The magic of the mysterious countries still exists. Palm trees sway in the warm breeze, the Nile sails through the desert surrounded by a green valley, the sun illuminates the temple of Karnak and the mysterious pyramids of Egypt, and bright schools of fish flicker in the Red Sea.
Funerary culture of ancient Egypt
Pyramids are called grandiose structures in the form of a regular geometric polyhedron. In the construction of funerary buildings or mastabas, this form, according to Egyptologists, began to be used because of the similarity with a funeral cake. If you ask how many pyramids there are in Egypt, you can hear the answer that to date, about 120 buildings have been found and described, which are located in different areas along the banks of the Nile.
The first mastabas can be seen in Saqqara, Upper Egypt, Memphis, Abusir, El-Lahun, Giza, Khawara, Abu Rawash, Meidum. They were built from clay bricks with river silt - adobe, in a traditional architectural form. The pyramid housed a prayer room and a funeral "dowry" for traveling in the afterlife. The underground part kept the remains. The pyramids had a different appearance. They evolved from a stepped to a true, geometrically correct form.
The evolution of the shape of the pyramids
Tourists are often interested in how to see all the pyramids of Egypt, in which city they are located. There are many such places. For example, Meiduma is the most mysterious point, where the oldest of all the great funerary buildings are located. When Sneferu came to the throne (circa 2575 BC), Saqqara had the only large royal pyramid of Djoser completely completed.
The ancient locals called it "el-haram-el-kaddab", which means "false pyramid". Because of its shape, it has attracted the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages.
The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara is known as the earliest form of burial structure in Egypt. Its appearance is attributed to the period of the third dynasty. Narrowing passages from the north lead to the burial chamber. Underground galleries surround the pyramid from all sides except the south. This is the only completed building with huge steps that were lined with stone. But her form was different from the ideal. The first regular pyramids appeared at the beginning of the reign of the 4th dynasty of the pharaohs. The true form arose as a result of the natural development and improvement of the architectural design of the stepped building. The structure of a real pyramid is almost the same. Building blocks were stacked to the required shapes and sizes of the object, and then they were finished with limestone or stone.
Pyramids of Dahshur
Dahshur forms the southern region of the Memphis necropolis and contains a number of pyramidal complexes and monuments. Dahshur has only recently been opened to the public. In the valley of the Nile, south of Cairo, alone on the edge of the Western Desert, above the lush green fields at Meidum, is a remarkable area where one can see the transition from a stepped to a regular pyramid shape. The transformation took place during the change of the third dynasty of the pharaohs to the fourth. During the reign of the 3rd dynasty, Pharaoh Huni organized the construction of the first regular pyramid in Egypt, where the stepped structures from Meidum are located as a base for construction. The burial structure was intended for the son of Huni, the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty, Sneferu (2613-2589 BC). The heir completed work on the pyramids of his father, then built his own - stepped. But the construction plans of the pharaoh were curtailed, as the construction did not go according to plan. Reducing the angle of the lateral plane led to a diamond-shaped curved silhouette. This design is called the Bent Pyramid, but it still has intact outer shells.
The oldest pyramids in Saqqara
Saqqara is one of the huge necropolises of the ancient city that is known today as Memphis. The ancient Egyptians called this place "White Walls". The pyramids of Egypt in Saqqara are represented by the first oldest step pyramid of Djoser. It was here that the history of the construction of these funerary structures began. In Saqqara, they found the first inscription on the walls, known as the Pyramid Texts. The architect of these projects is called Imhotep, who invented hewn stone masonry. Thanks to construction developments, the ancient architect was ranked among the deities. Imhotep is considered the son of Ptah, the patron of crafts. Saqqara is home to many tombs belonging to important ancient Egyptian officials.
The true gem is the great pyramids of Egypt in the Sneferu complex. Feeling dissatisfied with the Bent Pyramid, which did not allow him to worthily go to heaven, he began construction about two kilometers to the north. It was the famous Pink Pyramid, so named because of the red limestone used in its construction. This is one of the oldest buildings in Egypt, which is created in the correct form. It has an angle of inclination of 43 degrees and is the second largest, second only to the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was built by the son of Sneferu in Khufu. In fact, the Great Pyramid is only 10 meters from the Rose. Other major monuments in Dahshur date from the 12th and 13th dynasties and are not comparable in scale to the work of Huni and Sneferu.
Late pyramids at the Sneferu complex
There are later pyramids in Meidum. In Egypt, where the White Pyramid of Amenemhat II, the Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III and the building of Senusret III are located, smaller monuments of funerary purpose for minor rulers, nobles and officials dominate.
They tell of a fairly stable and peaceful period in the history of Egypt. Interestingly, the Black Pyramid and the structure of Senusret III were built not of stone, but of brick. Why this material was used is unknown, but in those days new construction methods penetrated into Egypt from other countries, thanks to trade and international relations. Unfortunately, while brick was much easier to work with than multi-ton granite blocks, the material did not stand the test of time. Although the Black Pyramid is fairly well preserved, the White Pyramid is badly damaged. Tourists, who are little aware of the huge number of pyramidal burials, have a misunderstanding. They ask: "Where are the pyramids in Egypt?" While everyone knows about the great burial structures of Egypt, there are many less significant examples of such structures. Scattered along the Nile from Celia on the edge of the oasis to the island of Elephantine in Aswan, in the village of Naga el-Khalifa, about five miles south of Abydos, in the city of Minya and many other unexplored places.
Giza pyramids and necropolis
For all tourists who come to Egypt, an excursion to the pyramids becomes almost a ritual. The buildings of Giza are the only surviving of the seven wonders of the Ancient World and the most famous sights. This sacred place impresses with its antiquity, the scope of the necropolis, the unreality of buildings and the Great Sphinx. The secrets of the construction and supposed symbolism of the pyramids of Giza only add to the appeal of these ancient wonders. Many modern people still consider Giza to be a spiritual place. A number of fascinating theories have been proposed to explain the "mystery of the pyramids". The author of the project of the Great Pyramid in Egypt is called the adviser of Cheops and his relative - Hemiun. Giza is the most important site on earth for many researchers who are trying to unravel the geometric perfection of burial structures in ancient sources. But even great skeptics are in awe of the deep antiquity, scope and absolute harmony of the pyramids of Giza.
History of the Pyramids of Giza
Located on the west bank of the Nile River, about 12 miles southwest of downtown Cairo, Giza (el-Gizah in Arabic) is the third largest city in Egypt with a population of almost 3 million. This is a famous necropolis on the Giza plateau, which houses the most popular monuments in Egypt. The Great Pyramids of Giza were built in 2500 BC for the burial places of the pharaohs. Together they make up the only ancient wonder of the world still in existence today. Many tourists are attracted by Egypt (Hurghada). They can see the pyramids of Giza in half an hour, which will be required on the road. You can admire this wonderful ancient sacred place to your heart's content.
The Great Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops as the Greeks called it (it is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza), and the necropolis bordering Cairo have remained virtually untouched by time. It is believed that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty of the Egyptian pharaohs Khufu. The Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Initially, it was covered with facing stones, which created a smooth outer surface. Some of them can be seen around the base and at the very top. There are various scientific and alternative theories about how the pyramids of Ancient Egypt were built, and about the construction methods of the Great One itself. Most of the accepted construction theories are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from the quarry and lifting them into place. It occupies an area of just over 5 hectares. The original height was 146 m in height, but the pyramid is still impressive at 137 m. The main losses are associated with the destruction of the smooth limestone surface.
Herodotus on Egypt
When the Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza, around 450 BC, he described what kind of pyramids there were in Egypt. He learned from the Egyptian priests that the Great Pyramid was built for Pharaoh Khufu, who was the second king of the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2575-2465 BC). Priests told Herodotus that it was built by 400,000 people over 20 years. At the construction site, 100,000 people were employed to move the blocks at a time. But archaeologists find this implausible and tend to think that the workforce was more limited. Perhaps 20,000 workers, with an accompanying support staff of bakers, doctors, priests, and others, would be sufficient for the task.
The most famous pyramid was carefully laid out using 2.3 million worked stone blocks. These blocks had an impressive weight of two to fifteen tons. After the construction was completed, the burial structure struck with a weight that was approximately 6 million tons. All the famous cathedrals in Europe, taken together, have such a weight! The Pyramid of Cheops has been recorded for thousands of years as the tallest structure in the world.
