In the process of communication, we often need to convey someone else's speech (this term usually means both the speech of another person and our own speech, but delivered earlier). At the same time, in some cases it is important for us to convey not only the content, but also the very form of someone else's speech (its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others - only the content; therefore, in some cases, the exact reproduction of someone else's speech is necessary, while in others it is not necessary.

In accordance with these tasks, special ways of transmitting someone else's speech have been developed in the language: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech), 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech). Sentences with direct speech are specifically designed to accurately reproduce someone else's speech (its content and form), and sentences with indirect speech - only to convey the content of someone else's speech. These two forms of transmission of someone else's speech are the most common.

In addition to these two main forms, there are other forms designed to convey only the theme, the subject of someone else's speech, to include elements of someone else's speech in the author's speech and to solve other, expressive-stylistic, tasks. Thus, we can talk about a whole system of forms of transmission of someone else's speech.

Direct speech.

Sentences with direct speech are an union-free (intonational and semantic) combination of parts, in one of which - the author's words - the very fact of someone else's speech is established and its source is called, and in the other - direct speech - someone else's speech itself is reproduced. For example: Kirov answered: “Astrakhan will not be surrendered” (Vishnevsky); - Hurry! .. Hurry! .. - Levinson shouted, constantly looking around and spurring his horse (Fadeev); “We ought to send for the second brigade, otherwise they will sort out all the bread,” thought Davydov (Sholokhov); - Throw him away! .. - a run-up girl screamed. - The Cossacks have already broken the castles and share the bread! (Sholokhov).

In addition to words indicating the very fact of someone else's speech and its source, the author's words may include words indicating the addressee of direct speech, various circumstances accompanying it, as well as words characterizing the person pronouncing it, the manner of pronunciation, etc. For example: - What it is? Sokolovich asked sternly and even anxiously, stopping (Bunin).

Words that introduce direct speech can accurately indicate the processes of speech or thought (said, ordered, thought, asked, etc.). Such words usually require mandatory dissemination; the part containing direct speech makes up for their semantic insufficiency. The connection between the author's words and direct speech in such sentences is closer.

In other cases, the words that introduce direct speech do not denote the processes of speech and thought themselves, but the actions or feelings that accompany them (grin, laugh, stand up, squint, wink, etc. take offense, be happy, upset, horrified, etc. .). Such words usually do not need to be distributed by the part containing direct speech; therefore, the connection between the author's words and direct speech in these cases is less close. This way of transmitting someone else's speech is close to the direct inclusion of someone else's speech in the author's narration. For example:

1) Znobov fiercely threw his cap on the ground.

Imperialism with the bourgeoisie - to hell! (Vs. Ivanov).

2) Rubanuv, threw back the saber, Threats his eyes:

Show your manner Now with your fists (Bagritsky). In the first example, the author's and someone else's speech are not connected in

one suggestion. In the second example - connected, this is a sentence with direct speech.

Note. Sometimes in works of art, when depicting mass scenes, the author's words contain an indication of several sources of speech; such author's words introduce several, as it were, homogeneous parts containing direct speech of various persons. For example:

Like hail on an iron roof, shouts rattled:

Give me the keys!

Roll away! Who... asked you?!

Come on Semyonov!

Why don't you let us sow? (Sholokhov).

1) When prepositioning the author's words, the sentence can be divided: a) into two parts (author's words - direct speech) or b) into three parts (author's words - direct speech - continuation of the author's narration). For example: /i> a) And everyone always raised their eyebrows and asked: “Are you a doctor? And I thought you were still a student” (M. Bulgakov); b) Then I shouted: “In that case, take back your ring!” - and forcibly put it on her finger (Bunin).

In these cases, direct speech explains, reveals the content of the word in front of it with the meaning of speech or thought.

3) When interposing author's words, the sentence is divided into three parts (direct speech - author's words - continuation of direct speech). For example: “This is absolutely stupid ... - he thought, signing for receipt. - You can’t think of anything stupider.”(Chekhov).

In interpositive author's words, there can be two verbs with the meaning of speech or thought, the first of which refers to direct speech before the words of the author, the second - after the words of the author. For example: “Have you ever smelled copper on your hands? - the engraver asked unexpectedly and, without waiting for an answer, grimaced and continued: - Poisonous, disgusting ”(Paustovsky). Such cases are a mixture (contamination) of the above positional types.

