The genre of village prose is very different from the already existing genres in Russian literature.
For example, in foreign literature this type of genre is practically absent. A huge number of works of this genre are in Russian literature, because this genre has become popular and more readable. Since readers are interested in the issues described in the novels of this genre. This is a description of nature, mutual understanding of people and numerous problems that are of concern today. Many authors tried to write in the genre of rural prose. For example, such great writers as Rasputin, Astafiev and Shukshin. It can be noted that his extraordinary work captivates, even in the 21st century, since a large number of both teenagers and adults, not only in Russia, but also abroad, prefer to read his work. After all, this is a great rarity, the discovery of such a great and famous poet who sincerely loved his homeland, his land and his village.
Vasily Shukshin himself was born in 1929, in the small village of Srostki in the Altai Territory. And in his work he describes the whole landscape of his beloved and native land. After all, Shukshin truly knew how to respect human labor, appreciate his native village, and thus began to understand the harsh prose of village life. Shukshin's works touch the soul. It hurt to the depths of his soul when readers did not understand his work. He tried to convey to them the whole truth of human life.
The first lines from his creative life began with a description of his beloved village life, which later gave impetus to the development of his work. Shukshin, already a well-known writer, could not sit without work, he took on any job: he was a loader, laborer, builder, and he mastered many other professions.
Vasily Shukshin was considered by many to be a comic writer, but every year they became convinced of the opposite. The changes that took place in the 20th century made up the strong creative side of Shukshin.
Summing up, we can definitely say that Vasily Markovich Shukshin always tried to teach good. He lived with these convictions, and in his work he tried to convey all his good inner feelings.
Some interesting essays
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Money is the equivalent of hours worked, payment for a completed product. Once upon a time in antiquity there was no money, there was a natural exchange. Then people got smarter and invented money.
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One of the main works of William Shakespeare is the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet". In the work, the author portrayed several main characters. In the tragedy, the author described aggression, enmity and meaninglessness
- Composition Lyubov Lyubimovna in the story of Mumu Turgenev
The image of Lyubov Lyubimovna in Turgenev's work "Mumu" turned out to be rather ambiguous, because the author had the goal of specifically making it that way.
- Pechorin's attitude to Bela in the novel A Hero of Our Time
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- Composition Computer science is my favorite school subject (reasoning)
I can’t even say for sure what my favorite lesson at school is ... But still, I like computer science. She is less loved. I really like to play computer games, that's true. Although mom says it's not very good!
Village prose by V. Shukshin
In Russian literature, the genre of rural prose differs markedly from all other genres. What is the reason for this difference? One can talk about this for an exceptionally long time, but still not come to a final conclusion. This is because the scope of this genre may not fit within the description of rural life. This genre can also include works that describe the relationship between the people of the city and the village, and even works in which the main character is not a villager at all, but in spirit and idea these works are nothing more than village prose.
There are very few works of this type in foreign literature. There are many more of them in our country. This situation is explained not only by the peculiarities of the formation of states, regions, their national and economic specifics, but also by the character, "portrait" of each people inhabiting a given area. In the countries of Western Europe, the peasantry played an insignificant role, and all the people's life was in full swing in the cities. In Russia, since ancient times, the peasantry has occupied the most important role in history. Not in terms of power (on the contrary, the peasants were the most powerless), but in spirit, the peasantry was and, probably, still remains the driving force in Russian history. It was from the dark, ignorant peasants that Stenka Razin, and Emelyan Pugachev, and Ivan Bolotnikov came out, it was because of the peasants, more precisely because of serfdom, that cruel struggle took place, the victims of which were both tsars, and poets, and part of the outstanding Russian intelligentsia of the 19th century. Due to this, works covering this topic occupy a special place in the literature.
Contemporary rural prose plays a large role in the literary process today. This genre today rightfully occupies one of the leading places in terms of readability and popularity. The modern reader is concerned about the problems that are raised in the novels of this genre. These are questions of morality, love for nature, a good, kind attitude towards people and other problems that are so relevant today. Among the writers of our time who wrote or are writing in the genre of rural prose, the leading place is occupied by such writers as Viktor Petrovich ("The Tsar-Fish", "The Shepherd and the Shepherdess"), Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin ("Live and Remember", "Farewell to Mother" ), Vasily Makarovich Shukshin ("Villagers", "Lubavins", "I came to give you freedom") and others.
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin occupies a special place in this series. His original work attracted and will attract hundreds of thousands of readers not only in our country, but also abroad. After all, one can rarely meet such a master of the folk word, such a sincere admirer of his native land, as this outstanding writer was.
