The emergence of Armenian surnames.
History of Armenian surnames is a relatively new phenomenon. We can say that the surnames of the Armenians were formed in the XIX-XX centuries, when the surname became an indispensable attribute of naming a person. However, even earlier among the Armenians there was the concept of “azganun”, which means the name of the genus, which to some extent replaced the surname. Such names belonged to representatives of the authorities, indicated their place in society or proximity to the royal family.
Etymology of Armenian surnames.
Meaning of Armenian surnames the most varied. Basically, the surnames of Armenians are formed on behalf of an authoritative ancestor with the help of various suffixes. If you look alphabetical list of Armenian surnames, you can notice the advantage of surnames ending in -yan (Petrosyan, Hovsepyan, Chakhalyan, Margaryan). The suffixes -ents, -uni, -unts, -onts (Bagratuni, Adonts, Mamunts, Kalvarents) spoke of belonging to a noble family.
Armenians are a people of artisans, the profession often became a hallmark of the family and formed the basis of the family name (Kartashian-mason, Ekimyan-healer, Zhamagortsyan-watchmaker). There are especially many such surnames among Western Armenians, who for centuries were under the rule of Turkey and firmly occupied the niche of artisans there. Interpretation these Armenian surnames rests on Turkish words - Demirchyan (demirchi-blacksmith), Bardakchyan (bardakchi-potter), Mumdzhyan (mumji-candlemaker).
Dictionary of Armenian surnames includes surnames that were formed on the basis of any signs of a person. For example, Barseghyan means "prolific", Gamburyan is related to the Turkish word "kambur" - humpbacked, and Shishmanyan means "fat".
Some surnames indicated the area where the person came from - Arzumanyan (from the city of Erzrum), Karnetsyan (from the godod of Kartsi), Meletyan (resident of the city of Melet). A special group is formed by surnames with the prefixes "melik" - and "ter" -. The first belonged to the nobility, and the second was used by clergy and had the meaning of "father", "father". In Soviet times, many Armenians abandoned these "titles", but now they are returning the old additions to their surnames - Ter-Petrosyan, Melik-Papashyan.
Transformation of Armenian surnames in Russian.
The close proximity to Russian culture and the residence of many Armenians on the territory of Russia led to the fact that some Armenian surnames changed their ending following the example of Russians - Sargsyan-Sarkis, Ayvazyan-Ayvazov. Such Armenian surnames have generic differences (Sarkisov-Sarkisova). declination such Armenian surnames the same as the Russians. The remaining surnames are the same for men and women and change in cases only in the masculine gender.
Top Armenian Surnames shows which of them are the most widespread and popular.
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The surname, in Armenian "azganun", means the name of the family. In the Middle Ages, generic names practically did not exist. If there was a need for a name, then it happened like this: if several Arams or several Anahits lived in one settlement, then the inhabitants defined them in different ways: for example, Aram, the grandson of Garnik, or Aram, the grandson of Hayk. Sometimes, for the nickname, worldly nicknames were used that characterize a recognizable feature of a person, for example, the lame Amayak or Anahit, who has twelve children.
The need for the formation of surnames arose due to the development of society and increased migration of the population. People began to move more often from one area to another, so it became necessary to give people "sustainable" nicknames, which eventually evolved into Armenian surnames. In those days, a tradition appeared along with the name to indicate the place where the person came from, for example: Grigor Tatevatsi, Anania Shirakatsi, etc. Or they used his profession to name a person - Mkrtich Nakhash, Nikohayos Tsaghkarar, David Kertokh, Grigor Magistros and etc.
Over time, already in the Middle Ages, surnames began to appear in aristocratic Armenian families - Mamikonyans, Artsruni, Amatuni, Rshtuni. When noble families were mentioned, the words “azg” (“kind”) or “tun” (“house”, “smoke”) were added to the surnames. For example, “Clan of Mamikonyans”, “Clan of Rshtuni”, or “House of Artsruni”, etc. Over time, family nicknames appeared among peasants and artisans. For example, Khatstukhyan (baker), Voskerchyan (jeweler), Kartashyan (mason), etc.
