Hello everyone! Today we have art on the agenda. Do you still have any painted wooden bowl or spoon in bright golden-red colors at home? Or maybe you inherited a joyful rocking horse in patterns? Then, perhaps, you already know what Gorodets painting is.
Well, if you still have a little meager idea of the Gorodets masters, then I suggest getting to know their interesting work better.
Lesson plan:
Where did Gorodets art come from?
The history of one of the highest achievements of folk art - Gorodets painting - began in the 19th century. Peasants lived on the two banks of the Volga River in villages with the names Kurtsevo, Savino, Koskovo and others, who made carved spinning wheels and sold them at fairs.
And they painted this carving so that their creations were brighter.
Later, decorative drawing completely replaced woodcarving from spinning wheels, and such painted art began to be called “Nizhny Novgorod painting”, and the masters themselves were called “Kurtsevo dyers”.
This is interesting! Not everyone knows that the development of wood carving in Gorodets is due to Peter I, who asked to decorate each ship with wooden carvings, showing the Russian power and talent of the Russian people. When in the 18th century construction moved closer to the shores of the seas, Russian craftsmen found another use for their talent - they began to make spoons and bowls, cups and spinning wheels from wood.
It is believed that Gorodets painting flourished with the appearance in the village of Kurtsevo in 1870 of an icon painter from Gorodets named Ogurechnikov, who was invited to revive the painting of the Kurtsevo church. It was he who taught local craftsmen to apply paint in layers, enliven the picture with white and give expressiveness to the picture.
Starting painting with spinning wheels, the masters of Kurtsev slowly began to hone their acquired skills on dishes, baskets, toys for children, and boxes. Lush bouquets, black horses, strange birds appeared in the houses, unlike anything else. On the tree they “drank tea” and “arranged festivities”.
Only in the 30s of the XX century did the name of this wood drawing, which today we know and hear - “Gorodets painting”, appear, and all thanks to the fact that such decorated household utensils were sold in the nearby town of Gorodets, and workshops worked.
Kohl on the board girl
Ile is a daring fellow,
Miracle horse and miracle bird, -
So this is Gorodets!
What is the difference between Gorodets painting?
It is difficult to confuse Gorodets craftsmanship with others, because it is this painting that is replete with bright garlands and lush bouquets. Only here you will see all the pomposity of the plots along with the sincerity of the common people.
One has only to look at the objects painted in the Gorodets style, and you will immediately find yourself:
- on a walk as a rider on a horse;
- at the table during a tea party, surrounded by rich decorations;
- together with the hunters in the forest;
- in the circle of cheerful and carefree city people;
- or behind a spinning wheel.
In addition to the painted life of peasants and merchants, Gorodets masters could depict mystical animals. But no matter what theme was present in the drawing, it was always decorated with garlands of flowers.
From the very beginning, Gorodets painting was applied with egg colors in the form of large spots, without contours. Masters could make strokes in free form, then circling the elements with a black or white line. Favorite background colors:
- green;
- bright red;
- black;
- juicy blue.
Today, craftsmen in factories use oil paints, which gives them a greater variety of color, but the peculiarities of the motifs of Gorodets painting have been preserved. The technology of painting on wood has also remained the same.
Yellow evening, black horse,
And kupavki, like fire,
Birds look from the casket -
This is a painting of Gorodets!
How to draw in Gorodets
The Gorodets craftsmen have their own technology of painting on wood. Initially, with the help of a pencil, the artists draw a future drawing with a thin line, outlining the location of its elements, their sizes. The wooden base can be pre-coated with a ground paint of one of the shades - red, yellow or black. Professionals do not waste time on a sketch, but paint right away.
For Gorodets painting, a special paint is used - tempera, which is made from natural or artificial powders. Sometimes craftsmen take gouache as an assistant and add PVA glue there. But no matter what the paint is, the most important thing is its rich color, which is what distinguishes the painting from Gorodets.
The basis of all elements is drawn in white, this is called a scribble. Then, on a light tone, details are applied with thin strokes. They do this with dark shades, which is why this step is called a shadow. At the last stage of drawing, with the help of the thinnest brush, the so-called livening with black paint and livening with white paint in the form of dots and shading are done.
When the finished work is completely dry, it is varnished. In general, it's not that difficult. Want to try? Then read about what Gorodets masters usually draw.
Where are the buckets, rocking horses
Very happy colors
These are all the works of the beautiful
Gorodets masters.
Gorodets compositions
Gorodets painting has three types of drawings.
flower theme
The most simple and therefore often used. It can be a single flower with leaves or a floral ornament in the form of bouquets, flower garlands, rhombuses, stripes and wreaths. Bouquets are more often drawn on kitchen boards and table dishes, cups, bowls and salt shakers.
Garlands are found on bread bins, furniture for children and souvenir boxes. Rhombuses of flowers adorn cabinets and benches. Stripes are used for painting three-dimensional objects, for example, for decorating a round box, or as a piping in a plot. The edges of the product are often painted with wreaths.