Direct speech is designed to reproduce someone else's speech accurately in form. Direct speech may include one or more sentences, different in structure, intonation, modality, time plan. In direct speech, any constructions of live colloquial speech are reproduced, including those that include interjections, appeal, various introductory words and other elements characteristic of live speech communication (see examples above).

In direct speech, pronouns are used not from the point of view of the author who conveys someone else's speech, but from the point of view of the one to whom it belongs. Wed: Petya said: "I'll take your book, Seryozha." From the point of view of the author, who conveys someone else's speech, the pronoun he would equally indicate Petya and Seryozha (He, Petya, will take him, Serezha, the book).

Note. Recently, in journalistic, especially in newspaper, genres, the so-called open, or free, direct speech has become widespread. Unlike direct speech proper, open direct speech allows for a more free transfer of someone else's speech, in particular its reduction, generalization of individual provisions, is devoid of the literalism of direct speech and at the same time is able to convey all the features of the form of someone else's speech. In their structure, sentences with open direct speech are close to sentences with proper direct speech.

On a letter, open direct speech is not enclosed in quotation marks. For example: Experience came to us gradually, - says Luigi Gaya-ni. - Small groups merged and turned into combat units. Many feats on the account of Alexandre Biancochini(From the newspaper).

Indirect speech.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences with subordinate explanatory-object clauses (see § 78). For example: Petya said that he would be waiting for me in the evening; Petya asked when I would be free; Petya asked me not to be late.

Sentences with indirect speech, even the most complex in composition, do not accurately reproduce someone else's speech, but only convey its content. Very many forms of living colloquial speech cannot be included in indirect speech at all, for example, appeals, interjections, many modal words and particles, forms of the imperative mood, a number of infinitive constructions, etc.

In indirect speech, the intonational originality of someone else's speech cannot be expressed.

Pronouns and personal forms of verbs in indirect speech are used not from the point of view of who owns someone else's speech, but from the point of view of the author who conveys the content of someone else's speech. Wed in a sentence with direct speech: Petya said: “I will take your book, Serezha” - in a sentence with indirect speech: Petya told Serezha that he would take his book (1st person and 2nd person are replaced by 3rd). Wed more: Petya told me: “I will take your book” and Petya told me that he would take my book(1st person is replaced by 3rd, and 2nd by 1st).

In the smooth part of such sentences, the same information is given as in the words of the author in direct speech.

The subordinate part, containing indirect speech, refers to one of the words of the main one, which needs mandatory distribution. Therefore, the circle of words that introduce indirect speech is much narrower than the circle of words that introduce direct speech: indirect speech is introduced only with words that directly indicate speech or thought (says, said, thought, asked, asked, ordered, question, thought, etc.).

Unlike sentences with direct speech, in sentences with indirect speech, the relative position of the parts is more constant: the part that conveys the content of someone else's speech is more often in postposition.

Sentences with various conjunctions are intended to convey the content of different types of foreign speech in their modality. Sentences with the union that convey the content of declarative sentences with an affirmative or negative modality. For example: Yes, she admitted to us that from the day she met Pechorin, he often dreamed of her in a dream and that no man had ever made such an impression on her(Lermontov).

Sentences with conjunctions seem to also convey the content of narrative sentences, but with a touch of uncertainty, presumption. For example: Someone told him that the general had long been dead(Hermann).

Sentences with a union to convey the content of the incentive sentences of someone else's speech. For example: “All right, I’ll do it,” said Osipov, and in my presence ordered that the schoolboy be released.(Bitter).

Sentences with various allied words (interrogative-relative pronouns) convey the content of interrogative sentences of someone else's speech (indirect question). For example: Ivan Ilyich asked her where the headquarters was (A. N. Tolstoy).

If a question in someone else's speech is framed only intonation or with the help of interrogative particles, then in an indirect question the particle-conjunction is used (or a combination of whether ... or). For example: I was asked if I would agree to give another lecture. Wed: - Would you agree to give another lecture?

Improperly direct speech.

In the language of fiction, there is another way to convey someone else's speech - improperly direct speech. In this case, someone else's speech, as it were, merges with the author's one, not delimiting directly from it either by words indicating the fact of uttering someone else's speech and its source (as in direct and indirect speech), or by changing the pronominal plan (as in direct speech and with direct inclusion someone else's speech in the narrative), nor a special form of a subordinate clause (as in indirect speech). In such cases, the author, as it were, reincarnates in his characters and, talking about their thoughts, conveying their speech, resorts to those grammatical, lexical and phraseological means that his characters would resort to in the situation depicted. Such a transfer of someone else's speech (inappropriately direct speech) is a literary device with which the writer can introduce the specific speech of the characters into the author's narrative, thereby characterizing his characters. For example: The wick of the lamp is hissing... Stesha is now in the kitchen, he will come in - just from the stove, his whole face is in a blush, if you snuggle up - the skin is hot ... Has she been there for something long? Good at home!(Tendryakov).