Only the graceful spiers of the extraordinarily majestic Lincoln Cathedral, built in England, 160 m high, were able to break the record, but collapsed in 1549.
Pyramid of Khafre
Among the pyramids of Giza, the second largest is the structure built for the afterlife journey of Khafre (Khaphren), the son of Pharaoh Khufu. He inherited power after the death of his elder brother and was the fourth ruler in the fourth dynasty. Of his well-born relatives and predecessors on the throne, many were buried in penny tombs. But the grandeur of Khafre's pyramid strikes almost the same as the "last house" of his father.
The Pyramid of Khafre stretches visually towards the sky and seems to be higher than the first pyramid of Giza - the funerary building of Cheops, because it stands on a higher part of the plateau. It is characterized by a steeper angle of inclination with a preserved smooth limestone coating. At the second pyramid, each of the sides was 216 m and was originally 143 m high. Its limestone and granite blocks weigh about 2.5 tons each.
The ancient pyramids of Egypt, such as Cheops, as well as the construction of Khafre, include five burial pits connected by passages. Together with the mortuary, the Valley of the Temples and the connecting dam, it is 430 meters long, carved into the rock. The burial chamber, which is underground, kept a red granite sarcophagus with a lid. Nearby is a square cavity, where there was a chest with the insides of the pharaoh. The Great Sphinx near the Pyramid of Khafre is considered to be his royal portrait.
Pyramid of Menkaure
The last of the pyramids of Giza is the Pyramid of Menkaure, located to the south. It was intended for the son of Khafre, the fifth king of the fourth dynasty. Each side is 109 m and the height of the structure is 66 m. In addition to these three monuments, small pyramids were built for Khufu's three wives and a series of flat-topped pyramids for the remains of his beloved children. At the end of a long dam lined small tombs of courtiers, a temple and a mortuary were built only for the mummification of the body of the pharaoh.
Like all the pyramids of Egypt, created for the pharaohs, the burial chambers of these buildings were filled with everything necessary for the next life: furniture, statues of slaves, niches for canopic canopies.
Theories about the construction of the Egyptian giants
Many mysteries are hidden by the centuries-old history of Egypt. Pyramids built without modern devices only increase curiosity about these places. Herodotus assumed that the foundation was laid out of huge blocks weighing about seven tons. And then, as from children's cubes, step by step, all 203 layers were lifted up. But this cannot be done, as evidenced by the Japanese attempt in the 1980s to duplicate the actions of the Egyptian builders. The most plausible explanation is that the Egyptians used ramps, which were used to tow blocks of stone down a ladder using sleds, rollers, and levers. And the base was a natural plateau. The majestic structures have withstood not only the crushing work of time, but also numerous attacks by grave robbers. They robbed the pyramids in ancient times. Khafre's burial chamber, opened by the Italians in 1818, was empty, there was no longer any gold and other treasures.
There is a possibility that there are still undiscovered pyramids of Egypt or are now completely destroyed. Many make fantastic theories about the extraterrestrial intervention of another civilization, for which such construction is child's play. The Egyptians are only proud of the perfect knowledge of their ancestors in the field of mechanics, dynamics, thanks to which the construction business developed.
The most famous pyramids are located in Cairo (there are also in Saqqara, Dakhur, Medum), they are considered the only surviving of the seven ancient wonders of the world. Here was the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, and the powerful kings of Egypt - the pharaohs built huge pyramids, which for two millennia were the tallest buildings in the world. Egyptian civilization did not know iron, from the engines there was only the draft power of people and animals. The biggest mystery of civilization was how people in ancient times were able to build huge structures from blocks weighing several tons. These buildings are not just big - they are precisely oriented to the sides of the world, passages with traps for robbers and large cameras are laid inside. They were probably filled with treasures in antiquity, but were robbed in ancient times. How these giants robbed is also a mystery, since the protection of these tombs was very good.
Story
Egyptian pyramids - interesting facts about the history of construction. More than a hundred pyramids have survived in Egypt. They are of different varieties - stepped, as well as stepped, converted to be even, with a broken surface (the angle of inclination changed during the construction process). Archaeologists almost every year find new pyramids - both small, covered with sand, and unfinished, or in general, which have been preserved at the level of the foundation.
The oldest pyramid belonged to Pharaoh Djoser and was built around 2650 BC. Before Djoser, mastabas were built - rectangles on one floor. Djoser began to build on floor after floor, and the result was a pyramid. It was the first monumental building in Egypt made of stone - before that it was built mainly from mud bricks. Brick, even unfired, was well preserved in the open air, since it almost never rains in this country, especially in areas remote from the Mediterranean Sea.
Pharaoh Sneferu built a step pyramid in Medum, its feature is that it was stepped, but the Egyptian king ordered the walls to be made smooth, filling the steps with masonry. After some time, the stones that filled the steps fell, and in our time this structure again has a stepped appearance. After Sneferu, the construction of step pyramids ceased; they were with smooth walls and cladding made of slabs.
In medieval Europe, the pyramids were considered the barns of Joseph, who ordered grain from the harvest years to be stored in them in order to provide seven hungry years, which the pharaoh dreamed of in the form of thin cattle. The Europeans did not know that the internal space of the structures is about 1 percent hollow, and it would be impossible to store anything in large quantities here.
In Dahshur there is a “pink” pyramid of Pharaoh Snefru (the walls turn pink in the rays of the Sun), its faces to half the height are at one angle, and then the angle of the walls decreases, therefore the pyramid is called a “broken line”. This could be done for two reasons: either they wanted to complete the tomb faster, or the load on the foundation became too large and they wanted to reduce it by changing the angle of the walls. Also in Dahshur there is a pyramid of Amenemhet I built of mud brick, it is called "dark", apparently because of the color, which contrasted with the light limestone and sandstone of other pyramids.
The pyramids were surrounded by temples, as well as smaller pyramids that belonged to the relatives of the pharaoh. Near the pyramid of Khafre in Giza is a statue of a sphinx - a lion with a human head. Its length is 72 meters, height is 20 meters, which is almost equal to the height of a nine-story building.
Construction
Interesting facts - Egyptian pyramids and features of their construction. Supporters of various conspiracy theories and too thoughtfully impressionable people have versions that the pyramids have a connection with alien civilizations, since it is as if people could not build such large structures with ancient technologies. But everything is very simple - the pyramids are just the tombs of the rulers. And they were made so big for a number of reasons:
- built not by slaves, but by free citizens, thus solving the problem of employment of the Egyptian male population during the period when the Nile flooded, and people could not engage in agriculture;
- the problem of the stability of society was solved, because working people did not have the opportunity to organize riots;
- social function - on the pyramids they gave plenty of water and beer, thus the poor could feed themselves and their families;
- investments - a rich state did not have the opportunity to invest in something important, except for grandiose buildings;
- prestige - the rulers of neighboring states could not build anything like this, they thought carefully before attacking a powerful state that could build real mountains, and even completely lined with polished slabs (now part of the lining has been preserved only at the top of the pyramid of Khafre);
- the preservation of the body of the pharaoh and the treasures that were laid near him is already a function of the Egyptian pagan religion, but it is not so important, because the pharaohs were buried in deep mountain mines, without making grandiose buildings.
It is not known exactly how the pyramids were built. The main difficulties were associated with lifting stone blocks to a great height. There are two versions - either they made a large sloping road, which was extended and raised as the tomb grew, or the road was made along the perimeter in the form of a spiral, completely filling the pyramid with earth, and clearing it after construction was completed. The first version is more convincing, since archaeologists have found the remains of the beginning of the platform of one large sloping road away from the pyramid. Scenes of the construction itself are depicted on the corridors leading to the burial chamber. A village was found in which the builders lived, archaeologists discovered a bakery and a brewery in it.
Peculiarities
Interesting facts about the pyramids - features. All pyramids in the past looked different than they do today. They were lined with smooth limestone slabs that shone in the sun. At the top was a granite pyramidon, which in ancient times may have been gilded. The appearance of the tombs was changed by the locals, who stretched the lining of even slabs onto the building material, and stone blocks are also stretched. Several pyramidons have been found and are now on display in the Cairo Museum.
The blocks of the pyramids are very precisely fitted to each other, even after an incident of four thousand years you cannot insert even the tip of a knife between them.
Buildings are strictly oriented to the cardinal points. A flat foundation was made under the pyramid. The sides of the pyramid differ in length by only a few centimeters. All this speaks of the development of science and construction technology in ancient Egypt.