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin was born in 1929 in the village of Srostki, Altai Territory. And through the whole life of the future writer, the beauty and severity of those places ran like a red thread. It is thanks to his small homeland
Shukshin learned to appreciate the land, the work of man on this land, learned to understand the harsh prose of rural life. From the very beginning of his creative path, he discovered new ways in the image of a person. His heroes turned out to be unusual both in terms of their social status and life maturity, and moral experience. Having already become a fully mature young man, Shukshin goes to the center of Russia. In 1958, he made his film debut ("Two Fedoras"), as well as in literature ("The Story in the Cart"). In 1963, Shukshin released his first collection, Villagers. And in 1964, his film "Such a Guy Lives" was awarded the main prize at the Venice Film Festival. Shukshin comes to worldwide fame. But he doesn't stop there. Years of hard and painstaking work follow. For example, in 1965 his novel "Lubavins" was published and at the same time the film "Such a guy lives" appeared on the screens of the country. Only by this example alone can one judge with what dedication and intensity the artist worked.
Or maybe it's haste, impatience? Or the desire to immediately establish oneself in literature on the most solid - "novel" - basis? Certainly it is not. Shukshin wrote only two novels. And as Vasily Makarovich himself said, he was interested in one topic: the fate of the Russian peasantry. Shukshin managed to touch a nerve, break into our souls and make us ask in shock: "What is happening to us"? Shukshin did not spare himself, he was in a hurry to have time to tell the truth, and to bring people together with this truth. He was obsessed with one thought that he wanted to think out loud. And be understood! All the efforts of Shukshin - the creator were directed towards this. He believed: "Art - so to speak, to be understood ..." From the first steps in art, Shukshin explained, argued, proved and suffered when he was not understood. He is told that the film "Such a guy lives" is a comedy. He is perplexed and writes an afterword to the film. At a meeting with young scientists, a tricky question is thrown at him, he puts it out, and then sits down to write an article ("Monologue on the Stairs").
Where did the writer get the material for his works? Everywhere, where people live. What material is it, what characters? That material, and those heroes who rarely fell into the realm of art before. And it took a great talent to come from the depths of the people, to tell the simple, strict truth about his countrymen with love and respect. And this truth became a fact of art, aroused love and respect for the author himself. The hero of Shukshin turned out to be not only unfamiliar, but somewhat incomprehensible. Lovers of "distilled" prose demanded a "beautiful hero", demanded that the writer invent something so that, God forbid, he would not disturb his own soul. The polarity of opinions, the sharpness of assessments arose, oddly enough, precisely because the hero was not invented. And when the hero is a real person, he cannot be only moral or only immoral. And when the hero is invented to please someone, here is complete immorality. Isn't it from here, from a misunderstanding of Shukshin's creative position, that creative errors in the perception of his heroes come from. Indeed, in his heroes, the immediacy of the action, the logical unpredictability of the act are striking: either he suddenly accomplishes a feat, then he suddenly runs away from the camp three months before the end of his term.
Shukshin himself admitted: “It is most interesting for me to explore the character of a non-dogmatic person, a person who is not planted in the science of behavior. Such a person is impulsive, gives in to impulses, and therefore, is extremely natural. But he always has a reasonable soul.” The writer's characters are really impulsive and extremely natural. And they do so by virtue of internal moral concepts, maybe they themselves are still unconscious. They have a heightened reaction to the humiliation of a person by a person. This reaction takes on a variety of forms. Leads sometimes to the most unexpected results.
The pain from his wife's betrayal, Seryoga Bezmenov, burned, and he cut off two of his fingers ("Fingerless").
The salesman insulted the bespectacled man in the store, and for the first time in his life he got drunk and ended up in a sobering-up station ("And in the morning they woke up ..."), etc., etc.
In such situations, Shukshin's heroes can even commit suicide ("Suraz", "Husband's wife saw off to Paris"). No, they can not stand insults, humiliation, resentment. They offended Sasha Ermolaev ("Resentment"), the "inflexible" aunt-seller was rude. So what? Happens. But the hero of Shukshin will not endure, but will prove, explain, break through the wall of indifference. And ... grab the hammer. Or he will leave the hospital, as Vanka Teplyashin did, as Shukshin did (Klyauza). A very natural reaction of a conscientious and kind person ...
No, Shukshin does not idealize his strange, unlucky heroes. Idealization generally contradicts the art of the writer. But in each of them he finds something that is close to himself. And now, it is no longer possible to make out who is calling for humanity - the writer Shukshin or Vanka Teplyashin.
