Introduction………………………………………………………………………3
The evolution of the personality of Pierre Bezukhov……………………………………..4
Conclusion……………………………………………………………...10
Used literature……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The evolution of the personality of Pierre Bezukhov
In receiving humanity c. Tolstoy draws two parallels: the story of the individual development of a gradually seeing man, who finally found the revelation and the truth of life, and the moment of the collective movement of mankind, led by the finger of Providence. The first parallel is depicted by gr. Pierre Bezukhov, the second - the Napoleonic massacres and the Patriotic War of the 12th year. A major event was not chosen without a purpose: if it is proved, the author thinks, that people are senseless ants in grandiose positions, similar to the warlike era of Napoleon, then, of course, in all other cases they do not deserve comparison even with aphids.
There are many different characters in the novel: men and women, gray-haired Catherine's elders and children in diapers, princes, counts, peasants, generalissimos and subtle diplomats, generals and soldiers; even three emperors appear on the stage; but all these persons serve only as additional proof of the irrefutable fidelity of the idea personified in gr. Bezukhov and the Napoleonic movement.
Roman gr. Tolstoy begins with an image of the emptiness of high society morals, with which he introduces the reader, introducing him to the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, the maid of honor and approximate empress Maria Feodorovna. In the same salon, the author shows his hero. Pierre Bezukhov, a fat, clumsy gentleman, taller than usual, broad, with huge red hands, unable to enter the salon and even less to get out of it, that is, before leaving, to say something especially pleasant. In addition, the hero is very scattered. So, getting up to leave, instead of his hat, he grabbed a triangular hat with a general's plume and held it, pulling the sultan, until the general asked to return it. But all his absent-mindedness and inability to enter the salon, and he says that he proved especially by his ardent intercession for Napoleon and the attack on the Bourbons, was redeemed by an expression of good nature, simplicity and modesty. Pierre, the natural son of Count Bezukhov, from the age of ten was sent abroad with a tutor-abbot, where he stayed until the age of twenty. When he returned to Moscow, the count dismissed the abbot and said to the young man: “Now go to Petersburg, look around and choose. I agree to everything; Here is a letter for you to Prince Vasily, and here is money for you. And so Pierre arrived in Petersburg and did not know where to place his large and fat body. Go to the military, but that means fighting against Napoleon, i.e. help England and Austria against the greatest man in the world. Having not decided on the choice of path, Pierre joined the company of drunken revelers, who were run by Prince Kuragin. What kind of life it was, the reader can see from the tricks of Dolokhov, who, drunk, bet that, sitting on the window of the third floor and lowering his legs to the street, he would drink a bottle of rum in one gulp. Everyone was delighted, and Pierre was inspired to the point that he offered to repeat the same thing and already climbed onto the window, but he was pulled off. Revelry and debauchery, nightly visits by some ladies, fun with a bear, to the back of which they even once tied a quarter warden - these are the exploits of a hero whose moral enlightenment c. Tolstoy wants to determine the depth of that wisdom that should guide every person. Some kind of force wanders in Pierre's large body, but where it rushes - the person does not know; he has nothing precisely defined, clearly worked out. Surrendering to his uncultivated wildness, Pierre does all sorts of savagery, and just as he, for no apparent reason, simply from the confusion of strength, wanted to repeat Dolokhov's trick, so he marries the beautiful Helen. Why did he need to get married? The high-society Anna Pavlovna decided to attach Helen, and the good-natured Pierre fell like chickens. Perhaps Pierre would have passed the nets, but it so happened that at one evening of Anna Pavlovna Pierre found himself so close to Helen that he “with his short-sighted eyes could not help distinguishing the lively charm of her shoulders, neck, lips, and that it cost him only a little bend down to touch her. He could hear the warmth of her body, the smell of her perfume, and the creak of her corset as she moved. He saw not her marble beauty, but one that was one with the dress; he saw and felt all the beauty of her body, which was covered only by clothes. So well says Mr. Tolstoy. We only wonder why Pierre got married a month and a half later, and not at the same second when he felt the warmth and all the charm of Helen's body.