The pyramid of Cheops has a height of 146 meters, the weight of 2.3 million stone blocks is more than 6 million tons.
There were Nubian kingdoms on the territory of Sudan. Local kings, in imitation of the pharaohs, built pyramids for themselves, and eight centuries after the last pyramidal tomb built in Egypt. They are distinguished by a large slope of the faces, a lower height (up to 30 meters), and a visible entrance to the tomb, over which there was a pagan temple. In the 19th century, the Italian explorer Fellini blew up the tops of 40 pyramids to find treasure. He managed to find only one cache of gold, he brought the items to Europe, and they did not want to buy from him, considering them fake.
Pyramids of Ancient Egypt: secrets, riddles, structure, architecture and internal structure of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt
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Pyramid of Djoser
Deciding on this trip is definitely worth it, if only out of curiosity. After all, the pyramid of Djoser is recognized as the oldest surviving Egyptian pyramid. Yes, yes, this is the first pyramid in Egypt, and it was built in honor of the ruler Djoser by the architect and close associate of the pharaoh Imhotep.
The pyramids of Egypt are a unique architectural monument that has remained for centuries thanks to the mysterious builders who managed to create structures so strong that no natural disasters and destructive wars could completely destroy these ancient Egyptian necropolises. The riddle of the pyramids has not yet been solved: it is impossible to speak with confidence either about the method of their construction, or about who acted as the main labor force. Now in Egypt there are about 118 pyramids, the largest of which were built during the reign of the III and IV dynasties of the pharaohs, that is, during the period of the so-called Old Kingdom. There are two types of pyramids: stepped and regular. The structures of the first type are considered the oldest. For example, the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser, dating back to 2650 BC. e.
Necropolis in Greek means "city of the dead" and is a cemetery, usually located on the outskirts of the city. Egyptian pyramids - one of the varieties of this kind of burial - served as monumental tombs for the pharaohs.
What do we know about the pyramids of Egypt?
For the first time, they learned about the pyramids thanks to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. Traveling in Egypt, he was struck by the famous pyramids of Giza and immediately ranked one of them, dedicated to Cheops, among the seven wonders of the world. Moreover, it was Herodotus who created the legend about how these structures were built. As soon as the pyramids became the object of research by scientists, and this happened only two hundred years ago, this legend immediately became a historical truth, the reliability of which was refuted not so long ago.
How were the ancient pyramids built?
Until our time, safe and sound, not so much has come down as we would like. Numerous vandals who plundered the pyramids for the sake of treasures hidden inside, and local residents who broke out stone blocks for the construction of palaces and mosques, destroyed part of the external and internal appearance. So, the Pink or Northern Pyramid from Dahshur (26 km south of Cairo) got its name because of the color of the stone, turning pink in the rays of the setting Sun. However, she wasn't always like this. Previously, the structure was covered with white limestone, which was completely used to build houses in Cairo.
For a long time it was believed that people who violate the peace of the pharaohs, the ancient gods doom to death. This was confirmed by the legend of the curse of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, according to which everyone who participated in the opening of the grave had to die within a few years. And indeed, by 1929 (the tomb was opened in 1922), 22 people, one way or another involved in the autopsy, died. Whether the reason was the magic of Ancient Egypt or the poison laid in the sarcophagus during burial, it remains to be seen.
It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, lying near the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the peace of the buried pharaohs.
Architecture and internal structure of the pyramids
Pyramids were only part of the ritual-burial complex. Next to each of them were two temples, one side by side, and the other much lower, so that its foot was washed by the waters of the Nile. Pyramids and temples were connected by alleys. An analogue of an alley of a similar plan can be seen in Luxor. The famous Luxor and Karnak temples were united by an alley of sphinxes that has partially survived to our time. The pyramids of Giza have practically not preserved their temples and alleys: only the lower temple of Khafre, the pharaoh of the IV dynasty, has long been considered the temple of the Great Sphinx.
The internal structure of the pyramids implied the obligatory presence of a chamber where the sarcophagus with a mummy was located, and cut passages to this chamber. Sometimes religious texts were placed there. Thus, the interior of the pyramids in Saqqara, an Egyptian village 30 km from Cairo, contained the oldest works of funeral literature that have come down to us.
It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, lying near the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the peace of the buried pharaohs. The ancient Egyptian name for this first monumental sculpture in the world has not survived to our time. Only the Greek version of the designation remained in history. Medieval Arabs called the Sphinx "the father of horror."
Modern Egyptologists suggest that the construction of the pyramids was carried out in several stages. Moreover, sometimes the size of the tomb in the process of creation increased several times in comparison with the original project. Pharaohs built their tomb for many years. Only earthworks and leveling the site for the future construction required at least ten. Pharaoh Cheops took twenty years to build the largest pyramid to date. The workers who built the tombs were not at all slaves tortured to death. Moreover, archaeological excavations have shown that they were kept in fairly decent conditions, treated and fed normally. However, it is still not known exactly how the huge stone blocks got to the very top. It is only obvious that the construction technique has changed over time, and later buildings were built differently than the first ones.
At the end of the 20th century, architects established that the pyramids were perfect structures, with mathematically correct proportions.
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The Egyptian pyramids - the only one of the "seven wonders of the world" that has come down to us - for many centuries not only cause surprise, but also attract researchers from around the world. Archaeologists, Egyptologists, mathematicians, and today physicists, chemists and architects put forward various hypotheses and assumptions, trying to understand the purpose of the pyramids and explain how 5 thousand years ago, builders, possessing only primitive tools and tools, were able to erect megaliths, striking even our contemporaries with its grandiosity and accuracy of engineering calculations. This is the opinion of official or, in other words, orthodox Egyptology...
More than 90 pyramids have survived to our time. Some of them have collapsed over time, despite the fact that there is such an Arabic proverb: “Everything in the world is afraid of time, and time is afraid of the pyramids!” Part of the pyramids is currently covered with sand. The pyramids are located on a rocky plateau that separates the fertile Nile Valley from the dead Libyan wasteland.
neither. They rise, lined up for 65 kilometers from Cairo to Fayum, as if on a huge front square, where the Egyptian god of the Sun conducts a daily review of them,
Scientists believe that there were much more pyramids in ancient Egypt than have been discovered today. In this regard, in recent decades, international scientific expeditions have conducted intensive excavations, for example, in the Saqqara region (south of Cairo), where the oldest pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser rises.
According to indirect data, it is there that similar structures should be hidden. Back in the early 1980s, attempts were made to carry out excavations in the depths of sand deposits, but they did not lead to anything. Success came when archaeologists decided to demolish the top of one of the sand hills. Beneath it was masonry, and soon another stepped pyramid was discovered, built of massive monoliths. According to preliminary data, this tomb was built 4700 years ago. It will take a lot of time to fully explore it ...
None of the monuments of antiquity, in all likelihood, was the subject of such reverent attitude, and none of them was heaped up with so much pseudo-scientific and almost mystical nonsense, as about the three pyramids - Cheops (Khufu), Chefren (Khafra) and "Mykerin (Menkaura).
In a burst of enthusiasm never seen before or since, the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty are believed to have built these pyramids between 2700 and 2550 BC. To implement their plans, 11 million cubic meters of stone were broken out in quarries, delivered to the construction site and laid in the bodies of the pyramids, in temples and pavements.
Granite for finishing the pyramids in Giza was transported, for example, from the Aswan region, 1000 kilometers away. Meanwhile, Egypt of the era of the Ancient and Middle Kingdom did not yet know the wheel. It appeared in this country only in the 17th century BC.
AD, during the era of the Hyksos invasion. But the wheel would still be of little use, since under such a weight it would bog down on its hub in soft muddy soil ...; Despite scientific research that has been carried out for more than one century, despite numerous excavations and a whole stream of highly scientific works, no one to this day knows exactly how the ancient Egyptians delivered
stone blocks from the quarries to the pyramids, what methods of organization of work and geodetic techniques they used to achieve incredible accuracy in the construction of these gigantic structures.
A lot of controversy has taken place and is happening now about the purpose of the pyramids, but for some reason, the pyramid of Cheops alone has always served as the starting point both for numerous studies and for the formulation of various hypotheses, conjectures and even fictions ... This assumption has, however, certain grounds, since there is an opinion that all the other pyramids of Egypt are just an attempt to imitate it without understanding and intention to put some special scientific meaning into their construction.
