Gorshkova Elena Pavlovna
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Good and evil in the works of Russian literature
Scientific work
Completed by: Gorshkova Elena Pavlovna
11th grade student A of school No. 28
Checked by: Sabaeva Olga Nikolaevna
Russian language teacher and
literature school number 28
Nizhnekamsk, 2012
1. Introduction 3
2. "Life of Boris and Gleb" 4
3. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" 5
4. M.Yu. Lermontov "Demon" 6
5. F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov" and "Crime and Punishment" 7
6. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" 10
7. M.A. Bulgakov "White Guard" and "Master and Margarita" 12
8. Conclusion 14
9. List of used literature 15
1. Introduction
My work is about good and evil. The problem of good and evil is an eternal problem that has worried and will worry humanity. When fairy tales are read to us in childhood, in the end, good almost always wins in them, and the fairy tale ends with the phrase: "And they all lived happily ever after ...". We grow, and over time it becomes clear that this is not always the case. However, it does not happen that a person is absolutely pure in soul, without a single flaw. In each of us there are shortcomings, and there are many of them. But that doesn't mean we're evil. We have a lot of good qualities. So the theme of good and evil arises already in ancient Russian literature. As they say in the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”: “... Think, my children, how merciful and merciful God is to us. We are sinful and mortal people, and yet, if someone harms us, we are ready, it seems, to pin him right there and take revenge; and the Lord to us, the Lord of life (life) and death, bears with us our sins, although they exceed our heads, and throughout our life, like a father who loves his child, and punishes, and again draws us to Himself. He showed us how to get rid of the enemy and defeat him - with three virtues: repentance, tears and alms ... ".
"Instruction" is not only a literary work, but also an important monument of social thought. Vladimir Monomakh, one of the most authoritative princes of Kyiv, is trying to convince his contemporaries of the perniciousness of internecine strife - Rus', weakened by internal hostility, will not be able to actively resist external enemies.
In my work, I want to trace how this problem has changed for different authors at different times. Of course, I will dwell in more detail only on individual works.
2. "The Life of Boris and Gleb"
We meet a pronounced opposition of good and evil in the work of ancient Russian literature "The Life and Destruction of Boris and Gleb", written by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. The historical basis of events is as follows. In 1015, the old prince Vladimir dies, who wanted to appoint his son Boris, who was not in Kyiv at that time, as the heir. Boris's brother Svyatopolk, plotting to seize the throne, orders to kill Boris and his younger brother Gleb. Near their bodies, abandoned in the steppe, miracles begin to happen. After the victory of Yaroslav the Wise over Svyatopolk, the bodies were reburied and the brothers were proclaimed saints.
Svyatopolk thinks and acts at the instigation of the devil. The “historiographical” introduction to life corresponds to the ideas of the unity of the world historical process: the events that took place in Rus' are only a particular case of the eternal struggle between God and the devil – good and evil.
"The Life of Boris and Gleb" - a story about the martyrdom of the saints. The main theme also determined the artistic structure of such a work, the opposition of good and evil, the martyr and the tormentors, dictated a special tension and “poster” directness of the culminating scene of the murder: it should be long and moralizing.
A.S. Pushkin looked at the problem of good and evil in his own way in the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
3. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
The poet does not divide his characters into positive and negative ones. He gives each of the characters several conflicting assessments, forcing them to look at the characters from several points of view. Pushkin wanted to achieve maximum lifelikeness.
The tragedy of Onegin lies in the fact that he rejected Tatyana's love, fearing to lose his freedom, and could not break with the world, realizing its insignificance. In a depressed state of mind, Onegin left the village and "began wandering." The hero, who returned from a journey, does not look like the former Onegin. He will no longer be able, as before, to go through life, completely ignoring the feelings and experiences of the people he encountered, and think only about himself. He has become much more serious, more attentive to others, now he is capable of strong feelings that completely capture him and shake his soul. And then fate again brings him to Tatyana. But Tatyana refuses him, because she was able to see that selfishness, that selfishness that lay at the basis of his feelings for her .. In Tatyana, offended feelings speak: it was her turn to reprimand Onegin for not being able to see all the depth in her in time her soul.