Having done one stupidity, Pierre inevitably had to produce a number of still new stupidities. He was captivated only by a beautiful body, and he had no other stronger moral ties with Helen. Therefore, it is not surprising that the beautiful body of Helen, who married Pierre by calculation, soon reached out to other, more beautiful men than her husband, and Pierre began to be jealous. For what? For what? what did he have in common with Helen? Pierre knows nothing, understands nothing. His broad, passionate nature, placed in a huge body, can only get excited and boil. He is angry with Dolokhov, as with his wife's lover, and, finding fault with a trifle, calls him a scoundrel. A duel follows, that is, a new stupidity, all the more capital stupidity and revealing the whole uncultivated expanse of Pierre's nature, that he never held a pistol in his hands in his life, that he not only does not know how to load a pistol, but even how to pull the trigger. But there are forces over a person that force him to go one way and not the other, - meditates and intensifies to prove gr. Tolstoy. At the place of the duel, Pierre even took it into his head to justify Dolokhov for what he had previously called a scoundrel. “Perhaps I would have done the same in his place,” thought Pierre. “Even probably I would have done the same; why this duel, this murder? Either I will kill him, or he will hit me in the head, in the elbow, in the knee. To leave here, to run away, to close somewhere, it occurred to Pierre. And despite such fair reflections, Pierre, to the remarks of the second, who wanted to try on the enemies - that there was no offense on either side and that it was not necessary to talk to Dolokhov, he answered: no, what to talk about, it doesn’t matter ... And just like that fate, which forced Pierre to marry for no reason, for no reason to go to a duel, arranged so that Pierre, who did not even know how to pull the trigger, shot the famous bully Dolokhov.
After the duel, Pierre, constantly thinking in hindsight, began to wonder why he had said to Helen before his marriage: "Je vous aime." “I am guilty and must bear ... what? The shame of the name, the misfortune of life? uh, everything is nonsense and shame of the name, and honor, everything is conditional, everything is independent of me. Louis XVI was executed because they said that he was dishonorable and a criminal, it occurred to Pierre, and they were right from their point of view, just like those who were martyred for him and canonized him as saints . Then Robespierre was executed for being a despot. Who is right, who is wrong? - no one. But live and live: tomorrow you will die, as you could have died an hour ago. And is it worth it to suffer when one second remains to live in comparison with eternity. Then Pierre decided that he needed to "part" with his wife. He couldn't stay under the same roof as her. He will leave her a letter in which he will announce that he intends to be separated from her forever and is leaving tomorrow. But then his wife enters and announces to him that he is a fool and an ass, and that the whole world knows this, that he, drunk, not remembering himself, challenged a man whom he is jealous without any reason to a duel. - Hm ... hm ... mumbles at this Pierre. “And why could you believe that he is my lover, why? because I love his company? If you were smarter and nicer, I would prefer yours.” Pierre loses his temper, grabs a marble board from the table, waves at his wife and shouts: “I will kill you!” If the reader remembers that Pierre pressed nails into the wall, he will understand that the marble board in the hands of such a Goliath represented some danger. “God knows what Pierre would have done at that moment if Helen had not run out of the room,” the author notes.
Apparently, it is not clear why Mr. Tolstoy chose such a raw, wild nature as his hero. After all, this is an unbridled Mongol. Why is he called a count, why should he be given an abbot as an tutor, why should he be sent abroad for ten years? Raw strength, heartfelt impulse - that's the basis of Pierre's character. His roaming power, fitting in the body of Goliath with the mind of an ostrich, of course, cannot come to any European results. But that is precisely what is needed. Tolstoy: otherwise his philosophy, based on raw, direct force, will lose ground. What he needs is the fatalism of the East, and not the reason of the West.