In the last three sentences of this passage, someone else's speech is conveyed as improperly direct.

Improperly direct speech does not have special syntactic forms. It is brought closer to indirect speech by the use of pronouns, and to direct speech by comparative freedom in conveying the features of someone else's speech: in improperly direct speech, various intonation types of speech, including various constructions of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, can be transmitted; interjectional sentences, appeals, various particles characteristic of live colloquial speech, which cannot be transmitted in indirect speech.

Much more freely than in indirect speech, various phraseological turns and non-free syntactic models characteristic of live colloquial speech are transmitted in improperly direct speech.

Improper direct speech is usually an independent sentence or a series of independent sentences that are directly included in the author's narration, or continue one of the ways to convey someone else's speech, or follow the mention of an object, topic of someone else's speech, developing this topic. For example:

"What is not a vice in my past?" he asked himself, trying to cling to some bright memory, just as one who falls into an abyss clings to bushes.

Gymnasium? University? But this is deception. He studied badly and forgot what he was taught. Service to the community? This is also a deception, because he also did nothing in the service, he received his salary for free, and his service is vile embezzlement, for which they will not be prosecuted (Chekhov).

In this passage, improperly direct speech (2nd paragraph) replaces direct speech; it is, as it were, an internal dialogue answering a question posed in the form of direct speech.

She went out and looked at her watch: it was five minutes to six. And she was surprised that time passed so slowly, and was horrified that there were still six hours left before midnight, when the guests left. Where to kill these six hours? What phrases to say? How to behave with your husband?(Chekhov).

In this paragraph, the description of the thoughts and feelings of the heroine is replaced by improperly direct speech.

As can be seen from the examples, in the form of improperly direct speech, the unexpressed thoughts of the hero are more often transmitted. Therefore, in the previous sentences, verbs such as think, remember, feel, regret, worry and etc.

The transfer of the subject, the theme of someone else's speech.

The subject of someone else's speech can be expressed in a simple sentence with the help of additions to verbs with the meaning of speech or thought. For example: The young ladies and Gnekker talk about fugues, counterpoints, singers and pianists, about Bach and Brahms, and the wife, fearing that she will not be suspected of musical ignorance, smiles sympathetically at them and mutters: “This is lovely ... Really? Tell...(Chekhov).

In the first part of the compound sentence, only the objects of someone else's speech are named, and in the second part, someone else's speech is reproduced in the form of direct speech.

The topic, the subject of someone else's speech can be indicated in the subordinate explanatory part, if in the main it corresponds to demonstrative words with prepositions about, about (about that, about that). For example: And mom told me about the elephant and how the girl asked about his legs(Bunin).

Citation.

A quotation is a verbatim excerpt from an essay that the author of another essay cites to confirm or clarify his thought. Along with this, a quotation can also play an emotionally expressive role - to reinforce what was said earlier, to give it a particularly expressive character. Finally, a quotation can be a source, a starting point for reasoning, especially if the work from which it is taken is the subject of special consideration, for example: in literary or linguo-stylistic analysis, in historiographical works.

By its structure, a quotation can be one sentence (simple or complex), and a combination of sentences, and part of any one sentence, up to individual phrases and even words specific, key to a given text. For example:

1) The abuse of such patterns in the author's language of a work of art kills the simplicity and naturalness of the narrative. Plekhanov wrote very harshly about lovers of pompous but stamped speech: “The late G.I. Uspensky remarked in one of his few critical articles that there is a breed of people who never, under any circumstances, express themselves simply ... In the words of G.I. Uspensky, people of this breed try to think in bass, just as other schoolchildren who want to appear big try to speak in bass.

2) But if the homeland is such as Lermontov said about it in the poem “Farewell, unwashed Russia ...”, then where does it come from, contrary to consciousness, “despite reason”, “strange love”?

1. Sentences with a quote are two-part (the words of the author are a quote) and in their structure and punctuation are no different from sentences with direct speech (see the first example). The differences between the two lie only in the special purpose of the citations and in the particular accuracy of indicating the source of the cited statement. This is especially true of citations in scientific papers, where the source of the citation is indicated in special footnotes.

