Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born. Biography of Dostoevsky briefly the most important

The personality of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is known not only to our compatriots, but also to lovers of literature around the world. This is the greatest Russian writer who created such brilliant works as "The Idiot", "The Brothers Karamazov", "Demons", etc. On the agenda is Dostoevsky's biography, as well as some interesting facts from the life of the writer.

Fyodor Dostoevsky himself claims to be a representative of the Russian people. This is evidenced by the writer's autobiography. It cannot be otherwise, since the writer was born in Moscow, grew up in St. Petersburg, and even served his sentence in his native country. Only in his later years did he begin to travel, having mastered Europe. However, the researchers found that the roots of Fedor Mikhailovich are far from Russian and even from Slavic origin.

The writer's nationality has a Tatar origin, his ancestor was the warrior of the Golden Horde Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, who left the ranks of the Khan and converted to Orthodoxy in 1389. The son was popularly nicknamed "Broad Mouth", and all other descendants - Rtishchev. It was this surname that was assigned to the family until 1506, until Danila Rtishchev, the ancestor of the Dostoevsky dynasty, was born. It is difficult to identify the nationality, since Danila was from the Pinsk district in Belarus, and the ancestors were both Tatars and Slavs.

Danila was awarded the title of "Dostoev", and the descendants, having already become Dostoevsky, were ranked among the Polish gentry. Later, this surname lost its noble title and completely integrated with Polish-Lithuanian names. Further data on the surname are interrupted, and again the Dostoevskys emerge in Volyn (Ukraine). It was in this area that the grandfather of the Russian writer was born, who served in the Bratslav province. After the second division of the Commonwealth, these lands became part of the Russian Empire, and the writer's parents already bore the title of Russian nobles.

early years

The future author of the most famous novels was born in Moscow on October 30 (November 11) in 1821. Parents were representatives of the noble elite, and in addition to Fedor, there were six more children in the family. According to Wikipedia, the first sad event occurred in Fedor's biography, when the future writer was only 16 years old - his mother died.

From that moment on, he and his older brother went to study at the boarding house named after K.F. Kostomarov to Petersburg, where he later lived most of his life. Fedor was educated at the Engineering School, but philosophy and literature turned out to be his main passion.

In the same year, when the mother died, another tragedy occurs - Pushkin, the most beloved of writers, dies in a duel. It is worth noting that it was this author, the “golden” classic and the face of Russian literature, who had a huge influence on the formation of not only the further work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, but also on his worldview.

The subsequent life story turned out to be no less sad: - in 1839, serfs kill his father. Grieving the loss with his brother in St. Petersburg, the author is finally formed both as a philosopher and as a person. He begins his career with a translation into Russian of Balzac's play "Eugene Grande".

The beginning of the creative path

The creative biography begins in 1844. It was at this time that Fedor Mikhailovich wrote his first novel, Poor People. The work was received with a bang by both the public and critics, thanks to which the personality of the young author became popular and recognizable. Moreover, we emphasize that during this period Fyodor Mikhailovich met Belinsky and Nekrasov, and also became a member of an informal literary community.

The next creation - the novel "Double", stumbled upon unimaginable criticism. He was not accepted in the literary community, and ordinary readers did not even understand the essence of the events described.

Arrest and a new life stage

Let's try to talk about this period briefly, but it is worth noting right away that it was the arrest and further hard labor that became not just a turning point in the writer's life, but literally a new birth of a creative and mental personality. It is very difficult to study this period of time completely, so we will note the most important thing, and also in the table below we will provide the dates that have become very significant for the author.

On December 22, 1849, Fyodor Mikhailovich was sentenced to death in the Petrashevsky case. It is easy to assume that before his impending death, a person began to see everything in a completely different light, but the sentence is changed to a more merciful one - hard labor. In subsequent years, Dostoevsky poured out all his thoughts, feelings and considerations in Myshkin's monologue in the novel The Idiot.

In the period from 1850 to 1854, he was serving a sentence in Omsk, in connection with which his work was suspended. New stories in Dostoevsky's life begin after his release and joining the ranks of the soldiers of the seventh linear Siberian battalion. There he makes acquaintance and friendship with Chokan Valikhanov, a well-known ethnographer and traveler, and also strikes up an affair with the wife of an official on special assignments, Maria Isaeva.

Soon the husband of Fyodor Mikhailovich's mistress dies, and he marries his beloved, and also accepts her son from his first marriage. Together they move to St. Petersburg, and there they get a job in the magazine "Time" and "Epoch" with their brother.

During hard labor and service, Fedor Mikhailovich greatly changed his worldview. Previously, he was more frivolous in his considerations and conjectures, but now he has become extremely pious. Christ became his ideal, and every judgment or conclusion was criticized by biblical dogmas.

It would also be useful to note that the main dates in the creative life of Dostoevsky also fell on the period from 1860 to 1864. During this period, he wrote his famous novel "Notes from the Dead House", which describes his impressions of being in prison. Then new works are released:

• "Humiliated and Insulted";
• "Notes from the Underground";
• "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions".

Decline time

In 1864, the brother and wife of Fyodor Mikhailovich died at the same time. The characteristic of this period is the most gloomy and difficult, since after the death of loved ones, the author falls into depression, and also begins to lose his fortune in the casino. Having lost most of his savings, he has a broken trough, but, as it turned out later, this stage was another new start in his work.

Being in debt, the author wrote his most popular novel, Crime and Punishment. In it, he not only reflected the essence of Raskolnikov's sinful soul, but also veiledly presented interesting facts from life that happened to him at the moment of decline.

This masterpiece was followed by a less popular but very entertaining novel, The Gambler. Dostoevsky himself no longer had the strength to print, so he hired a stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who completed the work in 21 days. Subsequently, Fedor Mikhailovich married her, and together they went abroad.

