From 1863 to 1877, Nekrasov wrote "Who in Rus' should live well." The idea, the characters, the plot changed several times in the process of work. Most likely, the idea was not fully revealed: the author died in 1877. Despite this, "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" as a folk poem is considered a complete work. It was supposed to be 8 parts, but only 4 were completed.
With the introduction of the characters, the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" begins. These heroes are seven men from the villages: Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Gorelovo, Crop failure, Znobishino, Razutovo, Neelovo. They meet and start a conversation about who lives happily and well in Rus'. Each man has his own opinion. One believes that the landowner is happy, the other - that the official. A merchant, a priest, a minister, a noble boyar, a tsar, a peasant from the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" is also called happy. The heroes began to argue, lit a fire. It even came to a fight. However, they fail to come to an agreement.
Self-assembly tablecloth
Suddenly, Pahom quite unexpectedly caught a chick. The little warbler, his mother, asked the peasant to set the chick free. She prompted for this, where you can find a self-assembled tablecloth - a very useful thing that will certainly come in handy on a long journey. Thanks to her, the men during the trip did not lack food.
Pop's story
The following events continue the work "To whom it is good to live in Rus'." The heroes decided to find out at any cost who lives happily and cheerfully in Rus'. They set off on the road. First on the way they met a pop. The men turned to him with the question of whether he lives happily. Then the pop spoke about his life. He believes (in which the peasants could not disagree with him) that happiness is impossible without peace, honor, wealth. Pop believes that if he had all this, he would be completely happy. However, he is obliged day and night, in any weather, to go where he is told - to the dying, to the sick. Every time the priest has to see human grief and suffering. He even sometimes lacks the strength to take retribution for his service, since people tear the latter away from themselves. Once upon a time, everything was completely different. Pop says that rich landowners generously rewarded him for funerals, baptisms, and weddings. However, now the rich are far away, and the poor have no money. The priest also has no honor: the peasants do not respect him, as many folk songs speak of.
Wanderers go to the fair
Wanderers understand that this person cannot be called happy, which is noted by the author of the work "Who Lives Well in Rus'". The heroes set off again and find themselves on the road in the village of Kuzminsky, at a fair. This village is dirty, although rich. There are a lot of establishments in which residents indulge in drunkenness. They drink their last money. For example, the old man did not have money left for shoes for his granddaughter, since he drank everything. All this is observed by wanderers from the work "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" (Nekrasov).
Yakim Nagoi
They also notice fairground entertainment and fights and talk about the fact that the peasant is forced to drink: this helps to endure hard work and eternal hardship. An example of this is Yakim Nagoi, a man from the village of Bosovo. He works to death, "drinks half to death." Yakim believes that if there were no drunkenness, there would be great sadness.
The wanderers continue on their way. In the work "To whom it is good to live in Rus'," Nekrasov says that they want to find happy and cheerful people, they promise to give these lucky people water for free. Therefore, a variety of people are trying to pass themselves off as such - a former courtyard suffering from paralysis, for many years licking plates for a master, exhausted workers, beggars. However, travelers themselves understand that these people cannot be called happy.
Ermil Girin
The men once heard about a man named Yermil Girin. His story is further told by Nekrasov, of course, he does not convey all the details. Ermil Girin is a burgomaster who was highly respected, a fair and honest person. He intended to buy the mill one day. The peasants lent him money without a receipt, they trusted him so much. However, there was a peasant revolt. Now Yermil is in jail.
Obolt-Obolduev's story
Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, one of the landowners, spoke about the fate of the nobles after They used to own a lot: serfs, villages, forests. Nobles could invite serfs to the house on holidays to pray. But after the master was no longer the full owner of the peasants. The wanderers knew perfectly well how difficult life was in the days of serfdom. But it is also not difficult for them to understand that it became much harder for the nobles after the abolition of serfdom. And the men are no longer easy. The wanderers understood that they would not be able to find a happy man among men. So they decided to go to the women.
Life of Matrena Korchagina
The peasants were told that in one village there lived a peasant woman named Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina, whom everyone called the lucky one. They found her, and Matrena told the peasants about her life. Nekrasov continues with this story "Who lives well in Rus'."
