Ege Russian language. argument bank

Original text

Most often, a person is looking for his dream, but it also happens that a dream finds a person. Like a disease, like the flu virus. It seems that Kolka Velin never looked at the sky with bated breath, and the voices of the birds soaring in the blue height did not make his heart tremble. He was the most ordinary student, moderately assiduous and diligent, he went to school without much enthusiasm, was quieter than water in the lessons, loved to fish ...

Everything changed in one day. He suddenly decided that he would become a pilot.

In a remote, remote village, where the nearest station is more than a hundred kilometers away, where any trip becomes a whole journey, the very thought seemed crazy. The life path of every person here was even and straight: after school, the boys received the right to drive a tractor and became machine operators, and the most daring completed driving courses and worked as drivers in the village. Traveling on earth is the destiny of man. And then fly in an airplane! They looked at Kolka as if he were an eccentric, and his father hoped that the absurd idea would somehow disappear by itself from his son's head. You never know what we want in our youth! Life is a cruel thing, it will put everything in its place and indifferently, like a painter, paint over with gray paint our ardent dreams, drawn in youth. But Kolya did not give up. He dreamed of silvery wings carrying him over the wet snow of clouds, and dense elastic air, pure and cold, like spring water, filled his lungs.

After the graduation party, he went to the station, bought a ticket to Orenburg and went by night train to enter the flight school. Kolya woke up early in the morning from horror. Horror, like a boa constrictor, squeezed his stiff body with cold rings and dug his toothy mouth into his very chest. Kolka went down from the top shelf, looked out the window, and he became even more frightened. Trees protruding from the semi-darkness stretched their crooked arms to the panes, narrow lanes, like gray steppe vipers, spread through the bushes, and from the sky, filled to the brim with shreds of tattered clouds, twilight flowed down to the ground with violet-black paint. Where am I going? What will I do there alone? Kolka imagined that he was about to be landed and he would find himself in the boundless emptiness of an uninhabited planet ...

Arriving at the station, he bought a return ticket the same day and returned home two days later. Everyone reacted calmly to his return, without mockery, but without sympathy either. It’s a bit of a pity for the money spent on tickets, but I went, looked, checked myself, calmed down, now I will throw all nonsense out of my head and become a normal person. These are the laws of life: everything that has flown up, sooner or later returns to earth. A stone, a bird, a dream—everything comes back...

Kolka got a job in the forestry, got married, now he is raising two daughters, and goes fishing on weekends. Sitting on the bank of a muddy stream, he looks at jet planes flying silently in the sky, immediately determines: here is the MiG, and there is the Su. His heart is groaning from aching pain, he wants to jump higher and at least once take a sip of that freshness with which the sky generously waters the birds. But the fishermen are sitting nearby, and he fearfully hides his excited look, puts the worm on the hook, and then patiently waits for it to start pecking.

(According to S. Mizerov)

Composition

In this text, S. Mizerov talks about how the choice of a life path is born.

Does the environment influence a person's choice of life path? What prevents him from being faithful to his dream?

S. Mizerov believes that the influence of everyday traditions, habits often makes a person change his dream, does not allow him to realize his abilities to the end. The hero of the story Kolka Velin could not overcome the feeling of fear of the new, he betrayed his dream and became like everyone else.

It is difficult to disagree with the author of the text. Often a person is lost in front of difficulties. And he, in my opinion, should not just want something, but strive to fulfill his dream. And then the realized dream will make his life more full-blooded, more interesting.

The hero of the story by B. Polevoy, pilot Alexei Meresyev (aka Alexei Maresyev in life), left without legs, dreamed of flying. How much he had to suffer in order to again sit at the helm of the aircraft!

Maria from V. Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man" in incredibly difficult conditions, dreaming of surviving and preserving the unborn child as a memory of the past, was able to overcome her fear and give life to a new person.

You don’t need to give up, lose self-control, but you need to believe in your strength, in your dream, and then your heart will not groan from the “wrenching pain”.

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Final essay on literature grade 11 USE 2019

Essay topics

1. What is a dream?
2. Why is there a gap between dream and reality?
3. What do dreams and reality have in common?
4. How is a wish different from a dream?
5. How is a dream different from a goal?
6. Why do people betray the dream?
7. Should you be true to your dreams?
8. Why do people run away from reality?
9. Do you need to make your dreams come true?
10. Do all dreams come true?
11. What does "dream high" mean?
12. When reality destroys the dream?
13. How do you understand the statement of A.N. Krylova: “The dream must also be controlled, otherwise it, like a ship without a rudder, will be carried to God knows where”?
14. Why don't all dreams come true?
15. What is the essence of the contradiction between dream and reality?
16. Do you agree with the statement that “a man without a dream is like a bird without wings”?
17. When does a dream become a goal?
18. Can you escape reality?
19. What is, in your opinion, a "cherished dream"?
20. How do you understand the expression "cruel reality"?
21. Is the dreamer a dreamer or a fool?
22. Is it necessary to be able to dream?
23. What do dreams lead to?
24. How are dreams and reality contrasted?
25. How is a dream different from a goal in life?
26. Is it always necessary to try to make a dream a reality?
27. Clash of dreams and reality.
28. Comment on the words of N. Sparks: "The keys to happiness are dreams that come true."
29. Do you agree with the statement of G. Schultz: “Dreaming about something small, you will never succeed in big”?
30. How do you understand the words of M. Monroe: “Looking at the night sky, I thought that probably thousands of girls also sit alone and dream of becoming a star. But I wasn't going to worry about them. After all, my dream cannot be compared with anyone else'?
31. Is T. Goodkind right when he says: "Reality does not obey anyone's desires"?
32. What thoughts did Z. Freud’s statement prompt you to: “Dreams are a reflection of reality. Reality is a reflection of dreams?
33. Explain the quote by Anne-Louise Peremena de Stael: "As soon as the dream disappears, it means that reality takes its place."
34. Why is the concept of dreams most often associated with childhood?
35. Why does the word "dreamy" have a negative connotation for many adults?
36. How is the word "want" different from "dream"?
37. Can the fulfillment of a dream bring disappointment?
38. Can a goal-oriented person dream?
39. Why is it often said: "Be careful what you wish for"?
40. What happens to a person if his dream is taken away from him?
41. Is a person always ready to fulfill his dreams?
42. How are the concepts of "dream" and "meaning of life" related?
43. Do childhood dreams influence the choice of profession?
44. Do you agree that you need to dream big?
45. Where does "dream" end and "goal" begin?
46. What is "escape from reality"?
47. How do you understand the phrase "dream is not harmful"?
48. What kind of person is said to be "head in the clouds"?
49. How are dreams and reality related?
50. Why don't dreams always become reality?
51. Do realists dream?
52. What kind of person can be called a "dreamer"?
53. Can reality give birth to a dream?
54. Can the dream of one person change the reality of many?
55. How do dreams change the world of science and art? Is it necessary for every person to have a dream?
56. What are dreams for?
57. What does the phrase "unattainable ideal" mean?
58. What do the heroes of Russian literature dream about?
59. The image of a dreamer in the works of Dostoevsky.
60. When does the conflict between dream and reality arise?

Arguments

Arguments in the direction of "Dream and Reality":

1. • Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov described the gulf between dream and reality in his novel The Master and Margarita. The protagonist dreamed of publishing a book - the achievement of his life. For the sake of writing it, he left his job, spent a lot of money won on the purchase of various works that helped him in his work. But in the end, he himself regretted that he had so zealously sought the fulfillment of his dream. Critics immediately fell upon the published passage, like a flock of ravens on a corpse. Insults began in the press, persecution of such an "anti-Soviet" writer. And the basement on the Arbat, which the Master paid for with a lottery win, did not bring happiness: he was set up and evicted by Magarych, who pretended to be a friend. The hero finds himself in a madhouse, and he completely burned his novel. It turns out that a person should be afraid of his desires, because he cannot even imagine what they will turn into in reality.
   • M.A. tells about the insignificance of some of our desires. Bulgakov in The Master and Margarita. Woland, at his performance in the Variety, is ironic about the dreams of Muscovites: they are all obsessed with the “housing problem”. The magician satisfies their pettiness and vanity by throwing wads of money into the air, dressing women in luxurious outfits. But the author of the novel showed the vanity and insignificance of such aspirations literally: all the money and robes melted away or turned into empty pieces of paper. Thus, the dreams of all these limited and stingy people turned out to be worthless illusions, and Satan taught them a good lesson.
2. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
   • F.M. Dostoevsky in his work Crime and Punishment described a very dangerous dreamer who should beware of his desires. Rodion Raskolnikov sought to restore trampled social justice and distribute the surplus of rich people to the poor. To do this, he chose the first victim - the usurer Alena Ivanovna. This old woman wrapped dozens of honest but impoverished families in debt nets. The hero kills her, and at the same time takes the life of her pregnant sister, who was a witness to the massacre. But the fulfillment of his dream turns into the collapse of all bright hopes. The stolen money did not help anyone, but only ruined the peace of mind of the murderer and the thief. Thus, some desires are really worth fearing, since in reality they can only be embodied in ugliness and sinfulness.
   • Reality is sometimes not able to desecrate a dream, as the author of the book “Crime and Punishment”, F.M. Dostoevsky. Sonya Marmeladova dreamed of converting Rodion to the Christian faith and directing him to the righteous path of atonement for sin. Therefore, the girl goes to a moral feat: she goes to hard labor after her beloved. The harsh realities of prison life did not break the sublime soul. The heroine adapted herself to cruel orders and supported many prisoners with her care. Everyone loved her. Even the cold heart of proud Rodion melted. As a result, Sonya's wish came true: her chosen one renounced inhuman theories. In the epilogue, we see how he enthusiastically reads the Bible, imbued with wisdom and mercy. Thus, even the most unrealizable, it would seem, dream can break into reality and not be defiled by it, if a person ardently believes in what he is doing.
3. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
   • In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" the hero dreams of his realization in the profession. He wants to make a great contribution to the development of medicine, he wants to help people and bring good to this world. But Dmitry finds himself in a remote province, where his sincere impulses towards the light are drowned out by the impenetrable darkness of philistinism and vulgarity. The whole environment of the young doctor drags him into a swamp of monotony and boredom. Here no one aspires to anything, no one yearns for anything. Everything goes on. And Startsev also betrays his dream, becoming an ordinary fat middle-aged man. He is rude and grumpy, serving annoying patients, whom he considers solely as a source of income. Now he only wants to sit in a club and gamble. Using his example, we understand that betraying one's ideals and dreams promises complete spiritual degradation.
   • Not all dreams are destined to come true, and this is the norm of life. This thesis is proved by A.P. Chekhov in the book "Ionych". Katerina dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, but can she do it? Hardly. Not all people are given true talent. But the heroine does not understand this, showing off her ability to drum on the keys. She even rejects Dmitry's offer, leaves her father's house and spends several years in the capital, trying to learn to be a pianist. And what is the result? Youth fades, beauty fades, and the dream turns into sick pricks of ambition. The girl returns home with nothing, vaguely aware of her own mediocrity. Was it worth it to be so arrogant and reject the young man? No. But the past cannot be returned, and Katerina tries in vain to remind Dmitry of his former feelings. Thus, not all dreams are given to a person to realize, and he must accept this fact courageously and calmly, directing his efforts in another, more suitable direction.
4. • Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in his historical novel The Captain's Daughter, describes devotion to a dream, which culminated in the realization of a wish. Marya Mironova fell in love with Peter and dreamed of marrying him. But fate always put a spoke in their wheels: at first, Shvabrin informed Grinev's father that the dowry was eager to lure the rich heir into a trap. The elderly nobleman naturally forbade this marriage. Then Marya became a prisoner of Alexei, and he forced her to marry him. It would seem that the poor orphan should have accepted the offer, she would not have to wait for the best, but the girl stubbornly waited for her beloved. When the release took place, she again had to lose Peter. He was convicted for imaginary help to Pugachev. And then the heroine was not afraid to go to the Empress herself. Such fidelity to the dream finally led Marya to fulfill her desire: she became the wife of a loved one.
   • Sometimes people are ready to go to any abominations, just to make their dream come true. Such an example is described by A.S. Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter". Alexei wanted to marry Marya, but she rejected him. The beauty also fell in love with the new officer of the garrison, Peter. Then Shvabrin decided to achieve his goal through intrigue and even betrayal. He denigrated the reputation of Mironova and her family in the eyes of Grinev. Then the brave young man appointed the gossip a duel, defending the honor of his beloved girl. And Shvabrin again showed meanness, using a dishonest method. And when the rebels captured the fortress, the hero did not even raise an eyebrow, betraying his patronymic. It was then that he decided to take his wife by force and coercion, without stopping at nothing. Grinev prevented him in time, and yet Alexei was ready to step over all moral prohibitions, if only to achieve the fulfillment of his dream. Because of such unscrupulousness, it did not come true, because in any aspiration it is important to maintain dignity, otherwise you will only move away from your dream, because you will become unworthy of it.
5. A. Green "Scarlet Sails"
   • The main character, Assol, believes that one day a beautiful young man will come after her on a ship with scarlet sails and take her and her father Longren. Their family lives in a small village by the sea and lives only by selling wooden toys that Longren makes. Assol and her father are not loved by the villagers, blaming the head of the family for the death of a rich shopkeeper. They are outcasts, whom few people are ready to help, so Assol dreams of leaving for a beautiful country where people know how to love and forgive, and do not dream only of the most primitive and rude. And her wish is granted.
6. M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
   • Danko dreams of freedom for the people of his tribe, for this he does not spare his own life, tearing his heart out of his chest in order to illuminate the path along which the tribe is trying to get out of the impenetrable forest and stinking swamps with its bright fire. The hero does this despite the fact that people are angry with him and want him dead, not believing that he can fulfill his promise and lead them to freedom. Danko loves and pities people, and therefore his dream is connected with them, with a better life for them, which is why he sacrifices himself without regret.
7. N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa"
   • In the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" the problem of dreams and reality is posed very sharply. Let's start with the fact that the writer himself in his dreams wanted to connect a poor peasant woman with a representative of an aristocratic society. The world of dreams and the world of reality collide in the space of the story. Erast dreams of idyllic love, sincerely wishing to forget class conventions. But reality destroys these intentions. Political, psychological, financial, social - what circumstances do not interfere in the relationship of lovers! Even one of them would be enough for Erast's dreams to crumble like a house of cards, his moral principles are so unsteady and fragile. Lisa's fate was sealed from the very moment when she believed that the fairy tale about Cinderella could become a reality in her case with Erast. Until this moment, she tried to take a sober look at the situation, but the desire to become a wife for her beloved made her vulnerable. Following a dream, she lost her head, and it ended in tragedy.
8. A.S. Pushkin "Snowstorm"
   • In the story "Snowstorm" A.S. Pushkin reflects on the dream and reality on the example of the main character - Marya Gavrilovna. She dreams of marrying a poor neighbor on the estate. Parents are categorically against such a disadvantageous party, but Marya, in her pursuit of a dream, goes to any lengths. She and Vladimir decided to secretly get married. Their intentions are destroyed by the intervention of the elements. On the day of their wedding, a terrible blizzard raged. As a result of this intervention, Marya married a stranger, and Vladimir, who did not have time to arrive at the place of the wedding, leaves in terrible confusion for the war and soon dies in the Battle of Borodino. Marya, after the death of her father, remains a rich heiress, she has no end to suitors, but she cannot marry. And so she meets with Burmin, who turned out to be her "accidental" husband. The heroes are happy. In this work, Pushkin wanted to express the idea that dreams can be dangerous, and reality must be accepted and reconciled, only this can become the key to a happy life.
9. L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
   • In the story "After the Ball" L.N. Tolstoy talks about how dreams are destroyed when faced with cruel reality. Ivan Vasilyevich, the narrator in the work, recalls the days of his youth, when he was young and full of happy hopes. He was in love and danced with his chosen one at the governor's ball all night. He yielded only one dance to another - to Varenka's father, for whom he experienced the same enthusiastic feeling of love as for his daughter. The whole world seemed to the lover joyful and happy. Until the morning after the ball came. The narrator could not fall asleep in any way and went for a walk, during which he saw a monstrous action - an inhuman execution of a runaway Tatar, which was led by Varenka's father. So reality destroyed dreams of happiness - a young man could not marry a girl whose father is able to participate in such a monstrous deed. The voluntary abandonment of a dream is explained by the fact that one cannot enjoy happiness when at the same time someone is being tortured and tormented.
10. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
    • In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not justify her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
    • Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A.N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap of a difficult life without trying to fulfill his desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.
11. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
    • In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and serious consequences.
    • Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

Arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity":

1. M. Gorky "At the bottom"
   • In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the relationship of the characters is built on bitterness and revenge. Each of them, without hesitation, takes revenge on everyone else for having fallen to the bottom of life. All these poor people are pulling each other even deeper, because no one should have a way back if you yourself do not have one. This is the unwritten law of a rooming house. For example, Vasilisa tyrannizes her younger sister out of jealousy. Her lover, Vaska Pepel, showed sympathy for her, and this outraged the despotic woman. Her revenge reached its climax in the finale, when her lawful husband died as a result of a fight. Now Ash is threatened with true penal servitude, but his former lady of the heart does nothing to save him, on the contrary: she diligently drowns everyone in her slander. Even her "love" for Vaska does not stop the heroine's vindictive nature. Obviously, revenge is a feeling that destroys a person from the inside and expels all virtues from him.