If the sentence, which is a quotation, is not given in full, then an ellipsis is put in place of the omitted members of the sentence. For example: N.V. Gogol admitted: “No matter how hard I struggle, I still cannot process my syllable and my language ...”

2. Quotations can be included in the text as relatively independent parts of it, without the words of the author (cf. direct inclusion in the text of someone else's speech, § 105); for example, in the already cited work of V. V. Vinogradov "On the Language of Fiction" on p. 44 we read: Differences in the genres of literary artistic speech depend on the differences in the methods of describing characters - lyrical, epic and dramatic. “In a literary work, the language of the people depicted in it is primarily motivated by those characters with which it is associated, the properties of which it individualizes ... Character passes into language”.

Note. Epigraphs represent a special type of quotations - both in their function and in their place in the text. Epigraphs are placed in front of the text of the entire work or its individual parts (chapters) and serve to reveal the main idea of ​​the work or its part, as well as to show the reader the author's attitude to the depicted, to establish deep connections with other works, to discover what is commonly called subtext. works.

Such, for example, is the epigraph to A. S. Pushkin’s story “Arap of Peter the Great”:

By the iron will of Peter, Transfigured Russia.

N. Languages

3. Quotes can be introduced into indirect speech. In this case, the quotation usually follows the explanatory conjunction and begins with a lowercase letter. For example: In his memoirs, he [Grech] says about Küchelbeker that “his friend was Griboyedov, who met him at my place and at first glance mistook him for a madman”(From the book of Yu. N. Tynyanov "Pushkin and his contemporaries." - M., 1969. - P. 354.)

4. When quoting, special introductory words and sentences can also indicate the source (see § 64-65). For example: According to V. A. Hoffman, “Khlebnikov’s linguistic position is fundamentally archaic through and through”. (From the quoted book by V. V. Vinogradov, p. 53.)

To include quotes in the text, the forms of quoted words, such as nouns, verbs, etc., can be changed.

dialogic unity.

Dialogical unity is the largest structural and semantic unit of dialogic speech. It consists of two, less often three or four replica sentences, closely related in meaning and structure; moreover, the content and form of the first rejoinder determine the content and form of the second one, and so on, so that only in the combination of replicas is the completeness of this part of the dialogue necessary for understanding to be found. For example:

1) Who is speaking?

Non-commissioned officer Turbin (Bulgakov).

2) - Congratulations! - he said.

With victory ... (Chekhov).

In the first example, the content and form of the response replica-sentence are determined by the content and form of the first interrogative sentence: the second incomplete sentence consists of one subject, since in the first interrogative sentence it is asked about the subject of the action (the interrogative pronoun who); the predicate in the second sentence is omitted, since it is named in the first.

In the second example, all replicas are incomplete sentences: the first one lacks an addition, what caused the second replica - an interrogative sentence (the predicate is omitted, since it is in the first replica); finally, the third replica is an incomplete sentence, consisting of one addition, which is missing in the first replica and which is the answer to the question contained in the second replica.

Thus, in both the first and second cases, the full meaning of the message is extracted precisely from the combination of replica-sentences.

In terms of meaning and formal features, including intonation, dialogic units are divided into a number of types. Such, for example, are the most common question-answer dialogic unities (see above); units in which the second replica continues the unfinished first; units in which the replicas are connected by one subject of thought are statements about it; unity in which the second replica expresses agreement or disagreement with the statement contained in the first, etc. For example:

1) Tatiyana. He is beautifully dressed... Teterev. And cheerful (Bitter)

2) - You can go crazy ... - I whispered.

No, you don't have to go. You just don't know what theater is (Bulgakov).

The intonational and semantic incompleteness of the replicas, the joining union in the first (1), the lexical repetition (pickup) in the second (2), etc., as well as the parallelism in the structure of the replicas characteristic of most dialogic units and the natural incompleteness of the second replica - all this most closely connects one replica on the other, turns their combination into a single structure.

However, not all successive replicas have these features. There are replicas that are complete sentences, each of which contains its own message. For example:

- Comrade Maksudov? the blond asked.

I'm looking for you all over the theater, - a new acquaintance spoke up, - let me introduce myself - director Foma Strizh (Bulgakov).

In this part of the dialogue, out of three replicas, only the first two represent a dialogic unity; the third, although closely related to the first, represents a new stage in the conversation: the director first made sure that this was the person he was looking for, and then moved on to the conversation he needed.

Notes.

Vinogradov V. V. On the language of fiction.- M., 1959.- P. 203.

Korovin V. I. The creative path of M. Yu. Lermontov.- M., 1973.- P. 67.