A brief summary of the life story of this woman is as follows. Her childhood was cloudless and happy. She had a working, non-drinking family. Mother cherished and cherished her daughter. When Matryona grew up, she became a beauty. A stove-maker from another village, Philip Korchagin, once wooed her. Matrena told how he persuaded her to marry him. This was the only bright memory of this woman in her entire life, who was hopeless and dreary, although her husband treated her well by peasant standards: he hardly beat her. However, he went to the city to work. Matryona lived in her father-in-law's house. Everyone treated her badly. The only one who was kind to the peasant woman was the very old grandfather Savely. He told her that for the murder of the manager he got to hard labor.
Soon Matryona gave birth to Demushka, a sweet and beautiful child. She could not part with him even for a minute. However, the woman had to work in the field, where her mother-in-law did not allow her to take the child. Grandfather Savely watched the baby. He once missed Demushka, and the child was eaten by pigs. They came from the city to sort it out, in front of the mother's eyes they opened the baby. This was a severe blow for Matryona.
Then five children were born to her, all boys. Matryona was a kind and caring mother. One day Fedot, one of the children, was tending sheep. One of them was carried away by a she-wolf. The shepherd was to blame for this, who should have been punished with whips. Then Matryona begged to be beaten instead of her son.
She also said that they once wanted to take her husband into the soldiers, although this was a violation of the law. Then Matrena went to the city, being pregnant. Here the woman met Elena Alexandrovna, a kind governor who helped her, and Matrena's husband was released.
The peasants considered Matryona a happy woman. However, after listening to her story, the men realized that she could not be called happy. There was too much suffering and trouble in her life. Matrena Timofeevna herself also says that a woman in Rus', especially a peasant woman, cannot be happy. Her lot is very hard.
Out of his mind landowner
The path to the Volga is held by wandering men. Here comes the mowing. People are busy with hard work. Suddenly, an amazing scene: the mowers are humiliated, pleasing the old master. It turned out that the landowner He could not understand what had already been canceled. Therefore, his relatives persuaded the peasants to behave as if it was still valid. They were promised for this. The men agreed, but were deceived once again. When the old master died, the heirs gave them nothing.
The Story of Jacob
Repeatedly on the way, wanderers listen to folk songs - hungry, soldier's and others, as well as various stories. They remembered, for example, the story of Jacob, the faithful serf. He always tried to please and appease the master, who humiliated and beat the serf. However, this led to the fact that Yakov loved him even more. The master's legs gave up in old age. Yakov continued to take care of him, as if he were his own child. But he didn't get any credit for it. Grisha, a young guy, Yakov's nephew, wanted to marry one beauty - a serf girl. Out of jealousy, the old master sent Grisha as a recruit. Jacob from this grief hit drunkenness, but then returned to the master and took revenge. He took him to the forest and hanged himself right in front of the master. Since his legs were paralyzed, he could not go anywhere. The master sat all night under Yakov's corpse.
Grigory Dobrosklonov - people's protector
This and other stories make men think that they will not be able to find happy people. However, they learn about Grigory Dobrosklonov, a seminarian. This is the son of a sexton, who has seen the suffering and hopeless life of the people since childhood. He made a choice in his early youth, decided that he would devote his strength to the struggle for the happiness of his people. Gregory is educated and smart. He understands that Rus' is strong and will cope with all troubles. In the future, Gregory will have a glorious path, the big name of the people's intercessor, "consumption and Siberia."
Men hear about this intercessor, but they still do not understand that such people can make others happy. This won't happen soon.
Heroes of the poem
Nekrasov depicted various segments of the population. Ordinary peasants become the main characters of the work. They were emancipated by the reform of 1861. But their life after the abolition of serfdom did not change much. The same hard work, hopeless life. After the reform, moreover, the peasants who had their own land found themselves in an even more difficult situation.
The characterization of the heroes of the work "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" can be supplemented by the fact that the author created surprisingly reliable images of peasants. Their characters are very accurate, although contradictory. Not only kindness, strength and integrity of character is in the Russian people. They retained at the genetic level obsequiousness, servility, readiness to submit to a despot and tyrant. The advent of Grigory Dobrosklonov, a new man, is a symbol of the fact that honest, noble, intelligent people appear among the downtrodden peasantry. May their fate be unenviable and difficult. Thanks to them, self-consciousness will arise in the peasant masses, and people will finally be able to fight for happiness. This is what the heroes and the author of the poem dream of. ON THE. Nekrasov ("Who Lives Well in Russia", "Russian Women", "Frost, and other works) is considered a truly folk poet, who was interested in the fate of the peasantry, its suffering, problems. The poet could not remain indifferent to his hard lot. The work of N. A. Nekrasov "Who in Russia is good to live" was written with such sympathy for the people, which makes even today to empathize with their fate at that difficult time.
