The origin of the pharaohs, the periods of the history of ancient Egypt. Lists of pharaohs
Fragments of the ancient Egyptian chronicle, carved on stone around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, have survived to our time. e. The text of the chronicle lists the Egyptian rulers. (By the way, they were not always called pharaohs. The name and title of the pharaoh were considered sacred, so they avoided calling them and specified the name of a particular pharaoh only when it was absolutely necessary. This, of course, does not make the work of historians easier.) From the middle In the 2nd millennium, the Egyptians called their ruler "per-o" - "big house". From this definition came the later word "pharaoh".
Records about the reign of the king were entered into the chronicle every year. The kings listed in the annals in the 4th millennium BC. e. preceded by numerous tribal leaders and kings who owned the regions of northern and southern Egypt. The chronicle also contains the names of the kings of the northern part of Egypt, about whom no information has been preserved in the 3rd millennium, only names and an approximate sequence of reigns.
Quite a few monuments of material culture and even written sources remain about the ancient era of Egypt, but they are very short, fragmentary, incomplete, inscribed in a very ancient language, difficult to decipher. For this reason, very little is known about the origin of the first Egyptian pharaohs. It would be much easier if the ancient chroniclers indicated at least the dates of birth and death of their kings, but the ancient Egyptians did not have a chronology similar to the modern one, therefore there are so many mysteries in the history of Ancient Egypt, and in Egyptology there are different chronologies.
The history of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt is so long that for convenience historians have divided it into several periods, each of which is comparable in duration to the history of any European power.
ancient kingdom(2707-2170 BC) - the era of the great pyramids.
middle kingdom(2119-1793 BC) - the development of writing.
new kingdom(1550-1069 BC - the time of great architects.
Late kingdom(715-332 BC) - the period of Persian domination.
After the end of each great era, there came a time of chaos, the division of Egypt into two parts. These times are characterized as Decay Periods:
The first period of decay (or the First transitional period) - 2170-2019 BC. e.
The second period of decay (or the Second transitional period) - 1794 / 93-1550 BC. e.
The third period of decay (or the Third transitional period) - 1070 / 69-714 BC. e.
But in general, the history of the Egyptian pharaohs began in the prehistoric era, which is usually defined as the Predynastic period, followed by the time of the Early Dynasties - ca. 3100-2700 AD BC e. (I and II dynasties - 3100-2700 BC). In those very old times, Egypt gradually developed its high culture. The dynasties of Ancient Egypt came to an end under the Greek pharaohs Ptolemies (332-30 BC). In 30 BC. e. Egypt became a Roman province. The famous queen Cleopatra is considered the last ruler on the throne of the pharaohs.
The first pharaoh Aha (or Menes) ruled from about 3032 to 3000 BC. e. and managed to unite the two parts of the country - Upper and Lower Egypt.
All eras are divided into dynasties that ruled for three thousand years - a total of 31 dynasties. All the chronologies of Ancient Egypt are rather conditional, because, due to the prescription of years and in the absence of accurate data, historians have to use indirect indications and compare different sources. Therefore, the dates of the reign of the pharaohs are given presumably - in different historical sources you can find data that differ by whole decades.
Lists of pharaohs of ancient Egypt found in temples. The oldest such list belongs to the Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BC) - the so-called Palermo stone. On a slab of black basalt, split into several pieces of different sizes, a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt is carved for six or seven centuries, starting from the prehistoric period, that is, from the end of the 4th millennium BC. One of the pieces mentions some of the last Egyptian kings of the Pre-dynastic period (until about 3150 BC). The list ends with Pharaoh Neferirkare, who ruled in the middle of the Fifth Dynasty. It is noteworthy that not only the names of the pharaohs are mentioned on the Palermo Stone, but also the most important events that happened during their reign are described.
In another list of pharaohs - from the temple of Karnak - all the royal ancestors of Pharaoh Thutmose III (XVIII dynasty) are named. Only a few pharaohs from the Second Period of Decay are missing.
The most famous list of ancient Egyptian pharaohs contains the so-called Abydos list, which is carved on the stone walls of the temple of Seti I in Abydos. It depicts the pharaoh Seti I showing his son Ramses II long rows of cartouches of 76 Egyptian kings, beginning with Menes and ending with Seti I. The rulers from the Second Period of the Decay, otherwise called the Second Intermediate Period, are also omitted there, as in Karnak.
Five kings of the 18th dynasty are also missing from the Abydos list: Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamen and Aye (Queen Hatshepsut was excluded, in all likelihood, by order of Thutmose III, and the other four pharaohs belonged to the Amarna period and were cursed as apostates).
The Saqqara List has 47 cartouches (originally 58) and names the pharaohs from Anedjib of the First Dynasty to Ramses II. The pharaohs of the Second Intermediate Period are not there either.