In M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom" the characters are not inclined to show generosity. On the contrary, they seek to hurt and prick each other more painfully, because poverty drives out of them everything that makes a person a person. But there is one wanderer who breaks the vicious circle of insults and insults. This is Luka. He also lived a difficult life, even hinted that he had escaped from hard labor. But these tests did not harden him. The old man finds affectionate words of support and participation for each interlocutor. True generosity to all those around him shines in his eyes. He gave the inhabitants of the bottom hope for a bright future, and they themselves are to blame for the fact that this was not enough for their moral rebirth. In their caustic environment, the wanderer did not last long and left, probably realizing that these poor people do not have not only a home, but also a heart, since they ruthlessly drown each other. Unfortunately, generosity cannot always help people.

1. L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
   • Andrei Bolkonsky is very disappointed in his beloved Natasha Rostova when he finds out that the girl was carried away by the young man Anatoly Kuragin. He shares his experiences with Pierre Bezukhov, telling him that "I did not love anyone else and did not hate anyone like her." But still, at a meeting before his death, he was able to show generosity and forgive the girl, whose feelings for him turned out to be sincere and burned with even greater strength.
2. A. I. Kuprin "Duel"
   • In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, the main character courts the officer’s wife, and the woman encourages his attempts to get closer. Romashov is sincerely in love, only Shurochka plays with his feelings. She mercilessly dooms him to death for the sake of her husband's advancement. It's not that a close person is important to her, she just longs for a transfer to a new place where she can have fun. Due to gossip and anonymous notes, the deceived spouse assigns a duel to Romashov. He wants to avenge the trampled honor. Shura assures the hero that they will shoot themselves “for fun”, only so that Nikolaev is not considered a coward. A young lieutenant believes in his beloved woman, but in a duel her husband kills an opponent, rising in the eyes of fellow soldiers. Unfortunately, in the society of that time, revenge was considered the norm, so hundreds of young people capable of more became its victims. It can be concluded that revenge is dangerous for people because, because of a sense of imaginary justice, they appropriate the right to dispose of other people's lives.
   • In A. I. Kuprin’s book “Duel”, Romashov abandons his annoying mistress. But the woman does not want to let the young man go and swears that she will take revenge on him at any cost. Raisa Aleksandrovna Peterson was a desperate adventuress. She decided that it was necessary to compromise the second lieutenant's new connection, but he and Shurochka had absolutely nothing. But Mrs. Peterson, because of her depravity, thought differently and sent out anonymous letters exposing the betrayal of Nikolev's wife. The deceived husband flared up and demanded a duel. As a result of the intrigues of Shurochka herself, Romashov was killed, and her husband victoriously "defended the honor of the family." The consequences of revenge are always tragic: an innocent person is killed, and no tricks can bring him back.
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
   • In A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Captain’s Daughter”, generosity is inherent in Pugachev, when, despite the reputation of a robber, he acts according to his conscience: he saves the life of Pyotr Grinev, who at one time showed kindness to a rebel. He also shows nobility to Marya Mironova, releasing her from the fortress. For justice, Grinev appreciates Pugachev, so the execution of the rebel makes Peter sad.
4. A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades"
   • Wanting to get rich quick, the main character of the play A.S. Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades", the military engineer Hermann is trying by all means to find out the secret of the old countess about three win-win cards. He begins to look after her pupil Lisa and, having achieved reciprocity, by deception enters the house, but not on a date with the girl, but in the old woman's chambers. The countess does not stand the interrogation of Hermann and dies. But her ghost shows generosity to the failed engineer and reveals to him the secret of the winning combination in exchange for a promise to marry Lisa. Hermann does not keep his word and loses all his fortune in the last game, after which he goes crazy. Thus, do not make unrealistic promises, this can threaten with cruel retribution.
5. A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
   • In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" revenge led to a tragedy: the young poet Lensky was killed. It all started with the fact that the main character received a letter where Tatyana confessed her love to him. He rejected the girl's feelings, citing his unsuitability for family relationships. Naturally, he did not want to embarrass her with his presence, but an enthusiastic friend invites him to Tatiana's name day. There he expects to spend a pleasant evening with the bride. Eugene agrees, but at the very evening he feels an extreme degree of awkwardness. He blames Vladimir for everything and decides to take revenge on him, flirting with his beloved, Olga, a windy coquette. Lensky was furious, because he did not get the attention of the girl. He challenged his opponent to a duel, and Eugene could not refuse. As a result, Onegin killed his comrade because of his petty and stupid revenge. Here are the consequences of the imaginary pursuit of justice.
   • In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" depicts the ideal of a generous woman. This is Tatyana Larina. Her soul can truly be called great, because she neglected her passion in order to preserve family well-being. Once in her youth, the girl fell in love with a visiting nobleman who did not take her feelings seriously. But the heroine kept them in her heart forever, even though she married another person. She did not love the general, but she respected him and was grateful to him for the admiration with which he treated her. When, after many years, Eugene returned from wandering around the world, he was inflamed with passion for Tatyana. But she was married and refused the one whom she still loved unconditionally. The heroine generously rejected her own happiness in order to preserve the peace and joy of a loved one. For true generosity requires self-denial.
6. A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
   • In the story of A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" the author tells how one revenge gave birth to another. A trifling conflict between the two landowners Dubrovsky and Troekurov develops into the latter's desire to avenge the blow to his pride. In a dishonest way, he takes the property from a friend, as a result of which he dies from an attack. Dubrovsky's son cannot forgive Troekurov for the death of his father and becomes a robber and robber, taking away property from wealthy landowners. Only love for Masha Troekurova makes him show generosity and retreat from the main revenge.
7. • In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", the author describes the tragic consequences of revenge on the example of Kazbich, who killed the kidnapped girl in order to take revenge on Pechorin. At the beginning of the chapter, Maxim Maksimych reports that Grigory fell in love with a Caucasian beauty and decided to steal her away by bribing her brother. He promised him the famous Kazbich horse, which Azamat dreamed of. The deal was completed, Bela was captured by Pechorin. But Kazbich sought her hand, so he was very angry when he found out about this and decided to take revenge on the offender. When Grigory and Maxim Maksimych went hunting, the hero took the girl, but they were quickly overtaken. Fleeing from the chase and realizing that they cannot escape together, the kidnapper kills the victim and leaves him on the road. Did he achieve justice with his revenge? No. He only killed the beautiful Bela, left with nothing.
   • In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time" proves all the inconsistency of revenge. Grushnitsky tried to achieve justice with it, but he himself fell victim to his desire. The fact is that he was trying to impress Princess Mary. He was in love, but the girl remained indifferent to him, because next to her was a more skilled gentleman - Pechorin. Grigory made a young girl fall in love with him by acting cold towards her, which spurred her vanity and kindled her curiosity. In desperation, the junker decided to take revenge on his successful opponent. Together with friends, he noticed Pechorin leaving the princess's house at night. He left his mistress Vera, but Grushnitsky accused him of seducing Mary. Naturally, Gregory challenged the liar to a duel. Then the cowardly slanderer decided not to load his pistol in order to win the duel and get rid of the opponent. But Grigory saw through the deceiver, and it was Grushnitsky who became the victim. What did he achieve with his revenge? Nothing but your own death.
8. M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"
   • The merchant Kalashnikov dared to take revenge on the royal guardsman Malyutin in order to justify his wife and restore dignity to the family. In an honest fistfight, he kills the enemy, for which Ivan the Terrible sends Stepan Paramonovich to execution, since Kiribeevich's death occurred as a result of a forbidden technique. But the tsar shows generosity to Kalashnikov and fulfills his dying wish: he does not leave the orphaned family without support.
9. V.A. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man"
   • The Great Patriotic War took away the most precious thing from Mary: her husband and son. Seeing a wounded fascist, she rushed at him with a pitchfork to avenge her enemies for the death of her relatives and all their inhuman deeds. But the words of the German stopped the woman: “Mom! Mother!" Mary's heart trembled, and she spared the young man. With this example, the author demonstrates the highest degree of generosity of a Russian woman.
10. N. V. Gogol "Terrible revenge"
    • Revenge became the cause of all the disasters of the heroes of the story. In an effort to punish Peter for his own death with his son, Ivan, having appeared before God, asks to bring a curse on the whole family of his brother. The last offspring of the killer is born as an evil sorcerer-murderer, who commits terrible atrocities. Peter experiences bitter torment underground, and Ivan, seeing from heaven how innocent people suffer, realizes his mistake, but is unable to change anything. None of the brothers at one time showed generosity, for which they doomed themselves to eternal torment.
11. A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo"
    • To avenge a broken fate is the main task facing the protagonist of the novel by A. Dumas "The Count of Monte Cristo". Envious conspirators write a false denunciation of the sailor Dantes, after which he is sent to prison right from the wedding. In captivity, a young man meets an abbot who helps him escape and find riches. Having become a noble count of Monte Cristo, Dantes begins to repay debts to offenders. Revenge overtakes all traitors, he shows generosity only to his former beloved Mercedes, without harming her son. But the count also remembers good deeds. Monte Cristo saves his former owner from bankruptcy by paying the debts for the ship, and then makes his son Maximilian the heir to his wealth.

Arguments in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":