IN chapter "Happy" on the way, the men will have a crowd of men and women. Many of the peasants they meet declare themselves "happy", but the peasants do not agree with everyone. The researchers noted an important feature in this list of “happy” - in general, they represent different peasant “professions”, their stories open up “almost all aspects of the life of the working masses: there is a soldier, and a stonemason, and a worker, and a Belarusian peasant, etc. .". In this episode, the wanderers themselves act as judges: they do not need to be convinced who is happy and who is not - they decide this issue on their own. And so they laughed at the "sacked sexton", who assured that happiness - "in complacency", in the acceptance of small joy; they laughed at the old woman, “happy” with the fact that “in the fall / Up to a thousand rap was born / On a small ridge.” They took pity on the old soldier, who considers it lucky that he "did not give in to death", having been in twenty battles. They respected the mighty stonemason, convinced that happiness is in strength, but still did not agree with him: “<...>But wouldn’t it be / It’s hard to wear with this happiness / Under old age? .. ”It is no coincidence that the story of a heroic peasant who lost both his strength and health in hard work and returned to his homeland to die immediately follows. Strength, youth and health are unreliable grounds for happiness. The Nekrasov peasants did not accept the “happiness” of the bear hunter, rejoicing that he was not killed, but only wounded in a fight with the beast, they do not recognize the happiness of the Belarusian, who received plenty of “bread”. In disgrace they drove away the footman Prince Peremetiev, who saw happiness in his servility. But Yermila Girin's happiness both to them and to many witnesses of these conversations seems very justified.
History of Ermila Girin It is no coincidence that it occupies a central place in the chapter. His story is both instructive and really makes you believe that a man can be happy. What is the happiness of Ermila Girin? Coming from peasants, he earned money with his mind and labor, at first he kept an "orphan's mill", then, when they decided to sell it, he decided to buy it. Deceived by the scoundrels, Yermil did not bring money for the auction, but the peasants who knew the honesty of Girin helped out: they collected the "worldly treasury" for a penny. "Mir" proved its strength, its ability to resist untruth. But "the world" helped Girin because everyone knew his life. And other stories from the life of Yermila Ilyich confirm his kindness and decency. Having sinned once, having sent a widow's son instead of his brother, Yermil repented before the people, ready to accept any punishment, any shame:
Yermil Ilyich himself came,
Barefoot, thin, with stocks,
With rope in hand
He came and said: "It was time,
I judged you according to your conscience,
Now I myself am more sinful than you:
Judge me!"
And bowed at our feet
Neither give nor take holy fool<...>
The men's journey could end with a meeting with Yermil Girin. His life corresponds to the popular understanding of happiness and includes: peace, wealth, honor obtained by honesty and kindness:
Yes! there was only one man!
He had everything he needed
For happiness: and peace,
And money and honor
Honor enviable, true,
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth,
Mind and kindness!
But it is no coincidence that Nekrasov ends the chapter with a story about the misfortune of the happy Girin. “If Nekrasov,” rightly believes B.Ya. Bukhshtab, - wanted to recognize a happy person like Girin, he could not introduce a prison situation. Of course, Nekrasov wants to show with this episode that happiness in Rus' is hindered by the oppression of the people, which in one way or another deprives the happiness of people who sympathize with the people.<...>. The happiness of a merchant who has acquired - albeit legally - a fair amount of capital, albeit a decent, kind person - this is not the happiness that could resolve the dispute of wanderers, because this happiness is not in the understanding that the poet wants to inspire the reader. We can assume another reason for such a finale of the chapter: Nekrasov wanted to show the insufficiency of all these terms for happiness. The happiness of one person, especially an honest one, is impossible against the background of universal misfortune.
Other articles on analysis poems "To whom it is good to live in Rus'".