Gogol N. V. Poly. coll. cit.- M. 1952.- T. 8,- S. 427

Timofeev L.I. Theory of Literature.- M. 1945 -S. 120.

Grech N.I. Notes on my life.- M.; L., 1930.- S. 463.

Hoffman V. A. The language of literature.- L., 1936.- S. 214.

Ways to design someone else's speech

I.Direct speech

A: "P". "P", - a. "P, - a, - p."

A: "P?" "P?" - A. "P? - A. - P".

A: "P!" "P!" - A. "P! - A. - P".

A: "P ..." "P ..." - a. "P-a. - P".

Etc.: 1) . P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote: “Inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.”

2). “Inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy,” wrote P.I. Chaikovsky.

3). “Inspiration,” wrote P. I. Tchaikovsky, “is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.”

If direct speech is presented in the form of a dialogue, then each replica begins with a new paragraph and is preceded by a dash.

- Are you satisfied, gentlemen generals? - meanwhile the couch potato man asked.

- Satisfied, dear friend, we see your zeal! - answered the generals.

- Will you let me rest now?

- Take a rest, my friend, just put the rope first.

M. Saltykov-Shchedrin

II. Indirect speech

, (). A complex sentence with an explanatory clause after the main clause.

III. Basic Citation Methods

Introductory constructions (message source)

BB, ….…, BB,……, BB.

1) According to P. I. Tchaikovsky, "inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy." /Introductory phrase/.

2) As P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote, “inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.” /Introductory sentence/.

3) “Inspiration,” as P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote, “is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.”

Partial citation

1) In the middle or end of a sentence.

Etc. a) "This is the hope of our literature." (V. A. Zhukovsky about A. S. Pushkin)

V. A. Zhukovsky called A. S. Pushkin "the hope of our literature."

b) “You marvel at the jewels of our language: whatever sound, then a gift ...”

(N. V. Gogol)

N.V. Gogol always "marveled at the treasures of the Russian language."

2) At the beginning of a sentence.

"Nikolai Ostrovsky! You left us, but your wonderful fiery life goes on blossoms, boils in millions your readers! (V. Kataev about N. Ostrovsky)

"... Fiery life continues... in millions... of readers", -

V. Kataev wrote about N. Ostrovsky.

IV. Errors in the design of someone else's speech

1. A mixture of direct and indirect speech.

A. P. Chekhov wrote that: "Everything should be fine in a person."

Right:

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “Everything should be beautiful in a person.”

A.P. Chekhov wrote that "everything should be beautiful in a person."

2. The use of an extra union in a sentence with indirect speech.

I asked at the theater What will whether premiere today.

Right: I asked at the theater whether premiere today.

3. Putting a question mark in a declarative sentence with an indirect question.

I asked at the theater if there would be a premiere today?

Right: I asked at the theater if there would be a premiere today.

4. Making the introductory sentence as the words of the author in direct speech.

According to A.P. Chekhov: "Everything should be fine in a person."

Right: According to A.P. Chekhov, "everything should be fine in a person."

Lecture 67 Alien speech

This lecture discusses the main ways of transmitting someone else's speech.

someone else's speech

This lecture discusses the main ways of transmitting someone else's speech.

Lecture plan

67.1. The concept of someone else's speech.

67.2. Direct speech.

67.3. Indirect speech.

67.4. Quotes.

67.1. The concept of someone else's speech

someone else's speech - these are statements of other persons included by the speaker (writer) in his own (author's) speech. Alien speech there may be statements of the author himself, which he uttered in the past or intends to utter in the future, as well as thoughts not uttered aloud (“inner speech”):

“Thank you, sir, for your great bonte,” said Staal flushed with pleasure.

“You yourself ride in a carriage - five thousand is cheap,” - thought Staal.

In some cases, it is important for us to convey not only the content, but also the form someone else's speech(its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others only content. In this regard, the main ways of transmission are distinguished in the language. someone else's speech:

2) dialogue,

3) indirect speech,

4) quotes.

In addition to these basic methods, there are other forms intended for transmission only Topics, the subject of someone else's speech, for inclusion in the author's speech elements someone else's speech.

Subjectsomeone else's speech transmitted using indirect complement, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition about, for example:

When Staal spoke about the Order of Malta The prince's face suddenly took on a frightened expression.

Someone else's speech can be transmitted using introductory structures, indicating the source of the message: according to (according to, in terms of and so on.) such and such, as he said (considered, noted and so on.) such and such and under.