Composition with a drawing of a bird or a horse
It is often used to paint large items - tableware, bread boxes, children's furniture, but sometimes this theme can also be seen on an ordinary spoon. Such images look very nice on a black or red background.
Plot
The most difficult painting, which can be dedicated to dates or a feast, fairy tales or modern life. Typically, such drawings are elongated along a horizontal line. The picture may consist of several parts, separated by columns, curtains or other interior items. Sometimes in one story you can see several characters in different rooms.
Gorodets masters always depict grooms on horseback, and brides standing near birches. In plots with a feast, the tables are necessarily full of dishes, and a samovar is an obligatory symbol on them. Sometimes Gorodets artists paint entire villages with houses, wells, streets, churches.
Today, the modern craftsmen of the Gorodets painting factory continue the old traditions, creating masterpieces of art in the form of caskets, bread boxes, toys and furniture.
Flowers are drawn
Unprecedented beauty.
That beauty has no end
It's all from Gorodets!
You can learn more about the history of painting, see how real masters work and admire their works by watching this video.
So you got to know Gorodets painting better. If you are interested, you can now try to make a beautiful gift for your mother for the holiday with your own hands by painting a cutting board or a box in the style of Gorodets.
Well, for your teacher and classmates, your interesting research project dedicated to the work of Gorodets masters will be the best gift.
Success in your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich.
TOOLKIT
to art lessons
"Gorodets painting"
atprimary school teacher Rudakova Alla Nikolaevna
MBOU secondary school No. 4, Anapa,
Krasnodar region
Story
Gorodets painting originates from Gorodets , which had their own peculiarity: a comb and a bottom. To decorate the Donets, Gorodets craftsmen used a peculiar technique - : the figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape. Inserts made from dark stained , stand out in relief on the light surface of the bottom. Thus, having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture.
Later, masters began to use tint for fine richness, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful. A well-known master of inlaid donets with tint was .
The need to increase the production of spinning bottoms prompted the masters to simplify the technique of decorative design. From the second half the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay began to be replaced by simple carving with tint, and since the 1870s, the picturesque manner of decoration has prevailed on the Gorodetsky Donets.
Peculiarities
In Nizhny Novgorod paintings, two types can be distinguished - Pavlovsk and Gorodets paintings, which were used to decorate chests, arcs, sledges, children's furniture, spinning wheels and many small household items. The Gorodets style is distinguished primarily by its content. In the murals, genre scenes give the main impression. All these images are conditional in character, very free and decorative in form, and sometimes border on . This is life , , a magnificent parade of costumes. A significant place is occupied by floral motifs - lush "roses", painted widely and decoratively. By expression the master became a true painter. V. S. Voronov, who wrote that “the Nizhny Novgorod style presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the limits of graphic captivity and is based solely on the elements of painting…” decorative images of birds and animals.
There are exotic And . Especially often the image of a hot, strong horse or rooster in a proud, warlike pose. Most often these are paired images, facing each other. Gorodetsky master of painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings with cheerful garlands and bouquets. Where the plot allows, the master willingly uses the motif of a magnificent curtain, picked up by a cord with tassels. The decorativeness of motifs is emphasized by the decorativeness of color and techniques. Favorite backgrounds are bright green or intense red, deep blue, sometimes black, on which the multi-colored Gorodetsky color splashes especially juicy. In the characterization of the plot, whitened tones give rich shades of color transitions. The painting is done with a brush, without a preliminary drawing, with a free and juicy stroke. It is very diverse - from a wide stroke to the thinnest line and a virtuoso stroke. The work of the master is fast and economical. Therefore, it is very generalized, simple in technique, free in the movement of the brush. Gorodets flower paintings, multicolored and expressive works by masters A. E. Konovalov and D. I. Kryukov are characteristic.
History of Gorodets painting
The painting, which is now called Gorodets, was born in the Volga region, in the villages located on the banks of the clear and bright river Uzora. In the villages of Koskovo, Kurtsevo, Khlebaikha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye and others. In the 18th century. there is a center for the production of spinning donets and toys. Peasants took their products to sell at the fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting made on these products was called Gorodetskaya.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Dalia explains that the word "bottom" means "a plank on which a spinner sits, sticking a comb into it." Having finished the work, she took out the comb, and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, craftsmen paid special attention to decorating boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the life of a peasant woman. It often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father gave it to his daughter, the husband gave it to his wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen elegant, colorful, to everyone's joy and surprise. The spinning wheel was inherited, it was protected and kept.
To decorate the boards, the craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay, which is very rare in folk art. The figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into recesses corresponding in shape. These inserts, made of dark bog oak, stood out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Having wood of two shades and using the simplest tool, craftsmen turned the bottom into a work of art.
In the future, the masters also began to use the tint of the bottom. A bright combination of a yellow background with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made it elegant and colorful.