It is strange that the pyramid of Cheops is not mentioned in the early Egyptian written sources. The first mention of it is found among the Greeks and Romans who traveled through Egypt. However, there is an alternative point of view that, it would seem, there is no reason to believe that this pyramid had a different purpose than the other 90 of its smaller and even very small “sisters”...
And yet, numerous circumstances make it possible to give the pyramid of Cheops the “palm tree” among other contenders for research. First of all, it is really a “pyramid of pyramids” (or the Great Pyramid). For example, it is built so carefully that the gaps between its stone blocks are no more than 5 millimeters wide; one side of the base is only 20 centimeters longer than the other - this is an error of only 0.0009%! .. Its faces are quite accurately oriented to the cardinal points, and the deviation from the true north-south direction is approximately only 5 minutes of arc.
The Pyramid of Cheops was built from two and a half million blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons (the heaviest about 15 tons); its height is 147 meters, the length of the side of the base is 230 meters; volume - more
2.5 million cubic meters; this structure weighs more than six million tons ...
Many people came to the pyramids. You can’t count how many there were - conquerors and adventurers, ordinary robbers and civilized marauders who transported the treasures of ancient Egyptian culture to European museums and private collections, scientists and madmen, travelers and military intelligence officers ... All of them were amazed: both by the hidden grandeur and the harsh severity, and silent beauty...
INCIDENT IN THE PYRAMID OF KHEFREN
The event, which will be discussed below, occurred in April 1984. As always, the Pyramid of Khafre - the second largest on the Giza plateau after the majestic Great Pyramid - were tourists. A rather impressive line stood at the entrance to the tunnel leading into the bowels of the pyramid. They were waiting for a group of tourists to appear from the dark passage, who had gone earlier to the burial chamber of Khafre - a small room with an empty sarcophagus, where the mummy of the ruler once was, who, in addition to his pyramid, is believed to have built the Great Sphinx - the mysterious “human kolva".
And finally they appeared, but in what form! People climbed out of the tunnel, choking with coughs, red-eyed, staggering with nausea and weakness. Then the tourists said that they all felt pain in the eyes, irritation in the respiratory tract, severe lacrimation. Many later claimed that it was difficult for them to breathe.
They tried to provide first aid to the injured tourists, during which it turned out that the best medicine is fresh air. Nevertheless, they were subjected to a rigorous medical examination, but no concrete results, despite numerous
analyzes, it did not give. It was announced that a mysterious gas had leaked into the pyramid through unknown means.
The pyramid was closed to visitors, a special commission was urgently created. She had to determine the source and chemical composition of the gas, which, it was believed, had neither color nor smell and spread throughout the few rooms of the pyramid. Those responsible for tourism in Egypt only shrugged their shoulders, and the local and world press once again remembered the “curse of the pharaohs”, which we will talk about a little later...
Immediately after the incident with tourists in the pyramid of Khafre, several working hypotheses were put forward, trying to explain what happened. According to one of them, gases dangerous to humans could emerge from the bowels of the earth through faults in the earth's crust; on the other - it was caustic gases from the Cairo sewer, somehow penetrated into the pyramid; according to the third, these are the actions of a certain intruder who released an unknown gas into the premises of the pyramid and whose handkerchief with a suspiciously irritating smell was allegedly found ...
However, the most interesting version for historians is the one that claims that the unknown gas that appeared in the pyramid is clearly artificial. In other words, that he is one of the traps that the ancient builders built on the path of the robbers who attempted on the tombs of the pharaohs, their relatives, high officials and generally rich people.
This version has the right to exist. The fact is that the ancient Egyptians really robbed their rich dead. There are a large number of papyri from the end of the New Kingdom era, telling about the trials of tomb defilers, who were a constant object of desire for treasure hunters of all stripes and ranks. Judging by the testimonies of the defendants and witnesses, everyone was robbed - from priests and superiors to simple slaves.
Gangs of robbers literally followed the funeral processions in the hope of profiting at the expense of the pharaohs... The builders secretly made plans for the tombs, colluded with the guards, and sometimes with the priests. And calmly carried the treasures out. If it was not possible to agree, such plans were left as a legacy to the children, who later carried out what their fathers had planned.
As an example, we can recall the robbery in Giza of the tomb of Queen Hetep-Heres, the mother of Pharaoh Cheops. She was robbed almost the day after the funeral. But the dignitaries in charge of security were afraid to tell the truth to the ruling pharaoh. They only reported that there was an attempted robbery, but everything remained untouched. And then, in the dead of night, secretly from everyone, including the pharaoh, they transferred all the valuables that were still in the tomb to another place...
Historical facts show that, despite the blind walling up of the tombs and all kinds of traps (“wolf pits”; labyrinths; stone blocks falling from above that blocked entrances and exits; filling the premises with tons of sand falling from above, etc.), almost all the ancient tombs were robbed...
But let's get back to our story... The Egyptian Ministry of Culture and the Department of Antiquities "liked" the version of the intruder, which was immediately adopted by them. True, representatives of the chemical service of the Egyptian army were also called to the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid of Khafre. They took air samples from all the corridors, manholes and interior of the pyramid for the necessary analyzes, but no official results were reported.
From this, conclusions were drawn that there really was a dangerous basin in the pyramid; but they do not want to report this, so as not to allegedly scare off visitors. Now the Khafre pyramid has long been “rehabilitated” and, as before, accepts tourists. However, although a small, but unresolved mystery at the pyramid of Khafre still remains ...
ASPERGILUS FLAVUS - “CURSE OF THE PHAROAHS”
For a long time there have been legends that the pharaohs take revenge on people who risked violating their eternal peace ... These legends about the so-called curse of the pharaohs are usually associated with the famous Valley of the Kings, which is located near the present Luxor and which the rulers of Ancient Egypt chose during the New Kingdom as his final resting place. About eighty years ago, in November 1922, a certain Howard Carter, a young and ambitious English archaeologist, was excavating the tomb of Tutankhamen. He managed to open the only burial chamber in it, almost untouched by robbers. The word “almost” is used here because next to the tomb were three skeletons of ancient robbers who did not have time to carry away the rich booty...
Until recently, it was believed that the scientist and his titled patron Lord Carnarvon, who paid for the expenses of the expedition for many years, only looked through the well at the found tomb and immediately called the Egyptian authorities. It turned out, however, that before the arrival of the officials, Carter and Carnarvon managed to "add" the most valuable things to their personal collections. This belated but sensational statement was made by the former director of the American Metropolitan Museum of Art Hoving in the book “In Search of Tutankhamun” published in the late 70s of the 20th century. Its author notes that subsequently the stolen treasures were sold to American museums, whose directors diligently concealed the origin of these exhibits... But let's return to the tomb of Tutankhamen,..
From the bottom to the very top, it was filled with wonderful works of art of the ancient Egyptians. With the accuracy of a scholar, Carter later described this historical event, each of the things found and handed over to the Egyptian authorities. But missed two details, although they are,
according to some witnesses, they immediately catch the eye. The first of them is a clay stele, or, more precisely, the inscription on it:
"Death on its wings will come to those who disturb the rest of the pharaoh."
No less sinister was the second inscription - on the statue of the guardian angel at the entrance to the tomb:
“It is I who drives away the tomb robbers with the flames of the desert, I am the guardian of the tomb of Tutankhamun.”
And then the incomprehensible happened: within a few months, out of the twenty who were present at the opening of the seals, thirteen people left for another world. And mostly under strange circumstances...
On November 26, 1922, Carter, together with Carnarvon, who financed the excavations, opened the pharaoh's sarcophagus, and on April 6, 1923, Lord Carnarvon died unexpectedly at the Continental Hotel, suffering from a fever caused by a mosquito bite.
In the same Continental Hotel, the American archaeologist Arthur Mace, who was present at the sacrament and the feast of the opening of the tomb, died of an unknown transient disease. The first victims were followed by others: the wife of Carnarvon died from an insect bite, the radiologist View, who shone through the mummy of the pharaoh right in the tomb, the English writer La Fleur, the conservation specialist Mace and Carter's secretary, Richard Befil. By 1930, of the direct participants in the excavations, only Howard Carter survived ...
And in the early 1980s, this sad list of “victims of the tomb” was replenished. On this list were the pilot and flight engineer of the English military aircraft, on which the treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun were delivered in 1972 to London. Both died of heart attacks. Other members of the crew were also injured": one broke his leg,
the house of another burned down, the only woman on board became seriously ill, and her husband divorced her ...