The famous Turin canon is recognized as the most detailed list. Its age is, according to experts, about 1200 years. Initially, this list contained three hundred names of pharaohs, but the papyrus was badly damaged during transportation, and many of its fragments have not been preserved. This is all the more annoying because parts of a scrupulously compiled document were missing, where the dates of the reign were affixed with an accuracy of up to a month and a day.
A huge contribution to the history of Ancient Egypt was made by Manetho Semennitsky - the only known ancient Egyptian historian. Manetho wrote the "History of Egypt", which has come down to us in fragments, in the form of quotations in the works of other historians of antiquity - Josephus Flavius, Sextus Africanus, Eusebius of Caesarea and others who used his writings to supplement their own knowledge of Egypt. Manetho was in all likelihood a priest or high priest under Ptolemy I (306/304-283/282 BC). He used temple documents and archives and had more opportunities than modern historians to get acquainted with ancient Egyptian historical sources. Manetho divided the entire history of Ancient Egypt into 30 dynasties, and this principle of division has survived to this day (although it is now customary to count 31 dynasties).
Some information about the Egyptian pharaohs was drawn from the works of historians and chroniclers of other countries, for example, Greek historians of the 5th century BC. e. Herodotus and the 1st century BC. e. Diodorus, who also paid attention to historical events in such a large and important country as Egypt.
All lists indicate the sequence of the reign of the pharaohs and their names. However, these lists are incomplete; they usually skip the pharaohs of transitional periods. And in the list of Manetho, as well as in the texts of Herodotus and Diodorus, Greek versions of the names of the pharaohs are given. Egyptian pharaoh names can only be found in ancient Egyptian texts.
Indications of the duration of the reign of the pharaohs are found on seal impressions on earthenware vessels for wine. The age of the pharaoh can sometimes be judged by the results of a study using a radiocarbon method.
The radiocarbon dating method of biological remains, objects and materials of biological origin is based on measuring the ratio of the content of carbon isotopes in the material. Carbon is present in the earth's atmosphere in the form of the stable isotopes C-12 and C-13 and the radioactive isotope C-14. Carbon is constantly exposed to cosmic radiation penetrating the atmosphere, and the radioactive isotope C-14 is formed. When an organism dies and decomposes, the stable isotopes are preserved, while the radioactive isotope decays with a half-life of 5568 + 30 years, so its content in the remains gradually decreases. Knowing the initial content of the isotope in the tissues and finding out how much is left, you can find out how much radioactive carbon has decayed and, in this way, establish the time elapsed since the end of the organism's vital activity.
The principle of radiocarbon dating was proposed by the American physicist and chemist Willard Libby back in 1946. Since then, the technique of its application under various conditions and for various organic materials has been improved in order to reduce the error. Currently, radiocarbon analysis is considered one of the most reliable ways to determine the age of organic remains, although not all scientists recognize this.
In relation to the mummy of the pharaoh, radiocarbon analysis makes it possible to obtain fairly reliable data on the dates of his birth and death. If the pharaoh died very young (as, for example, Tutankhamun), experts also consider the condition of his skeleton and the so-called "wisdom teeth".
The degree of kinship of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs is difficult to establish. Genetic analysis of mummies is rarely carried out, and in those cases when it was nevertheless carried out, the results were positive - the pharaohs and their spouses were related by blood. But genetic research is complicated by the fact that, for better preservation, the mummies were exposed to gamma rays, and this exposure affected the results. A genetic study of the bone marrow and dental tissue of some mummies has been successfully carried out. But, probably, the complexity of the analysis and questionable results cool the ardor of researchers.
The lists of pharaohs indicate the sequence, but not the dates of the reign and years of life of each individual pharaoh. Since there was no exact chronology in Ancient Egypt, more or less accurate dating always created great difficulties. Not surprisingly, the data that can be found in the works of Egyptologists vary greatly, sometimes by a hundred years. The latest dates are based on modern research, but newness is no guarantee of accuracy.
It is somewhat easier to imagine what the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt looked like, because numerous images have survived, including signed ones. Even if we take into account that there could be no portrait resemblance at all, that the author painted an ideal image of the divine ruler of Egypt, he nevertheless based himself on the real features of his contemporaries, although he embellished them. Whether the artist saw, at least from a distance, his regal model is unknown. The authors of the images of the pharaohs were probably guided, like the icon painters, by the established canons, but it is not at all excluded that these canons may have included the introduction of some individual features. There is a certain similarity in the faces of all pharaohs, but differences are still visible, so that one can assume the presence of a portrait resemblance to specific pharaohs.
