The participle as a part of speech is an adverbial phrase. What is a gerund

Participle- this is a special form of a verb that carries the meaning of an action that is additive in relation to the predicate verb in a given sentence.

A participle is a part of a sentence

The participle answers questions such as “what by doing”, “what by doing” and has features of both verbs and adverbs. The participle is a form of a verb and has its own morphological characteristics.

In sentences, the participle is a circumstance and does not change. Example: The boat floated, rocking.

Participles do not have a temporal category; they express time relative to or simultaneously with the action of the predicate verb or preceding it.

Participles and participial phrases.

Participles with dependent words form and are always isolated. But if they lose the characteristics of a verb, turn into adverbs and are used to enhance the meaning of the quality of an object, then they are no longer isolated in the sentence. Examples:

She walked slowly; Dmitry listened to him frowning(M. Gorky)

Participles and turnover: examples.

If a gerund with dependent words denote an additional action adjacent to the predicate, then this action must necessarily be carried out by the one named in the subject.

Example: The boys dispersed dogs, taking young lady under your protection (A. Pushkin).

It is erroneous to use gerunds and phrases when the additional action is not performed by the person who is the subject of the sentence. For example: Driving up to the station, my hat flew off (A. Chekhov).

If a gerund or turnover is used in an impersonal sentence, then only in one where there is an active person in the dative case. For example: Getting ready for practice, I had to go to the library often.

Formation of participles.

Types of participles depend on the degree of perfection of the action and are:

• perfect form;
• imperfect type.

Imperfect participle

Imperfect participles give an answer to the question “doing what?” and imply an action that occurs simultaneously with another action (which is indicated by the predicate). For example: Standing on the table, he took out books from the top shelf.

This type of participle is formed using the suffix -a- (-я-). Exceptions:

• verbs ending in -ch (oven, guard),
• verbs ending in -nut (wither, get stuck, sour)
• from some verbs with a hissing at the base (write, lick).

Perfect participle

Perfect participles denoting the action that precedes the action of the predicate verb, they answer the question “having done what?” For example: Standing on the table, he took out a book from the top shelf.

They are formed using suffixes

• -lice- (for obsolete forms),

Variable forms can be in -a-(-я-). For example, “frowning - frowning.”

A part of speech is defined by morphological and syntactic features. In the world lexicon, a name (further divided into and others) and a verb are contrasted. A classification of parts of speech according to the functions performed is also accepted. So, they can be official and independent.

Special verb form

In Russian science, there are four views on gerunds as parts of speech. The grammatical meaning of this category, morphological features, and are also determined by the peculiarity of this form. The participle in the Russian language combines the characteristics and meaning of an adverb and a verb.

Definition

According to Vinogradov, this is a special adverbial-verbal hybrid category. Bogoroditsky classifies gerunds as adverbs. In accordance with encyclopedic information, these words and phrases are considered a special verbal unchangeable, unconjugated attributive form. How does the 7th grade school curriculum define the concept of “gerunds”? This category is a special verb form that denotes an additional action against the background of the main action expressed by the verb. The participle answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?”, “how?”, “when?”

Signs

Participles as parts of speech combine the features of an adverb and a verb. The main feature is that they indicate an action that is additional to the main one. The gerund is a verbal form and, like a verb, has the form (imperfect and perfect). This category has “return” (for example, clinging - non-return, clinging - return). Participles as parts of speech are distributed with nouns, pronouns, and adverbs. Revolutions are formed with dependent words. Participles as parts of speech also have the characteristics of adverbs: they do not change, they simultaneously characterize the main action, illustrating when, how, why, etc. it is being accomplished. In a sentence they act as adverbials, referring to the predicate verb.

Morphological analysis

There are several features that define gerunds as parts of speech and distinguish them from other forms. In addition to the fact that it is formed from a verb, it usually contains suffixes such as -a, -shi, -lice, -ya. In adverbial phrases, you can ask a question to dependent words. Morphological analysis should be carried out in accordance with a specific plan:

1. General grammatical meaning.
2. Morphological characteristics:

Indefinite (initial) verb form;

Immutability;

View, return.

