit my head, - and he, bending it, showed the bloody, matted hair on the back of his head. - Whose gun is the other one? - Stutser French, your honor, took away; yes, I wouldn’t go if it wasn’t for this soldier to see him off, otherwise he would fall unequally ... ”Here even Prince Galtsin felt ashamed. However, shame did not torment him for long: the very next day, walking along the boulevard, he boasted of his "participation in the case" ... The third of the "Sevastopol stories" - "Sevastopol in August 1855" - is dedicated to the last period of defense. Again, before the reader is the everyday and all the more terrible face of the war, hungry soldiers and sailors, officers exhausted by inhuman life on the bastions, and away from the fighting - quartermaster thieves with a very militant appearance.
From individuals, thoughts, destinies, the image of a heroic city is formed, wounded, destroyed, but not surrendered. Work on life material related to the tragic events in the history of the people prompted the young writer to determine his artistic position. Tolstoy ends the story “Sevastopol in May” with the words: “The hero of my story, whom I love with all the strength of my soul, whom I tried to reproduce in all its beauty and who has always been, is and will be beautiful, is true.” The last Sevastopol story was completed in St. Petersburg, where Tolstoy arrived at the end of 1855 as an already famous writer.
- The hero of the epic novel "War in Peace" Pierre Bezukhov.
- Moral quest of Bezukhov.
- Spiritual and moral formation of Pierre Bezukhov.
Human life is complex and multifaceted. At all times, there were moral values, to step over which meant forever incurring disgrace and contempt. The dignity of a person is manifested in his striving for high goals. I would like to dedicate my essay to the hero of Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov. This amazing person cannot but arouse interest. Pierre is focused on his personality, but he is not immersed in himself. He is keenly interested in life around. For him, the question is very acute: “Why live and what am I”? This question is of great importance to him. Bezukhov thinks about the meaninglessness of life and death, that it is impossible to find the meaning of being; about the relativity of all truths. Secular society is alien to Pierre, in empty and meaningless communication he cannot find his truth.
The questions that torment Pierre cannot be solved by mere theoretical reasoning. Even reading books can't help here. Pierre finds answers to his questions only in real life. Human suffering, contradictions, tragedies - these are all integral components of life itself. And Pierre is completely immersed in it. He approaches the truth, being at the epicenter of events, tragic and terrible * The spiritual formation of Bezukhov is somehow affected by war, the fire of Moscow, French captivity, the suffering of people with whom he encounters very closely. Pierre gets the opportunity to come face to face with the life of the people. And this cannot leave him indifferent.
On the way to Mozhaisk, Pierre was overcome by a special feeling: “the deeper he plunged into this sea of troops, the more he was seized by anxiety, anxiety and a new joyful feeling that he had not yet experienced ... He now experienced a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything that constitutes the happiness of people, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to put aside in comparison with something ... ".
On the Borodino field, Pierre understood “... the whole meaning and all the significance of this war and the upcoming battle ... He understood that hidden (la(enle), as they say in physics, the warmth of patriotism that was in all those people whom he saw , and which explained to him why all these people calmly and, as it were, thoughtlessly prepared for death.
After Pierre was next to the soldiers, imbued with their courage, it began to seem to him the most correct and wise to merge with them, with simple, but wise in their understanding of life, people. It is no coincidence that he says: "To be a soldier, a simple soldier! ... Enter this common life with your whole being, imbue with what makes them so."
Throughout his life, Pierre had many hobbies and disappointments. There was a period when Pierre admired Napoleon; there was also a period of passion for Freemasonry. However, in the process of moral rebirth, Pierre abandons his former hobbies and comes to the ideas of Decembrism. Communication with the common people had a huge impact on his formation. From the very first minutes of meeting Pierre, we understand that we have an outstanding, sincere, open nature. Pierre feels uncomfortable in secular society, and society does not accept him as his own, despite even the rich inheritance that Bezukhov received from his father. He is not like the regulars of secular salons. Pierre is too different from them to be his own.
In the process of communicating with soldiers, mainly with Platon Karataev, Pierre Bezukhov begins to understand life better. Now his thoughts are no longer abstract, speculative. He wishes to direct his forces to real actions that could help others. For example, Bezukhov seeks to help those who suffered from the war. And in the epilogue, he joins the secret society of the Decembrists. This decision was obviously influenced by everything he saw in the process of communicating with ordinary people. Now Bezukhov understands well all the contradictions of life, and, as far as possible, wants to fight them. He says: “There is theft in the courts, in the army there is only one stick: shagistika, settlements - they torment the people, they stifle enlightenment. What is young, honestly, is ruined!
Pierre not only understands and condemns all the contradictions and shortcomings of life. He has already reached that moral and spiritual development, when the intentions to change the existing reality are obvious and necessary: "let there be not only virtue, but independence and activity."