July 25, 1929 - was born in the village of Srostki, Altai kr. July 25, 1929 - born in the village of Srostki, Altai region - went to Kaluga, where he worked, 1946 - went to Kaluga, where he worked as a loader, a locksmith. who will have to - a loader, a locksmith.
1954 - entered the Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) 1954 - entered the Institute of Cinematography (VGIK) 1958 - first appeared in a movie ("Two Fedor") - first appeared in a movie ("Two Fedor") - first publication - "Two on a Cart" - the first publication - "Two on a cart".
1964 - filming the film "Such a guy lives" - filming the film "Such a guy lives" - the film "Your son and brother" was released 1965 - the film "Your son and brother" was released 1967 - awarded the Order of the Red Labor Banner 1967 - awarded the Order of the Red Labor Banner
1971 - awarded the State Prize of the USSR 1971 - awarded the State Prize of the USSR 1972 - the film "Stove-shops" was released - the film "Stoves-shops" was released.
1973 - the collection "Characters" was released - the collection "Characters" was released - the film "Kalina Krasnaya" was released, the book "Conversations under the Full Moon" - the film "Kalina Krasnaya", the book "Conversations under the Full Moon" was released. On October 2, 1974, he died suddenly during the filming of the film "They Fought for the Motherland", on October 2, 1974, he died suddenly during the filming of the film "They Fought for the Motherland", on the ship "Danube". on the ship "Danube". Posthumously, V.M. Shukshin was awarded the Lenin Prize.
"Village Prose". In the 1960s, when the first works of the writer appeared in literary periodicals, criticism hurried to rank him among the group of writers - "villagers". There were reasons for that. In the 1960s, when the first works of the writer appeared in literary periodicals, criticism hurried to rank him among the group of writers - "villagers". There were reasons for that. Shukshin really preferred to write about the village, the first collection of his stories was called that - Shukshin really preferred to write about the village, the first collection of his stories was called "Village Residents". However, the ethnographic signs of rural life, the appearance of people from the village, landscape sketches did not particularly interest the writer - all this, if it was discussed in the stories, was only in passing, fluently, in passing. There was almost no poeticization of nature in them, authorial thoughtful digressions, admiring the “mode” of folk life. "Villager". However, the ethnographic signs of rural life, the appearance of people from the village, landscape sketches did not particularly interest the writer - all this, if it was discussed in the stories, was only in passing, fluently, in passing. There was almost no poeticization of nature in them, authorial thoughtful digressions, admiring the “mode” of folk life.
Stories. The writer focused on something else: his writer focused on something else: his stories were a string of life episodes, dramatized scenes, outwardly reminiscent of early Chekhov's stories with their ease, brevity ("shorter than a sparrow's nose"), the element of good-natured laughter. The characters of Shukshin were the inhabitants of the rural periphery, the ignoble, who did not break out "into the people" - in a word, those who outwardly, in their position, fully corresponded to the familiar in the literature of the 19th century. type of "little man". the stories showed a string of life episodes, dramatized scenes, outwardly reminiscent of early Chekhov's stories with their ease, brevity ("shorter than a sparrow's nose"), the element of good-natured laughter. The characters of Shukshin were the inhabitants of the rural periphery, the ignoble, who did not break out "into the people" - in a word, those who outwardly, in their position, fully corresponded to the familiar in the literature of the 19th century. type of "little man".
Collection "Villagers". The collection "Villagers" is not only the beginning of a creative path, but also a big topic - love for the village. The collection "Villagers" is not only the beginning of a creative path, but also a big topic - love for the village. It is on the pages of this collection that we meet It is on the pages of this collection that we meet Gleb Kapustin - a fierce debater, Vasily Knyazev, who is more remembered as a Freak, and the incredible inventor Bronka Pupkov. we meet Gleb Kapustin - a fierce debater, Vasily Knyazev, who is more remembered as the Freak, and the incredible inventor Bronka Pupkov.
How Shukshin understood the story. “What do I think a story is? A man was walking, “What do I think a story is? A man was walking along the street, saw a friend and told, along the street, saw a friend and told, for example, about how just around the corner an old woman blundered onto the pavement, and some brute dray began to laugh. And then he was immediately ashamed of his foolish laughter, came up and picked up the old woman. He also looked around the street to see if anyone had seen him laughing. That's all." for example, about how just around the corner an old woman blurted out on the pavement, and some big dray began to laugh. And then he was immediately ashamed of his foolish laughter, came up and picked up the old woman. He also looked around the street to see if anyone had seen him laughing. That's all."