The Armenian surnames also reflected the nicknames of a person, characterizing his appearance or character traits (Chakhatyan - a fox, Karchikyan - a dwarf) and others. In most cases, Armenian surnames originated from the name of the founder of the clan, to which a prefix or suffix was added, expressing kinship or affiliation - “yan”, “yants”, “ents”, “unts”, “onts”, “uni”. The most common are surnames ending in "yan" (Chakhalyan, Aramyan, Zhamkochyan), etc. "Yan" was formed from the form "yants" and also means that "ents" (Margaryan - Margaryants - Margarents, that is, belonging to the genus Margar). Armenian surnames with the suffix "uni" were inherent in the Nakharar families (Bagratuni, Amatuni, Rshtuni) as a feature of belonging to a noble Armenian family. Armenian surnames with the suffixes "enz", "unts", "onts" are common in Zangezur, for example, Adonts, Bakunts, Mamunts, Kalvarents and also means belonging to a noble family.
During the census and passportization of the population, the surnames of some Armenians living in Russia became "Russified", the ending "ts" was sometimes discarded. This happened for two reasons: either as a result of a scribal error, or as a result of a conscious choice. The history of each Armenian surname is interesting and original. Surnames didn't just happen. Each surname is based on an interesting history of its formation with its own principles, stages of evolution, each Armenian surname has a certain meaning, which is solved by modern philological science - onomastics.
Each nation in our world has a specific kind of surnames that are typical of that nation and reflect the culture and heritage of ancient civilizations. Similarly, Armenian surnames have many unique features and are worth discussing.
Armenian surnames end with the suffix -yan or -ian. In Armenian it will be -յան or -եան: For example, Petrosyan, Manukyan, Avakyan. Most surnames contain the meaning "'son'"; son of Petros, son of Manuk. In addition, this feature can also be found in English. Namely Johnson (son of John), Stephenson (son of Stephen), Stevenson, Richardson, Williamson, etc. But the ending -yan does not always refer to the Armenian nation. At the same time, one can also find the suffixes -yan and -ian in Chinese, Indian, English or Persian surnames.
They were in 1915 and, therefore, under these conditions, the Armenians were distributed throughout the world. Indeed, there are many Armenians with various unique surnames in many countries. The Armenian communities of the Diaspora used surnames for this purpose. They searched for the Armenians and contacted them. However, many people living outside of Armenia changed their surnames, they changed the ending or just dropped it. As an illustration, a famous singer who is Armenian, lives in France, changed his last name; he shortened it from Aznavourian to Aznavour. As a rule, Armenians living in Russia change the endings to "OV"; this includes Sergei Parajanov, Airapet.
In fact, Armenian surnames have many amazing and unique features. One of them is the fact that last names have 5 meanings; this includes subsections, trait, occupation, aristocracy, and geography.
5 characteristics of Armenian surnames
Parent
Most Armenian names are taken from the first names of their ancestor; for example Hovhannisyan, "son of Hovhannes" Gevorkyan "son of Gevorg." Until the 19th century names had a religious origin, so now many surnames are religious too.
trait
Many surnames come from some sign of an ancestor. These surnames include Chapooryan (eg smallpox), Topalian i.e. "son of a cripple", Sirekanyan "son of a lover", Karagozyan (man with black eyes), Titizyan, etc. In fact, Armenian surnames are too long. In this case, people shorten the ending of the surname, because for other countries it is very difficult to pronounce Armenian surnames, and sometimes even the names too, for example, Haykanush, Tagui, Vazgansuh, Yughaber, Nrane.
An occupation
Some names refer to the profession of the ancestor. Those. Darbinyan is the son of a blacksmith, Nazaryan is the son of a coward, Najarian is the son of a carpenter, Julhakyan is the son of a tailor, Kardashian is the son of a man who processes stone, etc.
Aristocracy
Some Armenian surnames contain the meaning of the rank, the class of descendants; it includes Mirzoyan, Nakhararyan, Pashinyan, Beknazaryan, Rshtuni.
geography
At the same time, there are many surnames that refer to the place. It is possible to meet these sorts of surnames up to the present time.
When people migrated from Armenia they missed their hometown and for this reason they usually took the name of the place they lived.
Namely: Urfalian is a man who is from Urfa, Marashlian is a man who is from Marash, and Vanetzian is a man who is from Van, Shirak (a man from Shirak).
shortening
As noted above, nowadays many Armenians shorten or change their surnames. In particular, they make changes to help non-Armenians pronounce the last name. Examples include:
Aznavourian - Aznavour
Musaelyan - Musa
Vardanyan Vardan-
Samourkashian - Samur.