According to the watchman, lights appeared in the sea at the height of Capri.

The traveler who stopped at the Tavern and agreed as the Austrians said, to take letters with him, was probably going to Vienna.

67.2. Direct speech

Direct speech- this is exactly reproduced someone else's speech, transmitted on behalf of the one who spoke or wrote it. This method of transmitting someone else's speech preserves not only its content, but also its form. Direct speech may include not one, but two or more sentences, different in structure. In direct speech, all the features of someone else's speech are preserved: it can contain interjections, particles, and modal words, appeals, incomplete sentences.

And my mother threw up her hands and said: “Don't be upset, Denis, because of the mice. No and no need! Let's go buy you a fish! What do you want, huh?"

Direct speech is an independent sentence (or several sentences) and forms a special syntactic construction with the words of the author.

If direct speech is in a string, then it is enclosed in quotation marks:

"Do you remember their address well?" Sukhokhlebov interrupted me.

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before its beginning:

It's very cold indeed," he repeated, still convincing himself that it was impossible to do otherwise.

One of the varieties of direct speech is dialogue.

Dialogue- This is a type of direct speech, which is a conversation between two or more people.

Dialogue consists of replicas. A replica is a response or remark from one interlocutor to the words of another.

Each replica of the dialogue, as a rule, is written on a new line. Instead of quotation marks, a dash is placed before the replica.

The dialogue can consist of two, three, four (sometimes more) replica sentences, closely related in meaning and structure. The content and form of the first replica determine the content and form of the second, and so on. Thus, only a combination of replicas helps to understand the meaning of the dialogue.

Some kind of crazy, - said one of the officers, without lowering his voice.

Well, you be quiet, - whispered another cheerfully. “Look, he won’t give the letter to dad, so you won’t get any money.

I'll borrow from you.

And you won't give up.

I'll give you coals in the next world.

Punctuation in sentences with direct speech and ways to design a dialogue will be discussed in detail in lecture 68.

67.3. Indirect speech

Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, sentences with indirect speech convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey the features of its form:

He said that it took him forty years to compile this collection of truly beautiful icons.

In its form, a sentence with indirect speech is a complex sentence in which the main contains the words of the author, and the subordinate clause contains someone else's speech. These simple sentences as part of a complex one are joined by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns who, what, what, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether:

[Karas said], (that one can live in the world with truth alone), and [ruff argued], (that one cannot do without it), (so as not to dissemble) .

[They drove up to the hut, asking] (where to find the economic part here).

[Some said], (as if he was the unfortunate son of rich parents)…

Consider the main ways of translating direct speech into indirect speech.

• If direct speech was a question with an interrogative word, then when changing, the interrogative word becomes an allied word in the subordinate clause:

"When will you be back?" the mother asked her son sternly. = The mother strictly asked her son when he would return.

• If direct speech was a question without an interrogative word, then the conjunction is used in the explanatory clause whether:

“How far is it from the tar plant?” asked the mother of a field worker. =

The mother asked a worker working in the field how far it was to the tar factory.

Note that the subordinating conjunction whether stands not between the parts, but inside the subordinate clause, in fact, performs the function of both the union and the particle.

• If direct speech was a declarative sentence, then the subordinate clause is introduced by the union What:

The boy scaredly said: "I'm afraid" . = The boy scaredly said that he was afraid.

• If direct speech was an incentive sentence, then the union is used to:

The guys shouted: “Help us cross this bridge!” = The guys shouted for help to cross this bridge.

67.4. Quotes

Quote- this is a verbatim excerpt from a statement or composition of someone or exactly quoted someone's words that are used to confirm or clarify any thought.

The poem, in which Derzhavin, who did not like Bezborodko, ridiculed his infirmity, was very popular with young people. Staal immediately proclaimed:

... What, I said, so with tears

Is this winged god pouring?

Ile thin arrows

In whose heart could not get?

Or is his flame powerless?

Vain current of dangerous tears?

Oh! Found a scythe on a stone:

Croesus cannot know, love.

We will talk about punctuation in sentences with quotations in Lecture 68.

The statement of another person, included in the author's narration, forms someone else's speech. foreign speech, reproduced verbatim, while preserving not only its content, but also its form, is called direct speech. Alien speech reproduced not verbatim, but only with the preservation of its content, is called indirect.