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………........….3
2. Village prose by V. Shukshin……………………………………….…….4-10
3. Conclusion……………………………………………………….……….….11
4. List of used literature
Files: 1 file
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………........….3
2. Village prose by V. Shukshin……………………………………….…….4- 10
3. Conclusion……………………………………………………….……….….11
4. List of literature used………………………………..…..…… 12
Introduction.
Contemporary rural prose plays a large role in the literary process today. This genre today rightfully occupies one of the leading places in terms of readability and popularity. The modern reader is concerned about the problems that are raised in the novels of this genre. These are questions of morality, love for nature, a good, kind attitude towards people and other problems that are so relevant today. Among the writers of our time who wrote or are writing in the genre of village prose, the leading place is occupied by such writers as Viktor Petrovich Astafiev (“The Tsar-Fish”, “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess”), Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin (“Live and Remember”, “Farewell to Matera ”), Vasily Makarovich Shukshin (“Villagers”, “Lubavins”, “I came to give you freedom”) and others.
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin occupies a special place in this series. His original work attracted and will attract hundreds of thousands of readers not only in our country, but also abroad. After all, one can rarely meet such a master of the folk word, such a sincere admirer of his native land, as this outstanding writer was.
The heroes of Shukshin's books and films are the people of the Soviet village, simple workers with peculiar characters, observant and sharp-tongued. One of his first heroes, Pashka Kolokolnikov (“Such a guy lives”), is a village driver, in whose life “there is a place for a feat.” Some of his heroes can be called eccentrics, people "not of this world" (the story "Microscope", "Crank"). Other characters have passed the ordeal of imprisonment (Egor Prokudin, "Kalina Krasnaya").
In the works of Shukshin, a concise and capacious description of the Soviet village is given, his work is characterized by a deep knowledge of the language and details of life, deep moral problems and universal values \u200b\u200boften come to the fore in it (the stories "The Hunt to Live", "Space, the nervous system and the shmat of fat" )
Village prose by V. Shukshin.
Shukshin's stories, thematically related to "village prose", differed from its main stream in that the author's attention was focused not so much on the foundations of folk morality as on the difficult psychological situations in which the characters found themselves. The city attracted the Shukshin hero as the center of cultural life, and repelled him with its indifference to the fate of an individual. Shukshin felt this situation as a personal drama. “So it happened to me by the age of forty,” he wrote, “that I am not completely urban, and not rural already. Terribly uncomfortable position. It’s not even between two chairs, but rather like this: one foot on the shore, the other in the boat. And you can’t help but swim, and it’s kind of scary to swim ... " Shukshin's books, in the writer's own words, became the "story of the soul" of a Russian person.
The main genre in which Shukshin worked is a short story, which is either a small psychologically accurate scene built on expressive dialogue, or several episodes from the life of a hero.
Shukshin wrote about the Russian peasant, about Russia, the Russian national character.
Main themes:
Ø Opposition of the city and the countryside;
Ø “Light souls”;
Ø Love;
Ø “Freaks”;
Ø Meaning of life;
Ø Peasant children;
Ø Russian peasant woman.
The above topics do not exhaust the entire thematic diversity of V. Shukshin's "village" stories. In addition, many stories, being thematically diverse, can be attributed not to one, not to two, but to several topics.
Heroes of Shukshin
The first attempt by V. Shukshin to comprehend the fate of the Russian peasantry at historical breaks was the novel "Lubavins". It was about the beginning of the 20s of our century. But the main character, the main embodiment, the focus of the Russian national character for Shukshin was Stepan Razin. It is to him, his uprising, that the second and last novel by Shukshin is dedicated “I came to give you freedom”. When Shukshin first became interested in the personality of Razin, it is difficult to say. But already in the collection “Rural Residents” a conversation about him begins. There was a moment when the writer realized that Stepan Razin was absolutely modern in some facets of his character, that he was the concentration of the national characteristics of the Russian people. And this discovery, precious for himself, Shukshin wanted to convey to the reader. Today's man is keenly aware of how "the distance between modernity and history has narrowed." Writers, referring to the events of the past, study them from the perspective of people of the twentieth century, seek and find those moral and spiritual values that are needed in our time.
Shukshin called his heroes "strange people", "unlucky people". In the minds of readers and critics, the name "freak" has taken root (based on the story of the same name, 1967). It is the "freaks" who are the main characters of the stories united by Shukshin in one of his best collections "Characters".
The heroes of the stories were usually the villagers, one way or another faced with the city, or, conversely, the townspeople who ended up in the village. At the same time, a rural person is most often naive, simple-hearted, benevolent, but the city does not meet him kindly at all and quickly shortens all his good impulses.