The appearance of the pharaohs has not changed much over the millennia. Because of the hot climate, they sometimes wore no other clothing than an apron-like shenti loincloth made of thin linen, tied at the waist with a belt. On special occasions, animal tails were attached to this belt - a custom that probably remained from the time when the rulers of Egypt were tribal leaders and chief hunters of the tribe. It was customary for tribes that obtained their livelihood by hunting to put on animal skins during rituals or to wear fangs, tails or other parts of the bodies of dead animals. Sometimes during the rituals, the pharaohs, also according to a long tradition, wore a cape of fur or a whole panther skin on their shoulders. In later centuries, instead of a loincloth, the pharaohs wore tunics made of the finest linen. The chest was completely covered by wide massive gold necklaces with precious stones and pearls. On solemn occasions, the royal person was decorated with gold buckles, necklaces, tiaras, hairpins, pendants, and all this splendor weighed more than one kilogram.
The pharaoh was supposed to wear a crown or headscarf on his head. Sometimes in everyday life the pharaohs were limited only to a scarf or a wig. The head was usually shaved, and there were many wigs - everyday and ceremonial, curled in different ways or braided. Over a scarf or wig, the pharaohs wore a uraeus - a golden diadem in the form of a cobra preparing to attack.
The crown was not one, but several different ones: a khedzhet - the crown of Upper Egypt in the form of a tall white cap resembling a skittle; deshret - the red crown of Lower Egypt, cylindrical in front with a long ledge behind; Pshent is the double combined crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. For ritual purposes, the pharaohs wore the atef crown - a skillfully made reed cap, sometimes equipped with horns. The pharaohs of the 18th dynasty began to wear a blue rounded crown in the form of a helmet.
The striped kerchief of the pharaohs, nemes, was tied around the head, almost covering the forehead, the two ends were connected at the back, the other two loosely and symmetrically let out on the shoulders and chest. There was also a simpler version of tying a scarf-klaft, in which the ends were tied at the back of the head or fastened with gold hairpins and released on the back. On the crowns and scarves of the pharaoh, there was always an uraeus above the forehead - the image of a cobra, which was a sign of the power of the rulers of Egypt. The snake was always represented as unfolded, ready to attack, with its head raised, which should have meant readiness to fight against the forces of evil.
The pharaoh, probably, could not dress himself, put on his hats correctly, and he needed servants for ceremonial attire.
A typical detail of the appearance of the pharaoh was the attached beard. Pharaohs, like ordinary Egyptians, shaved their mustaches and beards. An artificial beard, carefully curled or braided, laid in the shape of a trapezoid or completely straight, was attached to the chin with ribbons tied to the wig. The Egyptian gods were depicted with beards, which means that the pharaoh should have the same one to emphasize his divinity.
In ancient Egypt, there was a custom to line the eyes, apply makeup to the face. Decorative cosmetics were applied generously. In the tombs of the pharaohs, archaeologists found a large number of caskets, vials and bowls with a whole stock of various ointments, paints, whitewash, aromatic substances. Some drugs must have been curative. In all images of the pharaohs, their eyes are brightly outlined and painted with black paint. Perhaps this is due to the belief that black paint protects against eye diseases that were widespread, or keeps evil spirits away.
Pharaohs are often depicted with a scepter and a whip crossed on their chests. Perhaps these royal regalia went to the pharaohs from their distant predecessors, tribal leaders. For the leader of a tribe of pastoralists, a staff and a whip were the usual attributes and signs of power. The scepter of the pharaoh must have symbolized the shepherd's staff and the duty of the pharaohs to take care of their people, guard them, as a shepherd guards his flock, protect them from enemies, beating them with a powerful hand armed with a whip, a symbol of weapons. The mysterious whip at the same time strongly resembles a fan from flies - an essential item in everyday life. Scepters could have different shapes - for example, with the head of the god Set, which symbolized the power and might of the pharaoh.
God Seth reigned in the desert and, according to scientists, the head of a desert shrew, which is still found in the savannas and semi-deserts from Morocco to western Libya, served as the prototype of his head.
As for shoes, in ancient Egypt almost everyone went barefoot, not excluding the nobility and even the pharaoh himself. The pharaoh wore sandals made of papyrus or leather only for ceremonial exits outside the palace, and in his chambers, in all likelihood, he walked barefoot on smooth stone slabs. Ordinary people did not have the right to wear such shoes as those of rulers and dignitaries, and they did not need it. In order to protect their feet from hot, sharp stones and sand in the very heat at work, they sometimes tied soles of hard leather or woven straw to their feet with straps, but, as a rule, the Egyptians walked on the ground with bare feet.
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The legacy of the most advanced ancient civilization that originated in the Nile Valley is priceless for posterity. World-famous historical monuments keep many secrets, and scientists from all over the world are trying unsuccessfully to solve the mysteries of the construction of giant pyramids. Ancient Egypt is in no hurry to share secrets, but we can tell about the exact facts of the reign of kings.