Life outside Russia

During his trip to Europe, he painstakingly worked on a unique work - "The Idiot". It is believed that this novel is not like all the others, as it does not affect religion, politics or love, but describes the simplest truth - "The road to hell is paved with good intentions."

Also, being far from the Motherland, the author proceeds to create the most political work called "Demons". In it, he sheds light on the coming Red Revolution, calling the communists - demons, and white liberals - fathers. In parallel, he is working on the creation of such novels as "The Teenager" and "The Brothers Karamazov", which became the last creation of the author.

Interesting fact! Dostoevsky's biography formally fell on the tsarist years. But he, like any philosopher, was a bit of a prophet and was able to accurately predict the coming of the Communists and the overthrow of the emperor. Lenin dubbed the writer "the archvile", since in his novel "Demons" he called the Bolsheviks with this term.

In 1881, Fedor Mikhailovich dies of emphysema, having previously quarreled with his sister over an inheritance. Despite the fact that the writer did not live long, he left behind spiritual food for at least 300 years to come. Most philosophers and writers, both domestic and foreign, still draw knowledge and inspiration from the works of Dostoevsky.

Useful video: biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Milestones of life

In order to clearly look at the main dates of the writer's life, we decided to compile a table. It will feature both creative and personal moments. Indeed, as we have already understood, it was his personal life that had a huge impact on the worldview of Fyodor Mikhailovich, which was reflected in his novels.

The chronological table of Dostoevsky makes it possible to get acquainted with the dates of the most important events in his life. There are no prerequisites, conclusions, there are only facts. But a much more detailed and correct characterization of Dostoevsky's personality can only be given by his literature, works and developments. They fully reflect not only the inner world of the writer, but also the reality in which he lived.

Important! It is Fedor Mikhailovich who is considered the most realistic and believable writer in Russian literature.

Useful video: calendar of important dates in Dostoevsky's biography

Conclusion

The surname Dostoevsky is a synonym for the concept of "Russian literature and philosophy." An author who not only wrote the most interesting and believable novels and stories, but also a thinker who was able to carry through all his work one theme, eternal and unshakable - the theme of the Lord. His stories are read with pleasure all over the world, and his worldview has become the basis for the formation of the views of many psychologists and philosophers.

In contact with

In 1821, a popular Russian writer, Fyodor Dostoevsky, was born. He spent his youth in a large noble family. His father was a rough and short-tempered man. Everything in the house was adjusted to the father. In 1837, Dostoevsky's mother and Alexander Pushkin, who meant a lot to young Fyodor, suddenly passed away.

After that, Fyodor Dostoevsky begins to live in St. Petersburg. There he entered the engineering school. At that time it was considered one of the best educational institutions in Russia. This was also indicated by the fact that among Dostoevsky's classmates there were many talented people who became famous in the future. During his studies, he also read numerous works, including foreign authors. He preferred reading to the noisy company of classmates. It was one of his favorite activities. Many contemporaries were surprised at the erudition of Fyodor Mikhailovich.

In 1844 Dostoevsky begins his long career as a writer. One of his first serious creations were - Poor people. This novel was positively evaluated by critics and brings glory to its creator. After 5 years, a turning point occurs in the life of the writer. He is sentenced to hard labor. The writer makes a lot of sense in a new way.

Around 1860, Dostoevsky began to write a huge number of works. He published a two-volume collected of his writings. Contemporaries did not appreciate the works of Dostoevsky, although modern critics highly appreciated his work.

Dostoevsky's texts literally stunned readers who had never personally encountered the horrors of hard labor.

In 1861. The Dostoevsky brothers set about creating their own magazine, which was called "Vremya".

Dostoyevsky died in 1881 from bronchitis and tuberculosis. The great writer passed away at the age of 59.

Option 2

November 11, 1821 was born the great classic, writer and thinker Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich. From childhood, the future writer suffered from epilepsy. The family had 7 children, Fedor was born the second, he had 3 brothers and 3 sisters. Mother Maria Fedorovna in 1837 dies of tuberculosis. After her death, his father sent his two children Fedor and Mikhail to study at the St. Petersburg School with a military engineering profile. In 1839 his father died.

From a young age, the future classic was interested in writing, constantly reading works: Pushkin, Shakespeare, Lermontov, Schiller, Corneille, Gogol, Balzac, Gogol. In 1843, Fyodor Mikhailovich was so impressed with O. Balzac's Eugene Grande that he undertook to translate it.

The years 1844-1845 are considered the beginning of the writer's creative path. The work "Poor People" is the very first work of the writer. After the publication of the novel, the writer gained fame and popularity. Belinsky V.G. and Nekrasov N.A. highly appreciated the work of a novice writer.

The second work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, work on which lasted from 1845 to 1846, is the story "The Double", which was severely criticized by many writers, as well as readers of a literary magazine. At the beginning of his career, all the works of the writer were published only in the magazine of his brother.

The year 1849 becomes a crisis for the writer, he was sentenced by the court for participating in a circle with a revolutionary mood. Soon the punishment was replaced by hard labor for a period of 4 years in the Omsk fortress. After the end of the punishment, the writer goes to military service as a soldier. After the events experienced in hard labor and during the service, the outlook of the young writer completely changed, he becomes more pious. During his service, the writer meets Maria Isaeva, the wife of a former official, and a romance is born between them. After the death of her husband, Maria marries Fyodor Mikhailovich in 1857. Soon the young family moved to live in the city of St. Petersburg to work with his brother Mikhail in the magazines "Time" and "Epoch".

1864 becomes very tragic for the classic, his wife and brother die. After these losses, Fedor Mikhailovich begins to play roulette, accumulates numerous debts for himself. During this difficult period of his life, he worked on the novel Crime and Punishment, then on the novel The Gambler, for which he hires stenographer Anna Sinitkina, who soon becomes his wife.