This situation is most vividly presented in the story “Crank” (1967). The main point of Shukshin's experiences is resentment for the village.
Shukshin does not idealize the village: he has quite a few quite repulsive types of the most peasant origin (for example, in the stories “Eternally Dissatisfied Yakovlev” (1974), “Cut Off”, “Strong Man” (1970) and others). Shukshin said that he feels like a man "who has one leg on the shore and the other in the boat." And he added: “... this position has its own “pluses” ... Russia".
A Russian person in Shukshin's stories is often implicitly dissatisfied with his life, he feels the onset of standardization of everything and everyone, stupid and boring philistine averageness, and instinctively tries to express his own individuality - often with strange actions. A certain Bronka Pupkov from the story “Mil pardon, madam!” (1968) comes up with a whole riveting story about how, during the war, he allegedly got a special assignment to kill Hitler himself, and what came of it. Let the whole village laugh and be indignant, but Bronka again and again presents this story to visitors from the city - after all, then he himself, even for a moment, can believe that he is a valuable person, because of which the course of world history almost changed ...
But Alyosha Beskonvoyny from the story of the same name (1973) wins for himself on the collective farm the right to a non-working Saturday, so that each time he can devote it entirely ... to the bath. For him, this bathing day becomes the main and favorite of the week - after all, then he belongs only to himself, and not to the collective farm, not to the family - and alone with himself he can calmly indulge in memories, reflect on life, dream ...
And someone invents a perpetual motion machine at his leisure (“Uporny”, 1973); someone - with their hard-earned money, obtained at the cost of overtime work - acquires a microscope and dreams of inventing a remedy against microbes (“Microscope”, 1969) ... Why is it that so often rural residents no longer see the meaning of their existence in the earth, like their ancestors, why do they either leave for the cities (even though it is hard for them there), or direct all their thoughts to the same microscopes and perpetual motion machines? Shukshin, although he once remarked: “We “plow” shallowly, we do not understand the meaning of the owner of the land, a worker not for hire, but by conviction,” usually does not analyze the socio-historical reasons for this situation. He, according to the definition of the same Anninsky, simply "lays out his confusion."
Shukshin's stories are often built on the opposition of the external, everyday, and internal, spiritual, content of life.
The life values of Shukshin's heroes and their view of the world do not coincide with the philistine. Sometimes these characters are funny and amusing, sometimes tragic. “The most interesting thing for me,” Shukshin wrote, “is to explore the character of a non-dogmatic person, a person not planted in the science of behavior. Such a person is impulsive, gives in to impulses, and therefore, is extremely natural. But he always has a reasonable soul ... ".
Shukshin does not try to aestheticize or idealize his eccentrics, he does not just show interest in the diversity of human characters, the complexity of human nature. Shukshin seems to be trying to justify, "legalize" behavior that seems strange, abnormal. His eccentrics carry both the spiritual dissatisfaction of the Soviet people and the age-old Russian national yearning for the meaning of human life.
As a rule, Shukshin's heroes are losers. But their unfortunateness, worldly failure is a kind of principle, life position.
The hero of the story "Freak" and his brother are not understood by their own wives and people around them. Wanting to please his daughter-in-law, who dislikes him, Chudik paints a baby carriage, which causes the fury of a woman who kicks him out of the house. An unpretentious attempt to bring beauty into a house where anger and irritation live ends in yet another failure. But the ending of the story is interesting, when the Chudik, who made such a long journey to his brother for the sake of two days of such a deplorable visit, returns to his native village: “The Chudik came home when it was raining brightly. The weirdo got off the bus, took off his new shoes, ran across the warm wet ground - a suitcase in one hand, shoes in the other. He jumped up and sang loudly: Poplars-ah, poplars-ah... The sky had already cleared from one side, it was turning blue, and the sun was close somewhere. And the rain was thinning, splashing large drops into the puddles; bubbles bulged and burst in them. In one place, Crank slipped, almost fell. His name was Vasily Yegorych Knyazev. He was thirty-nine years old. He worked as a projectionist in the village. He adored detectives and dogs. As a child, I dreamed of becoming a spy.
How much kindness, childishness, almost foolish gentleness; how much simple joy of being is in the hero of the story!