3. Syntactic role.

As a sample, you can give an example of a written analysis.

"Burbling, the stream runs"

Oral analysis

The word "zhurcha" is a gerund - a special verbal category. First of all, it illustrates an additional action to the main one (running and murmuring). Derived from the verb “to babble” (initial form). This participle does not change and has an imperfect form. As part of a sentence, this form acts as an adverbial circumstance of the manner of action.

How are the verb forms in question formed? What types of participles are there?

The verb forms in question can fall into one of two categories. Imperfect participles illustrate an additional unfinished action. It occurs simultaneously with the process expressed by the verb. This type is formed using the suffixes -я, -а, based on the form that determines the action in the present tense. For example: reading-reading, flying-flying and others. From verbs with the suffix -va- the formation of the gerund comes from the infinitive: recognize-recognize. A number of words describing an action do not form a verb form: flow, beat, protect, tear, and others. illustrates an additional completed action. It usually occurs before the start of the process that the verb expresses. The formation of this form is carried out using the suffixes - lice, -shi, -v on the basis of an indefinite verb form: deceived-deceived, sad-sad, and others. From a series of words illustrating the action, double turns can be formed: dry-dry, dry-dry; unlocked, unlocked, unlocked.

Verb tenses

In some cases, the future tense form is used to form participles. To form participles, the suffixes -я, -а are used: read-read, come-arrived. Categories formed from the verb stem in the past tense using suff. -lice- (having known, having been, plowing, eating, licking and others) are considered obsolete. As a rule, they are little used, rarely. Previously, they were used to denote actions that had just been committed to the present: “having seen what was happening, he grabbed a pitchfork,” “having said this, she sat down.” Currently used with the suffix -having, they are formed from the reflexive verb form: let it slip - having let it slip, wash - having washed, get hungry - go hungry, decompose - decomposed and others.

Separation

Single gerunds relating to sitting, standing, lying, silently, jokingly, slowly and others are not distinguished using punctuation marks (commas). These forms do not illustrate additive action. For example:

He walked slowly (slowly, that is).

She spoke worriedly (excitedly, that is).

In these and similar cases, the gerund illustrates not an additional action, but a sign of the main process. In contrast to, for example, the following sentence: “You need to read while sitting at a normal table and in good lighting.” Here the participle acts as an illustration of an additional action. Phraseological units that contain the verb forms in question are not isolated. Such constructions, in particular, include the following: work tirelessly, scream without remembering, run headlong and others. In other cases, participial phrases - expressions containing dependent words - are always separated by commas.

Syntactic role

The participle, as a rule, is structurally adjacent to the verbal predicate. In the structure of a sentence, this form acts as an adverbial adverbial and is not conjugated. Less commonly, a gerund may be adjacent to a nominal predicate, which can be expressed either as a noun. In a construction as part of a sentence, this verb form denotes an additional action that accompanies the process that carries the main idea of ​​the predicate. In this case, a gerund is allowed to replace the conjugated verb form. Similar constructions are present in various Indo-European dialects - Latin, French. Participles are used in Eskimo, Hungarian, and Turkic languages. In the vocabulary of other countries, the construction may be called a gerund. Some languages ​​do not have a separate form for the verbal construction in question. This is the situation, for example, in the English language, where the participle acts as a gerund.

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, and has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.

Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that means additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending s).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
• part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: after looking, correct use: after looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
• having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

The condition for correctly choosing a vowel in the suffixes of present participles is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be”, “poorly”, for example - having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.

The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of the participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

Use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in the suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
• the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.

Isolation of syntactic constructions

This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, determine the boundaries of these structures, and find the word to which they refer.

Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial phrase. Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:

• personal: Lulled by his mother's tender words, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
• stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
• has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.

The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

It denotes an additional action of the predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is phrases that have become stable expressions, such as: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).

In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.

Common grammatical errors

The most common mistake is incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man, completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man.” The correct option is:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.

Passive and active participles are often confused:

There was a winning one among the lottery tickets.

From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.

When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”

Correct option: Understanding the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, you cannot use this part of speech in impersonal sentences that convey a state rather than an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.