Some facts about pharaohs
For several millennia, the state was ruled by pharaohs - the deputies of God on earth, who, according to legend, have magical powers. They regulated all spheres of life of the Egyptians, and the high priests considered themselves their servants, although some kings became puppets in their hands.
The inhabitants believed that the sunrise and the ripening of the crop depended on the ruler. And if there were terrible epidemics among animals and people, wars began, then this meant the dissatisfaction of the gods with their governor.
The kings of Egypt did not have the right to mix their blood with human, so they first married their sisters, and only then married ordinary women. But the throne was inherited only by a child born from a relative.
Women with divine blood wielded great power and even ruled Egypt until their sons reached maturity.
Who was the founder of the first dynasty of pharaohs?
Scientists do not know exactly when the Egyptian state was born, but after research it was found that about three thousand years ago it already existed.
The founder of the first dynasty is King Ming. He built a fortress, which later became the capital and royal residence. From Memphis, the pharaoh ruled over a united Egypt, and his identity is much debated among scholars. Many experts believe that Ming is the designation of the first three pharaohs of the predynastic period, and all disputes are related to the lack of written sources.
Early kingdom
The next era, about which not much is known, is the Early Egypt of the first and second dynasties (Khor Akha, Khasekhem), who severely suppressed all the uprisings, united the country in
During this period, the production of papyrus begins, and the widespread use of writing has an impact on the culture of other eras. Egypt becomes a country with a highly developed agriculture.
ancient kingdom
The pharaohs have enormous power, and the state turns into a centralized despotism.
At the behest of King Djoser, the construction of tombs in Giza begins.
Under the rule of the fifth dynasty, the power of the pharaohs begins to weaken, and Egypt is divided into administrative units - nomes.
middle kingdom
The reign of the twelfth dynasty falls on At this time, wars are being waged with neighboring tribes, defensive fortresses are being built.
The kings (pharaohs) of Ancient Egypt - Amenemhet I, Senusret III - were incredibly revered by the population. During this period, tools were improved and bronze tools appeared. A powerful impetus is given to the development of agriculture due to the creation of an irrigation system.
new kingdom
In the New Kingdom, under which the XVIII-XX dynasties ruled (Thutmose I, Hapshetsut, Amenhotep IV, Necho II), Egypt turns into a powerful power. The rapid economic development was due to the influx of captured workers, looted gold and cattle into the country.
During this period, iron tools were widely used, horse breeding and glass production developed. The art of mummification of the bodies of the dead reaches perfection.
At the beginning of the XI century, two kingdoms were formed: Lower Egypt, which breaks up into separate regions, and Upper, with its capital in Thebes. Nubian rulers are waging bloody wars, dreaming of taking over the country.
The state was liberated from the invaders by the founder of the Sais dynasty, Psammetikh I.
Liberation from the Persians and the end of the reign of the Egyptian kings
Persian rule stands out in a separate period. The foreign king Cambyses is proclaimed pharaoh of the XXVII dynasty.
And in 332 BC, Egypt was conquered by A. Macedonian, who liberated the country from the Persians. The era of Hellenism is coming, and the reign of the pharaohs is forever gone.
Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: table
The exact dating of the reign of the kings is still a matter of debate among scholars. Let us take as a basis a selective table based on the chronology of Professor of Archeology P. Nicholson and Doctor of Science J. Shaw and including the most significant rulers.
Years, BC | Period name | Names of pharaohs |
Early kingdom | Menes (Narmer) |
|
ancient kingdom | Djoser, Sekhemkhet, Snefru, Cheops (Khufu), Chephren (Khafra), Nyusera, Unas |
|
Transitional period - the decline of the power of the pharaohs | ||
middle kingdom | Mentuhotep II, Senusret I, Amenemhat I, Amenemhat II, Amenemhat III, Amenemhat IV |
|
Second transitional period | ||
new kingdom | Ahmose I, Thutmose I, Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun, Ramses I, Ramses III, Ramses IV - IX |
cult of the dead
Speaking about the Egyptian kings, one cannot fail to mention the special attitude towards death among the Egyptians, which led to the emergence of the cult of the dead. The inhabitants believed in the immortality of the soul going to the afterlife. It was believed that with proper storage of the body, she could return, so the funeral cult was based on the embalming and mummification of the deceased person.
The high priests, who learned to keep the bodies of the pharaohs incorruptible, had special skills in this area.
It was believed that the kings of Egypt ruled in the afterlife even after their death, so ritual rites were very important. During their lifetime, the pharaohs thought about eternal dwelling, and pyramids were erected on the Giza plateau, which became the burial place of the gods' governors.
sacred place
The famous Valley of the Kings in Egypt, located opposite the city of Thebes (Luxor), is a unique place where the pharaohs are buried. Until now, it attracts researchers involved in the history of ancient civilization. Thirty-seven years ago it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The sacred valley was carefully guarded to prevent the looting of graves, however, with the weakening of the power of the pharaohs, robbers and travelers appeared who caused irreparable harm to the sarcophagi.