After his explanation with his wife, Pierre went to Petersburg and at the station, in Torzhok, met with some mysterious gentleman. The mysterious gentleman was a squat, broad-boned, yellow, wrinkled old man with gray, hanging eyebrows over shining, indefinite grayish eyes. The mysterious stranger, speaking, underlined every word and, like a prophet, knew what had happened to Pierre. “You are not happy, my lord,” said the mysterious old man to Pierre. “You are young, I am old. I would like to help you to the best of my ability. But if for any reason you find it unpleasant to talk to me, then you say so, my lord. Pierre was struck by the mystery and the whole appearance of the incomprehensible old man, and, like a completely warm-hearted person, timidly submitted to a force incomprehensible to him. Here, only for the first time, Pierre felt that everything he did was not that he was not able to comprehend life with his mind or heart, and that wisdom and truth flowed like a key past him, nor watering his soul. The highest wisdom is not based on reason, not on those secular sciences of physics, history and chemistry into which mental knowledge breaks down. There is only one supreme wisdom. The highest wisdom has one science, the science of everything, the science that explains all the universes and the place occupied by man in it... improve. And to achieve these goals, the light of God, called conscience, is embedded in our soul. Look with spiritual eyes at your inner man and ask yourself: are you satisfied with yourself? What have you achieved with one mind? What are you? “You are young, you are rich, you are smart, educated, my lord. What have you done from all these blessings given to you by God? ”said the mysterious old man, and Pierre, broken to tears, felt that until now he had done nothing but stupid things. Moreover, he did not even believe in God. The conversation with the Freemason made a deep impression on Pierre, and the first of the external influences made him look at least a little into himself. Pierre was not a hopeless fool, but he had a broad Russian nature. Pierre could not think well, but he could feel well if external circumstances favored it. Gr. Tolstoy puts him in positions that should personify a philosophy that convinces of the mental insignificance of the West and the superiority of the direct feeling of the Russian broad nature, which does not need a mind to find the truth.
Essay text:
Pierre is one of those people who are strong only when they feel completely pure.
L. Tolstoy. Diary
On the pages of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" I, we meet many people who undergo moral evolution, the development of ideas, and a change in worldview in the course of various events. One of these people is Pierre Bezukhov, whose life path was complex and difficult, but in whom the thirst for self-improvement, personal development, the search for freedom and truth never quenched.
Raised abroad, the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, Pierre appears before us as a free-thinking person, but far enough from real Russian reality, as a result of which he becomes an obedient toy in the hands of cunning and dishonest people.
Having become the legitimate Count Bezukhov, Pierre acquires the status of a noble and rich person, marrying the capricious and soulless, but surprisingly beautiful Helen. Over time, Bezukhov begins to burden the idle and parasitic lifestyle that he leads, because he; see how false the society to which he belongs. Forced to live according to his laws, Pierre does some business, attends balls and salons, shoots himself in a duel with Dolokhov, realizing the senselessness of such an existence. Disappointed, he parted with his wife, leaving her almost all of his fortune, and leaves, tormented questions about the meaning of life and the place of man in it.
Brought up on the ideas of the French enlighteners, Bezukhov completely denies God, but he, like every Russian person, needs some kind of faith. So he becomes a Mason. Easily succumbing to the external charm of Freemasonry, Pierre is almost happy. He feels strong, because now he can figure out where is the truth and where is the lie. However, it did not take Pierre so long to understand that those who preach poverty and the correctness of life themselves live in a lie, and all their rituals only cover up the falsity of their behavior, the desire to extract their own benefit.
At one time, Pierre was extremely attracted to the image of Napoleon; he also wanted to go ahead, to be strong and invincible. However, with the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, this passion passes, Pierre realizes that he worshiped a despot and a villain, and therefore an empty idol. Staying in Moscow, Pierre even imbued with the idea of killing Napoleon, but his plan fails, and Bezukhov is captured by the French.
In captivity, Pierre Bezukhov meets Platon Karataev, and this man gives him a completely new understanding of the world and the role of man in it, answering the questions: why live and what am I? Bezukhov only develops and deepens this new understanding for himself: "I lived for myself and ruined my life. And only now, when I live ... for others, only now I understand the happiness of my life."
Tolstoy wrote: "There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness, and truth." And the whole point of the ideological and moral evolution of Pierre Bezukhov consists in the gradual overcoming of individualistic self-affirmation, in self-denial for the good and benefit of others.
After returning from captivity, Pierre already looks at life and at the people around him with different eyes, he strives to actively change reality, because now even the thought of a parasitic lifestyle is hateful to him: "If vicious people are interconnected and constitute strength, then honest people you just have to do the same."