In Onegin's soul, there is a struggle between good and evil, but, in the end, good wins. We do not know about the further fate of the hero. But perhaps he would have become the Decembrists, to which the whole logic of the development of character, which had changed under the influence of a new circle of life impressions, led.
4.M.Yu. Lermontov "Demon"
The theme runs through all the work of the poet, but I want to dwell only on this work, because. in it the problem of good and evil is considered very sharply. The demon, the personification of evil, loves the earthly woman Tamara and is ready to be reborn for good for her sake, but Tamara, by her nature, is not able to respond to his love. The earthly world and the world of spirits cannot converge, the girl dies from one kiss of the Demon, and his passion remains unquenched.
At the beginning of the poem, the Demon is evil, but by the end it becomes clear that this evil can be eradicated. Tamara initially represents good, but she causes suffering to the Demon, since she cannot answer his love, which means that for him she becomes evil.
5.F.M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov"
The history of the Karamazovs is not just a family chronicle, but a typified and generalized image of contemporary intellectual Russia. This is an epic work about the past, present and future of Russia. In terms of genre, this is a complex work. It is a fusion of "life" and "novel", philosophical "poems" and "teachings", confessions, ideological disputes and judicial speeches. The main problem is the philosophy and psychology of "crime and punishment", the struggle between "God" and "devil" in the souls of people.
Dostoevsky formulated the main idea of the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" in the epigraph "Truly, truly, I say to you: if a grain of wheat, falling into the ground, does not die, it will bear much fruit" (Gospel of John). This is the thought of the renewal that inevitably takes place in nature and in life, which is invariably accompanied by the dying of the old. The breadth, tragedy, and irresistibility of the process of renewing life are explored by Dostoevsky in all their depth and complexity. The thirst for overcoming the ugly and ugly in consciousness and actions, the hope for a moral rebirth and familiarization with a pure, righteous life overwhelm all the heroes of the novel. Hence the "anguish", the fall, the frenzy of the heroes, their despair.
At the center of this novel is the figure of a young commoner, Rodion Raskolnikov, who succumbed to new ideas, new theories, circulating in society. Raskolnikov is a thinking man. He creates a theory in which he tries not only to explain the world, but also to develop his own morality. He is convinced that humanity is divided into two categories: one - "they have the right", and others - "trembling creatures" that serve as "material" for history. The schismatics came to this theory as a result of observations of contemporary life, in which everything is allowed to the minority, and nothing to the majority. The division of people into two categories inevitably raises in Raskolnikov the question of what type he himself belongs to. And to clarify this, he decides on a terrible experiment, he plans to sacrifice an old woman - a pawnbroker who, in his opinion, brings only harm, and therefore deserves death. The action of the novel is built as a refutation of Raskolnikov's theory and his subsequent recovery. By killing the old woman, Raskolnikov placed himself outside society, including even his beloved mother and sister. The feeling of cut off, loneliness becomes a terrible punishment for the criminal. Raskolnikov is convinced that he was mistaken in his hypothesis. He experiences the anguish and doubts of the "ordinary" criminal. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov takes the Gospel in his hands - this symbolizes the hero's spiritual turning point, the victory of the good in the hero's soul over his pride, which gives rise to evil.
Raskolnikov, it seems to me, is generally a very controversial person. In many episodes, it is difficult for a modern person to understand him: many of his statements are refuted by each other. Raskolnikov's mistake is that he did not see in his idea the crime itself, the evil that he committed.
Raskolnikov's condition is characterized by the author with such words as "gloomy", "depressed", "indecisive". I think this shows the incompatibility of Raskolnikov's theory with life. Although he is convinced that he is right, this conviction is something not very sure. If Raskolnikov was right, then Dostoevsky would describe the events and his feelings not in gloomy yellow tones, but in bright ones, but they appear only in the epilogue. He was wrong in taking on the role of God, having the courage to decide for Him who should live and who should die.