From the second half of the XIX century. the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay was replaced by tinted bracket carving, and then the pictorial style of decoration began to predominate.
The plots of the ancient Gorodets painting were images of birds, flowers, horse riders, young ladies and gentlemen, scenes from folk life.
Nowadays, the traditions of the old masters are being revived and enriched by folk craftsmen working at the Gorodets painting factory of art products in the city of Gorodets. Among them are award winners. I.E. Repin. This is L.F. Bespalova, F.N. Kasatova, A.E. Konovalov, L.A. Kubatkina, T.M. Rukina, A.V. Sokolov.
Secrets of Gorodets masters
Tools and materials. For painting, it is desirable to have three brushes: squirrel art (No. 2 or No. 3), kolinsky art (No. 1 or No. 2) and flute (No. 2 or No. 3). A flute is a flat, soft hair brush used for underpainting and framing.
Nowadays, Gorodets artists paint products with oil and tempera paints. It is better for schoolchildren to use gouache for this, since Gorodets painting is multi-layered, and gouache paints dry quickly and can be applied one on top of the other. You need to learn how to draw on thick white paper.
It is best to have a gouache set of 12 colors, of which eight are required: black, white, scarlet, kraplak red (cherry), cobalt blue light (bright blue), yellow, chromium oxide and iron oxide red. Another paint is also needed - cinnabar (bright red), but it is not included in the set.
To get the color scheme of the Gorodets painting, you need to mix paints. In addition to those that are in the gouache set, you need to get four new colors: light blue, light pink, light ocher and green Gorodets (Fig. 1).
To get light blue, a little cobalt blue light (bright blue paint) is added to white paint (zinc white). Light pink is obtained by mixing white paint with cinnabar or white with scarlet. For light ocher, they take light yellow and a little red iron oxide. Gorodets green paint is obtained by mixing yellow gouache, chromium oxide (dark green paint) and red iron oxide. The result should be a warm green marsh shade of paint. All received paints should be creamy.
To mix new paints, clean gouache jars are taken. So that the paints do not dry out, it is necessary to add a little water to them as necessary.
Elements, plots and techniques of Gorodets painting.
At the beginning of training, it is very important to learn how to hold the brush correctly. It must be in a strictly vertical position relative to the work (Fig. 2). The elbow is fixed, and the hand is completely free to perform inextricable plastic strokes, both on smooth planes and on spherical or cylindrical surfaces. In the process of work, you can lean on the protruding little finger, lightly touching the product with it.
Ornament occupies a significant place in wood painting.
Ornament - This is a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration from a combination of geometric, plant or animal elements.
The main elements of the Gorodets painting are circles, brackets, dots, drops, arcs, strokes, spirals.
It is important to understand the difference between the concepts of "pattern" and "ornament".
Pattern - this is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows (Fig. 4). They, brought into a certain system, rhythmically ordered, will make up an ornament (Fig. 5). When mastering painting of the pictorial type, which Gorodetskaya also belongs to, we must remember that it is performed without first drawing the outline of the drawing.
Gorodets painting is carried out in three stages (Fig. 6).
First - underpainting
, i.e. circular motion with a brush, applying one color spot. Underpainting is done with a wide flat brush - flute or squirrel No. 3. The main thing is to learn how to take the right amount of paint on the brush. If there is not enough paint, then the underpainting will turn out to be pale, inexpressive; If there is too much, then the paint will peel off when it dries.
The second stage - shade
(or shade), i.e. applying a bracket. To correctly draw a bracket, at first you just need to lightly touch the paper with the tip of the brush and draw a thin line; to the middle, press the brush hard, and complete the bracket again with a thin line. Make sure that the brush is perpendicular to the sheet of paper.
The third stage - revival
(or livery), i.e. fine cutting of ornamental forms with whitewash. Animations are always applied to monochrome silhouettes, which gives them some volume.
Mastering Gorodets painting begins with writing flowers, which are depicted mainly in a circle.
Gorodets flowers are diverse
in color and shape.
Flowers in Gorodets painting are a symbol of health and prosperity.
Buds ( rice. 7) - a variety of Gorodets flowers. First, the main color spot (underpainting) is applied in a circular motion with a brush. Then they proceed to the detailed development of the ornament (shadow). Perform it in black, burgundy or kraplak red. The development of the bud movement with a brush, applying one color spot. The shape of the bud depends on how the brackets are located.
It can have one or more brackets. If there are a lot of brackets, you need to start drawing with the smallest one, gradually increasing them in size and bringing them closer to the edge of the underpainting. It must be remembered that the buds are always small in size. At the end, revival is applied with whitewash.
Kupavka
(Fig. 8) - the most common flower in the Gorodets ornament. Her underpainting is larger in size than that of the bud. They begin to paint with a small circle along its edge, then make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the shape is the same as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - animation is usually done with whitewash. Applying animation requires very careful and precise execution, so it must be done with a confident stroke of a thin brush.Rosan
(Fig. 9) reflects the main features of the flower, i.e. has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the shape of a circle. The size may be larger than the bathing suit. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. Rosan in the painting of Gorodets is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique of painting the brackets is the same as that of the kupavka.