1. U.Shakespeare "King Lear"
   • Sometimes some show cruelty even to the closest people, without thinking about what they may face in return. Is it necessary to put resentment above mercy, or is it more correct to close our eyes to the past and show kindness? In his tragedy King Lear, Shakespeare writes about how the main character, King Lear, disowns his own daughter, Cordelia, because she refused to flatter her father. Two other daughters did not miss such a chance, because in this way the king decided on the division of the kingdom. However, later King Lear realizes how hypocritical his daughters were, telling him about high love. Only Cordelia was kind to her father and sheltered him when he was expelled from the kingdom by her sisters. William Shakespeare in his play shows that being vindictive and heartless in response to cruelty is not an option, on the contrary, you need to let go of past grievances and show kindness. This is the only way to break the vicious circle of mutual grievances.
2. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
   • The problem of kindness and rigidity is one of the main ones in the work of A.S. Pushkin. In the story "The Captain's Daughter" this problem is solved using the example of two heroes: Pyotr Grinev and Pugachev. At the moment of their meeting in the chapter “Counsellor”, Grinev shows kindness towards Pugachev when he favors him with a hare sheepskin coat from his shoulder. This noble gesture will save his life later. Grinev can be cruel, remember his quarrel with Savelich when it was necessary to repay a debt to Zurin. But even in such situations, kindness compels him to ask for forgiveness and restore good relations with the person he offended. Such behavior of the hero also does not go unrewarded, since it is Savelich who throws himself at the feet of the executioners in order to save his good master. Pushkin convinces us that kindness evokes kindness in return even in a world of war and cruelty.
   • Pugachev is presented in the story as the leader of the rebels. In the chapter “The Attack”, the cruelty of the rebels knows no bounds: the execution of Captain Mironov and his associates, the massacre of Vasilisa Yegorovna. Pushkin does not at all soften and brighten up the scenes of violence, letting us know how terrible "Russian rebellion is senseless and merciless." But presenting us with the image of a Bashkir with a torn off tongue and cut off nose and ears, Pushkin wanted to show that this cruelty is the product of the cruelty of those in power towards the common people. Using the example of Pugachev and Grinev, the writer wanted to show an example of such a relationship when cruelty is excluded: for this, in any person you need to see a person worthy of respect and deserving of a good attitude.
3. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
   • Injustice can make a person cruel. The hero of the novel by M. A. Sholokhov “The Quiet Flows the Don” Grigory was a kind and honest fellow, but his domineering father forcibly married him, choosing his friend’s daughter Katerina as his wife. The heart of the young man belonged to the married Cossack Aksinya. With loving Katerina, Gregory acted cruelly, abandoning his family for the sake of personal happiness. But in this situation, the girl should only blame herself, because when she got married, she knew that the feelings were not mutual. Thus, Gregory's cruelty was provoked by unfair circumstances.
   • Callousness and cruelty in the soul of Gregory was raised by the war. Having gone to the front, the young Cossack selflessly fights with the enemy, on his hands is human blood and suffering. But high merits before the state for victories in battles do not bring him joy. He sees the injustice and indifference of political forces to the common people of the Don. Gregory comes to understand his mistake: he should not have taken up arms, killed, he is not a soldier, but a simple peasant whose destiny is to sow and grow bread. Cruelty cannot achieve good, but the hero realized this too late, when he irretrievably lost his relatives and friends.
4. N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
   • In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" the father brings up the fighting spirit in his sons, but the exercises were not enough for him. He wanted to organize a real fight where young people will show their courage. To do this, he removed the Koschevoi and sent the Cossacks to the Polish lands, where the fighters received a serious rebuff. After that, they surrounded the city of Dubno, where the townspeople were dying of hunger. Because of Bulba's combat insanity, hundreds of people died. Therefore, the reader does not feel sorry for the old Cossack when his son leaves the army and dishonors his family. Andriy chooses not the warlike spirit of the Cossacks, but a calm, peaceful, sedentary life in love and tranquility. Taras himself is to blame for this betrayal, because cruelty will never achieve good.
   • It is difficult to show kindness in war, because this is a very cruel time when no one is spared. But there are exceptions, one of which was described by N.V. Gogol in the story "Taras Bulba". Andriy fought against the Poles as part of the Cossack army. They decided to starve the enemy city out, surrounding it with a blockade ring. That night, the young man did not sleep and saw how the servant of his beloved, whom he had met back in Kyiv, made his way to him. She bitterly complained about the famine in Dubno and begged the Cossack for indulgence. The young lady wanted to feed her dying mother. Then Andriy shouldered a bag of bread and went to the enemy city. The young man could not refuse to answer this call. Women and children do not fight, but they die from war. The hero realized the injustice of this phenomenon and helped those in need, despite the risk.
5. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
   • In the novel "A Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov created a strange hero who is cruel to people because he is bored and wants to have fun. Let's take the story of Grushnitsky. After all, this young man stupidly paid with his life just for being drawn into the game started out of boredom by Pechorin. This "hero of time" acted unthinkably cruelly with Bella and her family. The father was killed, Azamat disappeared, Bella herself also died, but before that she still suffered first from Pechorin's love, and then from her absence. The writer seeks to show us how terrible a person can be for whom there is only one law - his own whims and desires. After all, Pechorin was not born like that, he simply lost all sorts of landmarks.
   • The kindness inherent in him wakes up from time to time. For example, a blind boy evokes involuntary regret, the sight of a heartbroken old woman, the mother of a Cossack who hacked to death Vulich in a drunken stupor, arouses sympathy. He even decided to take the criminal alive, risking his life. And he did it with ease. If concern for people would always live in his heart and evoke good intentions in him, he could be called a real hero.
6. N.V. Gogol "Overcoat"
   • The main idea in many works of N.V. Gogol is the idea of ​​the wrong structure of human society, in which cruelty reigns. The story "The Overcoat" tells the story of the life and death of Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin. This is the image of the "little man", despised and humiliated by everyone. He is not able to oppose anything to his tormentors, only once his plaintive babble made a young man “stop and recoil in horror”, who had not yet lost the ability to be kind. In such a world, there is nothing good for a “small” person, because even the overcoat acquired by such victims was taken from him. It turns out that the wrong world rejects everyone who is kind and not capable of cruelty, only those who take away, rob, humiliate and insult another can get something in it.
7. A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor"
   • An example of true kindness is the heroine of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor" Matryona. A woman never refuses to help her fellow villagers, sincerely rejoices in the harvests in the gardens of others, she herself is content with little: what she has grown in her own garden. She does not even spare her hut for Kira's pupil, having given her a room for dismantling in the middle of winter. But while transporting cargo across the railroad, a woman dies under the wheels of a train. The narrator notes that now the village has become difficult without the righteous Matryona. After all, a simple-hearted and disinterested woman really made people, those next to her, better.
     The highest measure of cruelty is shown by the author of the story "Matryona Dvor" A.I. Solzhenitsyn as Thaddeus. He did not forgive the insult to Matryona and his brother because they got married. The girl considered Thaddeus missing, so she agreed with Yefim. But he returned and held a grudge. Evilly, he married another girl named Matryona, whom he beat and offended. The limit of cruelty is shown by the author when Thaddeus, in the middle of winter, dismantles the room of his former lover in order to transport her daughter Kira, and enjoys the spectacle of how the old woman, with her last strength, helps him to drag heavy boards. Even at the funeral, he thinks not about Matryona, who died under the train, but about the sleigh, which, after the accident, must be taken from the railway.
8. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
   • The cruel attitude of children towards their parents is shown in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". As an adult, Evgeny Bazarov rarely visits his family. Even after a three-year absence, he does not want to listen to his father's timid reproaches, does not pay attention to his mother's tears. Parents are afraid of upsetting Eugene with something, they try to please everyone in everything. But for him, in the foreground, his own ideological convictions do not coincide with the views of the older generation. Unfortunately, the young man never admitted the fallacy of his behavior towards his parents, but the old people retained their love for their son, and only they mourned him after his death.
   • In the novel "Fathers and Sons" I.S. Turgenev describes kindness and cruelty on the example of two Kirsanov brothers. The elder Pavel, a former military man, a lonely bachelor, does not recognize the marriage of Nikolai and Fenechka, ignoring the girl when they meet. When a nephew and his friend appear in the house, he does not show hospitality, behaves coldly and rudely. On the basis of a divergence of views, he arranges a duel with Bazarov without hesitation. The author shows Nikolai Kirsanov as a kind and decent family man. He lives with a simple girl, Fenechka, from whom he has a one-year-old son. In front of a friend, Arkady Bazarov is trying to justify his brother's behavior, trying to smooth out the conflict. It is thanks to his kindness and understanding that the eldest son abandons nihilistic ideas and returns to the family.
9. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
   • In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character is not distinguished by diligence and determination, but he is kind and trusting. His benevolence becomes a beacon that shows the way to many people. For example, his childhood friend Stolz always finds rest and relaxation in Ilya's company. It is this person that he visits for decades in a row, and his sympathy does not weaken with time. Also, the kindness of Oblomov attracts and conquers the beautiful Olga. Outwardly, Oblomov is ugly, his condition is unimportant, and in conversation he does not shine with wit. But the beautiful and pure soul of a man likes the heroine much more than anything that secular dandies can offer. Ilya Ilyich is a big child who does not wish harm to anyone. He always submits to friends, does not seek benefits from communicating with them, accepts all the blows of fate calmly and meekly. That is why Agafya Pshenitsyna took care of him so tenderly, the servant Zakhar loved him so selflessly. Everyone who knew him appreciated the warm and big heart of the hero. Thus, kindness will always be appreciated by people on merit and will never become obsolete.
   • I.A. Goncharov in the book "Oblomov" describes a truly kind person. This is Andrey Stolz, who always supports his helpless friend. Andrew got a difficult fate. A strict father sent him to the capital without patronage and big money, saying that the young man must achieve heights himself. In the big city, the hero did not lose his head and began to work hard. Gradually he amassed capital on trade deals. It would seem that the struggle for a place in the sun should have hardened him, but he retained his friendliness, courtesy and kindness. More than once he disinterestedly helped out the lazy and infantile Oblomov, more than once he drove swindlers away from him. In the finale, the hero even took upon himself the responsibility of raising the son of the deceased Ilya Ilyich. I believe that kindness is a selfless act for the benefit of another person, and Stolz is a good example of this.
10. Honore de Balzac "Father Goriot"
    • Unfortunately, many people, inhumanly taking advantage of the gentleness of kind helpers, treat them cruelly. We will meet the same situation in Balzac's novel "Father Goriot". The daughters of the protagonist Anastasi and Delphine left their father. Father Goriot loved his daughters very much and forgave them their indifference and cynicism, but the girls absolutely did not appreciate the good heart of their old man. As soon as they successfully marry, they seem to forget about their father, they are even ashamed of him: after all, they now began to spin in higher circles, and Goriot was a pasta maker. Anastasi and Delphine did not visit Goriot, even when he was dying, and empty carriages were cynically sent to his funeral. Father Goriot is a kind and generous hero, forgiving his daughters any cruelty, but never met with responsiveness on their part. Unfortunately, kindness is not at all a guarantee of personal happiness, and sometimes even a condition under which happiness is unattainable.

1. What is real art?
2. How to distinguish real art from craft?
3. What is the difference between true art and fake art?
4. Who can be called a true creator?
5. Why do people confuse art and craft?
6. Who can be called an artisan in art?
7. What is talent?
8. How do you understand the phrase: “Gods do not burn pots”?
9. What can be considered true art?
10. What do you think is the ultimate goal of art?
11. What is the difference between craft and art?
12. Can an artisan become an artist?
13. How do you understand G. Gebell's statement: "Art is the conscience of mankind"?
14. Can ability turn into talent?
15. Who is a talented person?
16. Is an artisan a master of his craft or a hack?
17. Do you agree with the statement of P. Casals: “Mastery does not make an artist yet”?
18. What is the role of art in the development of mankind?
19. What is true art attracts a person?
20. What is the value of art?
21. Is it possible to become a professional without love for your work?
22. Over what art time has no control?
23. Do you believe that it is possible to become a good craftsman in a short time?
24. What qualities should a person have to master the art?
25. How do you understand the phrase: "Neither art nor wisdom can be achieved if they are not learned"?
26. Why is art called eternal?
27. Is it possible to learn art?
28. How are craft and art related?
29. Is a craft always going to become a true art?
30. What should be the craft to become art?
31. What does craft and art mean for a person, how are they reflected in his life, what do they influence?

Arguments in the direction of "Art and craft":

1. N.V. Gogol "Portrait"
   • In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Portrait" the main character was a painter who had nothing to live on. He was overwhelmed by debts, he was tired of a hungry life, but he could not do anything. However, one day he bought a painting that struck him with its hypnotic effect. The gloomy and at the same time sly look of the usurer depicted there followed the observer everywhere. At night, the new owner of the canvas had a dream where the rich man comes to life and drops several bills on the floor, counting the money. In the morning Chartkov accidentally discovers banknotes. Now he has a lot of money, but the needs are increasing by leaps and bounds. Then the artist takes on portraits to order, where wealthy clients demand from him not a creative approach, but the ability to embellish reality to suit their bourgeois taste. There is nothing to do, he does everything for the sake of a fee! In the end, the talent was gone, and it was replaced by a well-paid craft. The painter realized the change when he saw the truly talented work of a friend at the exhibition. He went crazy with envy and decided to destroy everything that seemed beautiful to him. Thus, art requires sacrifice from a person, he must give himself up to creativity without a trace, otherwise his gift will turn into a skill with which it is by no means gods that burn pots.
   • In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Portrait" tells the story of a hero who painted an unfortunate picture. This is a master of his craft, who, of course, needed to support his family. Therefore, without thinking, he took on a large order. One notorious pawnbroker wanted a perfect portrait of himself before he died. For this purpose, he hired the best painter. He began a long and difficult work. The further he went, trying with a penetrating glance to penetrate the soul of the usurer, the worse he felt. His depravity seemed to leave its claw marks in his mind. The master never finished the canvas, he was seized by vicious thoughts and desires. And so he decided that only life in a monastery would help him cleanse himself of filth. He went to the holy monastery and was cured, restoring peace in his soul. Thus, art can bring not only light, but also darkness, so every creator must be responsible for what he does. His creative freedom should not turn into permissiveness.
2. A.S. Pushkin "Conversation of a bookseller with a poet"
   • A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet" expressed his disgust at the need to sell his creations. In this work, the poet presents two opposing points of view. A bookseller is a business man, he has his own price for everything, expressed in monetary terms. It seems to him that writing "rhymes" is an ordinary profession, no different from the work of any artisan. According to the bookseller, the main thing here is to tailor your product to the tastes of the right people in order to profitably sell the product. The poet at the beginning of the poem argues passionately with the bookseller, telling him about inspiration, about the freedom of creativity. But the bookseller retorts: “Our age is a shopkeeper; in this age of iron without money and freedom there is no. The poet gives up, and the sublime lines are replaced by vulgar prose: “You are absolutely right. Here is my manuscript. Let's agree."
3. I.A. Kuprin "Taper"
   • Kuprin's story "The Taper" tells a simple story about how a poor young pianist earned money on holidays in rich houses and met a famous composer at one New Year's holiday, who showed interest in his playing and provided a bright future for the young talent. The problem of art and craft is revealed in this work in a clear discrepancy between the pianist's craft and the playing style of a talented musician. The word "tapper" in one of its meanings refers to an insensitively playing performer, and Yuri Azagarov played with inspiration, enthusiasm and very artistic. Such a game could not leave anyone indifferent, so the famous Rubinstein turned his attention to him. This problem is solved in the story in favor of true art: no matter how small and modest a person is, he will be noticed if he puts his soul into his work. It is this spirituality that distinguishes art from craft.
4. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
   • The influence of art on the perception of the world by a person is shown in the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Having lost big at cards, Nikolai Rostov does not know how to inform a family that is experiencing financial difficulties. But his feelings are dispelled by the singing of sister Natasha. Hearing the magnificent performance of the composition, he calms down and understands the insignificance of his mental anguish in comparison with the greatness of art.
   • Natasha Rostova not only had a magnificent voice, but also subtly felt the music. The girl was delighted not only with the compositions that sounded at receptions and balls, she was not alien to dancing to the guitar, inviting fervent motives. By this, the author shows that true art is not subject to times and customs.
5. A. P. Chekhov "Rothschild's Violin"
   • Undertaker Yakov Ivanov moonlights as a violinist along with his fellow Jew Rothschild. The second is often false, which annoys a friend. But Yakov himself does not take music seriously, only after the death of his wife, having learned that he did not have long to live, he plays the violin soulfully, causing tears in those around him. The undertaker bequeaths the instrument to a Jewish friend and dies. Rothschild, imbued to the depths of his soul with the melody he heard, reproduces it on a donated violin. The composition brings him fame and recognition, becomes immortal.
6. M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
   • Handicraft in the field of art is vividly shown in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" The capital's writers have long put their works on stream, they are more concerned about vacations in the country, trips to Yalta and the notorious "housing problem".
   • The attitude of the Master to creativity is completely different: the novel about Pontius Pilate absorbs him completely. In order to create freely, the writer rents a small basement on the Arbat, buys literature with the information necessary for the book with all the money won in the lottery. When criticism falls on the novel and it is not allowed to be published, the Master feels devastated, burns the manuscripts, and then ends up in a psychiatric hospital. Thus, we see how true creativity is replaced by stereotyped works performed for the sake of power.
7. A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri"
   • The difference between art and craft was suggested to us by A.S. Pushkin in Mozart and Salieri. Heroes always competed in music, but Mozart invariably won the championship, although his opponent prepared more diligently and studied better. He sat for hours trying to invent a melody that would surpass the composition of his colleague in strength and passion. But all in vain. The genius composed a masterpiece in minutes, seemingly without any effort. Then the desperate composer decided to deal with a successful rival and mixed poison with him. But the talent of the dead man did not illuminate the killer, his death did not help Salieri win the musical Olympus. It was not about Mozart, but about the fact that someone from above is destined to show an unsurpassed talent, while others are simply not given this. Perhaps they will find their calling, but in a different matter. Thus, art is a child of inspiration, it is a gift from above. It is designed to create something that did not exist before. A craft is, as a rule, a commercial reproduction of what is already there. This is not an insight, but a routine process, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of the customer. Art, on the other hand, is always directed to eternity, it does not have a consumer orientation.
   • I believe that the publicist Romain Rolland would be right when he said that "To create is to kill death." An example confirming this idea can be found in the work of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri". The main character was a genius in the world of music, his creations amazed his contemporaries. The melodies of his authorship marked a new era in the art of sound. However, the creator himself did not live long, according to the plot of the book, he was poisoned by a colleague who envied his fame. Was Mozart forgotten after death? No. His music conquered death itself, because the name of the composer still lives on, and his melodies sing a loud song that their creator is immortal.
8. N.S. Leskov "Lefty"
   • In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" describes the difficult fate of the creator. The Tula craftsman receives an important order from the emperor himself: he needs to show the English craftsmen that their Russian colleagues are better. The Cossack Platov undertakes to deliver the order. He also brutally controls the activities of workers. Left-hander and his team worked for a long time on an impossible task, but they made an incredible achievement: they shod the English flea, which the emperor was so amazed at. One problem: the flea used to dance, but after working on it, it stopped moving. Here Platov became furious, never understanding what the masters had done. He beat Lefty badly. But when the court understood what he had achieved, everyone unanimously decided to send the craftsman to England to show off his work. Abroad, a gifted man was immediately appreciated. There they picked up a wife for him, and promised money, and coaxed him with all sorts of honors, but he stubbornly rushed to his homeland. In the end, he boarded the ship and went home. Most of all, he wanted to convey an important secret to the emperor in time: you can’t clean the gun muzzles with brick chips, the weapon deteriorates. But in his native country, the drunk Lefty was left to die, no one listened to his words, no one helped him. So a talented person died, whom important gentlemen only used, but did not appreciate. Thus, fate rarely spoils geniuses, because people realize their significance too late.
   • In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" tells about the sacrifice that art requires from the one who owns it. When meeting with the Tula master, we pay attention to the fact that his hair was torn out during training. We also see that he is poor and lives very modestly. An interesting fact is that the hero is slavishly submissive to fate and does not argue with Platov when he unfairly attacks craftsmen. All of this speaks volumes about what the life of a true creator actually looks like. This is not glory and honors, wealth and recognition, no! This is poverty, hard work, intense and difficult comprehension of the intricacies of craftsmanship. All this a man must endure without grumbling. Otherwise, his gift will not be developed and will not become a real talent. Such is the price of talent!
9. A. Akhmatova "Requiem"
   • In her work "Requiem" A. Akhmatova describes the times of harsh repressions, when people were sent into exile without trial or investigation, without telling their relatives anything. Mothers and wives had to stand in endless lines for months, waiting for at least some news from their sons and husbands. With this poem, the poetess challenged the Stalinist regime, for which her other works became banned for publication. Akhmatova had to endure humiliation and suffering for her position in art that was objectionable to the authorities.
10. V. Korolenko "The Blind Musician"
    • Peter was born blind, but had good hearing and touch. Since childhood, the boy was interested in playing the stableman Joachim on the flute, he himself began to master the flute, and then the piano. Music helped him perceive and “see” the world. Peter had to overcome many trials to accept himself as he is. But the talented musician managed to achieve the recognition of others and find personal happiness.
11. A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"
    • A simple guy Vasily Terkin appears before the reader as a courageous soldier and at the same time a great optimist. His enthusiasm more than once raises the morale of his colleagues. One day, in the middle of winter, he is picked up by a passing truck full of soldiers. A cheerful-looking guy plays the accordion for them, which makes the fighters warmer, and they start dancing. Thus, music helped people to distract themselves from heavy thoughts about what was happening and forget about the war for a while.