Raskolnikov constantly oscillates between faith and unbelief, good and evil, and Dostoevsky fails to convince the reader even in the epilogue that the gospel truth has become Raskolnikov's truth.
Thus, Raskolnikov’s own doubts, internal struggles, disputes with himself, which Dostoevsky constantly leads, were reflected in Raskolnikov’s searches, mental anguish and dreams.
6. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
A.N. Ostrovsky in his work "Thunderstorm" also touches on the theme of good and evil.
In The Thunderstorm, according to the critic, “the mutual relations of tyranny and voicelessness are brought to the most tragic consequences. Dobrolyubov considers Katerina a force that can resist the bone old world, a new force brought up by this kingdom and its amazing foundation.
The play Thunderstorm contrasts two strong and solid characters of Katerina Kabanova, a merchant's wife, and her mother-in-law Marfa Kabanova, who has long been nicknamed Kabanikha.
The main difference between Katerina and Kabanikha, the difference that separates them into different poles, is that following the traditions of antiquity for Katerina is a spiritual need, and for Kabanikha it is an attempt to find the necessary and only support in anticipation of the collapse of the patriarchal world. She does not think about the essence of the order that she protects, she emasculated from it the meaning, content, leaving only the form, thereby turning it into a dogma. She turned the beautiful essence of ancient traditions and customs into a meaningless ritual, which made them unnatural. It can be said that the Kabanikha in The Thunderstorm (as well as the Wild One) personifies a phenomenon inherent in the crisis state of the patriarchal way of life, and not inherent in it initially. The deadly influence of wild boars and wild ones on living life is especially evident precisely when life forms are deprived of their former content and are already preserved as museum relics. Katerina, on the other hand, represents the best qualities of patriarchal life in their primordial purity.
Thus, Katerina belongs to the patriarchal world - all other characters in it. The artistic purpose of the latter is to describe the reasons for the doomedness of the patriarchal world as fully and multi-structured as possible. Thus, Varvara learned to deceive and seize the opportunity; she, like Kabanikha, follows the principle: “do whatever you want, if only it was sewn and covered.” It turns out that Katerina in this drama is good, and the rest of the characters are representatives of evil.
7.M.A. Bulgakov "The White Guard"
The novel tells about the events of 1918-1919, when Kyiv was abandoned by the German troops, who surrendered the city to the Petliurists. The officers of the former tsarist army were betrayed at the mercy of the enemy.
In the center of the story is the fate of one such officer's family. For the Turbins, a sister and two brothers, the fundamental concept is honor, which they understand as service to the fatherland. But in the ups and downs of the Civil War, the fatherland ceased to exist, and the usual landmarks disappeared. Turbines are trying to find a place for themselves in the world that is changing before our eyes, to preserve their humanity, the goodness of the soul, not to become embittered. And the heroes succeed.
In the novel, there is an appeal to the Higher Forces, which must save people in a period of timelessness. Alexei Turbin has a dream in which both the Whites and the Reds go to heaven (Paradise), because both are loved by God. So, in the end, good must win.
The devil, Woland, comes to Moscow with a revision. He watches the Moscow philistines and passes sentence on them. The culmination of the novel is Woland's ball, after which he learns the history of the Master. Woland takes the Master under his protection.
After reading a novel about himself, Yeshua (in the novel he is a representative of the forces of Light) decides that the Master, the creator of the novel, is worthy of Peace. The master and his beloved are dying, and Woland accompanies them to the place where they now have to live. This is a pleasing house, the very embodiment of an idyll. So a person who is tired of the battles of life gets what he aspired to with his soul. Bulgakov hints that in addition to the posthumous state, defined as "Peace", there is another higher state - "Light", but the Master is not worthy of Light. Researchers are still arguing why the Master is denied the Light. In this sense, the statement of I. Zolotussky is interesting: “It is the Master himself who punishes himself for the fact that love has left his soul. The one who leaves the house or whom love leaves does not deserve the Light ... Even Woland is lost in front of this tragedy of fatigue, the tragedy of the desire to leave the world, leave life ”
Bulgakov's novel about the eternal struggle between good and evil. This work is not dedicated to the fate of a certain person, family or even a group of people somehow connected with each other - he considers the fate of all mankind in its historical development. The time interval of almost two millennia, separating the action of the novel about Jesus and Pilate and the novel about the Master, only emphasizes that the problems of good and evil, the freedom of the human spirit, its relationship with society are eternal, enduring problems that are relevant for a person of any era.