Soon another "victim" was found, this time on the American continent. It turned out to be San Francisco police lieutenant George Lebarsh, who guarded the exposition of Tutankhamun's treasures in 1978 when she was in the United States. His post was just opposite the golden mask of the Egyptian pharaoh. A year later, the policeman was paralyzed, and three years later, Lebarsh filed a claim with the San Francisco courts for damages in the amount of about 20 thousand dollars. He claimed that the cause of his illness and disability was “the curse of the pharaoh”.
“The Egyptians believe in a curse placed by the god of death, Osiris, on anyone who disturbs the dead,” Lebarsh's lawyer said. “Was my ward another victim?” Deputy City Attorney Dan Maguire called the argument "far-fetched" and adjourned the hearing. Lebarsh, apparently, still lost his claim, since a positive court decision in this case would have become a “world sensation” ...
Attempts to explain the mysterious series of deaths associated with the "curse of the pharaohs" on a scientific basis have not yielded results. He remembered, of course, that the priests supplied the tombs with various traps against those who encroached on the wealth of the deceased pharaohs. The notorious “bioenergy”, which the ancient Egyptians allegedly owned, did not go unnoticed. But all these assumptions did not explain the main thing: what caused the death of many researchers?
Some scientists expressed the opinion that pathogens unknown to science, in particular viruses, which have amazing vitality, became the cause of death. This hypothesis was recalled when a similar incident occurred in Poland.
A mysterious death befell most of the fourteen who participated in 1973 in the autopsy in the crypt of the Wawel Castle of the tomb of the Polish King Casimir IV
Jagiellon, who ruled from 1447 to 1492. The procedure was not very long, but its results were deplorable: soon after it, of those who were present in the crypt, only two survived. The rest died from lung diseases or from general poisoning (intoxication) of the body.
The Krakow version of the “curse” prompted scholars to study in detail the circumstances of this drama. As a result of the analysis, not only unknown bacteria were found in the sarcophagus, but also one particularly aggressive microbe, which is usually found in swampy areas and buildings rotten from moisture. This microbe was found in the tissues of the body of King Casimir IV, and later in many ancient Egyptian mummies.
Previously, scientists did not assume that this microbe, whose Latin name is “aspergilus flavus”, can live hundreds of years underground without air access and retain its qualities.
The microbes in question are ubiquitous: they are in spoiled food, in soil and in water. They don't do much harm to humans. However, their colonies, living for hundreds of years in one place and systematically poisoning their habitat, gradually become poisonous themselves. This microbe is especially dangerous for people whose body is already weakened by the disease ...
So, for example, French researchers found that almost everyone who fell victim to the “curse of the pharaohs” suffered from pulmonary or bronchial diseases. Lord Carnarvon's lungs were damaged after a car accident, and so he spent the winter months in the warm and mild climate of Egypt.
In fact, "Aspergilus flavus" always attacks the weakest organ in the human body, and since everyone dies from various causes - hemorrhage, heart attack, cancer - no one associates the consequences with a common cause. When they tried to unravel the "curse of the pharaohs", the mechanism of action of this microbe was not yet known. So far, the question of whether “Asper-
gilus flavus” in Jagiellonian’s phobic by accident or it was placed there deliberately.
This is a topic of special research, which, perhaps, would confirm the hypothesis that both in Ancient Egypt and in the era of the Jagiellonian, there was a special method of protecting the perishable remains from future robbers, who would sooner or later be punished. Some Polish researchers claim that similar methods were used, for example, during the burial of Lithuanian princes.
So, for a long time, the “curse of the pharaohs” remained an unsolved phenomenon, but then an alleged “beam of light in the dark kingdom” appeared, namely: the microbe “Aspergilus flavus” ... However, several decades later it turned out that the terrible “curse of the pharaohs” protects not only ancient burial vaults... For example, Soviet, and now Russian soldiers and officers who have been in the underground bunkers of strategic missile launchers for a long time began to feel it.
High fever, headache, chills, and then loss of consciousness - in general, everything that archaeologists from the “Lord Carnarvon team” felt before they died. True, mortality was not total, as in the case of the expedition of the English lord ... When the unconscious duty officers were raised to the surface, they were gradually cured with antibiotics. But this unusual and inexplicable phenomenon gave rise to mystical fear among rocket scientists. Microbiologists came to the rescue here and found that the “curse of the pharaohs” manifested among the rocket scientists is the result of exposure to a microscopic pathogenic fungus that lives mainly in the dark ...
In the early 90s of the 20th century, a professor of medicine from the University of Cairo, Seind Mohammed Sabet, made a discovery that, to a certain extent, sheds light on the problem of the “curse of the pharaohs”.
Accidentally walking with a radioactivity counter through the Mummy Gallery in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, he discovered
lived that the counter began to register an increase in the level of radiation. Subsequent studies of two dozen mummies confirmed that each of them is a source of radioactivity. What could this mean?..
According to the assumption of Professor Sabet, the radioactive substance is contained either in the "stone heart" of the pharaoh, or in the so-called heart scarab - a small box that is necessarily present in every mummy. As an indirect confirmation of his hypothesis, Sabet refers to the fact that when he tried to examine the mummies using X-rays, it did not work: the film behaved as if in the presence of an intense source of radioactivity.
According to atomic scientist Luis Bulgarini, “the inexplicable weakness and impairment of brain activity that many pyramid explorers suffered from is a consequence of exposure to radiation.” Apparently, the priests used uranium ore (which is still mined in Egypt today) to line the tombs of the pharaohs.
It turns out that the legend of the “curse of the pharaohs” has a real basis: a substance that emits deadly rays was known to the Egyptians five thousand years ago? ..
“JAPANESE” MINI PYRAMID OF GIZA
To unravel the secrets of the creation of the pyramids, Egyptologists have tried many different methods. But perhaps the most unusual and expensive was the method proposed in the late 1970s by the Japanese television company Nippon. In collaboration with researchers at Waseda University, the company built a fourth mini-pyramid next to the three famous ones in Giza.
It was assumed that the purpose of this scientific experiment would be to find out how the ancient Egyptians were able to create these wonderful structures. In the same
time in Egypt, it became known about the discovery of a group of archaeologists who were excavating in the area of the burial place of Pharaoh Amenemhat II. Inside his tomb, dating back to the end of the 19th century BC, they discovered... a model of a pyramid unknown until now, with all the interiors and passages. This find undoubtedly helped to understand the secrets of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and, of course, was used by Japanese specialists to implement their project.
The “Japanese” pyramid was built of granite and reached a height of about 20 meters, and its width was about 29 meters. It took several months to build the Japanese “wonder of the world of the 20th century”, several thousand people were employed in all these “events”.
During the construction, following the recommendations of historians, the techniques used, as it was believed, were used in the time of the pharaohs. So, for example, more than 70 Egyptian workers, using primitive tools, hewn stone blocks delivered from Helwan; a gentle sand embankment was erected, along which these blocks were lifted up on special carts, and successively formed more and more new rows of mini-pyramids, etc.
However, contrary to the intentions of Japanese scientists, they were by no means able to follow the methods of the ancient masters exactly at all stages of construction. Firstly, facing slabs were hewn not with stone, but with metal tools. Second, a crane had to be used in the final stages of construction, as the sloping plane proved to be too steep for the stone blocks of the last tiers to be dragged up it.
Nevertheless, cameramen carefully recorded on film every stage of the construction of the mini-pyramid, details of the life of Egyptian workers, and so on. It was assumed that no matter how much this unusual project would expand our understanding of ancient Egypt, the television films filmed here will
five expensive experiment. This was especially important because, under the terms of the contract, the Nippon company was obliged to dismantle the mini-pyramid immediately after the last shot of its construction was shot.
The Egyptian press recognized the Japanese construction of a mini-pyramid as a failed experiment and almost immediately started talking about the notorious “curse of the pharaohs”, which is allegedly experienced by all those who are trying to unravel the secrets of the ancient Egyptian pyramids and tombs. . If in the 20s and subsequent years of the 20th century, after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun, the Egyptian newspapers reported, the “anger” of the pharaohs turned against English archaeologists and their assistants, now the “curse” has fallen on Japanese specialists who built a small copy of this next to the pyramid of Cheops wonders of the ancient world. So, the head of construction was paralyzed, and two other Japanese specialists received serious head injuries under mysterious circumstances.