Quotes from works for the composition of the exam

1. "Woe from Wit" A.S. Griboyedov
   • “because now they love the dumb” (Chatsky about Molchalin)
   • “I would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve” (Chatsky Famusov)
   • “What will Princess Marya Aleksevna say!” (end)
   • “Happy hours are not observed” (Sofya)
   • "He's out of his mind" (Sofya about Chatsky)
   • “There is no need for another model when the example of a father is in the eyes” (Famusov Sofya)
   • “Who is poor is not a match for you” (Famusov Sofya)
   • "In my years one should not dare
   • Have your own judgment ”(Molchalin’s spinelessness and servility)
   • “to please all people without exception” (Testament of Father Molchalin)
   • “Houses are new, but prejudices are old” (Chatsky)
   • “Learning is the plague” (Famusov)
   • "mind hungry for knowledge" (Chatsky)
   • "a striking picture of morals" (Pushkin)
2. "Undergrowth" D.I. Fonvizin
   • “I don’t want to study, I want to get married” (Mitrofan)
   • “Here are the worthy fruits of evil-mindedness!” (Starodum at the end)
   • “Without sciences, people live and lived” (Prostakova)
   • “Science in a depraved person is a fierce weapon to do evil” (Starodum)
   • “Well, say another word, you old bastard!” (Mitrofan to the nanny)
3. "The Captain's Daughter" A.S. Pushkin
   • "in tight rein" (Father Grinev to a colleague)
   • "to have mercy, so to have mercy" (Pugachev)
   • “Take care of honor from a young age” (epigraph, father’s testament to Grinev)
   • “God forbid to see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless!”
   • Shvabrin describes Masha Grineva as a "perfect fool"
   • “Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience” - Grinev to Pugachev.
4. "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin
   • "Dika, sad, silent, Like a doe forest timid"
   • Forgive me: I love my dear Tatyana so much! (author)
   • "I liked his features" (Pushkin about Onegin)
   • “The world decided that he was smart and very nice” (about Onegin, secular society is narrow in views, petty, low)
   • "Isn't he a parody?" (Tatyana about Onegin)
   • Poetry and prose, ice and fire
   • Not so different from each other. (Onegin and Lensky)
   • "The ignoramus was dear at heart" (Lensky)
   • “How wrong I was, how punished!” (Onegin's letter)
   • "Encyclopedia of Russian life" (about the novel)
5. "Hero of our time" M.Yu. Lermontov
   • “After all, there are, really, such people who are written in their family that various unusual things should happen to them.” (M. Maksimych about Pechorin)
   • “The love of a savage woman is little better than the love of a noble lady” (Pechorin about Bel)
   • “What do you want ...” (Pechorin Maxim Maksimych answers at the meeting)
   • "honest" smugglers
   • "water" society
   • "skeptic and materialist" (Werner)
   • “Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other” (Pechorin on friendship)
   • “With the opportunity to lose her forever, Vera has become dearer to me than anything in the world” (P. about Vera)
   • "no one can be as truly unhappy as you, because no one tries so hard to convince himself otherwise." (Faith about P.)
   • “I love to doubt everything” (P. Chapter “Fatalist”)
   • lives "out of curiosity" (P)
   • "moral cripple" (P)
   • V. Belinsky said about Pechorin: “This is the Onegin of our time”
   • Before the duel with Grushnitsky, Pechorin reflects: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?
   • “Is it possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?” (Pechorin)
   • “The hero of our time is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development” (Lermontov)
6. "Mtsyri" M.Yu. Lermontov
   • "Do you want to know what I did
   • At will? Lived ... ".
   • Mtsyri enters the "wonderful world of worries and battles"
   • V.G. Belinsky. "What a fiery soul, what a mighty spirit"
   • The ideal environment for Mtsyri is one "where people are free like eagles"
   • "I couldn't tell anyone
   • The sacred words "father" and "mother".
7. "Inspector" N.V. Gogol
   • “After all, you live on that to pick flowers of pleasure” (Ivan Khlestakov’s position)
   • Trustee of charitable institutions Strawberry "A simple man: if he dies, then he will die, and if he recovers, then he will recover anyway"
   • “The only positive hero of my comedy is laughter,” Gogol admitted
   • With Pushkin on a friendly footing. (lie Khlestakov)
   • I tell everyone openly that I take bribes, but why bribes? Greyhound puppies. (Judge Ammos Fedorovich Lyapkin-Tyapkin)
8. "Overcoat" N.V. Gogol
   • “Leave me, why are you offending me?”
   • he served zealously—no, he served with love.
9. "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol
   • "knight of the void" (Manilov)
   • looks like "a medium-sized bear" (Sobakevich)
   • every object, every chair seemed to say: "And I, too, Sobakevich!" (interior of Sobakevich)
   • the house looked like a "decrepit invalid" (at Plyushkin)
   • "a hole in humanity" (Plyushkin)
   • “And to what insignificance, pettiness, vileness a person could descend! Could change like that!” (author's thoughts on Pl.)
   • "Oh, threesome! bird troika, who invented you? (lyre.indent)
10. "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev
    • “One human specimen is enough to judge all others” (Bazarov)
    • Bazarov "A decent chemist is 20 times more useful than any poet"
    • “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it”
    • I do not share anyone's opinions; I have mine. (Bazarov)
    • “Such a rich body! Even now to the anatomical theater!” - Bazarov about Odintsova (cynicism)
    • “Know that I love you stupidly, madly ...” (Bazarov’s confession)
    • Before the death of Bazarov Odintsova: “Blow on the dying lamp and let it go out”
    • D. Pisarev “To die the way Bazarov died is the same as to do a feat”
    • “He is predatory, and we are tame” (Katya says to Arkady)
11. "Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky
    • “It is possible to shed blood according to conscience” (the position of Schism.)
    • "Material that serves solely for the birth of its own kind." (ordinary people)
    • “Those who have the gift or talent to say a new word in their midst.” (extraordinary people)
    • "Trembling creature" - ordinary, "having the right" - extraordinary people.
    • “Love yourself first of all, for everything in the world is based on personal interest” - Pyotr Luzhin.
    • “Everything is allowed to a man” - Arkady Svidrigailov
    • "one field of berries" - Svidrigailov to Raskolnikov
    • “This man is a louse! .. Do you have the right to kill?” (Sonya)
12. "Thunderstorm" A.N. Ostrovsky
    • He clothes the poor, but eats the household completely ”(Kuligin about Kabanikha)
    • Why don't people fly like birds? (Katerina)
    • Yes, he hates me, hates me, his caress is worse for me than beatings. (Cat.)
    • If I was not afraid of sin for you, will I be afraid of human judgment? (Katerina about love for Boris)
    • "Mommy, you ruined her!" (Tikhon after the death of K.)
    • “Do whatever you want, as long as it’s sewn and covered” (Varvara Katerina)
13. "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy
    • Never, never marry, my friend (Bolq. to Pierre)
    • “... Father, wife, sister are the people dearest to me ... I will give them all now for a minute of glory, triumph over people” (A. Bolkonsky)
    • “How quiet, calm and solemn ... everything is empty, everything is a lie, except for this endless sky” (Austerlitz sky. A.B.)
    • No, life is not over at 31 (oak episode)
    • Love is God, and to die means for me, a particle of love, to return to the common and eternal source.
    • If everyone fought only according to their convictions, there would be no war ...
    • And of all the people I loved and hated no one more than her. (B. about Natasha)
    • We must live, we must love, we must believe ... (Pierre)
    • "an event contrary to human reason and all human nature" (author about the war)
    • Tushin's battery was forgotten...
    • "club of the people's war" (Tikhon Shcherbaty)
    • I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything ...
    • There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.
14. "Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov
    • - Nu, full lie down! - he said, - you have to get up ... But anyway, let me read the letter from the headman again with attention, and then I’ll get up.
    • - What a cleanliness you have everywhere: dust, dirt, my God! There, there, look in the corners - you're not doing anything!
    • - Do you understand, - said Ilya Ilyich, - that moths start from the dust? I sometimes even see a bed bug on the wall!
    • - Only about money and care! grumbled Ilya Ilyich. - Why don't you file accounts little by little, but all of a sudden?
    • - Somebody has come! - said Oblomov, wrapping himself in a dressing gown. - And I have not yet got up - a shame and nothing more! Who would it be so early?
15. "Old Woman Izergil" M. Golky
    • The beautiful are always brave.
    • Health is also gold.
    • Those who do not know how to live would go to bed. Those to whom life is sweet, here they sing.
    • And I see that people do not live, but everyone tries on and puts their whole life on it ... Everyone is his own destiny!
    • Whoever does nothing, nothing will happen to him.
16. "At the bottom" M. Golky
    • My body is poisoned by alcohol ... (Actor)
    • It turns out - outside, no matter how you paint yourself, everything will be erased ...
    • Kindness is above all blessings.
    • When work is a duty, life is slavery! (Satin)
    • What is the conscience? I'm not rich ... (Bubnov)
    • We are all wanderers on earth ... (Luke)
    • All people on earth are superfluous ... (Bubnov)
    • Man - everything can ... if only he wants ... (Luke)
    • Death - it calms everything ... it is affectionate for us ... (Luke)
    • You can't go anywhere in the carriage of the past. (Satin)
    • You have to respect the person! Do not feel sorry ... do not humiliate him with pity ... you must respect. (Satin)
    • Lies are the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is the god of a free man! (Satin)
17. "Quiet Flows the Don" M. Sholokhov
    • Not an azure scarlet color, but a dog's fury, a drunken roadside, late woman's love blooms.
    • In a time of turmoil and depravity
    • Do not judge, brothers, brother.
    • You have a smart head, but the fool got it.
    • A woman's heart is greedy for pity, for affection.
    • In fact, a person needs very little to be happy.
    • Life will force you to figure it out, and not only force you, but also forcefully push you to one side.
    • In life, there is no way that everyone lives the same way.
18. "Master and Margarita"M.A. Bulgakov
    • I've been broken, I'm bored, and I want to go to the basement.
    • I'll tell you a fairy tale. There was one aunt. And she had no children and no happiness at all either. And here she was at first crying for a long time, and then she became angry.
    • I went out with yellow flowers so that you finally find me ...
    • People are like people. They love money, but it has always been ...
    • A brick will never fall on anyone's head for no reason.
    • Well, the one who loves must share the fate of the one he loves.
    • It is easy and pleasant to speak the truth.
    • Housekeepers know everything - it's a mistake to think they're blind.
    • History will judge us - Koroviev
19. "Matrenin Dvor" A. Solzhenitsyn
    • “Those people always have good faces, who are at odds with their conscience.”
    • "Peat product? Ah, Turgenev did not know that it was possible to compose such a thing in Russian!
    • "What a damned manner - not to explain anything to an innocent person"
20. "The Cherry Orchard" by A.P. Chekhov

The final essay is the most important test on the road to the exam. If you do not pass it, you can not even think about passing the unified state exam. That’s why it’s so important to start preparing diligently now! Not much time, a couple of months. But together we will overcome everything. Joint? Yes! Write in the comments what piece was missing, and we will make an argument on it!

• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov described the gulf between dream and reality in his novel The Master and Margarita. The protagonist dreamed of publishing a book - the achievement of his life. For the sake of writing it, he left his job, spent a lot of money won on the purchase of various works that helped him in his work. But in the end, he himself regretted that he had so zealously sought the fulfillment of his dream. Critics immediately fell upon the published passage, like a flock of ravens on a corpse. Insults began in the press, persecution of such an "anti-Soviet" writer. And the basement on the Arbat, which the Master paid for with a lottery win, did not bring happiness: he was set up and evicted by Magarych, who pretended to be a friend. The hero finds himself in a madhouse, and he completely burned his novel. It turns out that a person should be afraid of his desires, because he cannot even imagine what they will turn into in reality.
• M. A. Bulgakov tells about the insignificance of some of our desires in the novel The Master and Margarita. Woland, at his performance in the Variety, is ironic about the dreams of Muscovites: they are all obsessed with the “housing problem”. The magician satisfies their pettiness and vanity by throwing wads of money into the air, dressing women in luxurious outfits. But the author of the novel showed the vanity and insignificance of such aspirations literally: all the money and robes melted away or turned into empty pieces of paper. Thus, the dreams of all these limited and stingy people turned out to be worthless illusions, and Satan taught them a good lesson.
• The heroine of the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" went through a lot to realize her cherished dream. The woman longed for the return of her loved one who was missing. She tried everything possible, but did not learn anything about his fate. And then one day she met a stranger who made a frightening proposal: take a cream, spread it all over her body and wait for his call. After that, there should be a meeting with a foreigner who knows about the Master what Margarita so wants to know. The woman was very frightened, but decided to take this step. She left her husband forever and all her former life in contentment and idleness. She had to meet the devil and become the hostess at his ball. She endured both pain and fear for the sake of love. As a result, the heroine was able to rescue the Master, but her dream came true at a high price. Thus, in order to get what you want, you need to make an effort, because dreams do not come true just like that.

F. M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"

• F. M. Dostoevsky in his work “Crime and Punishment” described a very dangerous dreamer who should beware of his desires. Rodion Raskolnikov sought to restore trampled social justice and distribute the surplus of rich people to the poor. To do this, he chose the first victim - the usurer Alena Ivanovna. This old woman wrapped dozens of honest but impoverished families in debt nets. The hero kills her, and at the same time takes the life of her pregnant sister, who was a witness to the massacre. But the fulfillment of his dream turns into the collapse of all bright hopes. The stolen money did not help anyone, but only ruined the peace of mind of the murderer and the thief. Thus, some desires are really worth fearing, since in reality they can only be embodied in ugliness and sinfulness.
• Reality is sometimes not able to desecrate a dream, as F. M. Dostoevsky, the author of the book Crime and Punishment, proves to us. Sonya Marmeladova dreamed of converting Rodion to the Christian faith and directing him to the righteous path of atonement for sin. Therefore, the girl goes to a moral feat: she goes to hard labor after her beloved. The harsh realities of prison life did not break the sublime soul. The heroine adapted herself to cruel orders and supported many prisoners with her care. Everyone loved her. Even the cold heart of proud Rodion melted. As a result, Sonya's wish came true: her chosen one renounced inhuman theories. In the epilogue, we see how he enthusiastically reads the Bible, imbued with wisdom and mercy. Thus, even the most unrealizable, it would seem, dream can break into reality and not be defiled by it, if a person ardently believes in what he is doing.