The second wife, Anna, was 25 years younger than her husband. After the wedding, he instructed her to manage all his financial affairs. In marriage, they had 4 children. In 1869, the writer finishes work on the novel "The Idiot", in one of the monologues of Prince Myshkin, previously experienced emotions are displayed before the execution. The period from 1871 to 1881 is considered the most fruitful for the writer's work, he writes works: "Demons", "The Writer's Diary", "Bobok", "Teenager", "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man", "The Collapse of Baymakov's Office", "The Brothers Karamazov" and other.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great writer, classic of literature, philosopher, innovator, thinker, publicist, translator, representative of personalism and romanticism.

He was born on 10/30/1821 in Moscow at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor of the Moscow Orphanage. Father is a writer, mother Maria Nechaeva is the daughter of a merchant. They lived in the said hospital.

The family had a patriarchal life, everything according to the will and order of the father. The boy was raised by the nanny Alena Frolova, whom he loved and mentioned in the novel "Demons".

Parents from childhood taught the writer to literature. By the age of 10 he knew history, at the age of 4 he was already reading. Father put a lot of effort into Fedor's education.

1834 entered one of the best educational institutions in Moscow. At the age of 16 he moved to St. Petersburg to enter the Main Engineering School. During this period, he decided to become a writer.

1843 becomes a second lieutenant engineer, but soon resigns and goes into literature.

During his studies (1840-1842) he begins his dramas "Maria Steward" and "Boris Godunov", in 1844 he finishes the drama "Jew Yankel" and at the same time translates foreign novels and writes "Poor People". Thanks to his works, Dostoevsky becomes famous and enters the circle of other popular writers.

He delves into various genres: the humorous "Novel in 9 Letters", the essay "Petersburg Chronicles", the tragedies "Another's Wife" and "Jealous Husband", the Christmas tree poem "Firs and the Wedding", the stories "The Mistress", "Weak Heart" and many others .

On 11/13/1849 he was sentenced to death for maintaining Belinsky's literature, after which he was changed to 4 years and military service, while he survived the mock execution. In hard labor he continued to secretly create his masterpieces.

1854 sent to the service, where he met Isaeva Maria Dmitrievna and 1957 got married. In the same year he was pardoned.

The marriage with Isaeva lasted 7 years, there were no children. With his second wife Anna Grigorievna, 4 children were born.

01/28/1881 died of pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis. Buried in St. Petersburg.

Biography of Dostoevsky by dates and interesting facts

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in 1821 in Moscow. In the family of the doctor of the clinic for the poor, Mikhail Andreevich, and later received the title of nobleman. Mother's name was Maria Fedorovna. They had six children. At the age of 16, Fedor and his older brother entered the preparatory boarding house in St. Petersburg.

At the end of 1843, he served as a sub-lieutenant in the engineering team, and a year later he resigned and devoted his time entirely to literature.

The first novel, The Poor People, was written in 1845 and was a significant success.

After Dostoevsky participated in the underground printing house. Arrested in 1849, all his archives were destroyed. Dostoevsky expected to be executed, but Nicholas I replaced the punishment with a 4-year hard labor.

In 1857, Fedor married the widow Isaeva.

He released comedy stories: "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants."

1863, dramatic novels "Player", "Idiot" were published.

1864 his wife died.

In 1866 he worked on the love story "Crime and Punishment" and Dostoevsky's second wedding.

In the last years of his life, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1878, Dostoevsky's beloved son died.

The last work is The Brothers Karamazov.

The famous writer died in early 1881.

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important.

In the period of early childhood, Fyodor Dostoevsky was educated by his personal nanny, Alena Florovna. After Fedor grew up, she lived with her family like her own. Alena Florovna from an early age "fueled" the imagination of the young writer with fairy tales about the exploits of the brave Alyosha Popovich, about the miracles of the Firebird, about Bluebeard, etc. after some time, Fedor learned to read, and already read fairy tales and stories on his own. Most of all, the young Dostoevsky was struck by the book "History of the Old and New Testament", published in 1819.

At the age of 14, Fedor was sent to the Chermak boarding school, one of the best private educational institutions in Moscow. At the end of the boarding school, the parents send Fedor to study in St. Petersburg. January 16, 1838 Fyodor Dostoevsky was enrolled in the Main Engineering School. This school was located on the territory of the Mikhailovsky Castle, the former palace of Paul I. At the beginning of his studies, Fedor, like all newcomers, or "ribbons", lends himself to daring torture by pupils of the senior classes. In this cruel environment, Dostoevsky, a boy from a loving family, withdraws into himself. The isolation and solitude of the future poet is facilitated by the terrible news that the serfs killed his father. This terrible news shocked Fyodor, because his beloved mother had recently died. The young man was left an orphan. Dostoevsky's life in a military school is becoming more painful every day.

On August 12, 1843, Fyodor Dostoevsky completed the full course of science in the upper officer class. Nikolaev reality met the young man unfriendly. Due to his enthusiasm for his creative ideas, Fedor graduated from college far from being in the forefront. After graduation, he was sent to serve in one of the first-class defensive fortresses of the state, where great military and defensive work was to be carried out. The future writer was appointed to a modest post "with the use of drawing." The higher authorities trust Dostoevsky only minor works that do not exceed the cabinet scale. This is mainly field cartography and descriptive geometry. This state of affairs does not bother the young builder at all, his head has long been occupied with other tasks.

The service absolutely does not meet the needs of Fedor, he feels like a writer and poet, and not a builder, an engineer. However, he still very much doubts whether literature is his vocation. For about two months, Dostoevsky lived in extreme poverty, as he spent all his salary on playing billiards.

In 1844, Fyodor Dostoevsky received a business trip to one of the distant fortresses located in Orenburg or Sevastopol. At that time, the writer was already in the rank of engineer of the department. Such a long journey required significant financial expenses. In addition, one of Dostoevsky's literary works could be interrupted. After a little thought, Fedor nevertheless decides to leave the service and devote himself entirely to writing literary works. On October 19, 1844, at his own request, he was expelled from the service.