Communion and gerund: what's the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, to replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.

The Russian language, in addition to independent and auxiliary parts of speech, is also rich in so-called special forms. These include the reflexive participle and all types of participles in general. Many linguists still cannot come to a consensus about this part of speech. Some argue that this is an independent part of speech, while others argue that the role of the verb in the formation and use of the gerund is too great to talk about its independence.

Definition

First, let's remember that this is an independent part of speech or it is also called a special form of the verb, which means an action during the main action. Answers the questions “Doing what?”, “Having done what?”

Similar verb forms exist in many languages, except Russian: in Latin, French and others and are called gerunds.

By origin, the gerund belongs to the inarticulate form, in other words, to the short form of the participle in the nominative case. And it arose due to the loss of the declension form of the inarticulate participle.

Dual nature

A gerund of any kind is often confused with a verb or an adverb. And all because this part of speech has a dual nature.

Let's look at what features the verb and adverb have given to the gerund:

Spelling with "not"

In frequent cases, the participle with the particle “not” is written separately (because everyone remembers the well-known rule: “not” with verbs is written separately).

Example: without reading, without deciding.

But, as you know, there are exceptions to the rules. The reflexive participle and other types of this part of speech with the particle “not” will be written together if:

1. The participle is formed from verbs that are not used without “not” (indignant, underestimating, having not seen enough);
2. The participle is formed from verbs with the prefix “nedo-” (not enough salt, not enough sleep).

In addition, any word and its spelling must be looked at in context. The insidious Russian language can bring surprises; even guidelines for the suffixes of reflexive and non-reflexive participles cannot help.

Example: “not eating enough” and “not eating enough.”

My sister leaves for university without finishing her breakfast. - Here the word is used in the context of “does not eat the whole thing.”

During the war, people could live without food for months. - Here the word is used in the context of “they didn’t eat enough, they were almost hungry.”

Syntactic role

The reflexive participle, as well as other types of participles, have the following features:

• They adjoin the predicate verb, being a circumstance.
• They don't conjugate.
• Rarely adjacent to a nominal predicate, which is a noun or short adjective.
• Adjacent to the predicate, denoting an additional action that accompanies the main action expressed by the predicate;
• It is possible to replace it with the conjugated form of the verb.

In written speech there are those that are separated by commas.

The Russian language is rich and diverse. This is largely due to the presence of a large number of parts of speech. One sentence can indicate not only the main, but also an additional action through the use of a gerund.

This category of words allows you to saturate the text with information, give it additional shades, make it deeper and more voluminous. The participle as a part of speech helps the author to paint a rich, figurative picture in fewer words.

The participle is a special form of the verb. It differs from other parts of speech in the following ways:

1. Does not change by numbers, cases, genders.
2. In a sentence, it denotes not the main action (the verb does this), but a secondary one. Answers two questions: doing what? having done what?, performs the function of determination.
3. It has grammatical features of two categories at once - and the verb.

Examples: While telling the story, she smiled pleasantly. The car turned around and raised a lot of dust. While collecting berries, they quietly went out onto the road.

The meaning of participles in speech

The meaning of participles in speech is determined by their function to express an additional action. It is usually attached to a predicate verb.

In rare cases, to a nominal predicate, which can be expressed as a noun or a short adjective. It complements and clarifies the main action that is described in the sentence.

According to the rules of the Russian language, the actions of the predicate verb and the one described by the gerund can only concern the same subject.

Example: After dinner, the warriors went to bed, letting their tangled horses run across the grass.

This part of speech as a special form of the verb denotes an action, but a secondary one. It somehow characterizes, clarifies, emotionally colors it, conveys different qualitative shades in a laconic and bright form.

• runs, jumping;
• said, grinning;
• sang, enjoying;
• decided without thinking.

A part of speech, denoting an action, simultaneously names its sign. This additional action never coincides with the main one, which is indicated by the predicate.

Participle as part of speech

For example, in the sentence “The man spoke while grinning,” it is clear that the subject is speaking (the main action) and grinning (the secondary action). How did the person speak? - Grinning. The sign, the emotional characteristic of the main action, is conveyed.