In other words, you cannot guess the nationality of these people and recognize them as Armenians.
/ Ter
Der/Ter is a social rank in religion, and this indicates that one of the person's ancestors was a ""married parish priest"". It is important to understand that Der was used by the western and Ter in the east by the Armenian people; Der Hovhannes I.G., Ter Hakobyan, der Mahdas Mkhitaryan, Ter Zargaryan and Ter Zakaria.
20 most common Armenian surnames
Harutyunyan
Mkrtchyan
Hovhannisyan
Hakobyan
Avagyan
Avetisyan
Grigoryan
Hayrapetyan
Margaryan
Vardanyan
Stepanyan
Sargsyan
Zakarian
Minasyan
Gasparyan
Karapetyan
Nersisyan
Gevorkyan
Poghosyan
Petrosyan
30 Interesting Armenian Surnames
- Kardashian is a person who works with stone
- Zmbayan is a person who works with a tool for iron
- Agemena - a foreigner who speaks a different language
- Donabedian - chapter from events / holidays
- Sarafyan - banker
- Kasabian - butcher
- Moushian - one who lived in the city of Moush
- Bozoyan is the son of a married man who lives an immoral life
- Brnadatvatsian - the son of a man who was thrown into prison
- Sasuni - a special rank given to a noble person
- Khanzadyan - the son of the khan
- Ghulyan - servant
- Shageldyan - means the king is coming
- Gyozquchakyan - a person with small eyes
- Gyodakyan- short person
- Gharibyan is a foreigner
- Baghmanyan - gardener
- Dallaqyan - witch doctor
- No - Centurion
- Chobanyan - shepherd
- Boyajyan - dyer
- Dalalyan - Mediator
- Gezalyana - beautiful
- Alaverdyan - the child is given by God
- Korkhmazyan - brave
- Terlemezyan is a man who is dying to get sweat soon
- Aghlamazyan is a person who does not cry
- Altunyan - gold
- Elimasyan - diamond
- Berberian
Some of these surnames are funny, but on the other hand, they are unique Surnames in Armenian. For this reason, they are close.
Many children use last names to refer to adults, and this is also practical in a formal environment. In PARTICULAR, people use family names as family names. Armenian surnames usually consist of 2 to 5 syllables and contain various meanings. Armenians usually call someone by their last name to indicate and distinguish a particular person from other people who have the same name.
The first thing to remember is that someone should not be proud of their last name, whether it be like its meaning or not. Surnames contain the ancient stories of our ancestors. These stories should never be forgotten and lost.
Where do the names Dzhugashvili and Tsereteli come from? What connects Armenian surnames with the Turkish language? Why do Azerbaijanis cancel the "Russian" endings in their surnames? We answer these and other questions.
Georgian surnames
Ethnographers attribute the origins of Georgian surnames to the 7th-8th centuries. They most often came from the place of residence, a little less often - from professions, names, patronymics or family titles (for example, Amilakhvari or Eristavi).
The structure of Georgian surnames is the same as that of most others: root + suffix. By the surname suffix, in many cases it is possible to understand from which region it comes from and to which ethnic group its carrier belongs. For example, among Megrelians, surnames often end in “-ua” (Todua, Gogua) or “-iya” (Gamsakhurdia, Beria), and among the Lazes - in “-shi” (Khalvashi, Tugushi).
Linguists distinguish 13 main varieties of suffixes. In many regions of Georgia, mostly in Imereti, Guria, Adzharia, Lechkhumi, surnames with the suffix "-dze" are common, which translates as "son" (Gongadze, Shevarnadze, Dumbadze). According to data for 1997, 1,649,222 people had surnames with this ending.
The second most common is the suffix "-shvili". Its translation is very close to the previous suffix - "child", "child", but sometimes it's just "descendant". By 1997, there were 1,303,723 surnames with the suffix "-shvili". Such an ending is very common in Kakheti and Kartli (Peikrishvili, Kululashvili, Elerdashvili).
The suffix "-iani" is also popular in Georgian surnames. This is the "Svan" ending, which is more typical for the western regions of Georgia. Often such a suffix indicates the noble origin of the ancestor. For example, Dadeshkeliani, Dadiani and Gelovani are princely surnames.