October 30, 1821 - Fyodor Dostoevsky was born into the family of a doctor practicing at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the poor.

1838 - 1843 - studying at the military engineering school, located in St. Petersburg. After graduating from college, Dostoevsky entered the drawing room of the engineering department.

1844 - retirement, the beginning of literary activity.

1846 - the release of the first story "Poor people". The emergence in other works ("Double", "White Nights") of the theme of the psychological duality of people, characteristic of his late work.

1847 - passion for the ideas of utopian socialism, entry into the revolutionary circle of M. V. Petrashevsky.

1849 - arrest, sentence to death. The execution was later replaced by 4 years of hard labor.

1850 - 1854 - serving a sentence in the Omsk hard labor prison.

1859 - return to St. Petersburg, the resumption of literary activity.

1860 - 1870 - the creation of the largest novels: "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot".

1875 - the creation of the novel "The Teenager".

1879 - 1980 - writing the novel The Brothers Karamazov.

Turning points in the life of F.M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky saw a lot of injustice in his childhood, his father was a vicious drunkard, a retired military surgeon who worked in a hospital located in one of the poorest districts of Moscow, as well as prisons and lunatic asylums.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky studied at the Military Engineering Academy in St. Petersburg, where he studied literature and began a writing career after graduating from the academy in 1844. He was 24 years old. In 1849 he decided to turn his life around. He was a member of the liberals of the Petrashevites, at the time when the tsar decided to stop any hint of rebellion. He and other members of the Petrashevsky liberals were arrested and sentenced to death. Later that year, he was subjected to a mock execution. It was a devastating moment in his life and the psychological scars never healed.

Then his sentence was commuted to 4 years hard labor in Siberia. It was a living hell for him, people crowded and lived in quarters, which he compared to a coffin. He was released in 1854 and was sent to serve in the Siberian regiment for five years.

The time spent in prison and in the military regiment significantly changed his political and religious views. He began to despise Western culture, which flowed irreversibly to his native Russia, whose traditions Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky highly valued. The prison strengthened his Russian Orthodox faith, and he began to write serious works, in which he described the themes of "mental anguish, religious awakening and psychological confusion."

Dostoevsky's arrest and hard labor

Arrest

Dostoyevsky's arrest took place on April 23, 1849; his archive was taken away during his arrest and probably destroyed in the III section. Dostoevsky spent 8 months in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress under investigation, during which he showed courage, hiding many facts and trying to mitigate the guilt of his comrades as much as possible. He was recognized by the investigation as "one of the most important" among the Petrashevites, guilty of "the intent to overthrow the existing domestic laws and state order." The initial verdict of the military court commission read: "... the retired engineer-lieutenant Dostoevsky, for not reporting the distribution of a criminal letter about religion and government by the writer Belinsky and the malicious composition of lieutenant Grigoriev, to deprive the ranks, all the rights of the state and subject him to death by shooting." On December 22, 1849, Dostoevsky, along with others, awaited the execution of the death sentence on the Semyonovsky parade ground. According to the resolution of Nicholas I, the execution was replaced by 4-year hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers.

penal servitude

On the night of December 24, Dostoevsky was sent from St. Petersburg in chains. January 10, 1850 arrived in Tobolsk, where the meeting of the writer with the wives of the Decembrists - P.E. Annenkova, A.G. Muravyova and N.D. Fonvizina; they gave him the gospel, which he kept all his life. From January 1850 to 1854, Dostoevsky, together with Durov, served hard labor as a "laborer" in the Omsk fortress. In January 1854 he was enlisted as a private in the 7th line battalion (Semipalatinsk) and was able to resume correspondence with his brother Mikhail and A. Maikov. In November 1855, Dostoevsky was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and after much trouble by the prosecutor Wrangel and other Siberian and St. Petersburg acquaintances (including E.I. Totleben) - to ensign; in the spring of 1857, the writer was returned to hereditary nobility and the right to publish, but police supervision over him continued until 1875.

On the verge of death. About the last days of the writer's life

There is a simple truthful story about the last days of Dostoevsky's life by his faithful, beloved wife Anna Grigoryevna.

On the night of January 25, Dostoevsky had a pulmonary hemorrhage. At about 5 pm the bleeding recurred. Alarmed, Anna Grigorievna sent for the doctor. When the doctor began to listen and tap the patient's chest, the bleeding repeated and was so severe that Fyodor Mikhailovich lost consciousness.

“When they brought him to his senses,” Anna Grigoryevna writes in her “Memoirs,” his first words addressed to me were: “Anya, I beg you, invite the priest immediately, I want to confess and take communion! ..” “Although the doctor began to assure that there is no particular danger, but in order to calm the patient, I fulfilled his desire. We lived near Vladimirskaya church, and the invited priest Fr. Megorsky was with us in half an hour. Fyodor Mikhailovich calmly and good-naturedly met the priest, went to confession for a long time and took communion.

When the priest left, and I went into the office with the children to congratulate Fyodor Mikhailovich on receiving the Holy Sacraments, he blessed me and the children, asking them to live in peace, love each other, love and take care of me. Having sent the children away, Fyodor Mikhailovich thanked me for the happiness that I had given him, and asked me to forgive me if he upset me in any way...

The doctor entered, laid the patient on the sofa, forbade him the slightest movement and conversation, and immediately asked to send for two doctors, A.A. Pfeifer and Professor D.I. Koshchlakov, with whom my husband sometimes consulted ...