Variants of development with animation are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, spirals.
Chamomile
(Fig. 10) the flower is not complicated in terms of technique. Lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the paper, quickly attach and lift the brush. The result is a smear-drop - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it.
Rose
(Fig. 11) the most complex flower. The painting begins with an underpainting - the main volume of a flower-circle, a central rounded petal is added to it below, smaller petals are placed in a circle around it to the very core, which occupies the center of the upper part of the flower.
After the silhouette of the flower is created, they begin to develop it: the elements of the central part are limited by a large bracket and turned to the core. The bracket arc and the core in the upper part of the flower are drawn in black, burgundy and red kraplak. The edges of the petals can be circled with the same paint as the core.
The most difficult thing in a rose is the animation. Inside the bracket arc, first draw a small bracket with a linear cut. Then, two to four drops are drawn on both sides of the arc, depending on the free space inside the arc. Small brackets are drawn outside the arc. Inside the bracket arc, you can draw dots-stamens. 
Gorodets leaves (Fig. 12) are very diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.
A simple Gorodets leaf is depicted as a pumpkin seed. A more complex one is written like this: draw a smooth arc with a brush and connect it with a curved line, making sure that the sheet at one end remains wide. The leaves are always wide, rounded and splayed.
Leaves are depicted in two stages: with underpainting and animation. If the underpainting is done with Gorodets green paint, then the revival is done with black paint, if with Gorodets dark green paint, then white is added to the revival of black color.
gorodets bird (Fig. 13) is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various versions: this is a proud peacock, and a frowning turkey, and a cocky rooster, and a fabulous bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the curve of the neck and chest, then they draw a line that defines the shape of the head and back, then they define the line of the wing, the filiform beak and legs. Most often, the body is made in black, the wing is painted over with Gorodets green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette and painted over. This is best done in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is drawn in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. Animations are made with whitewash, applying thin strokes.
Gorodetsky horse (Fig. 14) - a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict him in several ways. Some free fly strokes write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with color spots, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane bounded by the harness and saddle lines remains light in this variant. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made in white.
Composition in Gorodets painting
All works of art are created according to the laws of composition, non-observance or ignorance of which can lead to a violation of harmony. Composition (from Latin compositio - arrangement, composition, connection) - the construction of a work of art, the ratio of its individual parts (components), forming a single whole.
For the composition of works of arts and crafts, the main thing is the unity of content and form. Another, already specific, sign is the conformity of the form of a work of decorative art with its specific purpose.
To a large extent, the nature of the composition is determined by the rhythm. Rhythm is a uniform alternation of elements of a drawing, contributing to the achievement of clarity and expressiveness of the composition.
A rhythmically organized drawing easily turns into an ornament - the basis of the composition. But an ornament is not only a repeated repetition of similar elements of a pattern. A beautiful and clear drawing of the details of the overall silhouette is very important.
The artist's work on a new work begins with the choice of a theme according to the purpose of the product. A well-thought-out compositional scheme is the basis for creating a work of art. You need to start with a sketch of a compositional scheme in full size. It is not recommended to draw a quarter or half of the product. When developing a decor, it is necessary to determine which part of the product will carry the main ornamental and color load.
When studying Gorodets painting, work on the topic
"Composition" is carried out in three stages.
I. The study of compositional techniques in Gorodets painting.
II. Development of a sketch of the future product.
III. Making a full size sketch.
The study of compositional techniques in Gorodets painting. A characteristic feature in the plot compositions of spinning bottoms is the image of a horse and a rider. A galloping horse with a proudly raised head was usually placed in the center of the composition.
The image of a rider in folk art is familiar to icon painters (George the Victorious, Dmitry Solunsky, and others). On carved bottoms kept in museums, most often a composition depicting two riders on rearing horses is presented. Riders are located on both sides of a flower tree, from the top of which a swan takes off. On the lower halves of the donets, the craftsmen usually depicted genre scenes of festivities of gentlemen with ladies, hunting scenes, etc. In the 60s. 19th century the same compositions were used in the painted bottoms. By the end of the XIX century. folk masters began to paint genre pictures, scenes of festivities. Later, the leading storyline of the donets, which were part of the dowry, was the illustration of wedding ceremonies: the bride riding in the carriage, the bride, the meeting of the groom.
The brothers Lazar and Anton Melnikov were the first to write on the bottoms of cupavki and buds, brightly colored birds and cockerels. They also developed the poses of horses and riders: the horse was certainly drawn with long legs, and its hind leg was necessarily crocheted. In Melnikov style, horses continue to be painted by modern masters.