After the end of the war, Pierre marries Natasha Rostova. And she, after her suffering, and he, after all the misfortunes and doubts, find true happiness in their love. But Pierre does not calm down and enters into a secret society. It is possible that soon, "joining hand in hand with those who love good," he will come to Senate Square.
For Tolstoy, it is extremely important not only the results of the search for the heroes, but also the paths they went through, cancer as paths eҭi reveal the true content of life, brightly illuminate the real relationships that exist in the world. Pierre Bezukhov's search for truth is also peculiar, but fero was dictated by time, circumstances, surrounding people, to the lyricist it is no less important for us than those truths that the hero comprehended by the time we parted with him.
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Ideological and moral evolution of the personality of Pierre Bezukhov
Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is the greatest epic work of world literature of the 19th century. Its action lasts for fifteen years. Few writers have managed to combine the description of the major events of history with the scenes of the everyday life of the heroes of the work, so that they do not overshadow each other, but harmoniously merge into a single whole. For Tolstoy, the life of one person is the historical life of the entire nation. However, in the raging sea of persons that fill the novel, the personality that is central to the work stands out - this is Pierre Bezukhov.
The reader meets Pierre in the very first chapter of the novel, in the high society salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer. It is in this "spinning workshop", filled with indifferent people - "spindles", that the sincerity and naturalness of Pierre stand out so contrasting with this society. “One living person among all our world,” says Prince Andrei Bolkonsky about Pierre.
Pierre, the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, returned from abroad three months ago and has not yet determined his future career. His character has not yet been formed, he is young, knows life poorly and hardly understands people. Since Pierre was deprived of a family, he constantly needs a teacher, a mentor. But the desire to gain spiritual support does not prevent Pierre from maintaining his individuality and going through life in his own way.
The first serious blow of fate for Pierre was his marriage to Helen. He turned out to be unarmed against the deceit and deceit of the Kuragins, who lured him into their networks. But morally, Pierre turned out to be much higher than these people: he took the blame for what happened. It will always be so in the future.
A turning point in Pierre's life can be considered a duel with Dolokhov. Having accepted someone else's rules of the game, he seriously thought about his life and came to the conclusion that he was lying to himself. This led Pierre to the desire to turn his fate into a different moral direction.
In Pierre's soul, "the main screw on which his whole life rested" curled up. He crossed out the past, but did not know what the future would be. "What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate?
Why live and what am I ... ”At this moment of crisis, Pierre met the freemason Osip Alekseevich Bazdeev, and a new, as it seemed to him, purifying star shone over him.
Disillusionment with Freemasonry did not come all at once or suddenly. Pierre was faced with hypocrisy, careerism, passion for the external attributes of rituals, and most importantly, he did not feel connected with real, everyday life. At the same time, he failed in his good intentions to change the position of the serfs - Pierre was too far from the people's troubles and problems. Dissatisfaction with himself again came, that driving force that did not allow the spiritual fire to go out in him. This is how readers find Pierre on the verge of the Patriotic War of 1812, which became a fateful turning point for many heroes of the novel.
It is no coincidence that we see the battle of Borodino partly through the eyes of Pierre, a non-military man who could not help but be where the fate of his Fatherland was decided. Here, Count Bezukhov became close to ordinary soldiers. He was struck by their fearlessness, stamina and kindness. They were morally superior and purer than Pierre. He began to think about how to become like them, "how to throw off all this superfluous, devilish, all the burden of this outside world."
Then there was desecrated Moscow, and the romantic idea of killing Napoleon, and rescuing a girl, and a fight with the French, and captivity. In captivity, Pierre witnessed the senseless and cruel execution of Russian prisoners. This shock seemed to pull out the spring on which faith in life, in God, in man was kept in his soul. And Pierre felt that he himself could not revive this faith. He was saved by a meeting with Platon Karataev.
"The previously destroyed world now moved in his soul with new beauty on some new and unshakable foundations." Amazed and fascinated, Pierre watched Platosha and saw his amazing kindness and diligence, he listened to his songs and sayings, plunging into the world of folk life. Pierre felt that he had found peace and harmony with himself, which he had been looking for for so long. He saw how close the happiness he longed for was. It was in the satisfaction of the simplest and most natural needs of man. The meeting with Karataev helped Pierre feel like a part of a whole vast world: “And all this is mine, and all this is in me, and all this is me!”