The formation of Georgian surnames has various sources. Some of them come from baptismal names - Nikoladze, Georgadze, Davitashvili. Some surnames are derived from Muslim names. For example, the surname Jalagonia is formed from the Muslim male name Jalal (“greatness”, “leadership”) and the Georgian noun “drive” (“mind”, “reasoning”). There are surnames associated with animals - Lominadze ("lomi" - "lion"), Dzhugashvili ("dzug" - "flock", "flock").
Quite often, Georgian surnames are tied to any locality. Its first carrier often became at the origins of the princely family. This is precisely the surname Tsereteli, which comes from the name of the fortress and the village of the same name, located in the north of the Zemo region - “Tsereti”.
Armenian surnames
Armenian surnames are a relatively new phenomenon. At least officially, they began to be registered only from the 19th century, when the population census began and the need for documents arose. However, in aristocratic families, surnames appeared in the Middle Ages - Mamikonyans, Artsruni, Amatuni, Rshtuni. By tradition, the words “azg” (“clan”) or “tun” (“house”) were put before noble surnames. It sounded like "Mamikoyan family" or "House of Artsruni".
Before the appearance of surnames in the common people, in order to distinguish two people with the same name, they could say, for example, like this: “Hayk the grandson of Arno” and “Hayk the grandson of Garnik”. Sometimes a person was given a characteristic nickname - "lame Amayak", or "Anahit, who has twelve children." The need for the formation of surnames arose with the development of society and increased migration of the population.
For the most part, Armenian surnames come from a generic ancestor, to whose name an ending was added indicating belonging. This ending has undergone a noticeable evolution: in ancient Armenian it was the suffix "-eants", which was transformed into "-ents". In modern Armenian, it took the phonetic form “-yants”, which subsequently lost the “ts”, becoming “-yan”.
If earlier, to show belonging to a genus, they said, for example, Davidents, now it sounds like Davidian. However, the last "c" has not disappeared in all surnames. So some Armenians who moved to Russia in the 19th century retained this ending. But in Armenia itself, in particular, in the Zangezur region, such surnames are still found - Adonts, Bakunts, Kalvarents.
The most common form of formation of Armenian surnames from given names, but often they come from the names of professions and crafts - Atstukhyan ("baker"), Voskerchyan ("jeweler"), Ekimyan ("healer"), Kartashyan ("mason") or are based on a characteristic human trait - Chakhatyan ("fox"), Karchikyan ("dwarf").
The surnames of the inhabitants of Western Armenia have their own peculiarity. The entry of this part of the country into the Ottoman Empire affected the fact that the roots of many Armenian surnames are of Turkish origin. So, the surname Demirchyan comes from the Turkish word "demirchi" - "blacksmith". The ethnographer Levon Abrahamyan notes that the letter “h” in Armenian surnames usually indicates a craft, because in Turkish the names of crafts end in “chi”, for example, “bardakchi” (“potter”). An Armenian surname derived from this word is Bardakchyan.
A curious feature of some Armenian surnames is the prefix "melik", indicating a noble origin (Melik-Hakopyan), as well as "ter", which was used by clergy and meant "father", "lord" (Ter-Petrosyan).
Azerbaijani surnames
The appearance of surnames among Azerbaijanis falls on the beginning of the 20th century - mainly, these are the first years of the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan. Back in the 19th century, the anthroponymic model of Azerbaijanis consisted of the main name and the name of the father. For men, the words “oglu” or “zade” (both meaning “son”) were added to them, for example, Ibrahim Sattar oglu, and for a woman - “kyzy” (“daughter”) - for example, Reyhan Kurban kyzy.
However, such names were typical for representatives of the privileged classes, they were the first to receive surnames since the formation of Soviet Azerbaijan. Ordinary people for some time retained a two-part anthroponymic model - a nickname-distinguisher and a name attached to it: for example, Kechal Mamed ("bald Mamed"), Cholag Abdullah ("lame Abdullah") or Uzun Gasan ("long Gasan").