By the end of the XIX century. a characteristic form of a floral ornament with certain elements has developed: these are buds, roses and a cupavka flower, which are endlessly repeated in various versions. In the center of the compositional plane, the artists place the main image: a bird, a horse, a person, a group of people or a plant motif.
Folk masters write faces in the same manner - in the form of a white circle, on which their features are indicated with thin black lines. Hairstyles for both men and women are distinguished by great sophistication, but only black is used in their coloring. In the image of the figures themselves, a planar color solution is used, in which the main large spots (skirts, jackets, jackets, trousers) are painted without a contour, in the form of a monochrome colorful silhouette. The favorite decorative motif in the art of the Gorodets masters is bright flowers and decorative green leaves, which give the painting a special charm.
The traditions of narrative Gorodets painting are preserved and continue to be developed at the Gorodets painting factory. Modern artists paint more than 50 types of products: decorative panels, chests, boxes, kitchen cabinets, shelves, cutting boards, bread bins, salt shakers, sets of coasters, as well as toys and children's furniture.
2. After the location of the ornament is found, we select the main compositional center, the proportional ratio of the parts is decided, it is necessary to find the color scheme of the composition. Often children, seeing the multi-colored Gorodets painting, think that they can use the entire set of colors. But, having examined their sketches and remembering the laws of color science, they come to the conclusion that the layout of local color spots obeys only one thing - the general gamut.
3. Having composed the composition and choosing the color, you can proceed to the detailed drawing of the ornament. The development of the composition of the product ends with the design of the frame. Gorodets craftsmen pay great attention to this, as the frame adorns any product. It is performed both in one color (usually scarlet), and in several.
Making a full size sketch.
Before processing wood for painting, it is necessary to familiarize students with its basic properties.
Wood is an excellent ornamental material for creating arts and crafts products.
Linden, aspen, alder wood is widely used for painting. Linden is considered the best of them for painting. It absorbs moisture and therefore is well tinted with aqueous solutions and paints.
Aspen wood is characterized by softness, texture uniformity, whiteness and purity. One of its important properties is light resistance: it does not turn yellow for a long time if it is indoors. Alder wood is soft, light, cuts well, warps little, and is easily pickled and polished.
An important characteristic of wood is color. Any wood of a freshly cut tree, as a rule, has a uniform color throughout the cut. But over time, the wood becomes darker. This must be taken into account in the work. For example, an alder that is slightly tinted with yellow paint will still have a reddish tint to the background. And if this circumstance is not taken into account, then the arrangement of colors in the ornament will not be in harmony with the general tone of the background, which always has a warm tint.
In painting lessons, most often you have to deal with plywood, so its properties should be described in more detail.
Mostly plywood is used, consisting of three, five and seven sheets. Plywood layers are glued together with waterproof glue. Their number is always odd, so plywood does not warp. The layers of plywood are laid in such a way that the direction of the fibers in the layers being glued mutually intersect at a right angle. This gives plywood a special rigidity and strength.
Immediately before painting, the selected workpiece should be processed. It is polished with sandpaper (along the length of the fiber), and then coated with starch paste. After it dries, the workpiece must again be processed with a sandpaper.
The painting on the product is carried out in a strictly defined sequence: first, the central part of the composition is painted, and then the floral ornament is made. After all the underpaintings are done, they should be shaded with dark colors. The painting is finished with animations made in white and yellow paints.
If the sketch provides for the implementation of the background, then the surface of the product must be tinted with the required color. Most often, the following colors are used for the background: light and dark ocher, cinnabar and scarlet, less often black. The color scheme for products made with a background is completely different than for products made without it.
If the background is made of light and dark ocher, the color scheme of the composition should be brighter, and vice versa, if cinnabar or scarlet color was used for the background, then the muted color scheme is chosen. On a black background, white or yellow is used for shade. For the background, it is best to use brushes No. 5 - 8 so that the paint lays down in a more even layer.
After the painting is finished, it is varnished. Before this, it is necessary to familiarize students with the types of varnishes, the general rules of varnishing. Apply each next layer of varnish only after the previous one has dried. The more layers of varnish, the longer it takes to dry between each coat. After each coating, the surface of the product is treated with a fine-grained sandpaper. Such an alternation of operations is necessary for better bonding of the varnish layers and obtaining a mirror surface. A swab for varnishing products is prepared from a flap of any fabric, except for fleecy.
To consolidate the material covered, broaden one's horizons and cultivate artistic taste, as well as in search of plots, it is necessary, if possible, to organize excursions to museums and exhibition halls.
Literature:
Baryshnikov A.A. Fundamentals of composition. M., 1951.
Boguslavskaya I.Ya. Good hands craftsmanship. Leningrad, 1976.
Borodulin V.A. Artistic processing of wood. M., 1986.
Gorodets painting is one of the oldest Russian art crafts. This flower coloring book allows you to create incredibly beautiful patterns and ornaments. Thanks to decorative drawing, you can create flowers, a peacock, a horse, a bird, a rose, a cockerel and much more.