Bulgakov's Pilate is not at all shown as a classic villain. The procurator does not want the evil of Yeshua, his cowardice led to cruelty and social injustice. It is fear that makes good, intelligent and brave people a blind weapon of evil will. Cowardice is an extreme expression of inner subordination, lack of freedom of spirit, dependence of a person. It is especially dangerous also because, once reconciled to it, a person is no longer able to get rid of it. Thus, the powerful procurator turns into a miserable, weak-willed creature. On the other hand, the vagabond philosopher is strong in his naive faith in the good, which neither the fear of punishment nor the spectacle of general injustice can take away from him. In the image of Yeshua, Bulgakov embodied the idea of goodness and unchanging faith. Despite everything, Yeshua continues to believe that there are no evil, bad people in the world. He dies on the cross with this faith.
The clash of opposing forces is most vividly presented at the end of A.N. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, when Woland and his retinue leave Moscow. What do we see? "Light" and "darkness" are on the same level. Woland does not rule the world, but Yeshua does not rule the world either.
8.Conclusion
What is good and what is evil on earth? As you know, two opposing forces cannot but enter into a struggle with each other, therefore the struggle between them is eternal. As long as man exists on earth, there will be good and evil. Through evil we understand what good is. And good, in turn, reveals evil, illuminating the path to truth for a person. There will always be a struggle between good and evil.
Thus, I came to the conclusion that the forces of good and evil in the world of literature are equal in rights. They exist in the world side by side, constantly opposing, arguing with each other. And their struggle is eternal, because there is no person on Earth who has never committed a sin in his life, and there is no such person who has completely lost the ability to do good.
9. List of used literature
1. S.F. Ivanova "Introduction to the temple of the word." Ed. 3rd, 2006
2. Big school encyclopedia, volume 2. 2003
3. Bulgakov M.A., plays, novels. Comp., intro. and note. V.M.Akimov. True, 1991
4. Dostoevsky F.M. "Crime and Punishment": Roman - M .: Olympus; TKO AST, 1996
Good and evil are two opposite elements that cannot exist without each other. If there were no evil, man would never know good, and vice versa. We begin to encounter the concepts of "good" and "evil" in early childhood. For example, in virginity we are told that a dog is evil, and we are already afraid to approach it.
A child's acquaintance with the concepts of good and evil usually begins with well-known fairy tales. Good in fairy tales conquers evil, despite the strength and insidiousness of evil. Thus, for the first time, we begin to understand that it is bad to be evil, that only good deeds are truly valuable. And evil deeds are always punishable. Everything we have done returns to us, so good always returns to a person with good in return, and evil brings evil in return to the one who created it.
As Cat Leopold said, “Hurry to do good deeds,” in his song he sings that “it’s more fun for the good to live in this world.” But is good always done for good? It also happens that good turns from good into evil. For example, one friend can let a friend write off homework. It seems that he did a good deed, but only if you do not take into account the fact that the comrade did not receive any knowledge.
If you look at the root of the problem, it will turn out something like this. The student easily got a good mark, seemingly unimportant, which is absolutely undeserved. But another time, he will also easily receive something else, given to him just like that out of good intentions: they will clean his dorm room for him, then they will cover absenteeism at work. So a person will eventually get used to irresponsibility. He will no longer be able to be responsible for his actions and will bring evil to others, especially close people.
Each person, deciding to commit some act, should think: is it for the good, even if at first glance this act is dictated only by the best intentions.
Together with the article “An essay on the topic“ Good and Evil ”they read:
Black and white? Good and evil?