Direct and indirect speech differ not only in verbatim or non-verbatim transmission of someone else's speech. The main difference between direct speech and indirect speech lies in the way in which both are included in the author's speech. Direct speech is an independent sentence (or a series of sentences), and indirect speech is formed as a subordinate part as part of a complex sentence, in which the main part is the words of the author. Wed, for example: The silence went on for a long time. Davydov turned his eyes to me and said muffledly: “I was not the only one who gave his life to the desert” (Paust.).-Davydov turned his eyes to me and said muffledly that he was not the only one who gave his life to the desert. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, if necessary, the forms of pronouns change (I - he).

The lexical distinction between direct and indirect speech is by no means necessary. For example, direct speech can reproduce someone else's speech not verbatim, but necessarily with the preservation of its form (in the form of an independent sentence). This is evidenced by the words with the meaning of the assumption introduced into the author's speech: He said something like the following ... At the same time, indirect speech can literally reproduce someone else's speech, but it is not formed independently, cf .: He asked: “Will father come soon?”(direct speech). - He asked if his father would come soon(indirect speech).

With the convergence of forms of transmission of someone else's speech, i.e. direct and indirect, a special form is formed - improperly direct speech.

For example: A gloomy day without sun, without frost. The snow on the ground had melted during the night, lying only on the roofs in a thin layer. Grey sky. Puddles. What kind of sled are there: it’s disgusting even to go out into the yard (Pan.). Here, someone else's speech is given verbatim, but there are no words introducing it, it is not formally singled out as part of the author's speech.

Direct speech

Direct speech conveys:

1) another person's statement, For example: Startled, he asked: “But why do you go to my lectures?” (M. G.);

3) unspoken thought, For example: It was only then that I straightened up and thought: “Why is my father walking around the garden at night?” (T.).

The author's speech usually contains direct speech words. This is first of all verbs of speech, thoughts: say, speak, ask, ask, answer, think, notice (in the meaning of “say”), speak, object, shout, turn, exclaim, whisper, interrupt, insert, etc. Direct speech can also be entered verbs characterizing the target orientation of the statement, for example: reproach, decide, confirm, agree, assent, advise, etc. In addition, sometimes used and verbs denoting actions and emotions accompanying the statement, for example: smile, be upset, be surprised, sigh, be offended, indignant, etc. In such cases, direct speech has a pronounced emotional coloring, for example: "Where are you?" - Startsev (Ch.) was horrified; "Also, please tell me!" - grinned Dymov (Ch.); “Yes, where are we going?” Spouses giggled (Pan.).

Some words are sometimes used as introductory words. nouns. Like verbs that introduce direct speech, they have the meaning of statements, thoughts: words, exclamation, question, exclamation, whisper and others, for example: "Did the boy lie down?" - Pantelei's whisper was heard a minute later (Ch.).

Direct speech can be located in relation to the author's in preposition, in postposition and in interposition, For example: “Tell me about the future,” she asked him (M. G.); And, when he held out his hand to her, she, kissing her with hot lips, said: “Forgive me, I am guilty before you” (M. G.); And only when he whispered: “Mom! Mother!" - he seemed to feel better ... (Ch.).

In addition, direct speech can be torn apart by the author's words, For example: “The signorina is my constant opponent,” he said, “doesn’t she think that it would be better in the interests of the case if we get to know each other better?” (M. G.).

Depending on the location of direct speech, the order of the main members of the sentence in the author's speech usually changes. The words that introduce direct speech are always next to it. So, in the author's speech preceding the direct, the verb-predicate is placed after the subject, for example: ... Kermani cheerfully said: "A mountain becomes a valley when you love!" (M. G.).

Introduction

In almost any text, it is possible to single out the author's and non-author's speech - the speech of characters in fiction, quotations in scientific, business prose. The term “foreign speech”, which has long been rooted in grammarians, denotes the statements of other people included in the author's presentation or the narrator's own statements, which he recalls, recalls.

Someone else's speech is opposed to the author's, i.e. "one's own", belonging to the narrator, the speaker. According to the method, nature of transmission, design of someone else's speech, direct, indirect and improperly direct speech are distinguished. All these types of someone else's speech stand out against the background of the author's, into which they are woven, performing diverse stylistic functions.

Of course, the main role in any style belongs to the author's speech, which constitutes the main body of texts and solves the main informative, communicative, aesthetic tasks.

The elements of someone else's speech have the character of a kind of inlay, which diversifies the author's speech, gives it peculiar stylistic shades.

In the most typical cases, indirect speech is a purely "business" - informational form of conveying content: it expresses only the rational content of someone else's speech, and, unlike direct speech, it is free from all the vivid colors of a real statement.