The night passed quietly. I woke up at about seven o'clock in the morning and saw that my husband was looking in my direction. "Well, how do you feel, my dear?" I asked, leaning towards him. "You know, Anya," said Fyodor Mikhailovich in a half-whisper, "I've been awake for three hours now and I've been thinking, and only now I realize clearly that I'm going to die today..." terrible anxiety - because you are better now, there is no more bleeding ... For God's sake, do not torture yourself with doubts, you will still live, I assure you ... "No, I know, I must die today. Light a candle, Anya and give me the gospel." He himself opened the holy book and asked to read it: The Gospel of Matthew was revealed, chapter 3, st. 14-15. (“John held Him back and said: I need to be baptized by you, and are You coming to me? But Jesus answered him: leave it now; for in this way it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteousness” ...) hold on, "it means I'm going to die," the husband said and closed the book. Dostoevsky died on January 28, 1881.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was one of the few writers who left us an autobiography. Dostoevsky gave a brief history of his life in words to A.G. Dostoevskaya, who carefully documented them and published them in the journal Diary of a Writer.

Numerous contemporaries of Fyodor Mikhailovich say that the writer did not like to talk about his life. However, Dostoevsky nevertheless left a small story about himself to his descendants.

In the “writer's diary”, a famous classic tells that until the age of 16 he grew up under the strict guidance of his parents, in Moscow. Having reached the age when it was time to decide on the place of further education, Fyodor Mikhailovich, on the instructions of his parents, went to take exams at the Engineering Institute. Having successfully passed the exam, Dostoevsky studied at the institute until 1842, after which he went to the army. After his retirement, Dostoevsky became a victim of circumstances that determined his future activities. In 1849, he was arrested for liaising with traitors to the country who were trying to seize power in the country. He was sent to hard labor, where he lost all his rights as a citizen of Russia.

Dostoevsky and anti-Semitism

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky's worldview and found expression both in novels and short stories, and in the writer's journalism. A clear confirmation of this, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky's work "The Jewish Question". However, Dostoevsky himself in the "Jewish Question" stated: "... this hatred has never been in my heart ...".

In The Diary of a Writer in 1873, Dostoevsky wrote: “So it will be if things continue, if the people themselves do not come to their senses; and the intelligentsia will not help him. If he does not come to his senses, then the whole, entirely, in the shortest possible time, will find himself in the hands of all kinds of Jews, and then no community will save him ...<…>Zhidki will drink the blood of the people and feed on the depravity and humiliation of the people, but since they will pay the budget, then, therefore, they will have to be supported.

The writer Andrei Dikiy attributes the following quote to Dostoevsky: “The Jews will destroy Russia and become the head of anarchy. The Jew and his kagal are a conspiracy against the Russians.” A similar quote with reference to a letter of response to Nikolai Epifanovich Grishchenko, a teacher at the Kozeletsky parish school in the Chernihiv province, is cited by Nasedkin: “After all, a Jew and his kahal are the same as a conspiracy against Russians!”

Dostoevsky's attitude to the Jewish question is analyzed by literary critic Leonid Grossman in the article "Dostoevsky and Judaism" and the book "Confession of a Jew", dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and the Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message to the great writer sent by Kovner from the Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his letter in response with the words “Believe with complete sincerity with which I shake your hand extended to me,” and in the chapter of the Writer’s Diary devoted to the Jewish question, he quotes Kovner extensively.

According to critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and Jews is caused by the embodiment in Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the search for Dostoevsky's characters.

According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky. It should be noted that Dostoevsky's dislike of Jews may have been related to his religious beliefs.

Shortly after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested on charges of having links with the Petrashevsky case. The court, despite the denial of the charges, is found guilty. The death penalty was scheduled for December 22, 1949, and at the last moment a pardon and hard labor were announced. All the terrible feelings before the execution Dostoevsky put into the mouth of Prince Myshkin, the hero of The Idiot.

The writer's penal servitude lasted four years and took place in Omsk; after his release, he was sent to the seventh line Siberian battalion as a private. During the service, he met Maria Isaeva, whom he married in 1857 in Kuznetsk. On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk and lived there until, in 1859, he received a temporary ticket giving him the right to travel to Tver.

Dostoevsky in the Russian Revolution

If Gogol is not immediately visible in the Russian revolution, and the very posing of this topic may raise doubts, then in Dostoevsky it is impossible not to see the prophet of the Russian revolution. The Russian revolution is imbued with those principles that Dostoevsky saw and to which he gave a brilliantly sharp definition. It was given to Dostoevsky to reveal to the depth the dialectic of Russian revolutionary thought and draw the final conclusions from it. He did not remain on the surface of socio-political ideas and constructions, he penetrated into the depths and laid bare the metaphysics of Russian revolutionism. Dostoevsky discovered that Russian revolutionism is a metaphysical and religious phenomenon, and not a political and social one.

Thus he succeeded in religiously comprehending the nature of Russian socialism. Russian socialism is preoccupied with the question of whether God exists or not. And Dostoevsky foresaw how bitter the fruits of Russian socialism would be. He laid bare the element of Russian nihilism and Russian atheism, which is completely original, not like the Western one. Dostoevsky had a brilliant gift for revealing depth and discovering the last limits. It never stays in the middle, does not stop at transitional states, always leads to the last and final. His creative artistic act is apocalyptic, and in this he is truly a Russian national genius. Dostoevsky's method is different from that of Gogol. Gogol is a more perfect artist.

Dostoevsky is above all a great psychologist and metaphysician. It reveals evil and evil spirits from within the spiritual life of man and from within his dialectic of thought. All of Dostoevsky's work is an anthropological revelation, a revelation of human depth, not only spiritual, but also spiritual depth. Those human thoughts and those human passions are revealed to him, which no longer represent the psychology, h the ontology of human nature. In Dostoevsky, unlike Gogol, the image of a person always remains and the fate of a person is revealed from within. Evil does not completely destroy the human image. Dostoevsky believes that evil can turn into good through internal catastrophe. And therefore his work is less eerie than that of Gogol, which leaves almost no hope.