Gorodets painting is one of the oldest Russian art crafts.
The beginning of Gorodets painting takes cutting-off spinning wheels. Various figures were cut out of wood and inserted into the recesses according to the appropriate shape. Later, craftsmen began to paint wooden figurines, gradually adding more new colors.
In the 19th century, the craftsmen produced beautiful wooden figures in green, red, blue and other colors. They decorated houses and yards. The figurines were pleasing to the eye, they were loved to make, children admired them. The painted rooster turned out to be very beautiful.
What could Gorodets spinning wheels decorate?
- Sled.
- Chests.
- Caskets.
- Furniture.
- Household items, etc.
Usually, the painting was symbolic. Genre drawings were valued. For example, a merchant and his horse or cockerel were depicted on the board. Elements of such painting have survived to this day.
Floral motifs in this craft were given special preference. Animals were also drawn, such as lions or bulls.
Favorite backgrounds in Gorodets painting for masters of the 19th century were blue, green, in a word, bright and multicolored. A black background was rarely used.
How is painting done? And then and now the work is gradually painted with a brush. A phased craft does not involve drawing from a finished layout. The blow of the brush on the board should be tight and strong. All the work of the master is quite painstaking, but at the same time, and fast. By the nature of the reception, the work is simple.
For children and preschoolers, there are many ways to start with simple Gorodets painting schemes, for example, depict it on asphalt.
Gallery: Gorodets painting (25 photos)
Gorodets painting: lesson (video)
Gorodets painting: main elements
For such a painting, special paints are needed. They are called "tempera". Tempera paints are made from dry powders or from their analogues. An alternative to such paints can be ordinary gouache, to which PVA glue was added. If the choice of the master fell on gouache, then he should know that when painting Gorodets, before smearing the second layer of the drawing, you need to wait until the first layer dries completely, otherwise the work will have a whitish tint.
All brushes must be dry, otherwise they will deteriorate after work.
The specificity of Gorodets painting is drawing without a layout, that is, the artist smoothly guides the brush over the surface. What can be artistic techniques for painting? There are many, for example:
- Broad brush strokes.
- Thin lines with a horse-drawn brush.
- Virtuoso strokes with a medium brush.
For such a painting, special paints are needed.
On what surface is Gorodets painting performed? Usually a tree is taken as the basis. If desired, you can create a colored background on it by painting the surface in red, yellow or another color.
The scheme of work is as follows:
- To begin with, the master marks the approximate dimensions of the composition on the surface. You can use a pencil for this. However, he does not draw the layout! This is necessary in order to outline the future size of all mural patterns.
- Many masters advise to outline the outline of the pattern not with a pencil, but immediately with paints. In their opinion, it is this technology that is considered correct.
- The knots of the drawing are made with a thin brush and light paint. This makes the job look neater.
- Darker ones are placed on top of light spots. This is the peculiarity of this craft.
- Before starting work, you should collect several different brushes, since it is convenient to draw various details in your own way. For example, thin lines will turn out beautiful only if they are drawn with a thin brush.
- The main elements of Gorodets painting are the so-called "animations". These include points, circles, spirals, strokes and arcs.
Step-by-step decorative drawing based on Gorodets painting for children
- The beginning of the drawing is a life-size sketch of the scheme on the tree. The size of the future work and its main elements should be outlined.
- To simplify the task, you can draw the size of the composition on paper, and only then transfer the image to a wooden surface.
- When the size of the ornament is applied to the wooden surface, you need to highlight the main center of the composition. After that, you can think about the color scheme.
- When the issue of the composition and color scheme of the composition is resolved, you can proceed to a detailed drawing of the ornament.
- For children, it is recommended to choose simple drawings. For example, you can depict the sun. A red circle is drawn in the center, and rays are next to it. Beam stitches should be the same size.
- At the end of the work, the wooden surface is varnished.
It will be easier for the child to draw simple elements
Patterns of Gorodets painting for the senior group
In the middle and senior group in kindergarten, you do not need to choose too complex mural elements, because if the child cannot cope with it, then he will be bored. You can opt for a simple ornament and draw a beautiful flower.
Drawing way:
- The work will use white, red, brown and green paints. Children should draw either on wooden boards or on wooden shallow plates.
- With a pencil, you should outline the center of the composition and its size.
- Then you can start drawing the flower. A small red circle is drawn in the center. The red paint is then mixed with white to make pink. Another circle is drawn in pink, larger than the first. After that, again a red circle and again pink. Thus, the flower has a multi-colored middle.
- Petals are made in green and brown colors. It is better to alternate them, so the work will be more beautiful.
- You can combine green paint with white to get a lighter greenish color. They can draw the petals from the inside. This drawing is done with a thin brush.
In the middle and senior group in kindergarten, you do not need to choose too complex mural elements
Finishes the work with a varnish coating of the surface.
Gorodets painting: how to draw flowers?
Master Class:
- To begin with, the surface and material with which the work will be performed are selected. The more colorful it is, the better.