The first Azerbaijani surnames were often based on the name of the father or grandfather. Such a name was attached without changes, but a word denoting a son or daughter merged with it, for example, Aliaga Selimzade. Similar surnames are found now - Jafaroglu, Safaroglu, Ramazanzade. However, already in the first years of Soviet power, Azerbaijanis began to take Russified variants of surnames - Aliyev, Samedov, Vezirova, Mansurov.
Despite the fact that the vast majority of Azerbaijani surnames are patronymics, occasionally there are surnames associated with the occupation, for example, the surname Vekilov comes from the word “vekil” (“lawyer”, “defender”).
Surnames in which there is the word "khan" - Talishkhanov, Gubakhanov, Shekikhanov imply belonging to a noble family. For example, the surname Bakikhanov originates from the "Baku khans".
Azerbaijani surnames are widely used outside the country. According to the data of the Civil Registry Agency of the Ministry of Justice of Georgia, in 2011 the top five most common surnames in Georgia included two Azerbaijani ones - Mammadov (25,968 people) and Aliyev (17,605 people).
In March 2013, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Justice decided to return Azerbaijani surnames to their original sound. From now on, as before, they will end in “-zade”, “-oglu” and “-kyzy”. This decision was explained in the Ministry by the fact that the Turkic, Iranian and Arabic roots of Azerbaijani surnames do not combine with the Russian suffixes “-ov” and “-ev”.
Origin of Armenian surnames
Surname, in Armenian "azganun" - means the name of the genus. In the Middle Ages, generic names practically did not exist. If there was a need for a name, then it happened like this: if several Arams or several Anahits lived in one settlement, then the inhabitants defined them in different ways: for example, Aram, the grandson of Garnik, or Aram, the grandson of Hayk. Sometimes, for the nickname, worldly nicknames were used that characterize a recognizable feature of a person, for example, the lame Amayak or Anahit, who has twelve children.
The need for the formation of surnames arose due to the development of society and increased migration of the population. People began to move more often from one area to another, so it became necessary to give people “sustainable” nicknames, which eventually evolved into Armenian surnames. In those days, along with the name, it became common to indicate the place where a person came from, for example: Grigor Tatevatsi, Anania Shirakatsi, etc. Or, to name a person, they used his profession - Mkrtich Nakhash, Nikohayos Tsaghkarar, David Kertokh, Grigor Magistros and etc.
Similar processes took place in the formation of surnames in almost all peoples of the world. For example, from the names of the area where the person was from, such Russian surnames as Kazantsev (from the city of Kazan), Novgorodtsev (from the city of Novgorod) originated. Such Russian surnames as Kuznetsov, Goncharov, or the Ukrainian surname Kovalenko (Koval - in Ukrainian means blacksmith) originated from the profession of a person.
Types of Armenian surnames. Endings in Armenian surnames
Over time, already in the Middle Ages, surnames began to appear in aristocratic Armenian families - Mamikonyans, Artsruni, Amatuni, Rshtuni. When noble families were mentioned, the words “azg” (“kind”) or “tun” (“house”, “smoke”) were added to the surnames. For example, “Clan of Mamikonyans”, “Clan of Rshtuni”, or “House of Artsruni”, etc.
Over time, family nicknames appeared among peasants and artisans. For example, Khatstukhyan (baker), Voskerchyan (jeweler), Kartashyan (mason), etc.
The Armenian surnames also reflect the nicknames of a person, characterizing his appearance or character traits (Chakhatyan - a fox, Karchikyan - a dwarf) and others.
In most cases, Armenian surnames originated from the name of the founder of the clan, to which a prefix or suffix was added, expressing kinship, or belonging, or - “yan”, “yants”, “ents”, “unts”, “onts”, “uni”.
The most common are surnames ending in "yan" (Chakhalyan, Aramyan, Zhamkochyan), etc. "Yan" was formed from the form "yants", and also means that "ents" (Margaryan - Margaryants - Margarents, that is, belonging to the genus Margar).
Armenian surnames with the suffix "uni" were inherent in the Nakharar families (Bagratuni, Amatuni, Rshtuni), as a feature of belonging to a noble Armenian family.
Armenian surnames with the suffixes "enz", "unts", "onts" are common in Zangezur, for example, Adonts, Bakunts, Mamunts, Kalvarents and also means belonging to a noble family.