A. P. Chekhov, "Ionych"

• In A.P. Chekhov's story "Ionych", the hero dreams of his realization in the profession. He wants to make a great contribution to the development of medicine, he wants to help people and bring good to this world. But Dmitry finds himself in a remote province, where his sincere impulses towards the light are drowned out by the impenetrable darkness of philistinism and vulgarity. The whole environment of the young doctor drags him into a swamp of monotony and boredom. Here no one aspires to anything, no one yearns for anything. Everything goes on. And Startsev also betrays his dream, becoming an ordinary fat middle-aged man. He is rude and grumpy, serving annoying patients, whom he considers solely as a source of income. Now he only wants to sit in a club and gamble. Using his example, we understand that betraying one's ideals and dreams promises complete spiritual degradation.
• Not all dreams are destined to come true, and this is the norm of life. This thesis is proved by A.P. Chekhov in the book "Ionych". Katerina dreams of becoming a virtuoso pianist, but can she do it? Hardly. Not all people are given true talent. But the heroine does not understand this, showing off her ability to drum on the keys. She even rejects Dmitry's offer, leaves her father's house and spends several years in the capital, trying to learn to be a pianist. And what is the result? Youth fades, beauty fades, and the dream turns into sick pricks of ambition. The girl returns home with nothing, vaguely aware of her own mediocrity. Was it worth it to be so arrogant and reject the young man? No. But the past cannot be returned, and Katerina tries in vain to remind Dmitry of his former feelings. Thus, not all dreams are given to a person to realize, and he must accept this fact courageously and calmly, directing his efforts in another, more suitable direction.

A. S. Pushkin, "The Captain's Daughter"

• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in his historical novel The Captain's Daughter, describes devotion to a dream, which culminated in the realization of a wish. Marya Mironova fell in love with Peter and dreamed of marrying him. But fate always put a spoke in their wheels: at first, Shvabrin informed Grinev's father that the dowry was eager to lure the rich heir into a trap. The elderly nobleman naturally forbade this marriage. Then Marya became a prisoner of Alexei, and he forced her to marry him. It would seem that the poor orphan should have accepted the offer, she would not have to wait for the best, but the girl stubbornly waited for her beloved. When the release took place, she again had to lose Peter. He was convicted for imaginary help to Pugachev. And then the heroine was not afraid to go to the Empress herself. Such fidelity to the dream finally led Marya to fulfill her desire: she became the wife of a loved one.
• Sometimes people are ready to go to any abominations, just to make their dream come true. Such an example is described by A. S. Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Alexei wanted to marry Marya, but she rejected him. The beauty also fell in love with the new officer of the garrison, Peter. Then Shvabrin decided to achieve his goal through intrigue and even betrayal. He denigrated the reputation of Mironova and her family in the eyes of Grinev. Then the brave young man appointed the gossip a duel, defending the honor of his beloved girl. And Shvabrin again showed meanness, using a dishonest method. And when the rebels captured the fortress, the hero did not even raise an eyebrow, betraying his patronymic. It was then that he decided to take his wife by force and coercion, without stopping at nothing. Grinev prevented him in time, and yet Alexei was ready to step over all moral prohibitions, if only to achieve the fulfillment of his dream. Because of such unscrupulousness, it did not come true, because in any aspiration it is important to maintain dignity, otherwise you will only move away from your dream, because you will become unworthy of it.

A. N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm"

• In A. N. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", the main character dreams of a happy and free life. But marriage did not justify her hopes: her husband was under the iron heel of his mother, who sent reproaches every day of the existence of a young family. If the son could still run away for a while to a tavern or on business, then his wife took on the brunt of the relationship with her mother-in-law. Reality brutally deceived the expectations of a sublime and romantic girl. She thought that all families, like her parents, live in harmony and understanding. But her dream of love is not destined to come true even outside the scrap of Kabanikhi. Boris was another disappointment. His love did not extend beyond his uncle's prohibition. As a result, from the collision of reality with the world of dreams, the heroine loses the strength to live and kills herself. Thus, the conflict between reality and dreams can lead to tragedy.
• Dreams come true, but not by themselves. For this you need to do something. But often people do not understand simple truths, and A. N. Ostrovsky described such an example in the drama Thunderstorm. Tikhon loves his wife and dreams of living with her in the warmth and harmony of the family hearth, but the hero's mother constantly pesters the young with her eternal desire to control everything. It would seem that this problem can be corrected, but Tikhon is a weak-willed and apathetic person, to whom any business seems to be an unbearable burden. He is afraid of his mother, although he has already become an adult man. As a result, he pulls the strap of a difficult life without trying to fulfill his desires. This was enough to bring the unfortunate Katerina to suicide. In the finale, the hero mourns his wife and reproaches his mother for the collapse of all his hopes. But only he is to blame.

I. A. Goncharov, "Oblomov"

• In the novel Oblomov by I. A. Goncharov, the hero gets bogged down in fantasies all his life, hiding from reality in a warm bathrobe on his favorite sofa. He practically does not leave the house, but often thinks that he will come out and do something. To all the demands of reality (theft in Oblomovka, the need to leave the apartment, etc.), Ilya Ilyich only brushes aside, trying at any cost to throw the worries about affairs onto someone else. Therefore, Oblomov is always surrounded by scammers who benefit from the incessant escape of a friend from reality, where they shamelessly rob him. The daydreaming of Ilya Ilyich leads him into a dead end. Living days in illusions, he forgot how to do anything, so he loses his beloved Olga, squanders the rest of the inheritance and leaves his son an orphan without a fortune. Oblomov dies in the prime of his life from his way of life, although no, from his way of thinking, because it is he who brings a man to complete physical and spiritual degradation. Thus, excessive daydreaming threatens a person with irreparable and serious consequences.
• Our dreams do not always lead us on the right path. Sometimes they confuse us in the depths of labyrinths, from where it is difficult to get back. Therefore, it is necessary in time to distinguish our true desires from false and imposed ideas about what we want. In the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov" is just such an example. Olga Ilyinskaya imagined herself to be the savior of Ilya Ilyich and began to stubbornly remake him. She did not spare his habits, did not consider his opinion, and did not love him the way he was in real life. She saw in front of her only an illusion that she dreamed of making. Therefore, their relationship did not work out, and the heroine herself fell into a stupid position. She, young and beautiful, almost herself made an offer to a lazy fat man, who in every possible way slowed down the process. Then the woman realized that she lived in illusions and invented love for herself. Olga, fortunately, found a more suitable husband and said goodbye to false desires that could have made her unhappy if they were fulfilled. Thus, not all dreams lead us to a happy future.

A. Green, "Scarlet Sails"

• In Green's work Scarlet Sails, the heroine proved by her own example that even the wildest dreams come true if a person believes in them with all his heart. Once upon a time, a little girl received a prediction that a prince would sail for her on a magical ship with scarlet sails. Assol believed in the destiny and began to wait for that mysterious stranger, although everyone around laughed at her naivety. Society took out on her a negative attitude towards her father, and the girl grew up as an outcast. In addition, she was considered crazy, because who in their right mind would believe in stories about fabulous ships and handsome princes? But the heroine stubbornly believed in her lucky star, and for good reason. The brave sailor found out about her dream and fulfilled it, deciding to support the beauty. As a result, Assol waited for the fulfillment of her desire, despite the fact that no one believed in her. Thus, in order to realize your dreams, you must be a courageous and independent person, devoted to his ideal.
• To fulfill your dream, a person sometimes has to sacrifice a lot. For example, Arthur Gray from the story "Scarlet Sails" was forced to leave his home and break ties with his family in order to become a sailor. His parents were famous aristocrats, representatives of an ancient dynasty. Their only son was destined for the fate of a diplomat, because his father was an important government official. However, the boy wanted to live differently. The gloomy and pompous atmosphere of the mansion oppressed him. He wanted freedom and variety of travel. But the family did not approve of his intentions. Then the 15-year-old boy ran away from home. It was no doubt hard for him to take this step, but he was able to get out of his comfort zone. Such is the price of the fulfillment of dreams.

N. V. Gogol, Dead Souls

• The difference between a dream and a desire becomes clear when we find out what a person wants from life. The protagonist of N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" wanted one thing: enrichment. For this, he traveled around Russia in search of landlords who could transfer to him those peasants who had already died. So, the swindler intended to fraudulently obtain a loan by pawning dozens of serfs, who actually did not exist. Obviously, Chichikov did not disdain the lowest means in the implementation of his plans. He was not afraid to put his honor at stake, even his freedom, because for such machinations you can get on trial. But is the result worth the risk? Is a person really ready to sacrifice everything that he has for the sake of money? This is a very petty reason. For a dream, a simple desire for profit is not enough. This is just a consumer desire that is easy to satisfy. Most people have it, there is nothing in it that could inspire a person. A real dream is an ideal, a barely achievable miracle, to which a person is drawn. And what is so prosaic and banal is called only a momentary whim - desire.
• One of the heroes of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" was distinguished by a special reverie. Manilov lived in dreams, so in words he seemed like an ideal landowner. He dreamed of building a stone bridge across the pond, setting up tents and stalls for merchants there, in a word, organizing innovative trading platforms. However, all the regulars at home knew that the owner had been telling this story for years. He also gave the impression of a well-read and cultured person, but the book on his desk has been open at page fourteen for two years now. The nobleman took great care of the household, but did not understand anything about it, so the manager robbed him. Manilov lived with illusions that fed his imagination. These phantoms were enough for him, he was not going to do anything to realize them. Therefore, none of his grandiose plans will ever cease to be a plan.

A. P. Chekhov, "Gooseberry"

• A dream is a beautiful and inspiring extravaganza that guides us through life to the future we want. But if dreams turn into a fanatical desire, close to obsession, then they can drive a person crazy. An example was described by A.P. Chekhov in the story "Gooseberry". The protagonist, more than anything, wanted to buy his own estate. There he intended to grow his favorite garden berries and live in complete peace. For the sake of acquiring this paradise, he decided to waste all of himself. The man married for convenience, killed his wife with savings and stinginess, and he himself was malnourished, if only to save money for a coveted purchase. All hobbies, feelings, knowledge were forgotten. Nikolai Ivanovich lived only one dream. As a result, he achieved his goal, became a gentleman with his estate and a saucer of sour gooseberries. But he lived in solitude and complete idleness, having no family, no love, no life's work. The hero became spiritually impoverished, scared away all his friends, even his brother was uncomfortable in his presence. Extremes do not lead to good, even if they appear in dreams. Fanaticism destroys the inner world of man.
• In A.P. Chekhov's story "The Gooseberry", the main character proved by his own example that one cannot dream only about material values, otherwise the dreamer's personality degrades. Nikolai Ivanovich all his life sought only to acquire the estate, which his father lost due to debts. The son reacted very painfully to this incident from the family chronicle, and, apparently, this event influenced his worldview. He was ready to sacrifice everything in order to acquire an estate with a plot suitable for growing gooseberries. Nikolai Ivanovich married a rich, but middle-aged and ugly widow, and soon brought her to death with his stinginess. Such behavior alienated all his acquaintances and friends. He was left alone, but with gooseberries, because he bought a house and land. After the purchase, his brother noted that the newly minted master had fallen and degraded. A petty and selfish dream led him to a philistine existence, which by no means can be called a full-fledged life. His well-fed satisfaction has nothing to do with happiness. That is why it cannot be said that all dreams are equally sublime and beautiful.

A. I. Kuprin, "Olesya"

In A. Kuprin's story "Olesya", the heroine had a dreamy nature, so she imagined that she could deceive fate. She possessed magical abilities, and with the help of cards she made a prediction that foreshadowed her pain from bonding with her lover. But the young witch was too fascinated by Ivan, and therefore allowed the dream of their love to come true. Their romance really went on easily and rapidly, the young people were crazy about each other. Apparently, because of this eclipse of consciousness, the girl succumbed to destructive illusions - she believed that she needed to go to church and lead the lifestyle that her chosen one likes. But reality turned out to be a cruel refutation of this sweet self-deception: Olesya was severely beaten by fanatical parishioners. She realized that dreams of an alliance with Ivan were not destined to break through the misunderstanding and prejudices of society. And the dream of conquering fate also did not come true: inexorable fate followed the victim on the heels. Obviously, reality destroys our fantasies when we are under the intoxicating spell of love and allow ourselves to dream about things that simply cannot come true.

I. A. Bunin, "The Gentleman from San Francisco"

In Ivan Bunin's story "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the hero's dream never comes true, because he constantly postponed the deadline for its implementation and, in the end, died. He worked all his life, made capital, built his own business, and therefore devoted little time to his family and leisure. So, from a man he turned into a gentleman without a name and individual features. The hero became an ordinary businessman, in whom it was possible to discern only the presence of money. But he dreamed about something else - about a happy life with loved ones, about traveling and new sensations. But the man realized too late what was really dear to him. Never having reached the cherished goal of the journey, he died at the very first stop. All his dreams were shattered by his inability to sort out his priorities. He postponed the important for later, and as a result, nothing came true.

N. V. Gogol, "Nevsky Prospekt"

Not all dreams are equally useful for a person. Some of them are really worth fearing. For example, the artist from Gogol's book "Nevsky Prospekt" saw a beautiful stranger on the main street of the city. He immediately fell in love and followed her in the hope of getting to know her. The imagination of a creative person endowed the girl with some kind of magical charm. He followed her, and even seemed to see signs of attention from her side, but it turned out that the lovely young lady was leading him to a brothel. Seeing the hot spot, the hero was taken aback and ran away. At home, he desperately yearned for a young woman, or rather, for his vision from Nevsky Prospekt. He endowed him with an extraterrestrial beauty with a hypnotic attraction. He immediately decided to save his ideal, to wrest it from the clutches of vice. But a second visit to the brothel showed that the desire was unrealizable. The girl laughed contemptuously in response to the artist's sermons. All his illusions were shattered with a bang. He couldn't bear it. The conclusion can be drawn as follows: impressionable people should not chase dubious ideals. They need to be afraid of their own fantasy.

The collapse of hopes for the realization of a dream can hurt a person painfully and deprive him of an incentive to live. For example, the hero of Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospekt" is disappointed in the dream of saving a beautiful stranger. A young brunette, whom he saw on the street, turns out to be a worker from a brothel. Piskarev is very worried about this, but decides to rescue the girl from the captivity of vice. Opium greatly inflamed his imagination, and in a state of drug intoxication, the man could no longer adequately perceive reality. Arriving at a brothel, he began to preach the rejection of an immoral lifestyle. Naturally, the heroine only laughed at the guest. She wasn't going to change anything. But Piskarev could not stand the collapse of hopes and committed suicide. The unfortunate person simply could not live anymore, having lost his crazy dream, so the consequences of the destruction of dreams were so tragic.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

We have less than a month left before the final essay on literature, which must certainly be written well. After all, an essay test is a direct admission to such an important exam as the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. In order to write a high-quality work, the student had to read works of Russian and foreign classical literature throughout all 11 years of schooling. But what if there was no time to read, or extensive literary material had already been forgotten? Don't worry. After all, especially for such force majeure situations (which, as you know, happen to everyone), we have prepared a bank of arguments from the literature in all five areas of IP.

For each of the directions, we have selected for you several arguments that may be suitable for commenting on many possible topics. The wise Litrecon wishes you the favor of fortune and offers to “hack” it with the help of pre-prepared arguments. Go!

This is not such a difficult direction, it will fit for training for everyone who is not sure of their literary talents. Therefore, the Wise Litrecon selected arguments from well-known works that will definitely not raise questions from inspectors. If you still have wishes for examples, express them in the comments - we will add them.

"Fathers and Sons", I. Turgenev

The problem of the relationship between fathers and children, which belongs to the category of eternal dilemmas of mankind, is raised in the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev. The title of the piece speaks for itself. The dispute between two generations is revealed on the example of the relationship between “fathers” (they are represented by the brothers Nikolai and Pavel Kirsanov) and “children” (these are Arkady Kirsanov, the son of Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, and Evgeny Bazarov, a friend of Arkady). The philosophy of nihilism has taken possession of Bazarov, who has influence on his comrade. Representatives of the older generation stand up for traditional values ​​and do not understand the sweeping denial of unshakable foundations. The conflict of ideological positions leads to a duel between Evgeny and Pavel Petrovich. The ending of the work is unexpected - the main character dies of a serious illness in the house of his parents. The death of such a strong, characteristic character is a symbol of the failure of nihilistic views in society and the victory of "fathers" over "children". Arkady, having abandoned fashion trends, returns to the bosom of the family, finds his own, adjoins the camp of "fathers". He becomes the bearer of traditional values.