The chosen topic "Alien speech and ways of its transmission" is undoubtedly relevant, theoretically and practically significant.

The purpose of the work is a stylistic assessment of the ways of transmitting someone else's speech.

The object of the work is the fixation of methods and examples of the transmission of someone else's speech in the text.

1. Consider the structure of a simple and complex sentence;

2. Consider other syntactic phenomena;

3. Describe the quotation speech;

4. Consider all types of someone else's speech, compare them with each other.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter: "Alien speech"

someone else's speech

The statement of another person, included in the author's narration, forms someone else's speech. Someone else's speech, reproduced verbatim, with the preservation of not only its content, but also the form, is called direct speech. Someone else's speech, reproduced not verbatim, but only with the preservation of its content, is called indirect.

Direct and indirect speech differ not only in verbatim or non-verbatim transmission of someone else's speech. The main difference between direct speech and indirect speech lies in the way in which both are included in the author's speech. Direct speech is an independent sentence (or a series of sentences), and indirect speech is formed as a subordinate part as part of a complex sentence, in which the main part is the words of the author. Compare, for example: The silence lasted a long time. Davydov turned his eyes to me and said muffledly: “I was not the only one who gave his life to the desert.” - Davydov turned his eyes to me and said muffledly that he was not the only one who gave his life to the desert. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, if necessary, the forms of pronouns change (I - he).

The lexical distinction between direct and indirect speech is by no means necessary. For example, direct speech can reproduce someone else's speech not verbatim, but necessarily with the preservation of its form (in the form of an independent sentence). This is evidenced by the words with the meaning of assumption introduced into the author's speech: He said something like the following ... At the same time, indirect speech can literally reproduce someone else's speech, but it is not formed independently, cf .: He asked: "Will father arrive soon?" (direct speech). - He asked if his father would come soon (indirect speech).

With the convergence of forms of transmission of someone else's speech, i.e. direct and indirect, a special form is formed - improperly direct speech. For example: A gloomy day without sun, without frost. The snow on the ground had melted during the night, lying only on the roofs in a thin layer. Grey sky. Puddles. What kind of sled are there: it’s disgusting even to go out into the yard (Pan.). Here, someone else's speech is given verbatim, but there are no words introducing it, it is not formally singled out as part of the author's speech.

Ways of transmitting someone else's speech

Alien speech is the statements of other persons included by the speaker (writer) in his own (author's) speech. Someone else's speech can also be the statements of the author himself, which he uttered in the past or intends to utter in the future, as well as thoughts that are not spoken aloud (“inner speech”): “Do you think? Berlioz whispered in alarm, and he himself thought: But he is right! 2

In some cases, it is important for us to convey not only the content, but also the form of someone else's speech (its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), while in others it is only the content.

In accordance with these tasks, special ways of transmitting someone else's speech have been developed in the language: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech), 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech).

Sentences with direct speech are specially designed for the exact (verbatim) reproduction of someone else's speech (its content and form), and sentences with indirect speech are only for conveying the content of someone else's speech. Wed: Then he, “the commander of the Zakabluka regiment,” said that the command forbids leaving the airfield dugouts and there will be no jokes with violators. (Indirect speech) - so that I don’t sleep in the air, but sleep well before the flight, - he explained (V. Grassman). (Direct speech)

These forms of transmission of someone else's speech are the most common.

In addition to these two main methods, there are other forms designed to convey only the topic, the subject of someone else's speech, to include elements of someone else's speech in the author's speech.

The theme of someone else's speech is conveyed with the help of an indirect object expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition about, for example: 1) And Rudin spoke about pride, and spoke very efficiently (I. Turgenev). 2) The guests talked about many pleasant and understandable things, such as: about nature, about dogs, about wheat, about caps, about stallions (N. Gogol).

Someone else's speech can be transmitted using introductory constructions indicating the source of the message: in the opinion (according to words, from the point of view, etc.) of such and such, as said (thought, noted, etc.) by such and such and under . For example: 1) The fire, according to Leontiev, went sideways (K. Paustovsky). 2) I, an inexperienced person and not “living” in the village 3 (as we say in Orel), have heard enough of such stories (I. Turgenev). 3) In general, the Crimea for historical science is a gold mine, as local lovers of archeology say (M. Gorky).

In fiction, a special form of transmitting someone else's speech is used - improperly direct speech.

Statements or individual words belonging to other persons may be included in the author's narration. There are several ways to introduce someone else's speech into a sentence or text: direct speech, indirect speech, indirect speech and dialogue.