There is a widespread position that there is no black and white in life, there is only gray, that good and evil are one and perform some kind of common mission, almost imposed by God. It is said about God: “God is light and there is no darkness in Him.” Let me make it clear right away that I am of the same opinion. For me, there IS goodness, and it is absolute, pure, unclouded, like some great power given to us from above. And good never flirts with evil, does not flirt.
Anton Chyzh has a wonderful work "Divine Poison". In it, the main character, the detective, is asked the question: what is the meaning of the struggle and all our work, if more often (almost always) evil on earth wins? I was shocked by the answer - its depth and simplicity:
TO VICTORY IS GIVEN TO EVIL AS POSSIBLY MORE DEARLY PRICE!!!
Where good is born and evil ends
Two colleagues meet in the corridor. One of them says:
You know, my new boss is such a bastard ... - then he turns around and sees his boss, - ... in a good sense of the word.
To determine what is good and what is bad, what is good, And what evil, it is very important to understand where the border between them is. What is still good, and what is evil, from the point of view of scientific terminology?
Good- the concept of morality, meaning intentional aspiration to selfless help to one's neighbor, as well as to a stranger, an animal and even a plant. In a worldly sense, this term refers to everything that receives a positive assessment from people, or is associated with happiness and joy.
Evil- concept of morality intentional, willful, conscious causing someone harm, damage, suffering. In the worldly sense, evil is attributed to everything that receives a negative assessment from people, is condemned by them, and contradicts the rules of morality.
opposites that negate each other. In the European tradition, good is usually associated with light, light, white. Evil - with darkness, dark, black. According to the tenets of some religions, good and evil are seen as autonomous forces leading the age-old struggle for the right to rule the world. Such a system of views in theology is called dualism.
problem of good And evil can be considered in a variety of areas, such as ethics, philosophy, religion, folklore, but we will focus on the topic of good and evil in modern world. This is the most common topic for discussion about what is still good and evil, from the point of view of modern society.
For each of us good and evil symbolizes completely different things. For some, getting a granny across the road is the only good thing in their whole life, and for some, building a free school for orphans is a fraction in the countless string of good deeds. Many consider the use of alcohol, smoking, and obscene language to be evil. Someone will consider this a way of life ... As Leo Tolstoy said:
– We love people for the good we have done them, and we do not love them for the evil we have done to them!
For many people, the source of good is church. “Do not make an idol for yourself”, “Love your neighbor as yourself”, “Do not commit adultery” - each of us remembers by heart, the only question is that some, with the help of the church, prayer, communion and other church sacraments, are trying to “wash away from themselves the evil that they commit with enviable constancy. God, as they say, is good. He will forgive. And in general, if we talk about the church, then the majority go there only when there is trouble.
Concepts about good And evil should be formed in childhood. And it starts good just when the baby is born. Pure, bright, truly Kind creation of God. By educating children in simple everyday rules of behavior, we cultivate the moral code of the generation. In the future, the formation of good and evil in the mind of a child is greatly influenced by a kindergarten, then a school, a university. But it is in the family that the initial foundations of personality are laid. Sukhomlinsky argues that “children live by their ideas of good and evil, honor and dishonor, human dignity; they have their own criteria for beauty, they even have their own measurement of time. The whole question is how to preserve all this purity, the purity of a small heart.
It is necessary to direct positive energy to the destruction of evil as a phenomenon. Every day, every hour, every moment. A person will never become completely perfect, but that's another story, and everyone can minimize evil deeds. way myself search , myself improvement , myself disciplines , myself implementations. In every word there is a root “Self”, I am not just pointing it out to you, but with the goal of calling, and finally convincing you that no church, society, society, parents, fully will not affect your perception of good And evil, except yourself. It is here and ends evil. It is in you and me. In our work on ourselves! I wish you inexhaustible will and desire to act on the basis of good motives! Daria Schukina
Parable of good and evil
Anger had a son. They called him evil. Such that he himself was difficult with him. And he decided to marry him to some virtue. You look, he will soften a little, and in his old age it will be easier with him! He stole joy and married his evil to it.
That marriage was only short-lived. But he left a child - gloating. Indeed, there can be nothing in common between good and evil. And if it suddenly happens, then do not expect good from him!