Here you can "pick up" the argument about good and bad children and their attitude towards the family. Eugene was indifferent to his parents, did not find time to communicate with them. When he arrived for the first time in three years, he did not even condescend to a conversation with his father, but immediately went to bed, although he did not close his eyes. But the old people still loved their heir, and when he died, only they came to his grave. But Arkady loved and revered his father, even nihilism could not separate them. He approved of his marriage to Fenechka, supported him in every possible way, wishing only happiness. In the end, both families lived together, harmony reigned in their family nest. And all because the young man did not disdain communication with his father.

"The Captain's Daughter", A. Pushkin

Andrei Petrovich Grinev, sending his 17-year-old son Peter to serve in the Belogorsk fortress near Orenburg, gives the young man his father's order: "Take care of your shirt again, and honor from youth." These words become the most important in the fate of a young man, literally determine his fate. Peter does not lose dignity in difficult situations. He is ready to help a person in trouble, and his goodness repeatedly returns to him. He always remains honest before the Motherland, faithfully observing the precepts of the parent. The work shows an example of the beneficial effects of father's upbringing on children. Andrei Petrovich Grinev brought up a real, brave and honest citizen of his country and a merciful person.

The parents of Masha Mironova accept death from Pugachev without tarnishing their honor. Especially touching is the scene when Vasilisa Egorovna sacrifices herself in order to support her husband at the last moment and raise the morale of other people doomed to death. Their daughter also followed in the footsteps of her relatives and was not afraid to stand up for her chosen one before the empress. This family is characterized by courage, honor and readiness for self-sacrifice. The work will be a good argument about the similarities between children and fathers, the features of a good upbringing and family values.

"Scarecrow", V. Zheleznikov

Granddaughter Lenka, an awkward sixth grader, comes to the elderly Nikolai Nikolayevich Bessoltsev. In the new class, ridicule, bullying and misunderstanding of classmates awaited her. Lenka gets the offensive nickname "scarecrow" and is constantly attacked by evil schoolchildren. The girl and her peers represent the generation of children, in turn, the generation of fathers is represented by the figure of the class teacher of the sixth grade, the teacher Margarita Ivanovna and the grandfather of the "effigy" Nikolai Nikolaevich. A work about what happens when adults turn a blind eye to the problems of children, leaving them to themselves, leaving them alone with cruelty and misunderstanding.

Refusal to see children's sorrows can lead to irreparable consequences and repentance of an adult in front of a child. Both Margarita Ivanovna and Nikolai Nikolaevich understand that they made a mistake and repent. The grandfather decides to leave the city with his granddaughter, and the teacher realizes that behind her own happiness she did not see the adult experiences of her students.

This beautiful sincere story opens with the words: “Strange: why do we, just like before our parents, every time feel guilty towards teachers? And not for what happened at school - no, but for what happened to us after. The protagonist of the story, the village boy Volodya, comes to study in the fifth grade in the district center, 50 km from home, to his aunt, who has three children. 1948 Endless hunger haunts the boy, his mother sends him parcels with potatoes and bread, but he notices that his supplies "somewhere" are disappearing, and because of hunger he begins to gamble with classmates. The class teacher, French teacher Lidia Mikhailovna, taking pity on the boy, tries to help. She sends him a package of food, but he guesses where it comes from and returns everything to the teacher out of pride. Lidia Mikhailovna represents the generation of fathers, the boy Volodya and his classmates represent the children. The teacher plays with the child for money, but not for her own benefit, but to help the student win at least some pennies for food. The director of the school lives through the wall, he enters the apartment and sees the game. The woman returns to the Kuban, and in the winter the boy receives a parcel with pasta and apples, which he had only seen in pictures before.

Here the problem of mercy, kindness, generosity is raised, which can help you when writing an essay on other suitable thematic areas. The main theme of the story is the responsibility of "fathers" for "children", not only their own, but all those in need of help, and the gratitude of young people for all the good that they once received from mature people.

"The Cherry Orchard", A. Chekhov

A work in which "fathers" and "children" change places. Infantile parents, especially Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya, and her brother Leonid Andreevich Gaev, are absorbed in dreams and memories of past years spent on the estate. The house, together with the cherry orchard, should be put up for debt, but the older generation only says that the house needs to be saved, but does not take any steps towards salvation. But the children are forced to take care of the "fathers" to preserve the beautiful family garden. But Anya, Varya and Petya Trofimov adopt inactivity from their ancestors and only talk about changes for the better and planting a new garden. The infantile stupidity of "adults" completes its work, and a sad fate awaits the estate with a garden. This is a book about how the older generation has a bad influence on young people, leaving them to their fate. Lyubov Andreevna herself dooms her daughters to poverty, trying to spend all the capital on the maintenance of her lover in France.

Here you can also find an argument about the continuity of generations: Lopakhin was the grandson of a peasant who, at the cost of labor and perseverance, bought the family out of the possession of the nobles. The hero inherited the industriousness, acumen and practical ingenuity of his ancestors and became a wealthy capitalist. This is a positive example of the impact of parenting on children.

"Mother of Man", V. Zakrutkin

The war took away her husband and son from the pregnant Maria, but she continues to live for the sake of her future life, saves the girl Sanya, who also soon dies, then pities the young German who calls her "Mom!" All living things flock to Maria, and as a result, having sheltered seven Leningrad orphans brought by fate to a burnt farm, she meets the victory of a real mother. She becomes the patroness of all living things. For her, there are no other people's children, the struggle for life rallied the people, and the woman becomes a symbol of the revival of the country from the ashes. She kept these children, only thanks to her care they survived, so this argument is ideal for revealing the topic "The role of the mother."

The problem of love and responsibility of "fathers" for "children", the problem of mercy, generosity (instead of revenge on the German, as a representative of a hostile people who destroyed Mary's family, she pities him, accepts, forgives) and kindness - all this is revealed in this book. The work can be used as an argument to other thematic areas.

"My friend Momich", K. Vorobyov

Orphan Sasha remains in the care of his uncle's wife. She loves their neighbor, Momich, who takes care of the abandoned family into his own hands. The little hero in their relationship discovered the meaning of the union of a man and a woman, infinitely devoted and loving each other. Sirota saw a chaste family, in which Momich is a mentor, protector, father, teacher. But the apocalyptic time of the 1930s, insisting on "moving" forward, offered models of new "families". For example, there was a "commune" - this is how the authorities imagined the unification of people who were strangers to each other into a "social institution of a new type." There, no one belonged to anyone, everyone could mate like an animal with everyone. Sanka and his aunt end up in this "paradise" (with clear signs of a concentration camp), but Momich "kidnaps" them from there, saving a woman with a child from inevitable reprisal. This is an example of the importance of the institution of the family in people's lives. The boy survived in that difficult post-revolutionary time only thanks to his adoptive parents, who spared no effort in his proper upbringing. Alexander will become a bold and courageous defender of the homeland and patron of the weak and oppressed.

Revenge and generosity

Any military work almost always raises the problem of revenge or generosity: B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", V. Bykov "Sotnikov", L. Tolstoy "War and Peace", etc. We will focus on more diverse examples, but if you definitely need “combat” arguments, you are welcome in the comments, where you can write what needs to be added to the selection, and we will listen to your advice.

"Terrible revenge", N. Gogol

This story from the cycle “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka” tells about two stories of revenge. The main outline of the work tells about the story of Danilo Burulbash, his wife Katerina and her father, who turned out to be a sorcerer. Her parent, among other things, was in cahoots with the Poles. Due to the personal accounts of his son-in-law and father-in-law, Danilo ends up in prison and then dies. Distraught, Katerina is obsessed with revenge. And he decides to kill his father. However, he kills her himself. This is an excellent argument for proving that retribution does not lead to anything good and generally destroys families.

The story concludes with the song of the old bandura player about the brothers Ivan and Peter. Ivan caught the Turkish Pasha and decided to share the award with his brother. But the envious Peter pushed Ivan with his baby son into the abyss and took all the good for himself. God gives Ivan the right to choose the execution for his brother. He curses all the offspring of Peter and, as the end comes to his brother, the ghost of Ivan will cast him into the abyss, and all his grandfathers will be drawn from different parts of the earth to gnaw him, and Petro, distraught and dumb, will gnaw himself. God was horrified, but decided to fulfill the will of Ivan. Thus, the thirst for retribution turns a good person into a fiend, ready to use any torture to achieve his goals.

"A Hero of Our Time", M. Lermontov

The tragic consequences of revenge are displayed in the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". The hot-tempered highlander Kazbich is in love with the daughter of the Circassian prince, the beautiful Bela, and wants to win her heart. But the girl is kidnapped by a young officer of the tsarist army, Grigory Pechorin, and with her the horse Kazbich for Bela's brother Azamat. The Circassian decides to take revenge. Having tracked down when the girl is left alone, he steals her and tries to take her away, but, noticing the chase, mortally wounds the victim and leaves her on the road. Bela dies, and Kazbich achieves nothing with his revenge and is left with nothing. The conclusion can be this: retribution has nothing to do with justice, since people just try to compensate for their mental anguish, forgetting about the equivalence of punishment for the culprit of their troubles. As a result, even innocent people suffer from such an act of aggression.

Another example from this work: the duel between Grushnitsky and Pechorin. In an effort to take revenge on Grigory for his ridicule and success in winning the heart of the princess, the young man denigrates the name of his own beloved, trying to provoke a comrade into a showdown. In the course of preparation, the junker deliberately planted an inactive weapon on his opponent, but his opponent saw through his deceit. Without waiting for a confession in an attempt to commit meanness, Pechorin killed the enemy, who was left with his forgery without the ability to defend himself. Thus, revenge again destroys all human virtues and feelings (Grushnitsky sacrifices the reputation of his beloved girl in order to realize his plans), and also leads to terrible consequences (the cadet died in the prime of life). In addition, it cannot be considered fair, because no jokes are worth the death of a person.

"The Master and Margarita", M. Bulgakov

The central theme of the novel is the conflict between good and evil. But motives of revenge and generosity go hand in hand here. The novel "The Master and Margarita" is often called the Gospel of Satan. And Woland is also characterized by revenge on those who do not believe in him and in God (to Berlioz, as proof of the existence of God (and hence the devil), providence itself cuts off its head with a tram), and generosity towards people who are characterized by true love and real talent. Woland encourages truth and honesty, but punishes lies and cowardice. His behavior can be called fair, and this revenge can be justified, because many characters really need a life lesson that would teach them to think about something else besides the housing issue.

Margarita is a woman who is characterized by generosity. She renounces a stable rich life for the sake of her beloved Master, who lives in a poor closet in the basement. He is obsessed with romance, and she is obsessed with love for him. For the sake of his search, she makes sacrifices, because participation in the events of the devil takes away the chance for the immortality of the soul. The heroine boldly goes to the dark forces, risking her life, just to find and save the Master. Also, the nobility and generosity of Margarita manifests itself after the ball, when she (instead of her desire) asks Woland not to give the distraught Frieda a handkerchief with which she strangled her son, and in return receives Woland's generous gesture - he reunites her with her beloved Master.

Just as generous is Yeshua, who does not hold a grudge against the people who tortured him. He also forgives the procurator who condemned him to death. The young prophet alone takes punishment for everyone, protecting all the inhabitants of the Earth before God. This argument will come in handy to reveal the essence of generosity: it is selfless kindness at the cost of self-sacrifice.

"Chelkash", M. Gorky

Chelkash is a tramp. Gorky's tramps are noble heroes, courageous and independent people, and the peasants, including Gavrila, are shown not from the best side. The thief takes Gavrila to work. But the partner turns out to be cowardly and greedy for money: he understands that he does not want to divide the money in half, and decides to rob a colleague by hitting him on the head. But it was not this insult that Chelkash could not stand, but the insult with a word. The guy tells him that he is an extra person, and the money will come in handy for him, he will buy land, start a family ... The thief cannot stand it and takes away the prey, but then decides to give him everything. But this is by no means a gesture of generosity, but a kind of revenge on Gavrila. The peasant returned for forgiveness to his comrade, and he wants the greedy man to be bitten by conscience. This is a good example of imaginary generosity, which only seems to be such, but in fact is a sophisticated, but fair revenge (fair, because it did not entail any victims and became an important lesson for the young guy).

The same example is useful for revealing the theme of kindness and cruelty, dreams and reality. It was not the one from whom everyone expected it that turned out to be cruel, but an ordinary person, and his aggression is saturated with indifference to everyone except himself. This means that the essence of cruelty lies in indifference, and not in the type of activity or lifestyle. Even a thief and a vagabond can be humane.

Gavrila's dream of a family and honest work becomes for him a pretext for an attempt on human life. For the sake of his happiness, he is ready for anything, and this readiness becomes fatal for his entourage. Obsession with desire can give rise to unscrupulousness and immorality, so dreams do not always help a person to live, sometimes they even interfere very much, because they turn him into a beast.

In the legend of Larra, Gorky gives an example of the people's revenge on the proud son of an eagle. Larra fell in love with the girl, but she did not reciprocate. In revenge, the proud narcissist kills her. The elder of the tribe banishes him, and he is doomed to eternal loneliness. When an aimless lonely life bothers Larra, he approaches the tribe so that people kill him, but realizing that this is just a trick, that he wants to kill, they retreated from the traveler to prolong his torment. Terrible, but fair revenge, which can be called justice, because no one suffered from it, except for the one who deserved it. It has become a lesson for the whole society and a good warning for those who do not value the rights of other people as their own.

In the legend of Danko, Gorky gives an example of how generosity can play a cruel joke on a person. The selfless hero is trying to lead his tribe out of the forest, where people simply suffocated from poisonous fumes. He takes the situation into his own hands, and boldly makes his way through the thicket. When the people began to despair, Danko tore the heart out of his chest and lit the way for them to the wide steppe. Having reached the goal, he died happy. And someone stepped on his heart. No one appreciated the feat of Danko. The reward for a young man is only the goal that he has achieved. Generosity often goes unnoticed and brings disappointment and even physical harm to a person.

“My friend Momich”, K. Vorobyov

Sanka is an orphan, he was raised by his aunt Yegorikh, the wife of his own uncle Ivan. Momich is the hero's neighbor, Maxim Evgrafovich. Momich and Yegorikha love each other. At that time, the authorities tried to convert believers by force into some kind of vague "religion of a bright future", destroying old temples. The boy, who became especially religious after meeting Momich, observed the confrontation between the authorities and the small church. But in his presence, Aunt Yegorikha was killed when she made an attempt to stop the tearing of the cross from the church. Sanka recalls that Momich "nursed a dead aunt", and after the funeral he put a dish of water and hung a towel - "so that the soul was washed." But the widowed Momich does not take revenge. He goes into the forest, as "to the porch of the church." The hero refused retribution for ideological reasons: he was a believer and could not fight back. This means that religion can save a person from a thirst for revenge.

There is no place for generosity in war, because the soldiers of the warring armies are desperately avenging it. So, the adoptive father of the protagonist was killed by the Nazis, who found out that he was helping the partisans. Momich could not do otherwise, because his comrades and fellow citizens were freezing and starving in the forests, and his behavior is understandable and commendable from a human point of view. But in wartime, true values ​​give way to false ones, and people become bloodthirsty enemies to each other. Therefore, a man whose behavior would be approved by all Germans in civilian life was killed as punishment for the “crime”.