Pierre Bezukhov returned home morally renewed. He realized that the purpose and meaning of life is life itself, in all its manifestations. “Life is everything. Life is God." Pierre learned to see the great and eternal in the petty and worldly. He learned to love and understand people, and they were drawn to him.
All this time, a tender and admiring love for Natasha lived in Pierre's soul. Both of them had changed during the war, but these spiritual changes only brought them closer. So a new family was born - the Bezukhov family.
In the epilogue, we see Pierre, carried away by radical ideas of changing the social order. According to Tolstoy's plan, the hero of the novel had to survive the collapse of "false hopes" and, having returned from exile to Siberia, come to an understanding of the true laws of life.
In the image of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy revealed to us, on the one hand, the characteristic personality of his era, on the other, he showed the moral quest of a person who is looking for his way in the seething ocean of life. Only the desire for self-improvement could lead the hero, according to the author, to such high spiritual boundaries.
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Pierre Bezukhov is one of the most beloved heroes of L.N. Tolstoy. His spiritual quests are universal in nature, and in the metaphysical plan of the novel, this image is the key to understanding the meaning of the great epic.
One of the valuable qualities of a person L.N. Tolstoy considered the ability to internal change, the desire for self-improvement. Therefore, we see that his favorite heroes - Natasha Rostova, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov - change, evolve, and the images opposed to them are static.
Pierre is an emotional and dreamy nature. He is intelligent, exceptionally kind, but at the same time an absent-minded and weak-willed person. His main goal is to search for "consent with himself", a calm harmonious life that would bring him moral satisfaction, but his life itself is full of ups and downs, joyful hopes and bitter disappointments.
By nature, Pierre is too malleable, soft, prone to doubts, therefore, secular life and its temptations draw him in, he becomes led by her, mired in revelry and revelry, but at the same time he understands the worthlessness of such a life. With horror, Pierre discovers that he has turned from a promising young man into an ordinary drone landowner: "Everything in himself and around him seemed to him confusing, meaningless and disgusting."
Bezukhov is in constant search for the truth of life, the meaning of human existence. Those questions that others did not even think about, on the contrary, did not give him rest. Endless spiritual quest led him to the Masonic lodge. Everything that its representatives said seemed to Pierre then the ultimate truth, despite the fact that much of the complex symbolism surrounding them was incomprehensible to him. Freemasonry, like everything for Pierre, is not a mask and not a means to move up the career ladder - all the spiritual work of previous years resulted in a sincere and strong sense of belonging to a "great harmonious whole." It was a happy time in his life when he saw the meaning of existence in religious truth. "We must live, we must love, we must believe," he says to his friend Bolkonsky in Bogucharovo. But later Pierre is disappointed in Freemasonry, realizing its falsity and insincerity.
The war of 1812, which broke all the old foundations, became a test for each individual, did not pass Pierre, interrupting his aimless life. With joy he gives up "wealth, convenience, comfort, which is the happiness of many people in peacetime," and goes to war.
The culmination of the novel was the depiction of the Battle of Borodino. And in the life of Pierre Bezukhov, this is also a decisive moment. He, not being a military man, takes part in the battle. Through his eyes, Tolstoy conveys his understanding of the historical life of Russia.
Pierre decided to kill Napoleon and for this purpose remains in Moscow, but is captured. In captivity, he meets with Platon Karataev, and this acquaintance marked the rapprochement of Tolstoy's beloved hero with the people. In captivity, he "... learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in the satisfaction of natural human needs ..."
Experiencing physical hardships, Pierre became happier and happier every day, as he realized that living in the world is a great happiness. Pierre was always looking for the meaning of life: "He was looking for it in philanthropy, in Freemasonry, in the distraction of secular life, in wine, in heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, in romantic love for Natasha. He was looking for this through thought, and all these searches and attempts deceived him ". And finally, thanks to Plato, this issue is resolved. Pierre finds "those calmness and contentment with himself, to which he vainly sought before."