Women in Dostoevsky's Life: The Russian "Marquis de Sade"

To say that Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky possessed heightened sexuality means to say almost nothing. This physiological property was so developed in him that, despite all efforts to hide it, it involuntarily broke out - in words, looks, actions. This, of course, was noticed by those around him and ... ridiculed him. Turgenev called him "the Russian Marquis de Sade". Unable to control the sensual fire, he resorted to the services of prostitutes. But many of them, having once tasted Dostoevsky's love, then refused his proposals: his love was too unusual, and, most importantly, painful.

His sexuality was sadomasochistic. He liked to turn a woman into his toy, and after that he wanted to feel like her thing himself ... Not everyone could endure this.

To calm the sexual heat did not help either dousing with cold water, or working up to a seventh sweat.

"Beauty will save the world." Only a person who himself was deprived of beauty and did not hope to ever enjoy it could say such a thing. Feeling like a sort of Quasimodo, Dostoevsky reacted extremely emotionally to any beauty. But above all - on the beauty of women. Still: what kind of beauty would agree to be next to such a nonentity and a freak?! And this is how he realized himself for a long time. That is why his reaction to any beautiful face, and especially ... beautiful female legs, was so impressionable.

Oh those legs! If she sees a piece of a slender ankle from under a coquettishly raised dress, she will faint. If he sees a stocking with a garter in the window on a ladies' mannequin, he is looking for a bench to take a breath and not lose consciousness. He will end almost every letter to Anna Grigoryevna with a mental kiss of her legs: “I kiss five fingers on your leg, a whole leg and heel, I kiss and don’t kiss, I keep imagining it ...”, “I kiss you every minute in my dreams all, minute by minute. I especially love that about which it is said: "And with this charming object - he is delighted and intoxicated." I kiss this subject every minute in all forms and intend to kiss all my life”, “Oh, how I kiss, how I kiss! Anka, don’t say that it’s rude, but what should I do, that’s me, I can’t be judged ... I kiss your toes, then your lips, then what “I am delighted and intoxicated with.”

His impressionability clearly went beyond the norm. When some street beauty said “no” to him, he fainted. And if she said yes, the result was often exactly the same.

In bed with Dostoyevsky

To speak of a great writer, a world-class classic, one of the greatest masters of thoughts as a lover, a husband and a man "with sexual oddities", to put it mildly, is not easy. Firstly, it is incredibly difficult to overcome piety. And secondly, the topic itself is painfully "dangerous" - when you call a spade a spade, the words become heavy and rude, and it is difficult to keep the measure when it comes to such a brilliant and sick individual like Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.

A singer of monstrous erotica?

Many traits of his character and life events continue to remain mysterious and inexplicable. Only a few friends knew the real truth about him. In his novels and stories, he so excitedly spoke about the secrets, failures and madness of sex, so persistently brought out voluptuaries, molesters and debauchees, so penetratingly painted "infernal" (fatal) and sinful women, that the question naturally arises: where did the exceptional knowledge of the heavy, sometimes monstrous eroticism of his inflamed heroes and heroines? Did he create this whole world of passions, crimes and retribution, upsurges of the spirit and demonic flesh from observations, fantasies or his own experience? Who and how did he love, and what was Dostoevsky like as a husband and lover? Perhaps something in this story will seem implausible or unlikely to you, but Dostoevsky was much more complicated than any of his heroes. A brilliant epileptic who went through the terrible trials of death, hard labor, want and loneliness, a pathological lover and a restless seeker of holiness, he lived a unique, fantastic life.

First love

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky grew up in a family dominated by his despot father. Hot-tempered, sullen and suspicious, he reached pathological exaggerations in his grievances and fantasies. Mikhail Andreevich was able to accuse his wife of infidelity in the seventh month of pregnancy, and then painfully experience his doubts. Almost as painful were his outbursts of anger. In Dr. Dostoevsky, all the signs of duality and neurosis are clearly visible, which later appeared in his son. It is likely that they became the cause of a terrible disease - epilepsy. Mother died when Fedor was not yet sixteen years old. In the same year, he and his older brother were sent to the St. Petersburg Engineering Military School. The teenager Dostoevsky was withdrawn and timid, he had neither "manners", nor money, nor a noble name. If peers boasted of the knowledge of the secrets of love, obtained in the arms of serf girls and St. Petersburg prostitutes, then Fedor could only keep quiet. After graduating with grief in half from an educational institution, Dostoevsky immediately resigned and took up writing. It was the only way to earn a living: at eighteen, he was left an orphan with a bunch of younger brothers and sisters. At the age of 24, with the success of the story "Poor People", the doors of St. Petersburg salons opened before Dostoevsky. At the writer Ivan Panaev, he meets his wife, Avdotya Yakovlevna, and falls head over heels in love. Three months later, Dostoevsky wrote to his brother: "I am seriously in love with Panaeva ... I am sick with nerves and I am afraid of fever or nervous fever." The first love was painful, but ended humiliatingly. The 22-year-old beauty brunette Panaeva did not pay any attention to the thin, blond, nervous young man with a sickly complexion, but became the mistress of Nikolai Nekrasov, who was both more persistent and richer, and more famous. Well, you can understand her ... Nevertheless, you should not think that the unfortunate lover was a perfect virgin. By his own admission, Fedor did not refuse to participate in comradely feasts, and noisy evenings usually ended in brothels. At the age of 24, Dostoevsky wrote: “I am so dissolute that I can no longer live normally, I am afraid of typhus or fever, and my nerves are sick,” and also: “Minushki, Klarushka, Marianna, etc. have become utterly prettier, but they cost terrible money . The other day Turgenev and Belinsky scolded me to dust for a disorderly life."