Napoleon's expedition, which arrived with the aim of conquering Egypt, was the first group to map the tombs. After the publication of works on the Thebes burials, scientific journeys of famous archaeologists began, who made many important discoveries.
The mess with the tombs
Thutmose I was the first to be buried in the Valley of the Kings, and the main problem is that no one knows exactly in which tomb he was buried. Such confusion exists with other tombs, although Egyptologists are sure that all Egyptian kings had personal burial chambers built especially for them.
In 1827, the famous scientist D. G. Wilkinson introduced the obligatory numbering of tombs, beginning with the KV prefix, into scientific circulation. Service mines were assigned only Latin letters. For example, the famous tomb of Tutankhamun was assigned the number KV 62.
Researchers are aware of 64 tombs, and the latter is still little studied.
Fear of grave robbery
Until the 15th century BC, pharaohs were buried according to special rites in pyramids built during their lifetime. The rulers controlled the work and took care not only of the burial place, but also of household items that would be with them in the dead world, because even in the kingdom of Osiris, the deputies of God should lead a familiar lifestyle. That's what ancient history says.
The kings of Egypt rested in sarcophagi studded with jewels. Pyramid tombs on the Giza plateau were looted and mummies desecrated or reburied by religious fanatics. Fearing abuse, Thutmose I made changes to established traditions. He ordered to be buried in a secluded and secret place, which was a deep well in the valley.
Rogue Disguise
All subsequent tombs were cut down in the rocks, the entrances were masked with stones, and various traps for robbers were arranged along the way. Such a well rested against the burial chamber, where the pharaoh, the king of Egypt, rested.
Scientists have established that the City of the Dead in Thebes did not escape the sad fate, and the tombs in the valley began to be plundered during the reign of the XX-XXI dynasty of the pharaohs. The high officials of Egypt sold gold ornaments from the tombs, which were given to them by the builders of the tombs, who did not receive money for their work.
Today, the Valley of the Kings is a unique place, testifying to the findings in an important archaeological site, shedding light on the events of an advanced civilization that took place, which is very important for posterity.
Oleg and Valentina Svetovid are mystics, experts in esotericism and occultism, authors of 14 books.
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pharaohs
Names of pharaohs
Pharaoh- the modern name of the kings of ancient Egypt.
The usual name of the Egyptian kings was the expression "belonging to the Reed and the Bee", that is, Upper and Lower Egypt, or simply "ruler of both lands."
Despotic monarchies in Egypt originated in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. e. There were eras of the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. Since the time of the Middle Kingdom established full title of Egyptian kings, consisting of five names:
Horovo name
Nebti-name (was associated with the patron goddesses of Egypt Nekhbet and Wajit)
Golden name (gold in Egyptian culture was associated with eternity)
Throne name (accepted when entering the throne)
Personal name (given at birth, preceded by the title "son of Ra" in the inscriptions).
Names of pharaohs
Adjib
Adikalamani
Actisanes
Alara
Amanislo
Amaniteca
Amanitore
Amasis II
Amenmes
Amenhotep
Amirtaeus II
analmai
Anlamani
Apopi I
Aprius
Ariamani
Arikankarer
Arkamani I, II
Arces
Artaxerxes I, II, III
Aspelta
Atlaners
Achoris
Akhratan
Bardia
Baskakeren
Biheris
Bochoris
Veneg
Gaumata
Gorciotef
Darius I, II, III
Jedefra
Djedkara II Shema
Djedkara Isesi
Jer
Djoser
Doudimos I
Imichet
Iniotef II
Iri-Khor
Itiesh
Kakaura Ibi I
Cambyses II
Kamos
Karkamani
chestnut
Xerxes I, II
Maat
Melenaken
Menes
Menkara
Menkauchor
Mentuhotep I, II, III, IV
Menkheperra
Merenra I, II
merenhor
Meribre
Merikara
Merneith
Mernofera Aib
Nakrinsan
Narmer
Nasakhma
Nastasen
Natakamani
Nebereau I
Nebefaura
Nebkara Heti
Nectaneb I, II
Neferefre
Neferite I, II
Neferkare I - VII
Neferkasokar
Neferkaura
Neferkauhor
Neferkahor
Neferhotep I
Necho I, II
Nikara I
Ninecher
Nitocris
Nyuserra
Niheb
Nubnefer
Osorkon I, II, III
Pami
Pe Hor
Pelha
Pentini
Peribsen
Petubastis I
Piancalara
Piankhi
Pinedjem I
Pipi I, II
Psammetichus I
Psammut
Psusennes I, II
Ptah
Ptolemy I - XV
Ramesses II - VIII
Raneb
Sabrakamani
Sakhmakh
Sanakht
Sahura
Sebekhotep I-VII
seka
Secudian
semenra
Semenkhkara
Semerkhet
Senebkai
Sened
Seneferka
Setnakht
Sekhemkara
Sekhemkhet
Siamon
Siaspica
Smendes
Sneferu
Sogdian
Taa II Sekenenra
Takelot I, II, III
Talakamani
Tamftis
Tanutamon
towsert
Taharka
tajos
aunts
Tefnacht I
Tutankhamen
Thutmose
Waji