Good and evil in the work of Russian writers were in the spotlight. Writers reflected in their Creativity of Russian writers these moral categories by different means.
Pushkin touches on the theme of evil several times. In the poem "Anchar" the author believes that evil should balance good. A place for evil is reserved by nature at the edge of the universe. Spreaders of evil throughout the earth have become people who are driven by a thirst for power, wealth, envy (for the king) and fear (for the slave). These feelings are the conductors of evil. Money can play a similar role in a person's life. They make people lose their noble knightly qualities, family ties, love ("The Miserly Knight"). They poison the creative process ("Egyptian Nights"). One of the main manifestations of evil is violence. Its use leads to tragedy. Pushkin denies it in the ode "Liberty", in the prose works "Dubrovsky", "The Captain's Daughter".
Power acquired by violence will not be recognized by the people (Boris Godunov). A person who has chosen the path of crime cannot be a creative person.
Genius and villainy are incompatible ("Mozart and Salieri"), Pushkin's humanism lies in the conclusion that any Evil always punishable. He sees a good beginning in nature (“I visited again ...”), in art (the image of Mozart, “Poet”), in natural human feelings of love and friendship (“I remember a wonderful moment”, “October 19, 1827”).
Lermontov's creative heyday came in a darker decade than Pushkin's. Lermontov developed the theme of evil more acutely. He divides evil into two kinds. Evil the author respects the romantic for its strength and awareness of doom. This is revealed in the cycle of poems about Napoleon and in the poem "Demon". Another evil comes from society. This is the evil of "mocking ignoramuses", high-society inhabitants who poisoned Pushkin ("Death of a poet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd ...").
Pushkin writes with bitterness about the crowd that does not understand the poet. Lermontov reinforces this motif ("The Prophet"). For him, the people of light are the bearers of evil. Lermontov's heroes, actively chasing life, rush between good and evil ("A Hero of Our Time"). Good in creativity Lermontov is concentrated in nature, where the lyrical hero finds a response to the psychological state (“I go out alone on the road”).
Gogol has a different concept. He put everything together Evil in Russia, opposing him with faith in the spiritual revival of his homeland. Gogol gave pictures of evil from mystical images of ancient evil (“Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, “Viy”, “Terrible Revenge”) to evil in contemporary society. The spirit of devilry instills in real people and is intertwined with petty philistine evil. Such is the story of the terrible portrait and the fate of the artist Chertkov, who exchanged his creative soul for money and sold himself to the devil (“Portrait”). In The Inspector General, The Overcoat, Dead Souls, the writer gives an extensive description of a small but numerous evil, shows its danger to society and the human soul.
At Nekrasov Evil has a specific social origin. The real source of evil is serfdom. It allows the nobleman to live in idleness and to treat the people with disdain (“Railway”, chapter 3). Serfdom turns a spiritually free person into a slave (“Hey, Ivan!” and chapters from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Last Child”, “About Jacob the Faithful, an Exemplary Slave”). Good in creativity Nekrasov also has a social connotation. The poet's kindness has a connotation of sacrifice ("The Poet and the Citizen", "On the Day of Gogol's Death", "N. G. Chernyshevsky", "Knight for an Hour"). The poet sees the moral principles of Russian life in the soul of the people:
Slept in bondage
The sun is free.
Gold, gold -
The heart of the people.
(“Rus”, song by Grisha Dobrosklonov from the poem “Who should live well in Rus'”)
L. Tolstoy agrees with Nekrasov in his assessment of serfdom and violence against a person. Tolstoy considers the concepts of good and evil philosophically. If a person lives in harmony with the surrounding world and his own nature, then he was created for good (Karataev). If people lose their national roots, try to remake the human essence in order to rise above those around them, then they fall into evil. In "War and Peace" such characters are Napoleon, Kuragin. Bolkonsky, Kutuzov, Rostov, who are spiritually connected with nature and people, are opposed to them. Tolstoy considers war to be the greatest evil.