The moral quest of Pierre Bezukhov makes his image especially interesting for us. It is known that the very fate of Pierre served as the basis for the idea of the novel "War and Peace". The fact that the image of Pierre is shown in development speaks of the author's special disposition towards him. In the novel, static images are those that do not call for warm feelings from the writer.
Pierre cannot but delight readers with his kindness, sincerity, and directness. There are moments when his abstract reasoning, isolation from life, seem incomprehensible. But in the process of his development, he overcomes the weaknesses of his nature and moves from the need for reflection to the need for action.
Russian literature of the 2nd half of the 19th century
“In order to live honestly, one must be torn, confused, fought, made mistakes ... and calmness is spiritual meanness” (L. N. Tolstoy). (According to the novel by L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”)
“War and Peace” is one of the rarest examples of the epic novel genre in world literature. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy is one of the most widely read Russian authors abroad. The work had an explosive effect on world culture. “War and Peace” is a reflection of Russian life at the beginning of the 19th century, the life of high society, advanced
nobility. In the future, the sons of these people will come to the Senate Square to defend the ideals of freedom, they will go down in history under the name of the Decembrists. The novel was conceived precisely as a disclosure of the motives of the Decembrist movement. Let's figure out what could serve as the beginning of such a great search.
L. N. Tolstoy, as one of the greatest Russian thinkers and philosophers, could not ignore the problem of the human soul and the meaning of existence. In his characters, the views of the writer on what a person should be are clearly visible. Tolstoy has his own view of how a person should be. The main quality that characterizes the greatness of the soul for him is simplicity. Noble simplicity, not pretentiousness, lack of artificiality, embellishment. Everything should be simple, clear, open and this is great. He likes to create conflicts between small and great, sincere and far-fetched, illusory and real. On the one hand, simplicity and nobility, on the other - pettiness, weakness, unworthy behavior.
Tolstoy does not accidentally create critical, extreme situations for his heroes. It is in them that the true essence of man is manifested. It is important for the author to show that what causes intrigues, strife and squabbles, is unworthy of the spiritual greatness of a person. And it is in the awareness of his own spiritual beginning that Tolstoy sees the meaning of the existence of his heroes. So, the impeccable Prince Andrei only on his deathbed realizes that he really loves Natasha, although life throughout the novel gave him lessons, but he was too proud to learn them. Therefore, he dies. There was an episode in his life when, almost by a hair's breadth, he was able to renounce even the proximity of death, seeing the purity and calmness of the sky over Austerlitz. At that moment, he could understand that everything around is vain and, in fact, insignificant. Only the sky is calm, only the sky is eternal. Tolstoy does not then introduce war into the plot in order to get rid of unnecessary characters or to follow historical themes. For him, war is, first of all, a force that cleanses the world mired in lies and squabbles.
Secular society does not give either peace of mind or happiness to the best heroes of Tolstoy. They do not find a place for themselves among pettiness and malice. Both Pierre and Prince Andrei are trying to find their way in life, because both understand the greatness of their destiny, but they cannot determine what it is or how to realize it.
The path of Pierre is the path of the search for truth. He passes the temptation of copper pipes - he owns almost the most extensive ancestral lands, he has huge capital, marriage to a brilliant secular lioness. Then he enters the Masonic order, but he cannot find the truth there either. Tolstoy sneers at the mysticism of "free masons" as a person who sees meaning not in paraphernalia, but in essence. Pierre is waiting for captivity, a critical and humiliating situation in which he finally realizes the true greatness of his soul, where he can come to the truth: “How? Can they capture me? My immortal soul?!” That is, all the sufferings of Pierre, his inability to social life, unsuccessful marriage, the ability to love that did not show itself were nothing but ignorance of his inner greatness, his true essence. After this turning point in his destiny, everything will work out, he will find peace of mind as the long-awaited goal of his search.
The path of Prince Andrei is the path of a warrior. He goes to the front, the wounded returns to the light, tries to start a quiet life, but again ends up on the battlefield. The pain he has experienced teaches him to forgive, and he accepts the truth through suffering. But, being still too proud, he cannot, having known, stay alive. Tolstoy deliberately kills Prince Andrei and leaves Pierre to live, full of humility and unconscious spiritual search.
A worthy life for Tolstoy consists in a constant search, in striving for truth, for light, for understanding. It is no coincidence that he gives his best heroes such names - Peter and Andrei. The first disciples of Christ, whose mission was to follow the truth, for he was the way, and the truth, and the life. The heroes of Tolstoy do not see the truth, and only its search makes up their life path. Tolstoy does not recognize comfort, and the point is not that a person is not worthy of it, the point is that a spiritual person will always strive for the truth, and this state cannot be comfortable in itself, but only it is worthy of human essence, and only so he is able to fulfill his purpose.
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