Interesting fact! Until the 18th century, adverbial forms were not used in written speech, but they were an integral feature of folk art.

Varieties

From the verbs of gerunds they borrowed the form - perfect or imperfect. This sign indicates the passage of an action over time.

If a secondary action has already been completed, completed, preceded the main action or was performed immediately after it, then this is a perfect form. Such words raise the question: what did you do?

• be happy when you see a classmate;
• finally waking up, sneezing loudly;
• leave by slamming the door.

The imperfect form indicates that a secondary action occurs at the same time as the main one. This kind of question – what to do?

• look out the window, smiling widely;
• walking down the street talking to a friend;
• write work while listening to music.

Participles are transitive and intransitive. This is also a sign inherited from the verb.

Interesting facts about participles

It is transitive if a noun in the accusative case can be attached to it without a preposition. The action seems to shift to the object. It would be possible to ask the question what? (writing poetry, reading a magazine, going around the cracks).

It will not be possible to find such nouns for intransitive gerunds, or they will be with prepositions (walking in the garden, washing in the morning, walking to the railway).

Participles have another grammatical feature from the verb - reflexivity. Reflexive participles have only one difference - they have a postfix -s, for example, rejoicing, caring, hugging.

From the adverb, this part of speech took on its invariability in gender, number, case, as well as the ability to attach to the personal forms of verbs, in some cases to the indefinite form. For example: speaks while turning; think while rubbing your chin.

Order of education

This part of speech is formed from the base of the verb by adding certain suffixes.

To obtain the imperfect form, you need to take the verb stem of the present tense and the suffixes -a; -I.

Examples: thinking, shouting, receiving, copying.

Words can be formed from indefinite verbs by adding the suffix -va-.

• water + t – watering;
• conscious + t – conscious;
• lagging behind + t – lagging behind.

Imperfect participles are not formed in the following cases:

• from a verb stem in which there are many consonants, for example, pour, crumple, squeeze. The exception is to rush - rushing;
• from a verb stem that ends in r; j. For example, they run, flow;
• from the verb stem of the present tense, which ends in sibilant, or an indefinite form ending in z; With; Art. Examples: plow - plow; they will say - say; whip - whip.

In literary speech, gerunds formed with the help of the suffixes -uchi are no longer used; -yuchi.(They looked at him sternly, condemningly.) Such options are used in special cases to imitate common speech.

Perfective forms are obtained by adding other suffixes. -in is added to the indefinite form; - lice; -shi.

Examples: understand - having understood, write - having written.

The suffix -shi is added to the indefinite form ending the stem with a consonant: expire - expired. The suffix -lice is used to convert reflexive verbs into gerunds (to fall in love - having fallen in love).

If the stem of the verb has the suffix -nu, then there are two possible variants of the gerund, both of which will be correct. Get wet - get wet, get wet. Also, a double option is possible when using the suffixes -a; -I together with -v; - lice.

Examples: become infected - infected, infected; incline - inclining, inclining.

Important! Participial phrases are considered part of written speech. In live communication, such constructions look inappropriate, artificial, and therefore are not used.

Spelling Rules

The part of speech from the verb took not only many grammatical features, but also writing rules:

1. The particle NOT is written separately with these words, except in cases where it is impossible to use it without NOT. Without hearing, without breaking, without receiving. Hating (exception).
2. They keep the same letter before the suffix that was in the verb in an indefinite form or some tense. For example, recovered - recovered, akimbo - akimbo, hesitated - hesitated.
3. The stress in the word should be in the same place where it was originally in the verb, for example, raise - raising, prolong - prolong.
4. Separated from other words by commas. Huge flakes of snow, whirling, flew from a tall pine tree. Having looked around, the travelers moved further along the narrow path.

Perfect participles

• Green willows stand like ghosts, reflected in the mirror of water.
• A thick fog poured out of the gorges and filled everything around.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

Linguists argue where to classify the gerund - to an independent part of speech or to a special form of the verb. In any case, experts agree that this phenomenon enriches written speech, making it more complete and varied. Similar forms exist in Latin and French and are found in other language groups.