The plot of the story "Microscope" seems at first like a funny anecdote. His hero, a simple carpenter Andrei Yerin, buys a microscope, which he gets expensive: first, he tells his wife that he has lost money, and, having withstood the attack of a woman armed with a frying pan, works overtime for a whole month; then he brings a microscope into the house, saying that it is a prize for hard work. Bringing a microscope, he begins to study everything: water, soup, sweat - and everywhere he finds microbes. His eldest son, a fifth-grader, is enthusiastically engaged in “research” with his father, and even his wife imbues him with some respect (“You will, dear, sleep with a scientist ...” the hero tells her, suddenly turning from a mute “henpecked” crushed by his aggressive wife into the “noisy owner” in the house, and “Zoya Erina ... it was flattering that they were talking about her husband in the village - a scientist”).
Wanting to find some universal remedy to save the world from germs, this semi-literate working man spends his free time not behind a bottle, but behind a microscope with his son, and both of them are absolutely happy. Suddenly, the wife learns the truth about the origin of the microscope. In order to avoid another collision with the frying pan, the hero runs away from home for the night, and when he returns, he learns from his son that his wife went to the city to sell a microscope in a thrift store in order to buy fur coats for younger children. Of course, the hero understands that it is much more reasonable... But something happened to his soul. “Sell. Yes ... Fur coats are needed. Okay, coats, okay. Nothing ... It is necessary, of course ... ”- such an unconvincing self-hypnosis of the hero ends the story, the plot and the hero of which no longer seem funny.
The story "Resentment" begins with an ordinary everyday situation, but its importance is stated by the first line of the story: "Sashka Ermolaev was offended." But the hero of the story does not behave like “normal people”: he does not silently “swallow” the offense, does not cry it out to his loved ones, does not offend the offender in response, but tries to explain to people that they were wrong, tries to understand why they did this, and show them that it is wrong to do so. As I. Zolotussky accurately noted, “the hero of Shukshin is always on guard ... of his own dignity, which is dearest to him”9. The strange general deafness, the unjustified aggressiveness of the “wall of people” gradually brings him to the point where he can commit a crime, hammer his truth into the head of a person who does not hear words. The question that torments the hero the most is: “What is going on with people?” Resentment makes him "put the very meaning of life on the priest," and this is typical of Shukshin's stories, in which everyday trifles grow to beingness.
They are all very different - these people are the heroes of a great novel about Russia. They search, bang their heads against the wall, destroy and build temples, drink, shoot, sing for joy under the steamy rain, forgiving people accidental and deliberate insults, caressing children and dreaming of doing something significant. But the main thing is that they all break out of the framework of an organized existence in which "all people live the same way."
Shukshin himself admitted: “It is most interesting for me to explore the character of a non-dogmatic person, a person not planted in the science of behavior. Such a person is impulsive, gives in to impulses, and therefore, is extremely natural. But he always has a reasonable soul. The writer's characters are really impulsive and extremely natural. And they do this by virtue of internal moral concepts, perhaps they themselves are not yet aware of. They have a heightened reaction to the humiliation of a person by a person. This reaction takes on a variety of forms. Leads sometimes to the most unexpected results.
Conclusion.
Vasily Makarovich can rightly be called a "nugget" of the Altai land. It is like a precious stone that attracted people to itself with its natural talent. He lived in vain, furiously as if he felt the cold breath of death behind him. And for half a century there has not been such an artist who burst into the human soul.
Vasily Shukshin managed to create a new image of a peasant in his prose. This is a man of great soul, he is independent and a little eccentric. These qualities of Shukshin's heroes bribe us when we read his works. “If we are strong and truly smart in something, it is in a good deed,” said Vasily Shukshin. The work of the writer himself clearly proves this.
village prose- a trend in Russian Soviet literature of the 1960s-1980s, associated with an appeal to traditional values in the depiction of modern village life. Village prose is connected with the principles and program of the soil movement. It was formed in the middle of the 19th century. and is reflected in populist literature, the work of writers of the publishing house "Knowledge". Abramov "Pelageya", Rasputin "Deadline", Belov "The Usual Business", Shukshin "Two on a Cart", "Letter to Beloved", "Sun, Old Man and Girl", "Bright Souls".
A tradition associated with lyrical prose, poeticization of peasant life, a holistic worldview. Connection with the Turgenev tradition and the tradition of ancient Russian literature.
In the twentieth century the villagers were not a literary group. Regional magazines: Sever, Our Contemporary, Literary Russia. The concept of "villagers" came into use (appears in the second half of the 1950s, i.e. in the period of the 1960s). So far, this has been only a thematic classification.
Ontology of peasant, natural existence. The category of labor is very important (it is absent in urban prose), it is largely basic. City prose - heroes-loafers, hacks. Work can be self-realization, or it can be a boring routine. Abramov: The baker (the heroine of the story "Pelageya") is not just a hard worker, but in many ways a great worker.