But literary success very quickly gave way to failure. The next work "Double" did not like either the public or the critics. Dostoevsky "went to the bottom". Nikolai Strakhov, a biographer and close friend of Dostoevsky, said that the description of the youth of the hero of Notes from the Underground is very autobiographical: “At that time I was only 24 years old. I read it, but at times I got bored terribly... I wanted to move, and I suddenly plunged into dark, underground, nasty not depravity, but depravity... There were hysterical outbursts, with tears and convulsions... I debauched solitarily, at night, secretly , timidly, with shame that did not leave me in the most disgusting moments ... I was terribly afraid that they would somehow not see me, would not recognize me ... I went to the darkest places ... "

By the age of 28, Dostoevsky was carried away by utopian socialism, ended up in Petrashevsky's circle, and from there, after a terrible torture by an imaginary execution, he went to hard labor, where he met his first wife.

Dostoevsky's wife is an angel sent from heaven

At the end of the last century, English scientists told the world about what an ideal wife should be like. According to a man, this is a woman who knows how to agree with her husband in all matters and do it in the sweetest and most pleasant manner - “Yes, dear!”, “I agree with you, dear,” and the like.

The famous Russian writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was certainly lucky in this sense. His second wife was the former stenographer Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. It was exactly the woman that the writer needed - an angel who descended from heaven and became his guardian in life. About Anna Grigoryevna, even Leo Tolstoy said that she is the woman that any writer needs. Although at the same time, Tolstoy's wife has also always been a model of an ideal wife.

The absurd nature and habits of Dostoevsky could easily lead him to an insane asylum or even to prison. But it was Anna Grigoryevna who became his salvation from all these possible life vicissitudes, who always knows how to pacify the “demons” that sometimes play out in the writer’s head.

Anna Grigorievna Dostoevskaya

Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevskaya (nee Snitkina) is the second wife of F. M. Dostoevsky, the mother of his four children.

Born in St. Petersburg, in the family of a petty official Grigory Ivanovich Snitkin. Since childhood, I have been reading the works of Dostoevsky.

Since October 4, 1866, as a stenographer and copyist, she participated in the preparation for publication of the novel "The Gambler" by F. M. Dostoevsky. On February 15, 1867, Anna Grigoryevna became the writer's wife, and two months later the Dostoevskys went abroad, where they remained for more than four years (until July 1871).

On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for a few days in Vilna. On the building, located at the place where the hotel where the Dostoevskys stayed, was located, a memorial plaque was opened in December 2006 (sculptor Romualdas Kvintas). Heading south to Switzerland, the Dostoevskys stopped at Baden, where at first Fyodor Mikhailovich won 4,000 francs at roulette, but he could not stop and lost everything that happened to him, not excluding his dress and his wife's things. For almost a year they lived in Geneva, where the writer worked desperately, and sometimes needed the bare necessities. There their first daughter Sophia was born, but at the age of three months the child died, to the indescribable despair of the parents. In 1869, the Dostoevskys had a daughter, Lyubov, in Dresden.

Upon the return of the spouses to St. Petersburg, their sons Fedor and Alexei were born. Along with this, the brightest period in the life of the novelist began, in a beloved family, with a kind and intelligent wife, who took into her own hands all the economic issues of his activities (money and publishing) and soon freed her husband from debts. Since 1871, Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever. Anna Grigorievna arranged the life of the writer and did business with publishers and printing houses, she herself published his works. The last novel of the writer The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880) is dedicated to her.

In the year of Dostoevsky's death (1881), Anna Grigorievna turned 35 years old. She did not remarry. After the writer's death, she collected his manuscripts, letters, documents, photographs. Organized in 1906 a room dedicated to Fyodor Mikhailovich in the Historical Museum in Moscow. Since 1929, her collection was transferred to the Museum-apartment of F. M. Dostoevsky in Moscow. Anna Grigoryevna compiled and published in 1906 the "Bibliographic index of works and works of art related to the life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky" and the catalog "Museum in memory of F. M. Dostoevsky in the Imperial Russian Historical Museum named after Alexander III in Moscow, 1846— 1903". Her books The Diary of A. G. Dostoevskaya 1867 (published in 1923) and Memoirs of A. G. Dostoevskaya (published in 1925) are an important source for the biography of the writer. Anna Grigorievna died in Yalta in the hungry military year of 1918.

Appolinaria Suslova

Bright, talented, unforgettable, scandalous, arrogant Apollinaria Suslova went through the life of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Love that brought only suffering to both.

Having studied at a boarding school for noble maidens, Polina, as her relatives called Suslov, after the family moved to St. Petersburg, began attending university lectures, where Dostoevsky was one of the popular lecturers among young people. 1861 - the first meeting, the young student is 21 years old, the venerable writer is already forty.

However, she was a restless student, attending lectures only out of a desire to be in the thick of things. Polina flirted with students, took an active part in political demonstrations, attended balls and literary student evenings, diligently courted Dostoevsky, trying to please him in everything. Fyodor Mikhailovich did not seem to notice what was happening, then she declared her love to him in an ardent letter. After a while, they began an affair.

The selfishness and pride of Appolinaria quickly began to oppress Dostoevsky. His help in the literary field was not successful for Suslova, her story, published in the Dostoevsky family magazine "Time", was frankly weak.

Secret meetings, constant reproaches, demands for a divorce from a sick wife. Appolinaria played with the feelings of the writer, at the slightest suspicion of a possible end to their romance, threatened to commit suicide. Meanwhile, she herself did not refuse meetings with other men. These exhausting relationships depressed Dostoevsky, however, after the death of his wife, he proposed to Suslova, but was refused.

It is surprising that for Appolinaria Dostoevsky was just one of the fans, she did not appreciate his writing talent, did not read his books. Submissive service to a genius could not become her destiny, for this she was too proud and capricious.

Critics often find features of Suslova in the images created by Dostoevsky. This painful love is reflected in many of his works.