- Color centers are marked on the surface with a pencil. A bright circle is drawn. Then petals are drawn in each circle. For this, a color darker than the core of the flower is used.
- Each flower must have a petal. Light green petals can be drawn with a thin brush from the inside. You can also draw the contours of the petals and flowers with a darker paint, but not black.
- Complement the composition of blue berries, painted next to the flowers.
a flower can be both complex and easy - choose the master
Gorodets painting: how to draw a horse?
- To do this, use black or brown paint. But in order for the horse to stand out, the background of the work must be light.
- The body of the horse is drawn with a medium brush. First, you can draw an outline for it, and then paint it. Limbs, tail and neck are drawn with a thinner brush. The hooves of the animal are drawn separately.
- The horse's mane can be drawn in red.
- A beautiful ornament will decorate and complement the composition. You can make them a picture frame. Also, you can draw a horse running towards the sun.
Gorodets painting: how to draw a Kupavka flower (video)
Gorodets painting will be able to give a lot of positive emotions to its creator. The main thing is to draw with soul, because then even a novice craftsman will be able to create a real masterpiece.
Copying is an obligatory moment in the study of painting. For some, it becomes only a stage, while others stop there.
We will need:
1 Squirrel or kolinsky brushes No. 1 - for contour work and No. 2 - for painting.
2 Artistic gouache (can be replaced with acrylic or tempera paint), + a jar of water.
3 A thick sheet of paper or a product that you want to paint (previously sanded)
4 Pencil, eraser, ruler.
5 Templates cut out of cardboard - circles of different diameters. I have - 5.5 cm - large; 4 cm - medium; 2 cm - small.
What are templates for? All flowers in the Gorodets painting are based on circles. In order not to mess with the compass, it is easier to circle the templates.
Elements of the Gorodets painting of today's lesson:
Rosan, otherwise kupavka - the largest flower;
Bud - a small rose, a smaller rose;
The sun - a socket - is smaller than a bathing suit;
Berries, apples are the smallest elements of the Gorodetsky bouquet.
In addition to flowers in Gorodets, there may be birds and horses, as well as plot scenes in the interior and in nature.
A flower arrangement is built according to one simple principle - from a large flower to a smaller one. The smallest element closes the flower garland.
Draw flowers as in the next example, and then start drawing leaves 2-3 pieces between the flowers (in general, as much as you like). The leaves are shaped like boats (two arcs are turned towards each other, look at the brackets on the keyboard). Or you can do it differently - on the one hand, an arc, on the other, a slightly wavy line (a kind of tubercle - rocker)
Fill with leaves all the gaps between the flowers, where there is not enough space, you can also 1 leaf. At the ends of the flower branches, you can draw 3-5 leaves, as if with a bush.
In the center of the composition we will draw a bird or a horse. I will show you how to draw a bird. We begin to draw the line of the abdomen, but not in the center of the sheet, but slightly to the left.
a) First, draw a tummy, in fact just a wavy line. (the upper curve is smaller - this will be the neck and beak, and the lower curve is large - this is the tummy)
b) Now we draw a wing. It is located in the abdomen. The shape resembles a large drop lying on its side. The wing just falls in the middle of the leaf, that is, a large rose flower looks just at it.
Draw the head and back. Another wavy line. A tubercle in the region of the head, and further down, almost straight down to the wing.
c) legs. Under the belly, draw 2 lines about 1.5-2 cm long. Direct one towards the tail, the other almost straight. It is necessary to finish the thighs - this is again 2 lines - arcs.
The bird is ready and the whole composition as a whole is ready for painting.
A few tips:
Change the water in the jar more often. I change with every color change.
Do not leave the brush in a jar of water, the pile breaks, the handle comes off.
Do not use a good brush for mixing paints, use old low-quality glue brushes for this purpose.
Properties of gouache: when dried, it brightens 4 times, stains hands, and dries quickly. Therefore, do not leave jars of gouache open for a long time.
Don't be afraid to turn your work surface (album sheet is also one) so that it is always convenient.
The first stage is called “painting” and essentially resembles coloring. Now let's do this coloring. You can choose the colors yourself, or you can repeat mine. Basically, these are blue, red, or raspberry or burgundy whitened with white .. As a result, pink, blue. And orange and green in its pure form (without whitening). See below the process of painting on pictures without comments.
The second stage is called "shading". We paint over the cores (circles at the top of the flower) and shade the arches on the flowers with the color from which they were whitened (blue, raspberry). And on orange berries - a red or burgundy tint. Also the bird's tail.
The third stage is called "spreading". Let's start with black. We revitalize the leaves - we circle the side that I called the “arc” in black (only on one side), inside each leaf there are a pair of antennae of different lengths.
On the other side of the leaf, draw droplets or lines (from a large drop at the top to a small one at the bottom), the droplets are parallel and close to each other,
Let's add black feathers to the bird's tail and a couple of strokes on the paws.