Wajkara
Ugaf
Unegbu
Unis
Userkara
Userkaf
Usermont
Khaba
hababash
Khasekhemui
Hat Hor
Khafra
Heju Hor
Hanger
Cheops
Herihor
Kheti I, II, III
hian
Horemheb
Huni
Shabaka
Shabataka
Shepseskar
Shepseskaf
sherakarer
Sheshenq I-III
Yakubher
Ahmose I
Ahmose-Nefertari
Ahmose-Sitkamos
mythical rulers
Ptah
Osiris
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Name selection according to astrology, incarnation tasks, numerology, zodiac sign, types of people, psychology, energy
Name selection by astrology (examples of the weakness of this name selection technique)
Selection of a name according to the tasks of embodiment (goals of life, purpose)
Name selection by numerology (examples of the weakness of this name selection technique)
Name selection according to the zodiac sign
Name selection by type of people
Psychology name selection
Name selection by energy
What you need to know when choosing a name
What to do to choose the perfect name
If you like the name
Why you don't like the name and what to do if you don't like the name (three ways)
Two options for choosing a new successful name
Corrective name for the child
Corrective name for an adult
Adaptation to a new name
Our book "Name Energy"
Oleg and Valentina Svetovid
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Pharaohs. Names of pharaohs
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Half-human, half-god, these rulers were well aware of their own greatness and the sacredness of their duty, imbued with the need to worship the gods, serve the state and fulfill obligations to their subjects, whose love most of them managed to win. Politicians and soldiers, from Narmer to Nectaneb, were all outstanding builders in one way or another.
According to Maneton, the history of ancient Egypt occupies a segment on the chronological axis equal to approximately six thousand years. Today, most researchers suggest that in fact this historical period begins in the 4th millennium BC. e. and ends with the Christian era, which is about three thousand two hundred years.
Three thousand years, marked by the reigns of these amazing half people, half gods - the pharaohs of ancient Egypt ... It was Maneton who first divided the lists of these outstanding personalities into thirty dynasties, who were both deities and rulers, heads of state and great priests, military leaders and politicians, conquerors , sorcerers, builders, fathers and spiritual leaders of the people, whose unconditional worship they enjoyed. In our article, we will briefly tell you about the greatest of this long list who brought glory to Egypt, from Narmer, the founder of the Egyptian state, to Nectaneb II, who became the last pharaoh of Egypt.
Narmer and the unification of Egypt
Let's start with the one who gave the Egyptian state unity. Narmer, who is also called Menes, became the very ruler who gave ancient Egypt an impetus for development and led it to power and prosperity. Coming from the south, he conquered the northern territories and thereby united the Two Lands, Upper and Lower Egypt. Starting from him, both the northern and southern kingdoms will be ruled by one pharaoh. This is how Ancient Egypt was formed. Being a far-sighted politician, Narmer divided the country into numerous provinces, nomes, which were at the same time economic, administrative and religious units. This ruler, who built his capital, Memphis, in a symbolic place on the edge of the Nile Delta, according to legend, died during a hunt, becoming a victim of a hippopotamus.
Djoser, founder of the 3rd dynasty, was "Magnificent" in the eyes of his people. His reign was a period of peace and harmony. And in addition, the "stone" period - because it was then that the Egyptians first began to use this material in construction. In addition, the merit of Djoser is that he managed to surround himself with talented and far-sighted advisers, among whom was, for example, Imhotep, the Grand Vizier and a brilliant architect, who greatly contributed to the glory of his master.
The founder of the IV dynasty, Sneferu, also left his mark on history, becoming one of the greatest builder pharaohs. His reign is characterized by the peace and prosperity that reigned in Egypt at that time.
It is difficult to separate the images of the great pharaohs of ancient Egypt - Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin, the three colossi of Giza. Although we know little about the lives of these three rulers, one thing is clear: even more than five thousand years after their death, the great pyramids that they built continue to rise as if nothing had happened on the Giza plateau, near Cairo, becoming unshakable symbols of the power of Egyptian civilization and its architectural genius. Three pyramids, a real challenge to eternity, have not yet revealed all their secrets, and the technique with which they were erected is still a mystery.