The epilogue only confirms the lesson that Pierre learned during the Patriotic War of 1812. The immediacy, spiritualized sensuality of Natasha is similar to the folk sensitivity and responsiveness of Platon Karataev, it is not for nothing that Pierre remarks to his young wife that Karataev, if he were alive now, would approve of their family life. “He so desired to see beauty, happiness, calmness in everything, and I would proudly show him us,” the hero says, but to Natasha’s question: “Would he approve of you now?” - answers in the negative. Pierre returns to his spiritual quest "by way of thought". The good looks received from Karataev remained in the family life of the Bezukhovs. Unlike the dead essence of Pierre's first wife, Helen, Natasha is a spiritually rich person, the embodiment of a woman's main dignity - the ability to love, understand, feel. She "dissolved" in her husband, sincerely lived by his interests. The family shown in the epilogue by Tolstoy is a small model of the world, without which existence is impossible. Having brought the Bolkonskys, Rostovs and Pierre Bezukhov under the roof of one house, Tolstoy emphasizes his main idea: the family is the highest form of spiritual unity of people.
We learn that Pierre is infinitely happy, but shows a desire to join a secret society. Thus, the author gives us to understand that nothing has yet been finally decided, it is too early to sum up. And it is impossible, because life does not stand still. The hero's life is shown in dynamics, in constant motion. The main contradiction sounds again at the end of the novel - the contradiction between conscious life and immediate life, life of the mind and life of the heart.
Pierre does not stop there, he continues to look for something new. But now he is no longer following Karataev’s, but his own way: “He learned to see the great, eternal and infinite in everything ... and joyfully felt around him the ever-changing, eternally great, incomprehensible and endless life. And the closer he looked, the more he was calm and happy."
Pierre is one of those people
who are strong only when
when they feel quite clean.
L. Tolstoy. Diary
On the pages of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" we meet many people who, in the course of various events, undergo moral evolution, the development of ideas, and a change in worldview. One of these people is Pierre Bezukhov, whose life path was complex and difficult, but in whom the thirst for self-improvement, personal development, and the search for freedom and truth never quenched.
Raised abroad, the illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, Pierre appears before us as a free-thinking person, but far enough from real Russian reality, as a result of which he becomes an obedient toy in the hands of cunning and dishonest people.
Brought up on the ideas of the French enlighteners, Bezukhov completely denies God, but he, like every Russian person, needs some kind of faith. So he becomes a Mason. Easily succumbing to the external charm of Freemasonry, Pierre is almost happy. He feels strong, because now he can figure out where is the truth and where is the lie. However, it did not take Pierre so long to understand that those who preach poverty and the correctness of life themselves live in a lie, and all their rituals only cover up the falsity of their behavior, the desire to extract their own benefit. At one time, Pierre was extremely attracted to the image of Napoleon - he also wanted to go ahead , be strong and invincible. However, with the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, this passion passes, Pierre realizes that he worshiped a despot and a villain, which means an empty idol. Staying in Moscow, Pierre even imbued with the idea of killing Napoleon, but his plan fails, and Bezukhov is captured by the French.
In captivity, Pierre Bezukhov meets Platon Karataev, and this man gives him a completely new understanding of the world and the role of man in it, answering the questions: why live and what am I? Bezukhov only develops and deepens this new understanding for himself: “I lived for myself and ruined my life. And only now, when I live ... for others, only now I understand the happiness of my life.
Tolstoy wrote: "There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness, and truth." And the whole point of the ideological and moral evolution of Pierre Bezukhov lies in the gradual overcoming of individualistic self-assertion, in self-denial for the good and benefit of others.
After the end of the war, Pierre marries Natasha Rostova. And she, after her suffering, and he, after all the misfortunes and doubts, find real happiness in their love. But Pierre does not calm down and enters into a secret society. Perhaps soon, "having taken hand in hand with those who love goodness," he will come to Senate Square.
For Tolstoy, not only the results of the heroes' searches are extremely important, but also the paths they have traveled, since these paths reveal the true content of life, brightly illuminate the real relationships that exist in the world. Pierre Bezukhov's search for truth is also peculiar, but it was dictated by time, circumstances, surrounding people, so it is no less important for us than the truths that the hero comprehended by the time we parted with him.
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