Cairo newspapers saw the result of the “curse of the pharaohs” in the fact that Japanese scientists and builders did not fulfill their task: they did not answer the main questions that were put before them.
The Japanese “wonder of the world of the 20th century” was dismantled in accordance with the agreement, and the mystery of the construction of the great pyramids remained, as before, unsolved ...
WHEN AND WHO BUILT THE PYRAMID OF CHEOPS?
The Great Pyramid... The Pyramid of Cheops... It is strange, but not a single archaeological structure in the whole world has been studied for such a long time and so scrupulously as this artificial “stone mountain”... Basically, the article answers the questions posed in the title of this subsection A. Petukhov "Pyramids - anti-nuclear shelters?", with the main theses of which we will acquaint readers.
Describing the Great Pyramid - this is a miracle of the Ancient World, Herodotus (5th century BC) and other travelers who visited Egypt at different times, referring to the testimony of local priests, certainly noted that the most enormous stone pyramid was built in the era of the Old Kingdom by order of Pharaoh Cheops. It happened over 4500 years ago. This opinion is so well established in our minds that few people ask themselves the question: “Is this true? Could this particular pharaoh have built it by the day of his death?”
As Herodotus writes, 100,000 people worked in hard labor conditions for the construction of this pyramid-tomb for ten years, and it took ten years to build access roads alone. According to our current understanding, all this work was 95% done by hand, and the total weight of the processed and laid stone blocks is 6.5 million tons! Calculations of the effectiveness of the use of muscular strength show that even a 100,000-strong army of builders would not be able to cope with this work in 30 years ...
As you can see, the riddle in this case is not so much the parameters as the timing of the construction of the pyramid.
It turns out that Cheops ruled for only 23 years ... Here is a problem: he couldn’t give the order to build his own tomb without becoming a pharaoh? If he gave the order to start construction work on the day of accession to the throne, then where was his mummy kept for seven years? After all, according to ancient Egyptian customs, the soul of the deceased pharaoh found peace in the afterlife only after performing honors corresponding to his rank during the funeral and burying the body in a pyramid specially designed for this.
About 140 years ago, some Egyptologists expressed doubts that the Great Pyramid of Giza is related to Pharaoh Cheops: The fact is that in 1850 a stone stele was excavated near the pyramid, which, in addition to self-praise to Cheops, contained information that the Great Pyramid and
The Great Sphinx had long been standing in its place by the time the pharaoh appeared on the historical arena...
Immediately, a group of scientists formed who unequivocally declared the stele a fake, since the information contained on it in no way fit into long-established dogmas. Moreover, about a decade and a half earlier, inscriptions were “opened” inside the pyramid of Cheops, which were interpreted as the “brands” of masons, allegedly “stamped” on stone in the 18th year of the reign of Cheops.
It is possible that until now there would have been endless disputes over whose hieroglyphs are “true” (on the stele or blocks of the pyramid), if not for the research of the amateur historian Zakhary Sitchin. He proved that the main organizer of the falsification with “brands” was ... an English millionaire, Colonel of the colonial troops R. Howard Wiese, who was infected with the fever of archaeological discoveries.
It must be said that the forgery of the "brands" recorded in the diary entries of the colonel's assistant-secretary was very rude. So, for example, the inscriptions were made in “hierarchical writing”, which appeared only several centuries after the reign of Cheops; gross errors were made in them that were not characteristic of the scribes of the pharaoh - the most literate people of that time, and, finally, the “primary source” was established, which Howard Wiese used to apply “his hieroglyphs”.
This source turned out to be D. Wilkinson’s book “The Matter of Hieroglyphs”, which, by the way, contained all the inaccuracies and mistakes made by the English falsifier of history. Huf (grandfather of the first), from which the paradox followed: the grandfather continued the construction begun by his grandson!?
Thus, the conclusions from the studies of Z. Sitchin and other Egyptologists related to some features of the Great Pyramid indicate that its binding
by the time of the reign of Pharaoh Cheops, it has no reliable justification.
Of undoubted interest in this regard is the message of the Arab scholar of the 9th century Abu Zeid-al-Balkhi, who says that on the facing slabs of the Great Pyramid, now not preserved, inscriptions were forced out, from which it followed that since the construction of the giant pyramids of Giza many thousands of years have passed...
Apparently, "traces of their true creators must be sought in extremely distant prehistoric eras ... Today, many scientists do not exclude the possibility that once upon a time there was a very advanced civilization on Earth, which, in particular, had access to many achievements that seem fantastic to us today .
No wonder some popular science sources connect them with the time of the existence of the legendary Platonic Atlantis (approximately 13.5 thousand years ago). Representatives of such a civilization could, for example, create “libraries” from Ica stones, and build pyramids in Giza, and even fly into near and far space...
Let's turn to a relatively recent study of the Cheops pyramid, carried out in March 1983 by robotics engineer Rudolf Gantenbrick, who sent a controlled robot into the southern shaft of the Queen's Burial Chamber. After walking 65 meters, which was about half the way, the robot transmitted an image of the door ... This undoubtedly indicates the existence of something special there (perhaps more important than the supposed presence of the pharaoh's mummy somewhere in the pyramid) and that the ancient Egyptians tried carefully hide...
Hence, the assumption naturally arises that the Great Pyramid was built for some other purpose and is not an ordinary tomb of a royal person ... It also became clear that the main purpose of the pyramid shafts is not ventilation at all, but an orientation towards certain
fixed constellations, which may have been associated with the religious ideas of the Egyptians.
In 1996, the book "Secrets of the Pyramids" by Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert was published in Russia; and in 1997, Graham Hancock's book Footprints of the Gods. From these books it follows that as a result of many years of studying the Great Pyramid, the Belgian civil engineer R. Bauval (taking into account the measurement of the angles of the pyramid shafts carried out by R. Gantenbrick) made an amazing discovery in 1993.
He found that the southern shaft of the Pharaoh's Burial Chamber was directed towards the stars of Orion's Belt, associated with the god Osiris, who brought civilization to the Nile Valley, and that the shaft from the Queen's Chamber was directed towards Sirius, the star of the goddess Isis. This situation is by no means accidental, but, apparently, is connected with the purpose of the pyramids of Giza.
Bauval saw in the sky what the Egyptologists, accustomed to looking only at the ground under their feet, overlooked, namely: the two lower stars of Orion's belt, Al-Nitak and Al-Nilam, form a perfect straight line, and its third star, Mintaka, turns out to be displaced to the left of the observer, that is, to the east. This is how the three most famous pyramids were placed on the Giza plateau. Bauval found that on the plan of the Giza necropolis, the pyramid of Cheops corresponds to the position of Al-Nitak, the second pyramid of Khafre occupies the place of Al-Nilam, and the third pyramid of Menkaure is displaced to the east with respect to the diagonal formed by the other two.
Thus, the three pyramids of Giza are a kind of map of the three stars from Orion's Belt, and they not only accurately reflect their relative position, but also characterize their stellar magnitude with their relative sizes.
Further research has shown that the monuments of Giza as a whole are placed so that they form a map of the sky. But this map does not look at all the way it should have looked in the era of the IV dynasty (2500 BC), but the way it looked (and only that way!)
about 10450 BC (it seems to us that more precisely - in 10478 BC. - A.V.). In other words, this sky map takes into account the changes that occur as a result of the precession...
Recall that precession is the extremely slow movement of the Earth's axis of rotation along a circular cone, the cycle of which lasts 25,980 years. It is clear that this phenomenon is hardly noticeable and can be recorded during long-term observations of the stars.
Surprisingly, the “true builders” of the Giza pyramids, orienting the shafts of the burial chambers of the Queen’s Chamber and the Pharaoh’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid strictly to certain stars, knew that these stars would change their position over time, but their orientation would be repeated after a certain time according to the cyclic law as a result of precession .
And the “true builders” also knew that this orientation of the shaft would, as it were, “fix” some “time point” from the general cycle of time ... But why did they mention 10,450 (or 10,478) BC? Why did the “true builders” of the pyramids of Giza want to attract someone's attention to this date? ..