WHAT AFTER NEKTANEB?
We have limited our story only to the Egyptian pharaohs, but how not to remember Alexander the Great, who crowned himself pharaoh in Memphis, Alexander, who, according to legend, was the son of Nectaneb I, the last Egyptian pharaoh? Later, the vast empire of the Macedonian conqueror would be divided among his generals, and one of them, Ptolemy, son of Lag, would appropriate the Egyptian lands. He will become the founder of a new Lagid dynasty, one of the most famous representatives of which will be Queen Cleopatra.
Long reign of Pepi II
According to legend, Pepi II, whose reign was central to the era
VI Dynasty, held the throne for ninety years. Egypt, which he ruled, was at that time the greatest state in the world. However, the extraordinary duration of the reign of Pepi II caused the weakening of the central government, hitherto very strong. Under him, the turmoil began, which led Egypt to the first of the greatest declines, the so-called "transitional periods."
Senusret I, the second pharaoh of the XII dynasty, became one of the most prominent pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom. Surprisingly, this pharaoh, who was primarily a soldier, is famous for his peaceful rule. However, it should be noted that in order to maintain peace within the country, Senusret I was forced to fight endlessly, preventing the enemies of Egypt from crossing the borders of the kingdom. The great builder and wise ruler Senusret I made Lisht, a city located near the rich province of Faiyum, his capital, and managed to negotiate with the clergy of Amon in Thebes, who still had great influence.
The reign of Senusret III, symbolizes the apogee of the era of the Middle Kingdom, which was a harmonious period in all respects.
Being at the same time a commander and commander, he managed to wisely and at the same time firmly rule the kingdom, adequately withstanding the onslaught of external enemies. As a true connoisseur of the arts, Senusret adorned Egypt with monuments that testify to the golden age of classical Egyptian architecture.
Ahmose, whom the people called the Liberator, was a young Theban prince whose main achievement was the liberation of the country from the oppressive foreign domination - from the power of the Hyksos, which led to a real revival of civilization. Ahmose founded the XVIII dynasty, which entered the history of ancient Egypt as one of the greatest. She, in turn, was the beginning of one of the most brilliant periods in this history.
Thutmose I, father of Hatshepsut
The blood of the pharaohs did not flow in the veins of Thutmose I, but he was chosen as the heir to Amenhotep I, whose comrade-in-arms he was, not for origin, but for valor and courage. By the time this young military leader took on the royal crown, he was already the father of a girl who was destined for a great future: her name was Hatshepsut.
Hatshepsut ascended the Egyptian throne after the premature death of her husband, who died in the third year of his reign. Beautiful, intelligent and educated, the young queen had a huge impact on her surroundings. Formally, she was only a regent, because the heir of the late pharaoh, the son of one of the concubines, was only five years old. Thus, the future Thutmose III was the queen's stepson and nephew at the same time.
The reign of Hatshepsut fell on a period of peace and prosperity in Egypt. Its main masterpiece in the field of architecture remains the funerary temple of Deir el-Bahri, located near Thebes and built in a place dedicated to the goddess Hathor.
In the end, Thutmose III still inherited his aunt and stepmother. The young Egyptian pharaoh had to languish with impatience behind the scenes of power for too long, and he unleashed his anger on the regent, ordering the destruction of everything that might remind of her rule. The new pharaoh showed himself to be an active and energetic king and conqueror with a good political instinct and love for power. It was he who made the largest conquests in the history of ancient Egypt. Thutmose left behind an empire that stretched from the banks of the Euphrates to the Sudan.
PHAROAHS IN THE CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPT
In this article, we talk about the pharaohs in chronological order: Nar-mer was a representative of the 1st dynasty (c. 3000 BC) | Djoser - III dynasty (c. 2690 BC); Sneferu, Cheops, Khafre and Miyorin - IV dynasty (c. 2625 BC); Pepi II-VI dynasty (c. 2200 BC); Senusert I and Senusret III-XII dynasty (c. 1900 BC); Ahmose, Thutmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) and Tutankhamun - XVIII dynasty (c. 1543-1295 BC); Seti I and Ramesses II-XX dynasty (c. 1200 BC); Ramesses III - XXI dynasty (c. 1070 BC); Nectaneb II-XXX dynasty (c. 340 BC).
The Heretic Spouses of Amarna
Amenhotep IV was the seventh ruler of the 18th Dynasty, a pharaoh who suffered a most amazing and mysterious fate. He went down in history under the name Akhenaten, which he adopted by imposing on his country the most daring and most revolutionary religious reform. This young ruler, about whose personality we still do not know very much, just as we do not know the reasons that pushed him to this choice, married a young princess of extraordinary beauty: Queen Nefertiti. Its origin, like its fate, remains a mystery.