The folk character is in Belov and Shukshin (“freaks”). The hero is an eccentric, a folk comic slightly reduced definition of an eccentric. An eccentric is a type of hero in world literature.
Essay-documentary beginning, from which then grows first small, and then large prose - a typological feature of rural prose.
village prose - ontological prose; solves ontological, philosophical problems: the fundamental foundations of Russian life, the foundations of Russian national mentality.
Villagers are divided into senior and junior. Seniors: Ovechkin, Yashin, Abramov.
Initially senior villagers– mid 1950s. In the 1960s Rasputin stops writing stories and begins to comprehend the drama of the village. The beginning of the 1970s - the heyday of the work of Rasputin and Belov ( average villagers). Rasputin is considered the leading representative of the direction. Then the writing community splits.
The Pochvenniks turned to the truth of life and showed the difficult and disenfranchised situation in the countryside.
The villagers hoped that the revival of the village would be helped by the revival of those moral and religious norms by which the village had lived for centuries. Poeticization of the patriarchal in everyday life, work and customs. Villagers strive to revive the people's ideas about good and evil, which go back centuries, formed by Orthodoxy and often differ from the corresponding ideas of socialist humanism. origins motive. Images-symbols of the soil and the small homeland (as a rule, this or that village). Man is inextricably linked with nature.
The language of the works of the soil-dwellers is saturated with vernacular, dialectisms, ethnographisms, folklore, religious, mythological layers and images, thereby being updated. This language conveys the Russian national flavor. Contemporaneity is assessed by the Pochvennikovs from the standpoint of patriarchal or Christian socialism. In accordance with this assessment, the fate of the village in the Soviet era is portrayed as dramatic. Such an approach is shown Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryonin Dvor", Belov in the story "The usual business», Rasputin in the stories "Money for Mary", "Deadline" and etc.
Village prose begins with Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". It was written in 1959 and goes to press in 1963. Under the influence of Solzhenitsyn, a whole galaxy of such characters appeared in the literature of the 1960s and 80s. The old woman Anna (“Deadline”), Daria (“Farewell to Matyora”), Maria (Vichutin, the story of the same name), Pelageya (Abramov, the story of the same name), the image of Ivan Afrikanovich Drynov from Belov’s story “The Usual Business” adjoins here.
Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov (1920-1983)-representative of the "village prose" of the 1960s-1980s. Himself a native of a village in Arkhangelsk, the son of an Old Believer peasant.
Rustic - tied to the earth. It is eternal, because in this lies the knowledge of life. It cannot be fully understood, it can only be approached.
According to Abramov, the carriers of this vital knowledge are primarily women. Russian women are in the center of attention, because they are connected with the Russian village, it rests on their shoulders. After the Second World War, there are so many broken spiritual people, crippled, impoverished villages.
On the opposition of the characters of mother and daughter, keep the story "Pelageya" 1969 and "Alka" 1970. The conflict of fathers and children, old and new life, city and village. The problem of choosing a life path, the problem of roots.
Pelageya is a strong, life-hungry nature. And at the same time tragic. Perhaps in some way she suppresses her nature, because she was brought up in the spirit of duty. Labor as a service to the world, this is the meaning of life. Living for others is an axiom of Russian life. Pelageya's mother said "let me do something, I want to live." Pelagia inherited this- continuity. But in the new generation there is already a breakdown - the daughter is not like that.
"Brothers and sisters". Brothers and sisters is a Christian concept; fundamentally significant sense of kinship with the world. The village is the embodiment of nepotism, kinship.
By the end of the novel, the hero feels the loss of kinship, weakening.
Strong focus on character. Abramov is interested in ambiguous, solid, positive characters. Heroes are moral guidelines (a feature of village prose as a whole).
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin (1929-1974)
Story V. Shukshina "Crank" (1967)- about the thirty-nine-year-old rural mechanic Vasily Egorovich Knyazev. Starting from the title, the author immediately begins a story about the hero himself: "The wife called him - Freak. Sometimes affectionately. Freak had one feature: something constantly happened to him."
The impressionable, vulnerable, feeling the beauty of the world and at the same time awkward Chudik is compared in the story with the petty-bourgeois world of the daughter-in-law, the barmaid of the administration, in the past a village woman who seeks to erase everything village in her memory, to transform into a real townswoman.
The disharmony of the hero of the story "Mil pardon, madam" (1967) announced already in a paradoxical combination of his name and surname - Bronislav Pupkov.