Kindness and cruelty

This direction can be found in every work, so the choice of books for him is huge. Everything that can be useful is difficult to write, the Wise Litrecon will act more selectively. If you would like to receive some specific argument, write about it in the comments, he will be happy to add it.

“My horses are flying”, B. Vasiliev

In this work you can find an example of the importance and significance of kindness. Thanks to Dr. Jansen, the hero's mother decided to have a child. The woman was sick with consumption, and she was persuaded to terminate the pregnancy, but the doctor's advice became a pillar of hope. The sympathetic doctor took care of and supported the patient, did not let her lose heart and feel sorry for herself. Despite everything, the heroine gave birth to a son and became happy. Kindness is an indispensable condition for the existence and interaction of people, its role in our world can hardly be overestimated. It is this quality that can save a person and give him a chance to be born, because our life begins with the kindness of parents and their environment. All of them strive to give way to new generations, and without responsiveness, sympathy and readiness to help, the human race would have ceased long ago, since no one would sacrifice their comfort in order to give way to new people.

Dr. Janson is a kind person whose profession requires this quality. And he really developed it phenomenally to help people, to save them. For these features, the hero was very much appreciated in Smolensk, he became a symbol of dedication and nobility. Even his death was the result of a good attitude towards the townspeople: he died, pulling out children who fell into the sewer. Such situations show the true nature of a person: one who is truly kind will not leave defenseless children to their fate. Hence, true virtue expresses the readiness to sacrifice one's own interests for the sake of saving those who cannot help themselves on their own. This argument will come in handy in revealing themes: Who can be called kind? What are the acts of kindness?

There is also an interesting example that distinguishes between kindness and mercy. In the cavalry regimental school, the protagonist of the work practiced military affairs on a horse, to which he became very attached. He loved these animals, treated them kindly, respecting the work they give to people. Boris took good care of his partner, tried to treat her carefully and carefully. This is kindness: every day a person protected and cared for his assistant. But then his horse was wounded during an air raid, and the squadron commander shot her out of mercy. This act is a consequence of pity and compassion, because the poor animal was tormented by pain, and the only way to help her is to kill, which stops the torment. The commander took upon himself the burden of this massacre, but made the fate of the horse easier. This is the difference between kindness and mercy: one quality means a good and responsible attitude towards the environment, and the second is the ability to sympathize and the desire to alleviate the torment of someone who is ill and hurt.

"Dubrovsky", A. Pushkin

Troyekurov showed cruelty when, due to an everyday dispute, he began the process of seizing the estate of his old comrade. He bribed officials who recognized him as the true owner of Kistenevka. The rich man left his poor friend without housing and capital. The helpless old man died, struck by injustice to the very heart. And so, when Kirila Petrovich repented of the evil he had done, he realized that he had gotten excited, it was already too late: his only real friend died an untimely death through his fault. Conclusion: cruelty is irreversible and entails tragic consequences.

Also here you can find an interesting example on the topic: “Who can be called a cruel person”? Troekurov not only ruined his only friend, but also ruined the life of his own daughter, who forcibly married an unloved person. Marya begged her father to cancel the wedding, because she did not love Vereisky. But Kirila Petrovich was adamant: he knew better what was needed for his daughter, and this something was wealth. Only in him did the old man see the meaning of life. He ignored Mary's needs and doomed her to a life without love and happiness. The truly cruel one is the one that harms even the members of the family itself and is indifferent to eternal values, preferring material ones to them.

In addition, there is an argument proving that cruelty can be justified. Dubrovsky, having lost his father, estate and prospects, despaired and decided to take revenge on the offenders. The first step was the burning of the estate, which Troekurov got illegally. Corrupt officials died in the flames of the fire, because one of the peasants locked the door. Then Vladimir began to rob local landowners, forming a gang of bandits from fugitive peasants. Of course, his behavior is cruel and illegal, but it is justified by the reader, because the hero suffered and lost everything he had because of the corruption, injustice and greed of all those he robbed. Like a noble robber, he took from the rich to give to the poor. This desire for justice is worthy of respect, but the people responsible for the troubles of a people who cannot stand up for themselves are worthy of cruel treatment as punishment.

"Bread for the dog", V. Tendryakov

In this book you can find an example of the impact of cruelty on children. The protagonist lived in Siberia, in a station settlement, when the dispossessed wealthy peasants were exiled there. Before reaching the place of exile, they were left to die of starvation in a small birch forest in front of the inhabitants of the village. Adults bypassed this place, and the children could not restrain themselves from curiosity. The dispossessed were called "kurkuli", and the children from afar watched the death of these unfortunate ones. The stationmaster was horrified by such a strange curiosity, and was perplexed that he would grow out of these tomboys. From the height of his years, the author wonders how he, a little boy, did not go crazy from such a spectacle. Cruel times had a very strong impact on children, and they grew up in an atmosphere of general indifference to death and selfishness. The narrator could not get rid of this memory, even as an adult. His moral condition was forever undermined by these appalling living conditions. A lot of time has passed, but thoughts about those years still torment the author.

There is also an interesting take, proving that initially all people are kind, it's just that circumstances force them to change for the worse. It can also be used as part of the theme: "Can a kind person commit a cruel act." The hero does not show pity for the dispossessed, but he himself brings them the remnants of his dinner. Still, he could not feed more than two people, and more and more hungry people began to line up at the fence of his house. He could not bear this burden and drove them away. He no longer brings bread to the “kurkuly”, but his conscience is restless. And then a dog appears in the village, hungry. And the boy decides to help her. But the narrator remarks: “I did not feed the dog, which was shabby from hunger, with pieces of bread, but my conscience.” The hero was kind, but could not help everyone who needed it, so circumstances forced him to harden and leave the hungry "fists" to their fate.

"Dark alleys", I. Bunin

Even if cruelty is not punished by people, fate itself stops it. So, the hero of Bunin's book named Nikolai became a victim of his cruel act. Once he left his mistress, as a result of which the girl remained single for life. The man acted selfishly, because at that time a woman who lost her innocence outside of marriage was considered fallen and unworthy of a marriage proposal. Nikolai, without hesitation, doomed his beloved to loneliness and shame, as he was carried away by another lady. He really fell in love with his lawful wife, but she did not share his feelings and left her husband. The hero was very upset by the loss, but for a long time he had hopes for his son, he thought that he would find happiness in his society. However, even here he did not manage to escape from the revenge of fate: the young man grew up as a "scoundrel." Obviously, he could not build happiness on someone else's misfortune. The cruelty of the hero towards the abandoned Nadezhda was punished, although not directly.

Kindness does not exist without honesty and patience. A good example confirming this statement is the position of the heroine of Bunin's story "Dark Alleys". Having lost a loved one, Nadezhda did not look for opportunities to get married. She still loved Nikolai, who left her. Therefore, the woman did not deceive another man, just to arrange her fate. She did not want to condemn the one who would take her as his wife to a life of lies.

"Old Woman Izergil", M. Gorky

In the story “Old Woman Izergil”, the first legend is the story of Larra, the son of an eagle and a woman, doomed for his cruelty to eternal wandering and loneliness. He considered himself superior to others due to his mysterious origins. One day, from a tribe of farmers and hunters, a huge eagle who lived on the highest mountain kidnapped the most beautiful girl. Her search was unsuccessful, and twenty years after the death of the eagle, she returned with a beautiful young man, her son. The boy was very handsome, but proud and cold, he did not take into account either the opinion of someone from the tribe or the elders, which caused indignation of all the people around him. But the last straw in the cup of patience was his disgusting act - the murder in front of everyone of an innocent girl who rejected Larra. This cruelty did not go unpunished, and the offender was expelled from society. Even God punished him with eternal loneliness. Only then the young man realized his mistake and repented, but it was too late.

Another example can be given if the topic concerns the superiority of kindness over beauty. Izergil in her youth was a rare beauty, a woman was idolized and carried in her arms. She has experienced many adventures and bright moments. However, in old age, the heroine turned out to be useless to anyone: she had neither a loving husband, nor children, nor serious achievements. As soon as beauty gave way to fading, all the value of this person was gone. But if Izergil was famous for her kindness and responsiveness, and not just her beautiful appearance, then she would not be lonely even in old age, because true virtues do not depreciate over time.

"Mu-mu", I. Turgenev

Why do people get bitter? An example from the work of I. S. Turgenev "Mu-mu" can serve as an explanation. Gerasim is not an evil person, but absolutely pure and kind. He never offended anyone, he treated everyone with respect. Despite his slightly formidable appearance, in his soul he was very kind and vulnerable. But the people around him abused his courtesy, for example, the same lady pulled him out of his usual environment and forcibly transported him to the city. Then she destroyed his dreams of marriage with Tatyana. But even this seemed to her not enough, and the landowner insisted on killing her servant's pet. Receiving one blow of fate after another, the man withdrew into himself and lost faith in people. After the death of Mu-mu, he ran away from his mistress's house and returned to the village, where he lived the remaining years in solitude. He could no longer bear the cruelty of this world, and therefore did not take responsibility for his wife or dog. He hardened and withdrew into himself, as terrible circumstances forced him to surrender under the pressure of injustice.

Cruelty often goes hand in hand with power. An example is the lady from the story "Mu-mu". The woman could dispose of the peasants as she wanted, and abused this, putting pressure on them and playing with their destinies. For example, in an effort to cure Kapiton of alcoholism, she married him to Tatyana, who did not love him. And the drunkard did not particularly need a wife. But the landowner imposed her will on the servants, disregarding their feelings and opinions. As a result, Kapiton drank even more, and the fate of his wife was completely ruined completely. The noblewoman allowed herself such experiments, feeling her impunity and permissiveness. Power poisons the mind and instills irresponsibility in people, so cruelty most often becomes its manifestation.

"French Lessons", V. Rasputin

Sometimes we do good, realizing that it will bring us harm, but we do it anyway, because we know that our sacrifice is justified. The heroine from the work of V. Rasputin "French Lessons" can serve as such an example. Lidia Mikhailovna was well aware that by helping Volodya, she could lose the job she loves, but she could not do otherwise. The woman gambled with the boy in order to give him money for food under this pretext. The poor child was starving in the city, but out of pride he did not take handouts. Of course, having learned about this, the school principal put the teacher out the door, without understanding the situation. But when Volodya grew up, he remembered the kindness of his teacher and thanked her for it. Lidia Mikhailovna understood perfectly well that the kindness she showed to him could harm her, but how can one stay aside when help is needed for someone who cannot provide such help to himself?

Sometimes cruelty in life is very difficult to notice, and people pass by it. For example, Volodya's relative, not doubting the rightness of her actions, deprived the boy and stole his food. What his mother sent him with great difficulty became the prey of a woman who gave nothing to the child, dooming him to a hungry childhood. He could have died of exhaustion had he not thought of playing for money. But the fate of Volodya was not interested in his relative, who did not see anything wrong with her actions. She, of course, justified herself, thinking that she had three children, little money, and then an extra mouth to feed. But such actions cannot be justified, because they have one really truthful basis - indifference to other people.

"White Bim Black Ear", G. Troepolsky

The story of a strong friendship between a man and a dog is useful for arguing on the topic: “Why do we need kindness to our smaller brothers?”. They wanted to kill the little setter, because he did not look like a thoroughbred at all, but the writer saved the dog by taking it with him. Bim grew up as an exceptionally smart, affectionate and good pet. The dog understood all the feelings of the owner and was able to repay him with kindness for kindness, showing unprecedented devotion. Ivan Ivanovich went to the hospital, and Bim remained under the supervision of his neighbor Stepanovna. He was so sad that he did not eat, and as a result he left to look for the owner in the hospital. Realizing that it would take a long time to return, the animal suffered greatly, but stubbornly strove for the one who saved it. Having gone through all the misfortunes, the dog did not lose trust in people and love for one single person. So, Ivan Ivanovich found in a pet a faithful and sincere friend who worried about him and was waiting for him very much. Animals wholeheartedly respond to kindness and give us in return all the generosity of their love, which so supports and inspires us.

There is also an example of human cruelty to animals. While the owner was ill, Bim lived with a shepherd and his son Alyosha. The shepherd loved Bim, but one day he gave it to a friend for hunting. Klim beat Bim because he, too good a dog, did not finish off the little animal. The man saw in the pet only equipment for entertainment and a variety of weapons. The consumer attitude towards the dog led the person to the manifestation of unmotivated aggression. Having hit Bim, the hunter behaved even worse than the beast, because the animals do not get angry and do not attack without a good reason. Thus, cruelty to our smaller brothers leads to the degradation of the soul and mind, because the one who is capable of this has no right to be called a "man", because he behaves worse than an animal.

Art and craft

This is the most difficult direction, it is not so easy to find it in Russian literature, so we paid special attention to it. The wise Litrekon still asks you for help: write in the comments what is missing.

"Art", N. Gumilyov

Argument that art is eternal. “All dust. - one thing, rejoicing, art will not die. The statue will outlive the people,” Gumilev writes. Creativity is eternal, it exists for centuries, we restore the life of the distant past from pictures, we can learn from statues about kings who died long ago, from legends and chronicles we restore history itself. Only art will live for centuries, as a symbol of eternal life, because it is higher and more significant than everything material and practical.

And here is the answer to the question: “What kind of art is the most valuable?”. The author puts poetic creativity on the highest pedestal. It is the poetic word that is destined to survive even copper, sculpture, everything material, because, as it is written in the Bible: “In the beginning there was a word.” It will survive in the historical memory of peoples, because, unlike paints and clay, all people speak the language, so they will always need literature. She will always help them express their feelings and thoughts beautifully and correctly, without this civilization will lose the only thing that unites it - speech.

"Creativity", A. Akhmatova

This work raises the problem of the role of inspiration in creativity. Poetic art is a subtle matter emanating from higher powers. Many creators think so. In the poem "Creativity" Akhmatova reveals the secret of the birth of the verse, reveals how feelings are born that make you write: something is heard (thunder peals), something is imagined, a captivating "languor" takes possession of the body. And out of many sounds, the poet takes one and begins to develop it. As if something higher is dictating verses to him, and the master of words acts as a medium who distinguishes signals from an unknown world and translates them into human language. Thus, the author describes inspiration and notes its significance in the creative process, because without mysterious, barely perceptible sounds, a poem does not originate in the poet's head. He needs a creative impulse called insight.

"Artists", V. Garshin

Here you can find the difference between art and craft. Before the reader are two artists - Ryabinin and Dedov. They are comrades, studying at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Dedov is a representative of pure art. He cares about the beauty of creation, not its meaning. Ryabinin, on the other hand, wants to create in a social way, wants to reach out to the hearts and thoughts of the viewer and begins to paint a portrait of a “grouse”, someone who patches holes in boilers from the inside. Capercaillie receive a small wage for their work, quickly become deaf and die. Dedov does not encourage the ideas of his colleague, he does not understand why multiply the ugly. He is entirely for beauty and harmony, for pictures that delight the eye. But Ryabinin finishes the work and, having sold it, falls ill from a nervous shock. After this incident, he decides never to paint again, but to do something socially useful. The hero had the strength to realize and accepted that he just used art to promote his ideas. He did not want to create, his task was to draw public attention to the problems of the people. Painting itself was secondary to him, so Ryabinin can be called an artisan. But Dedov is a true artist, he was only interested in the beauty of the canvas, and he was engaged in creativity for the sake of the process itself, and not the result. His work was a real art.

There is also a good example here that reveals the theme: "Genius and villainy are two things that are incompatible." Dedov is a very talented painter, whom fate gave him the opportunity to completely occupy himself with art. And he sincerely surrenders to the impulse of creativity, rejoicing at the successful play of light on the canvases and looking for interesting views. It seems that this person is distracted from everything that surrounds him. He does not understand, for example, why multiply ugliness by drawing a laborer "grouse", but not out of anger or selfishness, but because this is alien to his activity. But in life this young man is very kind and sympathetic. For example, he takes his sick friend to the hospital, takes care of him and visits him often. There is genuine compassion in his words. Obviously, the young man's talent is combined with kindness and readiness to help a comrade in difficult times. Gifted people are so distant from the bustle of the world that they do not find a reason and place for anger or cruelty in their bright soul.