The evolution of Armenian surnames
During the census and passportization of the population, the surnames of some Armenians living in Russia became "Russified", the ending "ts" was sometimes discarded. This happened for thought reasons, either as a result of a scribal error or as a result of a conscious choice. The history of each Armenian surname is interesting and original. Surnames didn't just happen. Each surname is based on an interesting history of its formation with its own principles, stages of evolution, each Armenian surname has a certain meaning, the solution of which is dealt with by modern philological science - onomastics.
The history of Armenian surnames, on the example of the surname Chakhalyan
Research Institute "Center for the Study of Surnames" has been engaged in scientific research of the surnames of the peoples of the world, including Armenian surnames, for many years. Our Center carried out work on the study of several hundred Armenian surnames. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the example of the Armenian surname Chakhalyan studied by us.
In the Research Institute "Center for the Study of Surnames" you can order a scientific study of the Armenian surname, as well as the surnames of other peoples of the world as a gift to yourself, your family, friends and loved ones!!!
The surname Chakhalyan belongs to the number of very rare Armenian surnames, the origin of which is connected with the borrowing of words from the languages of the peoples neighboring Armenia.
Armenians (self-name - hai) - one of the most ancient peoples of the world, whose formation as a nation began in the middle of the II millennium BC. The most ancient core of Armenia was the population of the north-eastern part of Asia Minor. This country in the Hittite inscriptions (XVI-XV centuries BC) was called Armatana, and later (XIV-XIII centuries BC) Hayasa. Since ancient times, Armenia had to fight against numerous conquerors. They were Cimmerians, Scythians, Persians, Romans, Parthians, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks. In the struggle against them, the Armenian nation strengthened and developed. The heaviest mark in the history of the Armenian people was left by the era of Turkish rule. But in spite of everything, the Armenian people created a high and unique culture, which entered the treasury of world culture.
Armenian surnames are among the most ancient in the world by the time of their origin. The surname (“azganun”) in Armenian means the name of the family. Armenian surnames, as a rule, are formed on behalf of the revered ancestor, to which is added the ending expressing belonging to the genus - “yan”, “yants”, “ents”, “unts”, “onts”, “uni”. Surnames ending in "yan" are the most common. "Yan" was formed from the form "yants", going back to the ancient form "ents", which means "from the kind of such and such." The surname Chakhalyan therefore means "from the clan of Chahala".
However, neither the word nor the name Chahal is found in the Armenian language. The nickname Chahal, apparently, was formed on the basis of other languages. There are two versions of the origin of the Chakhalyan surname: Crimean Tatar and Persian.
It is known that even in ancient times, Greek colonies were formed on the shores of the Crimea, Kuban and the Caucasus. They existed until the Middle Ages, and some, for example, in the Crimea, much longer. Their composition was multinational. The communities of Armenian merchants and artisans were also a notable ethnic group. From the Greek word "chukalas" the Crimean Tatar word "chakala" was formed, which in the Crimean cities was called skillful potters who made clay vessels of the finest workmanship, very popular among the Crimean Tatar nobility. It is possible that the nickname Chahal can go back to the word "chakala", and means "skillful potter". Surprisingly, in this case, the surname Chakhalyan is close in origin and even consonant with such a well-known Russian surname, also of Tatar origin, which was worn by the great Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov. His surname is also formed from the Crimean Tatar word "chakala".
Another, more romantic and, perhaps, even heroic version of the origin of the Chakhalyan family is also quite probable. Translated from the Persian language, the word Chahal, which, by the way, entered the Turkish language, means "jackal". It must be assumed that this is how the Persian and Turkish conquerors called the Armenian rebels who tried to fight for the independence of their homeland with weapons in their hands. Among them was the founder of the surname Chakhalyan, who took the nickname Chahal. After all, it is well known that an insult from the lips of an angry enemy is the best praise for a warrior.
Over the long centuries of our bright and eventful history, much has been forgotten, ancient traditions and customs have become a thing of the past, crafts have disappeared, and the language has changed. It is all the more important and interesting for posterity to preserve the memory of the reasons for the appearance of a name or nickname, which became the basis of their surname - a precious monument of national culture.
Bibliographic sources:
Garibyan A.S. Short course of the Armenian language. Yerevan, 1960
Bryusov V.Ya. Chronicle of the historical destinies of the Armenian people. M., 1918
Baskakov N.A. Introduction to the study of Turkic languages. M., 1969
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