The plot of the story "Microscope" seems like a funny joke at first. His hero, a simple carpenter Andrey Erin, buys a microscope. Wanting to find some universal remedy to save the world from germs, this semi-literate working man spends his free time not behind a bottle, but behind a microscope with his son, and both of them are absolutely happy. The wife is from another world, urban, practical. When the wife takes the microscope to the commission shop, the hero understands that it is much more reasonable... But something happened to his soul. “Sell. Yes ... Fur coats are needed. Okay, coats, okay. Nothing ... It is necessary, of course ... ”- such an unconvincing self-hypnosis of the hero ends the story, the plot and the hero of which no longer seem funny.
The heroes of Shukshin, these ordinary people, are not concerned with material goods, but with their inner world, they think, seek, try to understand the meaning of their existence, their feelings, to defend themselves.
Shukshin's stories are often built on the opposition of the external, everyday, and internal, spiritual, content of life.
The language of Shukshin's heroes is replete with vernacular expressions. Feature: the author's speech is closely intertwined with the speech of the characters.
Rasputin "Deadline"
The ontological problem of the village. Tolstoy's idea of the natural man dying. Death is a twin. Contract with death. Philosophical story.
an old person, who has lived a lot and has seen a lot in his lifetime, is leaving life, who has something to compare with, something to remember. And almost always it is a woman: a mother who raised children, ensured the continuity of the family. The theme of death for him is not so much, perhaps, the theme of leaving, as a reflection on what remains, in comparison with what was. And the images of old women (Anna, Daria), which became the moral, ethical center of his best stories, the old women, perceived by the author as the most important link in the chain of generations, are the aesthetic discovery of Valentin Rasputin, despite the fact that such images, of course, were before him in Russian literature. But it was Rasputin, like perhaps no one before him, who managed to comprehend them philosophically in the context of time and current social conditions.
The problem of continuity, the theme of guilt, oblivion. Time gap. City-village. Hard village life. Traditions - parodic, insincerity (Varvara is crying). Perhaps Varvara could mechanically memorize a beautiful, deep folk lamentation. But even if she had memorized these words, she still would not understand them and would not give them any sense. Yes, and I didn’t have to memorize: Varvara, citing the fact that the guys were left alone, was leaving. And Lucy and Ilya do not explain at all the reason for their flight. Before our eyes, not only the family is collapsing (it fell apart a long time ago) - the elementary, fundamental moral foundations of the individual are collapsing, turning the inner world of a person into ruins.
The main character of the story is the eighty-year-old old woman Anna, who lives with her son. Her inner world is filled with feelings about children who have long since left and lead lives separately from each other. Anna thinks only that she would like to see them happy before she dies. And if not happy, then just to see them all for the last time.
But her grown children are the children of modern civilization, busy and businesslike, they already have their own families, and they can think about many things - and they have enough time and energy for everything, except for their mother. For some reason, they hardly remember her, not wanting to understand that for her the feeling of life remains only in them, she only lives with thoughts of them.
Valentin Rasputin points out to modern society and man their moral decline, the callousness, heartlessness and selfishness that have taken possession of their lives and souls.
Stages of development(there are internal restructurings, changes, changes in tone and pathos).
1) 1950s- "Ovechkin" stage, moment of insight. Prose is characterized by constructiveness, optimism, hope and faith in the socialist ideal, and therefore some utopianism + deep analyticism. The heroes of the works are almost always leaders: chairmen of collective farms, chief engineers and agronomists, etc.
2) 1960s – a moment of hope for the preservation of the enduring moral and ethical values of the peasant world. There is a reorientation of the ideal from the future to the past. Literature is engaged in poeticization and glorification of the righteous and the martyrs, "free people", truth-seekers.
3) 1970s – moment of sobering up and farewell. Funeral service of the Russian village. Writers are in deep trouble. Two Shukshin leitmotifs “No, I won’t give you a peasant” and “And there are all sorts in the village” - are combined into one disturbing question: “What is happening to us?” - which sounds especially in stories about the tragicomic adventures of “freaks”, in which Laughter through tears.
Understanding that irreversible changes have taken place in the peasant soul itself. Criticism is now addressed to the peasant himself. The most piercing - stories Rasputin ("Deadline", "Farewell to Matera"). Here "village prose" reaches the level of deeply philosophical, even cosmogonic prose.
4) 1980s – moment of despair. Loss of illusions. apocalyptic motives. " Fire" by Rasputin, "The Sad Detective" and "Lyudochka" by Astafyev, Belov's novel "All Ahead".