"Doctor Zhivago", B. Pasternak

In this novel, one can find an argument that reveals the true purpose and power of art. Yuri Zhivago is a doctor and a poet. His youth falls on the time of the revolution. But, despite the political tension, the historical upheavals that befell the hero, Yuri remains absolutely apolitical. His name speaks for itself - he personifies life itself. He doesn’t care which side to be on, life in all its manifestations and the opportunity to create are important to him. The novel concludes with his book of poems. Each poem by Yuri is a response to events, shocks, feelings experienced by the doctor. Before the reader is life flowing in creativity. For a man, literature became a breath of clean air, with which he escaped the cruelty and fury of the world around him. Only she protected his soul from the fever of fratricidal war, only she helped him plunge into love and find shelter in it. Thus, art heals a person, saving him from the destructive influence of omnipresent aggression. It gives him a haven where he can restore strength for life.

In addition, here you can find an argument on the topics: "What can inspire a person"; "What is inspiration?" Yuri began to write poetry especially actively when he met Lara, his muse. The woman became a source of inspiration for him, because love for her excited all the feelings of a man. Such a frenzied passion set him up for discoveries in literature, for the search for new themes and images. The magnetic power of this girl stimulated the imagination of the creator. Almost all the poems are dedicated to her, and after her departure, the author's creative energy began to wane. Thus, the most abundant source of inspiration for artists is love.

“Being famous is ugly…”, B. Pasternak

Here you can find an example that tells about the purpose of art. The author talks about the tasks of creativity, about the poet's guidelines. Boris Pasternak writes: “The goal of creativity is self-giving, not hype, not success. It is shameful, meaning nothing, to be a parable on the lips of everyone. Creativity for the sake of creativity, for the sake of a response in the hearts of the reader - this is the main goal of the poet. Neither fame nor money makes a creator a creator. It is the number of touched spiritual strings of readers or viewers that determines the value of an artist. The fate of the author is, first of all, a sacrifice in the name of the beauty and richness of the syllable, stroke, note. He is only a conductor of a brilliant message, a priest in the temple of creativity. Honor and recognition is just a hype that does not mean anything, because a real creator does not follow the crowd, but is ahead of her expectations by hundreds of years. Thus, the purpose of a cultural figure is to express all the potential inherent in him, to reach the peak of his abilities and surpass it.

"Portrait of Dorian Gray", O. Wilde

In this work you can find an example that reveals the essence of talent. Sybil Vane is a brilliant actress who lives on stage and skillfully transforms into the heroines of plays. A wealthy nobleman sees her on stage and falls in love with her image, with her passion on stage. Sybil fell in love with him, but she wanted to appear before him in real life, without the masks and falsehood of the theatre. For the sake of love, the girl played badly, ruining her talent. However, the young man fell in love with the talent in his chosen one. When his ideal crumbled to smithereens, he became disillusioned with her. She wanted to be real for him, to stop living in other people's roles, and this desire became fatal for her gift of reincarnation. Thus, talent is a fragile and vulnerable skill that makes its owner an exceptional, but very dependent person. The exclusivity of abilities levels his personality, in which others see the bearer of the gift, and not individuality.

This novel is rich in arguments, so the Wise Litrecon dedicated it to him, there are many high-quality examples.

"Martin Eden", D. London

There is a good example in this book concerning the plight of the creator, as well as the price of talent. The sailor realizes that he wants to become a writer. Thus began his long journey of disappointments and small victories in the world of literature. It was difficult for the poor man to engage in self-education and creativity, because they didn’t really pay for it at the start. Martin writes books day and night, he has nothing to eat. When he dies of hunger, everyone drives him away, he does not see help, understanding from people who are proud of their education and belonging to the highest circle, but cannot lend a helping hand when it is really needed. Having survived many humiliations and trials, the hero nevertheless achieves his goal and becomes a fashionable author who stands out from the rest. Thus, talent is, first of all, the diligence of a person and his ability for self-development. Being gifted is very difficult, because geniuses often remain misunderstood and persecuted, and it is always difficult to recognize them, because people do not like those who stand out with at least something.

There is also a good argument about why creative people often oppose society? A white streak begins in Martin's life: after a long lack of money and a time of failures, they begin to print him. He becomes a famous writer, a rich and respected man. But the hero realizes that outwardly much has changed, but inwardly he remains the same Martin Eden. Writing and reading made him an intellectual and cultural conversationalist. But he doesn’t understand why earlier, when he needed food, understanding, no one wanted to support him, and now, when he has everything, he is invited to lunches, dinners and welcomed everywhere with open arms? Thinking about this injustice, he realized that society is hypocritical and deceitful. It is ready to accept only the winner and tramples underfoot hundreds of losers. Unable to bear the internal dissonance, Martin Eden jumps from the ship into the water and drowns. So he protested against people who wanted to know only a successful writer, but were ready to break and throw out a simple sailor. Thus, the hero rebelled against the crowd of rich inhabitants, because they showed him, the poor and the rich, their true face - indifferent, deceitful and arrogant.

Dream and reality

The wise Litrekon prefers not to dream, but to act, therefore he has collected suitable arguments for you in this direction. If his fees are not enough for you, contact him in the comments, he will get more useful things that you need.

"Tsar-fish", V. Astafiev

Ignatich is the wealthiest person in the village, a skilled fisherman. He is lucky when it comes to catching fish. But he dreams of catching the king fish. A sturgeon with more than two buckets of caviar could make Ignatich rich. And one day, when the main character goes fishing, he comes across the ultimate dream of all fishermen. A serious struggle of the king of all nature and the king of the underwater world begins. The clumsy Ignatich finds himself in the water, entangled in his own nets. And when the fight becomes impossible, the fisherman begins to pray, to ask for forgiveness from everyone he offended, forgetting his pride, he calls his brother, with whom he did not want to share his prey. But God seemed to hear Ignatich, gave him a second chance, separated the fisherman and the sturgeon. This is an example of how a dream can harm a person, forcing him to risk his life.

You need to dream big, otherwise life can pass you by. To prove this thesis, one can cite an argument from this work. The desire of the hero was the capture of fish, which promised enrichment. The sturgeon, which carried several kilograms of expensive caviar, became the ultimate dream for an avid fisherman. He became obsessed with fishing and even risked his life for the sake of catching a gigantic fish. However, a petty consumer dream disappointed him: being on the verge between life and death, the man realized that he was doing the wrong thing, and now he is drowning in vain. Having miraculously got out, he repents of his illusions and decides to reconsider his life values ​​and guidelines.

"Overcoat", N. Gogol

Here, too, you can dig up an example suitable for the topics: "You need to dream big", "How to distinguish a dream from a desire." Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin is a titular councilor living in St. Petersburg. He looks pitiful and causes ridicule from his colleagues. All that occupies him is rewriting papers. But one day the hero notices that his old overcoat was worn to holes. The tailor Petrovich refuses to repair a worthless thing, insists that Akaky Akakievich buy material for a new one. The dream of a new thing has become the focus of the life of the protagonist. He limits himself in everything, and, finally, he manages to save up 80 rubles for material for cutting a brand new overcoat. Having received it, a man becomes more confident in himself, begins to enjoy life. But the robbers liked the thing, and the hero is left without outerwear. This loss brought the official to an untimely death, because he attached too much importance to things. His consumer dream was just a banal desire of a person to update the wardrobe, and he made an idol out of it, which contains the meaning of being. The mistake cost him his life, but if you think about it, he lived in vain if clothes were the limit of his dreams.

There is an abyss between dream and reality, because in our imagination we brush aside all the risks and difficulties that we are likely to face in real life. They then separate the idea from reality. An example is Bashmachkin's dream. Thinking about a new thing, he hoped that his representative appearance would earn the respect of the environment, which he lacked so much. But in his imagination, he completely did not take into account the fact that the thing is a shaky and insignificant reason for pride, if only because it is easy to lose. This is what happened in real life: the man was robbed, and the officials refused to help him look for the villains. But the man, deprived of illusions and hopes, could not come to terms with this and died of a nervous breakdown. The gap between dreams and reality has swallowed up another victim, and the reason for this phenomenon is simple: people themselves build castles in the air, so far from reality that at the first breath of the wind they scatter, leaving only a bitter sediment on the soul.

"Scarlet Sails", A. Green

This is an argument about staying true to your dream and not losing hope, even if everyone around you is urging you to do so. After the eight-year-old Assol heard the prediction of the collector of fairy tales Egl that the prince would come for her on scarlet sails, the girl began to dream about this moment, to wait for his approach, although all the children laughed at her. Assol spent her whole life alone and unsociable, and her fellow villagers considered her a fool. But one day the girl saw the approach of the treasured ship, which inexpressibly surprised her ill-wishers. It turns out that the traveler found out about the wonderful desire of the heroine and decided to fulfill it, since he liked Assol. As a result, the dreamy beauty, remaining true to her ideal, waited for a miracle and realized her dreams. This means that a person simply needs faith in a dream: it gives him the strength to live and strive for the best, and is also a guarantee of his success.

This example will come in handy when disclosing topics: “How to achieve your dream?”; "Is it necessary to make an effort to make a dream come true?". Arthur Gray was the only child who lived in his father's rich family estate. He was destined for the fate of a child with a silver spoon in his mouth, but he did not like the lot of a diplomat and an aristocrat. Seeing a picture in the library that depicted a ship, he wanted to become a sailor. Naturally, the parents did not want to hear about the arrival of an heir. Having been refused, the young man was not embarrassed and at the age of 15 he fled to the ship as a cabin boy, proved himself, and after the death of his father became the captain of his own ship. It was such a life that made him happy, it was in it that he saw the meaning, but it was not easy for the hero to achieve the embodiment of the ideal: for this he left his comfort zone and risked everything he had. To realize a dream, you need to try and work hard, otherwise plans will remain plans.

"Horse with a pink mane", V. Astafiev

This is a good example for revealing the topic: “How do children's dreams differ from adults?”; What do children dream about? To earn extra money, the grandmother sends her grandson for strawberries, which can be sold. For a basket of berries, she promised her grandson a gingerbread in the form of a horse with a pink mane of sweet glaze. Such a pink gingerbread horse is the ultimate dream of all yard boys. Little Vitya really wanted to get a gingerbread, but he ate the collected berries, and instead of them he laid grass in a basket, filling it with strawberries on top. The grandson's deception put the grandmother in an awkward position, but, having heard sincere apologies, the elderly woman relented and handed the sweet to Vitya. He was happy. Obviously, children's dreams are very simple and naive, unlike adult dreams, but both children and their parents are ready to go to great lengths for the sake of their desires. Nevertheless, in children this perseverance is not conscious, they hardly separate good and evil, but older people, of course, should be responsible in choosing means to achieve the desired result.

"Defense of Luzhin", V. Nabokov

This argument will help to uncover the problem of "escape from reality". Alexander Ivanovich Luzhin at the age of 10 became interested in playing chess. Now his whole life revolves around chess combinations, complex thinking over moves. As a child, no one understood him, but now we have before us a great chess player who lives an exclusively inner life. He has little interest in the outside world. Reality was replaced by chess. Everything in the illusory world is subject to chess moves and calculations. One day, a draw with the Italian Turati puts Luzhin into a painful state, and he decides to "drop out of the game" - he commits suicide. The novel ends with the phrase: “Alexander Ivanovich! Alexander Ivanovich! But there was no Alexander Ivanovich.” This phrase says not only that Luzhin died, but also that Alexander Ivanovich did not exist at all, never, for a long time. He just turned into a chess piece. The author described the tragic outcome of "escape from reality", proving that it is a painful reaction of the personality to external stimuli.

Also, this example can answer the question: "Why does a person run away from reality." Nobody understood Luzhin since childhood, it was difficult for him to find a common language with people. The boy suffered from loneliness and restlessness until he found an outlet that allowed him to leave the unfriendly real world. For him it was a chess game where all his sorrows were dissolved. He began to perceive everything that surrounded him through the prism of a board lined with squares. All life has been reduced to figures on the playing field. Even love could not knock Luzhin out of a comfortable rut: he stubbornly continued to exist outside of reality. Such a worldview was caused by misunderstanding and pressure from society, which led the child to the idea that it was easier to close in a cozy cocoon and avoid contact with the cruel and cold outside world.

"Portrait of Dorian Gray", O. Wilde

This example is suitable for an essay on the topic: "Be afraid of your desires." Dorian Gray's careless dream to have the portrait grow old instead of him has come true. Now the hero is doomed to eternal life. At first, this pleases the young man, because most of all he valued his appearance. The secret life of the canvas gave him impunity and permissiveness: all his vices remained invisible to society. However, in his mature years, the man realized that he was doomed to live forever, feeling the whole burden of his own sins, the burden of pain that he caused to people. Maddened, Dorian attacks his portrait with a knife, and dies himself. Thus, some dreams should not leave the limits of fantasy, otherwise their realization can destroy the dreamer himself, since he did not reasonably weigh all the consequences of his desire and, without realizing it, doomed himself to a tragic ending.

And this argument will reveal the topic: “Do dreams always have to come true?”. An ordinary girl, Sybil Vane, fell in love with a wealthy nobleman and dreamed of living together with him. A more practical and sensible brother warned his sister that she did not know her chosen one at all and was mistaken about him, because rich people rarely marry simple people like her. But the heroine could not stop the flight of her fantasy and already imagined herself as Dorian's wife, when she suddenly received a harsh refusal from him: the young man stopped loving her. Sybil could not survive the betrayal and committed suicide. Her brother was right: her dream was not destined to come true for objective reasons, so the girl went to her deceptive lights in vain.

There are many heroes in literature who have different attitudes to the dream: some are inspired by noble aspirations and are ready to realize them, others are captivated by beautiful-hearted dreams, others are deprived of lofty dreams and are subordinated to base goals.

For some, dreams are a waste of time, and for some, they are inspiration that gives strength to live, act, and grow. About which position is closer to you, and it is worth discussing in your essay.

Several aphorisms from dreamy natures for an epigraph to an essay. For example:
In grief, in misfortune, they console themselves with dreams.(Alexander Humboldt)
A dream is a representation of reality.(Konstantin Kushner)
A dream is a thought that has nothing to feed on.(Jules Renard)
There is no greater disappointment than a dream come true.(Ernst Heine)
There are two tragedies in a person's life: one - when his dream does not come true, the other - when it has already come true.(George Bernard Shaw)

We offer a possible range of topics in this area. Please note that this is only an assumption, the real topics of the essays are in closed access and will become known on the day the final essay is written.

• What is a dream?
• Why is there a gap between dream and reality?
• What do dreams and reality have in common?
• How is a wish different from a dream?
• How is a dream different from a goal?
• Why do people betray the dream?
• Should you be true to your dreams?
• Why do people run away from reality?
• What is "escape from reality"?
• Do you need to make your dreams come true?
• Do all dreams come true?

An indicative list of literary works in the direction of "Dream and Reality"

• M.Yu. Lermontov, "A Hero of Our Time";
• I.A. Bunin, "The Gentleman from San Francisco";
• L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace";
• A.P. Chekhov: "Gooseberry", "Man in a Case", "Ionych";
• I.S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons";
• M.A. Sholokhov, Quiet Don;
• F.M. Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment.
• A.I. Kuprin, "Garnet Bracelet";
• M.A. Bulgakov, "The Master and Margarita";
• I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov";
• N.V. Gogol “Inspector”, “Overcoat”, “Nevsky Prospekt”;
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin";
• M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil”, “At the Bottom”.

Works and arguments in the direction of "Dream and Reality"

Other directions of the final essay.