Draw a bracket in the middle of a large rose in crimson color, and 2-3 drops of different lengths along the edges of it, repeating the shape of a circle. On the longest, put antennae curled towards the center of the flower.
Now let's liven it up with white color - draw "horseshoes" on the shading of the rose and buds,
Draw a dash on the cores.
Circle the petals of the rose from the inside, as well as the apples (orange) from the inside and put a tendril in the middle, and put a few drops on it; and circle the bracket in the center of the rose and make hatching, it is called the “beard” (everything is white). Put the droplets in the middle of the buds and roses and between the horseshoes.
Liven up the bird to your taste or, as I do, with the same methods - “horseshoes”, “antennae”, “droplets”, “pokes”.
The fourth stage is "revival". With a white match, put pokes on the leaves (right on the antennae), as well as on the cores, between the horseshoes, the eye of the bird, on the wing, at the ends of the white antennae (at the apples). You can also on the tail of a bird (I did not draw).
Put a few red drops on the bird's wing, and paint the frame red. It remains to draw with the help of drops (black) the stem between the flowers so that the flowers do not hang in the air and fill the empty space with tendrils emerging from the leaves. String parallel droplets or pokes on them (from largest to smallest)
All is ready!
Gorodets is a small town in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It was there almost 2 centuries ago that traditional art was born, which is now commonly called "Gorodets painting". The first samples of images of this type are found on old spinning wheels, and later began to be found on furniture elements, doors, and shutters. These bright pictures are somewhat reminiscent of the famous Khokhloma painting, but at the same time they have their own specifics and are a little easier to execute, because. the drawing is applied directly to the wooden base. Let's study the elements for creating a beautiful Gorodets painting.
The drawing is done in bright, saturated colors using black and white strokes. Traditional images in the style of Gorodets painting are floral motifs, genre scenes and even images of various animals (horses, leopards, roosters). Typically, image types are divided into three groups, we will consider each of them in more detail.
We study the main elements of Gorodets painting for needlewomen
Flower painting.This type of images is used most often, because. he is the easiest to do. The simplest option will be the image of only one large flower, written out in large strokes. Round objects, for example, elements of dishes, are often decorated as follows: on the sides of the product, a floral ornament is depicted, and on the lid - a pattern of buds. To decorate rectangular objects (for example, bread bins), a floral ornament can be inscribed in a diamond shape.
Consider the main elements of the floral type of painting.
"Bouquet".This type of ornament is a symmetrical image of buds. It is usually used to decorate round objects, such as the lids of some dishes or wooden boards.
An elongated "subspecies" of the bouquet. One large flower is depicted in the center, and smaller buds and leaves diverge from it in different directions. It can be used when painting wooden boards, furniture for children, boxes.
"Rhombus".At its core, it is a "bouquet", but not round, but diamond-shaped. This element of Gorodets painting can often be found on shutters, cabinet doors or other rectangular objects. The photo shows a kitchen board with a similar pattern.
"Flower Stripe"One of the oldest types of patterns in the style of Gorodets painting, this is how spinning wheels were painted in the 19th century. As the name implies, it is a dense strip of flowers of different sizes, which alternate symmetrically, and small leaves. Now this type of painting is used when painting round volumetric products, for example, caskets. It seems that Gorodets painting is replete with an incredible amount of flowers. However, if you look closely, you can identify several repeating elements. Among the most popular is rosan.
As the name implies, it is a "flower strip" closed in a ring.
In addition to flower drawings, images of animals are also often found in Gorodets painting.
Elements of this type for Gorodets painting can often be found on kitchen boards, but they can also be found on furniture, and even on smaller items, such as wooden spoons. Often the drawings are paired and are depicted symmetrically on both sides of the conditional central line of the product. At the same time, both sides may not necessarily be exactly the same; complementary drawings (black and white horse, cockerel and hen) are also common options. Sometimes there are sets of three elements, where the two extreme ones are symmetrical, and the central one does not have a pair.
Horses and birds are depicted in the middle of trees or surrounded by lush ornaments. It is believed that such motives have a certain meaning. For example, a rooster or a horse is considered a symbol of the sun, good luck, and prosperity. The paired image of a rooster and a hen is a guarantee of family well-being, a wish for happiness and many children.
Narrative Gorodets painting.The most difficult to draw. These pictures depict scenes from village life - harvesting, dating, dancing. Also often there are illustrations for various fairy tales.
Of course, the image of each figure has its own hidden meaning. The young man on horseback is the groom. The beautiful girl standing near the birch is the bride. The image of feasts is very popular, and the table filled with food is written out no less carefully than the characters. This is a wish for wealth and prosperity.
Gorodets painting is great for classes with children of all ages. For preschoolers, simple floral patterns that are drawn in large strokes are more suitable, and with older children, you can already try more complex images.
Video on the topic of the article
For more clarity, we suggest watching the following videos, which demonstrate the implementation of Gorodets painting in stages.