The royal couple rejected the cult of Amun, accepting and imposing on their people the single god Aton. The couple left the old capital, Thebes, and founded a new one, more in line with their dream - Amarna. As we know, the venture of Akhenaten and Nefertiti ended badly for them, but nevertheless it left an indelible mark on the history of Ancient Egypt in the form of an original artistic movement: the Amarna school.
Although Tutankhamen became the most famous pharaoh in the history of this country, this has nothing to do with either the originality or the greatness of his reign. He became famous only because on November 4, 1922, the British Egyptologist Howard Carter opened his tomb, and this tomb revealed untold treasures that continue to fascinate us. We know little about the reign itself and about the personality of this pharaoh: only that he reigned for a short time, because he died young.
Ramesses II - the winner of the Battle of Kadesh
But we know much more about the personality of Seti I, the son of Ramses I and the father of Ramses II, who was a soldier, a great builder and an outstanding ruler, who was dearly loved by the Egyptian people.
It was from Seti I that the future Ramesses II learned the trade of the pharaoh. He was only sixteen years old when his father died, but despite his youth, he immediately took the throne. Shortly after his coronation, Ramesses demonstrated that he aspired to become a great ruler. His main task was to ensure the security of empires. The pharaoh achieved his goal at the cost of numerous campaigns against the Hittites, whom he finally defeated at Kadesh. This victory was followed by the signing of a treaty that brought Egypt four decades of peace and prosperity. Ramesses II died at the age of eighty-three, having reigned for sixty-seven years. The extraordinary splendor of the monuments with which he adorned his country made him one of the most prominent rulers in the history of Ancient Egypt.
Another colossus from the glorious Ramesses dynasty was the third bearer of this name. He, too, had to fight for a long time to defend the country's borders, which were constantly attacked by neighbors - in this case, the Libyans. However, he was the last of the great pharaohs of Egypt. Less than a hundred years will pass after his death, and the New Kingdom, along with the XX Dynasty, will not be.
Now let's take a big leap in time, skip the III transitional period and most of the so-called Late Period, when Egypt was ruled first by the Nubian pharaohs, and then by the Persian dynasties, and talk about who is considered the last Egyptian pharaoh.
Nectaneb, last and brave
Nectaneb II, the third and last pharaoh of the XXX dynasty, managed to restore peace and stability to his country. He was still a military leader leading the Egyptian army when the pharaoh Tahos suffered a serious defeat in the battle with the Persians. Returning to Egypt, Nectaneb managed to prevent a civil war and stop the unrest that began after the fall of Tachos. After that, he was recognized as pharaoh and crowned himself with a crown.
The new ruler tried to use the alliance with the Greeks to resist the Persians. However, the latter managed to create a military power, in the face of which both the Egyptians and their allies were powerless. They were defeated, and Artaxerxes III, king of the Persians, founded the XXXI dynasty. Alas, there will never again be Egyptian pharaohs on the throne of Ancient Egypt.
The pharaohs are the almighty rulers of Ancient Egypt, whom the Egyptians considered the vicegerents of God in this world and made them responsible for everything that happened in the country. Including for natural disasters.
The rulers of Ancient Egypt, for its long history, there were many, but today the names of only a few of them, who left any noticeable mark on history, are “on the lips”.
What are the most famous pharaohs of Ancient Egypt and how did they differ from other rulers of this ancient country? Here is a small list of their names and the events that made it possible to remember them. So,
The most famous pharaohs of ancient Egypt
Pharaoh Djoser ruled Ancient Egypt from 2775-2756 BC. He built himself the first pyramid-tomb - a step pyramid in Saqqara.
Pharaoh Khufu (in other words, Cheops). Ruled from 2695-2672 BC. Built the famous Great Pyramid at Giza.
Pharaoh Pepi (Piopi) II. Ruled, presumably, in 2399-2379 BC. Became pharaoh at age 6.
Pharaoh Hatshepsut. 20 years (1489-1468 BC) ruled as pharaoh, wore a ritual false beard and was therefore often portrayed as a man.
Pharaoh Thutmose III. Ruled Egypt from 1490-1436 BC. The great conqueror, who significantly expanded the territory of the country.
Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton). Ruled from 1365-1348 BC. Together with his wife, Queen Nefertiti, he introduced the cult of the single god Aten (Sun).
Pharaoh Tutankhamun. This is perhaps the most famous pharaoh of ancient Egypt from the most famous. He ruled in 1347-1338 BC and died as a young man. He is famous mainly for the treasures found in his tomb.
Pharaoh Ramesses II. Ruled over ancient Egypt from 1290-1224 BC. He built a rock temple in Abu Simbel and, in general, built more in 66 years of his reign than any other pharaoh.
Cleopatra. Ruled Egypt in 51-31 BC. The last queen of Egypt, after whose suicide it was annexed by the Romans.