HAPPY IN THE POEM. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was one of the first Russian poets who was deeply concerned about the theme of peasant life. He created his works in difficult years for Russia. It was already clear to everyone that serfdom had outlived itself and could no longer exist. But the reform of 1861 does not alleviate the position of the peasants. As a man of revolutionary democratic views, Nekrasov perfectly understands the remaining enslaving dependence of the peasantry on the landowners.
In 1863, Nekrasov began work on one of his most significant works. This is the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'." The whole life of a peasant can be traced in the poem. We see the birth of a child, and a wedding, and recruitment, and a funeral, and work in the field. The poem reflects the spiritual world of the peasantry, its joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes. The question runs through the whole work: “Who is happy on the Russian land?”
There are many characters in the poem. But what are they all different! The poor, tormented by hunger and need, who endure humiliation and lack of rights all their lives, are happy that they remained to live after all the hardships, they are happy that they will die in their native land. Saveliy and Yermila Girin have a completely different “happiness”. They are rebels in spirit. They do not accept adversity, they try to make life better in their own way. But their serfdom kills. Savely spends his whole life in hard labor, and his only joy in old age - Demushka - dies. Yermilo Girin ends up in prison during a peasant revolt, and it is not difficult to imagine how his future fate will turn out. But there is no unity in the peasant world: serfdom distorts not only human destinies, but also personalities. We see happy slaves who are happy to be slaves to their masters. This is the footman Ipat, who with joy and emotion talks about the cruelty of his master towards him, this is the footman of Prince Peremetyev, a completely distorted personality in which there is absolutely no human dignity left. But even among such slaves, protest is growing. An example of this is Jacob, who takes revenge on his master with his own death.
Yes, and the noble landowners are also unhappy in their own way. They feel that their time is running out, they feel that protest and discontent are emerging among the peasantry. But they cannot change themselves, they cannot change their way of life.
There are no happy ones among the clergy either. Many priests understand that they are a burden for the peasantry, because the life of the people is not easy without them. So says the pop whom the men meet on their way. He sympathizes with the peasants, but at the same time he is sorry that the landlords have disappeared.
Peasant women are also unhappy. The poet draws a beautiful image of the majestic Slav woman Matrena Timofeevna. Did she see happiness in life? She was happy during her childhood, but from an early age she works, helps her parents. There was the happiness of motherhood, but life is cruel to her children. Whatever the character of the poem, each has its own tragedy. Who is good to live in Rus'? The question remains unanswered.
Thus, it turns out that there are no truly happy people in the poem. There are none in life. Serfdom broke destinies and personalities. It destroyed the human features in many nobles, in the clergy and other people. What kind of happiness can we talk about if the peasantry is deprived of rights and life is full of hardships and disasters, and the feudal lords have inhuman souls.
In the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Rus'?" seven wandering peasants are looking for a happy man in Rus'. The poet wrote this poem for several decades, and did not complete it. The wanderers did not meet a happy one and the poem was left with an open ending. But can any of the heroes of the work be called happy? What is needed for happiness, from the point of view of the heroes and the poet himself?
The poem shows the crisis state of the Russian world. First, it is poverty and hunger. Let's remember the names of the villages from which the wanderers came: Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Neurozhayka ... Secondly, after the abolition of serfdom, "the great chain broke" and hit "one end on the master, the other on the peasant": no one knows how to arrange their lives what system of values to rely on.
That is why many heroes of the poem are unhappy - even those who deserve it. For example, Saveliy, who was a strong, stubborn “Holy Russian hero”, served hard labor, watched how a pig killed his great-grandson Demushka, and for a long time prayed for his sin, etc. Lost in Rus' and "the keys to the happiness of women." Matrena Timofeevna, a peasant woman who was a kind, good wife, a wonderful mother, was deprived of happiness because of all the cares placed on her shoulders around the house, because of a hungry life, lack of support.
But even those who feel happy often have poor ideas about happiness. Wanderers in search of a happy man went around all of Rus'. Nekrasov uses the technique of "poetic polyphony", as if "giving the floor" to the Russian people themselves. As it turned out, for some, happiness lies in peace, wealth and honor, for others in the opportunity to fill their “happy” life with vodka. In the chapter "Happy" we see how people are measured by happiness, if it can be called such, for the opportunity to "take a sip of free wine." Someone has born rap up to a thousand, someone sees happiness in the recognition of the owners: “I am happy, God knows! The first boyar, Prince Peremetyev, had me as a favorite slave. The happiness of the landowner is an idle life, feasts, hunting, power over people. The author writes: “Hey, peasant happiness! Leaky with patches, humpbacked with calluses…” This is a primitive idea of happiness, which every “happy” spoke about, does not bring true happiness to any of them.