Dostoevsky talks passionately about good and evil. It reveals the origins of evil. The social side of life is the background of the story about the struggle between God and the devil in the human soul. good and evil exist in the world in balance.
Raskolnikov ("Crime and Punishment") suffers from social evil and in the fight against injustice chooses the most terrible form. Forced good based on violence degenerates into evil. Initially, Raskolnikov feels himself to be the liberator of humanity from harmful bloodsuckers. But in the end it turns out that "he killed for himself." Sonya helps Raskolnikov to make a paradoxical turn for good. Sonya steps over herself for the well-being of others, keeping her soul pure. The path from evil to good lies through suffering, repentance, purification of the soul. All this is experienced by Raskolnikov in the epilogue, and the light of truth is revealed to him. Dostoevsky leaves any lowly fallen person the right to repent and rise to the light from the depths of hell.
Good and evil in the work of Russian writers occupy an important place, because these moral categories are decisive in the spiritual life of mankind. Classical literature sought to reveal the deadly nature of evil and save the soul from its destructive effects.
The confrontation between good and evil in the works of Russian literature
Project author: 10th grade student Daria Sayapina Meadow Swamp High School problem question
How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
Target
to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Daria Sayapina Meadow Swamp High School problem question
How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
Target
to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
problem question
How does it happen in life: good or evil wins?
Target
to find out whether in all works of Russian literature there is a confrontation between good and evil, and who wins in this fight?
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
Tasks
collect historical and literary information on the problem of the confrontation between good and evil in Russian literature
explore a number of works of classical literature containing the problem of the struggle between good and evil
make a comparison table
prepare abstract material on the stated topic
develop skills in working with different sources
make a presentation of the project at the literary lounge
take part in a school conference
My assumptions
Suppose there were no evil in the world. Then life would not be interesting. Evil always accompanies good, and the struggle between them is nothing but life. Fiction is a reflection of life, which means that in every work there is a place for the struggle between good and evil, and, probably, good wins.
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
The results of the social survey
"Vasilisa the Beautiful"
Good prevailed over evil. Stepmother and her daughters turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
turned into coal and Vasilisa began to live happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
happily ever after with the prince in contentment and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
and happiness
"Ivan the Peasant's Son and the Miracle Yudo"
“Here Ivan jumped out of the forge, grabbed the snake and hit it with all his might on a stone. The snake crumbled into small ashes, and the wind scattered that ashes in all directions. Since then, all miracles and snakes have hatched in that land - people began to live without fear "
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin
Evil, says the poet, is not omnipotent, it is defeated. The evil queen-stepmother, although she “took it with her mind and everything,” is not confident in herself. And if the queen mother died from the power of her love, then the queen stepmother dies from envy and longing. By this Pushkin showed the inner failure and doom of evil.
"Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
Kind, pure and sincere Tatyana deserves happiness and mutual love, but Onegin's coldness, arrogance destroy all her dreams.
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
The kindness and sensitivity of Dunya, embedded in her character by loving parents, disappears under the influence of another feeling.
Selfishness and lies destroyed the family, made Dunya unhappy, and led to the death of Samson Vyrin.
"Mtsyri" M.Yu.Lermontov
Obsessive goodness turns around
for Mtsyri suffering, grief and ultimately death
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"Inspector" N.V. Gogol
"Thunderstorm" A. N. Ostrovsky
Everything is against Katerina, even her own ideas about good and evil. No, she will not return to her former life. But how can death be a victory over evil?
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
"Dowry" A.N. Ostrovsky
Amazing girl carries
good beginnings. Unfortunately, Larisa dies ... and her death - this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
this is the only worthy way out, because only then she cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
cease to be a thing
"Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
The main philosophical question of the novel - frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
- frontiers of good and evil
conclusion
Project prospects
The work on the project led to the idea:
Are there concepts of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature, or is there only the concept of evil in modern literature, and good has completely eradicated itself?
Social significance of the project:
materials of the work can be used in literature lessons, extracurricular activities. The work needs to be continued: studies of the problem of good and evil in the literature of the 20th century and in modern literature 