R. Bauval found that the position of the pyramids of the Giza complex always approximately reproduces the position of the stars of Orion's Belt, but exactly corresponds to it, as Bauval said, only in one case:
“In 10,450 BC - and only! -the location of the pyramids on Earth exactly reflects the location of the stars in the sky... Firstly, completely by chance, the Milky Way as it was seen in Giza in 10450 BC, exactly; secondly, to the west of the Milky Way, the three stars of Orion's Belt were at their minimum height according to the precession cycle...”
Let's say a few words about a date very close to the above, namely 10,478 BC. In the book "Secrets of Atlantis", published by the publishing house "Veche"
The reason for this was the approach of Halley's comet to the Earth and the intense "bombardment" of the latter by fragments - the comet's companions. So, the date 10478 BC is also the time of the next subsequent approach of the two above-mentioned celestial bodies, which, apparently, coincided with the lowest point of the precessional cycle of the constellation Orion.
Perhaps the “true builders” of the pyramids, who decided to create an eternal memorial in Giza in 10478 BC, were representatives of a highly developed human civilization, which could also be called ... Platonic Atlantis!
And the gap of 8000 years between the dating of the beginning of the construction of the pyramids and, possibly, its completion is, of course, a long time. However, it is not too long for a purposeful cult that has set itself the goal of passing on to its descendants information about the worldwide cataclysm that happened on Earth about a thousand years earlier, and that the almost complete destruction of humanity is an integral part of its life on our planet, what is the event has apparently happened many times already and will probably happen again ...
WHY WERE THE PYRAMIDS BUILT?
At first glance, it may seem strange to pose the question: why was it necessary to build pyramids? Orthodox Egyptology gives an unequivocal answer to it: for the burial of the mummy of the deceased pharaoh, so that his soul finds eternal rest after death.
Yes, there is no doubt that the pyramids built earlier were used by the Egyptians as tombs. But were they originally intended for this? .. And this is far from an idle question, "because they have-
There are good enough grounds, if not to refute, then at least to doubt the Egyptologists' assertion...
So, for example, there is a fairly widespread opinion that such giants as the Great Pyramid (and others like it) served not only as the tombs of the pharaohs. Many ancient authors believed that in terms of the size, shape, and wall inscriptions of the pyramids, their builders, who had a deeper knowledge of the Universe than we, the people of the 21st century, tried to preserve them for future generations.
Some modern researchers agree with this point of view, who sincerely doubt that such a gigantic and complex structure as the pyramid of Cheops was built only as a tomb, even one of the greatest and most powerful pharaohs.
If we assume that the Great Pyramid is a tombstone, then it should contain the pharaoh's mummy, its accompanying treasures and utensils, which the ancient Egyptians usually placed next to the deceased in the belief that it would be useful to him in the afterlife. At the same time, it is known that the first “cracker” of the Cheops pyramid, the Baghdad caliph al-Maamoun, did not find anything of the kind in it. However, as noted above, it is not clear whether all the premises of the pyramid are known today ...
The mysticism of the pyramids for many centuries was fueled, as it was believed until recently, by the unbridled imagination of Herodotus, who is “guilty” of spreading the legend that the pyramid of Cheops was erected over an underground lake, in the middle of which there is an island where the pharaoh and his countless treasures are buried. . By the way, in the last years of the 20th century, the Russian builder A.A. Vasiliev put forward a hypothesis that confirms ... the correctness of Herodotus.
At the end of November 1986, Moskovsky Komsomolets published an article by N. Bondrovsky and S. Kashnitsky “The Last Riddle of the Sphinx”, which refers to
hypothesis A.A. Vasiliev. This researcher suggested that the pyramid of Cheops was not built at all as Herodotus tells (from hundreds of thousands of individual blocks), but is, in essence, a built-up rock.
A. Vasiliev reconstructed the pyramid construction technology, from which it followed that in addition to the well-known galleries, the pyramid should also have a hidden tunnel. It is he who, as the author of the hypothesis believed, can lead researchers to the tomb of the pharaoh and his treasures. A. Vasiliev offered to test his hypothesis and pointed out several “distinctive points” in the pyramid, the study of which could confirm it (the hypothesis).
So, Nikolai Bondrovsky decided during his trip to Egypt to tackle the “Vasiliev problem”. It should be noted that Bondrovsky was very lucky in this regard, because, thanks to the support of the Egyptian authorities, he "ended up in the pyramid not as a tourist, but as a researcher." He calmly photographed everything and visited places where “mere mortals” were not even allowed to come close.
Bondrovsky, unfortunately, neither confirmed nor refuted the hypothesis of our compatriot. It turned out that Vasiliev was mistaken in some of his assumptions. Some of the “points” proposed for verification simply turned out to be inaccessible. But it was confirmed that "the passages in the pyramid are punched in the rocky ground." True, to determine to what height this is true, it turned out to be impossible. In addition, Bondrovsky “managed to see the block that, according to Vasilyev, closes the entrance to the secret gallery. This is an amazing discovery!”...
In an interview with S. Arsenyeva (“If the Sphinx laughs ..,” “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, December 16, 1994), to her question: “Why haven’t you organized a serious expedition yet?”, N. Bondrovsky answered:
“Having devoted several years to this problem, I realized that attempts of this kind are ineffective. It's funny, you know
Many people believe that the Egyptian pyramids are in the desert. Dig to your health ... Nothing like that!
The pyramids are located on the outskirts of Cairo, in a residential area called Giza. The Pyramid of Cheops... is guarded better than our mausoleum. And I have not the slightest doubt that the EGYPTIANS KNOW PERFECTLY WHAT AND WHERE IT IS. It would be strange to think that they just sit and wait for the smart Japanese, Americans or French to discover their secrets! The pyramid is regularly repaired, restored, and EGYPTIAN SCIENTISTS KNOW EVERYTHING THAT IS PUBLISHED ON THIS THEME IN THE WORLD, ALL OUR HYPOTHESES AND FANTASIES... Obtaining permission to conduct an expedition is a whole problem. There are dozens of world-famous universities in line. I suspect that IF THE APPLICATION PROVIDES SOMETHING REALLY POSSIBLE TO LEAD TO THE PYRAMID MYSTERIES, THE EXPEDITION WILL NEVER HAPPEN. There are several reasons for this. First, the simplest: tourism is not the last source of income for the country, and the pyramids are a magnet for tourists. Especially when they keep their secrets. Agree: a gutted treasury, despite all its antiquity, is much less attractive. Another reason is less obvious. There are legends (not only in Egypt) that the discovery of the secret of the Sphinx and the pyramids is directly connected ... with the end of the world ... It is quite natural that there is hardly an eccentric who will allow anyone to conduct such risky experiments in his house . There are also technical difficulties: Egyptian scientists are well aware of how quickly the most valuable finds turn into ashes, except, probably, gold, if they are not immediately conserved on the spot. So far it's too hard.
In short, the DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITS IS VERY CAREFUL THAT NOBODY FINDS ANYTHING OUT OF THING. All research results must be made available to him by the scientists, and ONLY THE DEPARTMENT DETERMINES WHAT PART OF THE INFORMATION CAN BE PUBLISHED.”
The opinion of N. Bondrovsky can be trusted. This is evidenced by this fact...
It is known that in China, near the city of Xian, Europeans at the end of the 20th century “discovered” several dozen pyramids. The German archaeologist Hartwig Hausdorff and his Austrian colleague Peter Krass visited this area of China and drew attention to the fact that the Chinese had been planting the slopes of earthen pyramids with fast-growing trees and shrubs for several years.
As the pyramids were studied, scientists came to the conclusion that these landings were carried out deliberately in order to “disguise” the pyramids as natural hills. P. Krass asked one of the leading Chinese archaeologists, Professor Qia Nai, why scientists do not open the pyramids to study their contents.
“This is a matter for future generations,” Qia Nai replied. It is possible that the Chinese do not dare to undertake such studies for fear of discovering in the pyramids certain material evidence of events that can “overturn” today's ideas about the history of China, and even about the ancient history of mankind!..
However, let's go back to Egypt and try to sum up some results...
Yes, the pyramids at Tiza are grandiose... But they are not inferior to the “pyramids” of hypotheses and assumptions about their true purpose and role in the ancient history of mankind that have appeared over many centuries, as well as in recent decades. Already a simple list of some of the versions put forward, and sometimes speculation, says a lot ...