The owner of true happiness in the poem is Grisha Dobrosklonov. Despite the life of "poorer than the last poor peasant" and hard everyday work, there is a desire for spiritual development in him. It has a craving for beauty, for creativity, for dreams. Grisha is a poet, he composes songs about Russia, about the people, and is preparing to devote himself to the struggle for the happiness of the people. This is what distinguishes him from the other characters in this poem. But the wanderers never met Grisha and did not find a happy one.
“Who is living well in Rus'?” is an epic poem. In it, thanks to the image of the road and the plot-journey, a panoramic picture of Russian life arises, a picture of national grief, discord, etc. There can be no truly happy people if life as a whole is arranged unreasonably, is in a state of crisis. But in general, the poem is not of a tragic nature, since, according to the author, healthy and strong principles still remain in Russian life, they only need to be given the opportunity to mature and manifest themselves.
Thus, N. Nekrasov believes that happiness lies in constant movement, development, and creativity. It is what gives meaning to human life. That is why Grisha Dobrosklonov becomes happy in the poem.
Essay text:
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was one of the first Russian poets who was deeply concerned about the theme of peasant life. He created his works in difficult years for Russia. It was already clear to everyone that serfdom had outlived itself and could no longer exist. But the reform of 1861 does not alleviate the position of the peasants. As a man of revolutionary democratic views, Nekrasov perfectly understands the remaining enslaving dependence of the peasantry on the landowners.
In 1863, Nekrasov began work on one of his most significant works. This is a poem To whom in Rus' it is good to live. The whole life of a peasant can be traced in the poem. We see the birth of a child, and a wedding, and a recruitment, and a funeral, and work in the field. The poem reflects the spiritual world of the peasantry, its joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes. The question runs through the whole work: Who is happy in the Russian land?
There are many characters in the poem. But what are they all different! The poor, tormented by hunger and need, who endure humiliation and lack of rights all their lives, are happy that they remained to live after all the hardships, happy that they will die in their native land. Saveliy and Ermila Girin have a completely different happiness. They are rebels in spirit. They do not put up with adversity, they try in their own way to make life better. But their serfdom kills. Savely spends his whole life in hard labor, and his only joy in old age, Demushka, dies. Yermilo Girin ends up in prison during a peasant revolt, and it is not difficult to guess how his future fate will turn out. But there is no unity in the peasant world: serfdom distorts not only human destinies, but also personalities. We see happy slaves who are happy to be slaves to their masters. This is the lackey Ipat, who with joy and tenderness tells about the cruelty of his master towards him, this is the lackey of Prince Peremetyev, a completely distorted personality in which there is absolutely no human dignity left. But even among such slaves, protest is growing. An example of this is Jacob, who takes revenge on his master with his own death.
Yes, and the noble landowners are also unhappy in their own way. They feel that their time is running out, they feel that protest and discontent is emerging among the peasantry. But they cannot change themselves, they cannot change their way of life.
There are no happy ones among the clergy either. Many priests understand that they are a burden for the SVR peasants, because even without them the life of the people is not easy. So say the priest whom the peasants meet on their way. He sympathizes with the peasants, but at the same time he is sorry that the landlords have disappeared.
Peasant women are also unhappy. The poet draws a beautiful image of the majestic Slav woman Matrena Timofeevna. Did she see happiness in life? She was happy during her childhood, but from an early age she works, helps her parents. There was the happiness of motherhood, but life treats her children cruelly. Whatever the character of the poem, each has its own tragedy. Who is good to live in Rus'? The question remains unanswered.
Thus, it turns out that there are no truly happy people in the poem. There are none in life. Serfdom broke destinies and personalities. It destroyed the human traits in many nobles, in the clergy and other people. What kind of happiness can we talk about if the peasantry has no rights and life is full of hardships and disasters, and the feudal lords have inhuman souls.
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