So, what are the Egyptian pyramids of Giza? They may be:
Tombs or cenotaphs (false tombs) of the pharaohs,
encyclopedias of knowledge,
Stone textbooks on astronomy, geometry, etc.,
astronomical observatories,
Solar temples (clocks), annually marking the periods of equinoxes,
Theodolites for taking plans of the area,
Barrages against the advancing desert sands,
border fortresses,
Shelters from floods and floods,
- "beacons" of the desert,
Granaries (granaries of the biblical Joseph),
Anti-nuclear shelters from the effects of "divine weapons",
Moorings for the biblical ark of Noah,
lightning rods
Architectural standards containing a specific building module,
Temple of the Grail
Alien information capsule
UFO landing pad, etc.
So, everything that is known about the pyramids has been known for a long time. We know everything or almost everything about them ... It is today that scientists come up with various useful applications for them to justify the appearance of the pyramids, argue fiercely about whether they were granaries, observatories or a UFO mooring ...
However, more than a hundred years ago, books were published in which the pyramids are called, for example, places for various magical and religious ceremonies, including initiations and initiations. But even now orthodox scientists treat this mystical literature with disgust...
“As follows from the analysis of the composition of the pyramids in Giza, they were conceived and designed as a single interconnected complex of structures with a common multi-purpose purpose, and at the same time, each of the objects performed its own functions peculiar only to it...
In my work ... I made an assumption that, apparently, a previous civilization (possibly Atlantis) prepared drawings, technology and a place for the construction of pyramids 10 thousand years ago, and possibly made some breakdown of them on the ground , and found a way to pass documents to their descendants for millennia to come. The coincidence of the configuration of the pyramids with Orion's Belt indicates that underground work and work of the zero cycle were carried out on the Giza plateau 12,500 years ago ...
Approximately 12.5 thousand years ago, there was a transition from the era of the Virgin to the era of the Lion... Preparations for laying the foundations of the pyramids and the creation of the Great Sphinx were carried out about 13,000 years ago... The Sphinx was carved at a turning point - with its head to the east. That is, where in 13 thousand years a new transition will take place, but already the points of the autumn equinox from the constellation Virgo to the constellation Leo. The cycle of precession will end, and this end will be as difficult and unimaginably dangerous for humanity as the previous one, which entailed the death of Atlantis.
Thus, from the foregoing, we can conclude that any Egyptian pharaoh who built the pyramid did not determine its purpose and did not choose the place for its installation. In fact, it was not the pharaoh who built the pyramid: he only exercised control over the construction.
At the same time, the powerful apparatus of the priests, as it were, supervised its creation, although it is very likely that the priests also did not know the ultimate goals of construction ...
As if confirming everything said above and developing further, A. Chernyaev in his last book “The time of the pyramids is the time of Russia. A single concept”, published in collaboration with S.N. Udalova in 2000, expressed the following idea:
“... The fields of the pyramids, erected for almost a millennium, formed on the surface of Ancient Egypt the CONTOUR of a GIANT EGG, about 85 kilometers long, and the sharp end of this contour is directed strictly to the south.
This is the main goal of the Creator, which, unconsciously or consciously, painfully and joyfully, the people of Egypt have been fulfilling for many centuries, creating “separate”, “accidentally planted” pyramids in the desert, as if by the will of their “tormentors” - pharaohs ... That is why the peak of the giant pyramid building ends with Giza, and subsequent pyramids became qualitatively different - imitators. TO DIVERSE ATTENTION FROM THE CONFIGURATION FORMED BY THE PYRAMIDS, THEY STARTED TO BE BUILT STRUCTURALLY OF POOR QUALITY, TRANSFERING THE ATTENTION OF FUTURE GENERATIONS OF RESEARCHERS FROM THE EXTERNAL PART OF THE PYRAMIDS TO THE INTERNAL, FILLING IN FOR THIS INTERNAL ROOMS WITH VARIOUS RELIGIOUS TEXTS...”
“All... factors turn out to be unproven, when it turns out that the “random” method of erecting the pyramids “outlined”, in the end, on an area - 85x55 kilometers.
GO EGGS - a symbol of the rebirth of life, thereby proving that the construction of the pyramids was carried out by the hands of people according to the Creator's outline and with a specific purpose”...
A. Chernyaev talks about the “giant” or “huge” contour of the egg, which forms the complex of pyramids in Egypt, but he does not explain in any way the prerequisites for the “origin” of this pyramidal formation ... Perhaps, to some extent, for the first time discovered by A. Chernyaev “PYRAMID EGG” is associated with the representation of the African Dogon tribe, about which A. Chernyaev writes in his book:
“... In this description (we are talking about the formation by the Dogon deity Amma of all the spiral-star worlds of our world. - A. V. ^, two things are striking: the creation of a "living spiral Universe -" the Egg of the World "", "infinite, but measurable"... and the unity of all living things. It should be noted that MODERN SCIENCE HAS NOT GROWED TO SUCH A LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING THE UNIVERSE, it has been sucked in by the so-called Big Bang theory. Or, which is the same thing, the theory of the dead Universe.”
So, despite their venerable age, or perhaps just because of this, the Egyptian pyramids continue to turn heads today to those scientists and adventurers who are sincerely convinced that not all the secrets of these colossi have been revealed. Whether such a statement is justified - will be shown by further research, if no one interferes with them, of the Egyptian pyramids ...
The pyramids of Egypt are simply amazing, legends and myths make you hold your breath and listen with admiration. Scientists and researchers for most of the centuries have been trying to get, in the truest sense of the word, to the truth that the most unique man-made wonders of the world keep inside themselves!
In accordance with the Egyptian religion, the pyramids were needed for people who had gone to the afterlife, because, together with embalmed bodies, all the things a person needed, everything that he needed during his lifetime were buried there: precious jewelry, clothes, household utensils and other items. that he might need in another life.
It is believed that the larger and higher the pyramid, the more powerful and richer the person was during his lifetime. Now, looking at such large structures, it is difficult to imagine what kind of riches the pharaohs should have owned, and that all this was built by human hands, for all that, it should be taken into account that all buildings were carried out manually, without the use of special building equipment.
And when you still look at the numbers, it will seem completely unrealistic - the area of \u200b\u200bthe largest and well-known pyramid of Cheops is 85,000 m3, the length of each side of the pyramid is 230 m and the height is almost 150 m. To really imagine how much it is, then just remember a 9-storey house, its area is approximately 10,000 m3. These numbers are truly shocking! The most fascinating thing is that it took only 20 years to create such a thug!
Shrouded in mystery from creation itself. To this day, scientists do not agree on when and by whom the pyramids were built. Representations are generally divided into 2 theories:
1st - that the pyramids were built long before the first Egyptians by aliens;
The second one says that it was the Egyptians who were the creators of these unique objects.
Together with this, they do not stop arguing about the actual purpose of the pyramids. Some believe that the famous pyramids at Giza were intended as beacons for alien ships, showing the course to the Sinai desert, which served as a typical port. This version is confirmed by a picture taken by NASA's galactic ship from space.
If you superimpose a map of Egypt on a map of the starry sky, you will notice that the placement of the pyramids coincides with the stars, the placement of the Nile can be compared with the Milky Way, and the three pyramids in Giza are recognized as Orion's belt. But not everything matches - 2 monuments of the 5th dynasty do not fall into such a cipher, but they are not stars, but they are 2 parallel medians.
Archaeologists have found unique ancient Egyptian manuscripts and texts, which, according to legend, were acquired in ancient times from Nefers - people with divine abilities who lived in Atlantis.
And these are no longer some hypotheses, there is real documentary evidence for this. Whoever the Gods worshiped in Egypt were, ordinary mortal people who knew the laws of the Universe or aliens, they gave the Egyptians knowledge that we have not yet known. In particular, the knowledge of the synchronization of heaven and earth was glorified in history by the Egyptians by building the entire pyramid complex in strict accordance with the map of the starry sky.
Like the stars, the pyramids of Egypt are very diverse, we can only solve the riddles hidden in the majestic structures that have transferred the most ancient knowledge through the centuries. There is a legend that when all the doors are open and the last riddle is solved, the end of the world will come. But along with this, there is another legend, which says that in the pyramids, like in the others, hidden knowledge is hidden that will help reveal the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids, and together with them the secrets of the philosophy of the world.
While the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids remain secrets and excite our fantasies, no one has yet been able to guess them, maybe because they are looking in the wrong place; after all, one of the legends says that the secret is hidden not on the walls and in the writings, but in the structures themselves, this knowledge is the source of a separate energy that is destined to be read only to the chosen one!