The most famous museum of Dostoevsky F.M. is his memorial museum. Dostoevsky lived in this six-room apartment from October 5, 1878 to January 28, 1881. In the memorial apartment, the interiors of the writer's study, Anna Grigorievna's room, children's room, living room and dining room are faithfully reproduced. Here you can see the furniture of those years and personal belongings, both of Dostoevsky himself and his relatives. Famous St. Petersburg writers of those years often gathered in the writer's living room, staying up late. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself spent many hours in this room, thinking over his future works. Museum visitors have the opportunity to get acquainted with the personal documents and records of the writer.

No less famous is the house-museum of F.M. Dostoevsky in Staraya Russa. In Staraya Russa, the writer once bought a house in which he hoped to find peace and family happiness. Now this house has been turned into a museum that tells us about the life of the writer and his family in Staraya Russa. In this house, Dostoevsky wrote his most famous works "The Brothers Karamazov", "Demons" and "Teenager".

The interior of the house was recreated almost completely, which allows museum visitors to feel the atmosphere in which our great compatriot worked. Every year, the museum organizes readings "Dostoevsky and Modernity", which attract admirers of the writer from Russia and the CIS countries, Canada and Japan.

About the museums of F.M. Dostoevsky

The most famous museum of F.M. Dostoevsky is, of course, the "House-Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky" in Staraya Russa. However, this is by no means the only museum in the world dedicated to the life of the great Russian writer.

There are seven such museums in the world. Of these, all but one are located on the territory of the Russian Federation. The rest of the museum is located on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Three museums are united by a common name - "The Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky". One of them is located in the northern capital of our Motherland - St. Petersburg, the second is in Novokuznetsk, and the third is just the one of the museums that is located in Kazakhstan, in the city of Semipalatinsk.

In Omsk, where Fyodor Mikhailovich spent the years of hard labor, the fourth museum was opened under the name "Omsk State Literary Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky."

The fifth museum on our list is the most famous museum of the writer, located in Staraya Russa.

The sixth museum is located in Dostoevsky's homeland - in Moscow. This is the "Museum-Apartment of F. M. Dostoevsky".

Finally, the seventh museum is the "Museum-estate in the village of Darovoe". The house where it is located once belonged to the writer's parents.

Novels:

poor people

Brothers Karamazov

Teenager

Crime and Punishment

Humiliated and insulted

Novels and stories:

White Nights

Eternal Husband

Mr. Prokharchin

Two suicides

Uncle's dream

Christmas tree and wedding

Notes from the Underground

Crocodile

little hero

The boy at Christ on the Christmas tree

Netochka Nezvanova

Petersburg dreams in verse and prose

Polzunkov

A novel in nine letters

The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants

Bad joke

Weak heart

Dream of a funny man

honest thief

Someone else's wife and husband under the bed

Correspondence and speeches:

Pushkin speech

Books of essays and criticism:

Notes from the House of the Dead

Winter notes about summer experiences

Petersburg chronicle

Sentence

Pushkin F.M. Dostoevsky, D.V. Grigorovich, N.A. Nekrasov.

How dangerous it is to indulge in ambitious dreams

Writer's diary:

Writer's diary. 1873

Writer's diary. 1876

Writer's diary. 1880

Writer's diary. 1881

Writer's diary. September - December 1877.

Writer's diary. January - August 1877.

If you want to conquer the whole world, conquer yourself.

A smart wife and a jealous wife are two different things.

You can't love what you don't know!

“Many people are honest because they are fools.

Justify, do not punish, but call evil evil.

Happiness is not in happiness, but only in achieving it.

“Love is so omnipotent that it regenerates us ourselves.

Humor is the wit of deep feeling.

“There are moments when people love crime.

The fantastic is the essence of reality.

- The measure of the people is not what they are, but what they consider beautiful and true.

— One must love life more than the meaning of life.

In a truly loving heart, either jealousy kills love, or love kills jealousy.

The Russian people, as it were, enjoy their suffering.

- A writer whose works have not been successful easily becomes a bilious critic: so a weak and tasteless wine can become an excellent vinegar.

— Money is minted freedom.

“Knowledge does not regenerate a person: it only changes him, but changes him not into one universal, official form, but according to the nature of this person.

— The arousal of compassion for the ridiculed and priceless beauty is the secret of humor.

- The more we are national, the more we will be Europeans (all people).

— Only having mastered the initial material, that is, the native language, to the best possible perfection, will we be able to assimilate the foreign language to the same perfection, but not before.

Biography and episodes of life Fyodor Dostoyevsky. When born and died Fyodor Dostoevsky, memorable places and dates of important events in his life. writer quotes, Photo and video.

The years of the life of Fyodor Dostoevsky:

born November 11, 1821, died February 9, 1881

Epitaph

"Longing in the world as in hell,
Ugly, convulsively bright,
In your prophetic delirium
He outlined our disastrous century.
From a poem by Vladimir Nabokov dedicated to Dostoevsky

Biography

His name is known all over the world - along with other Russian writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov. Although popularity in the biography of Dostoevsky came to him only in the last years of his life, the real fame fell on the writer after his death.

He was born in Moscow into a fairly wealthy and prosperous family. But when Fedor was 16 years old, he lost his mother, and at 18 - his father, who was killed by his own serfs, whom he mistreated. By this time, Fedor, together with his brother Mikhail, were already studying in St. Petersburg. Fyodor Dostoevsky graduated from an engineering school with the rank of engineer-lieutenant and went to work. But the young man's real hobbies were literature, history and philosophy, he even attended Belinsky's circle, and over time he became interested in revolutionary ideas. Dostoevsky wrote his first story at the age of 21 - "Poor People" was warmly received even by the most severe literary critics. Dostoevsky was predicted to have a great literary future, but five years later his life changed dramatically. First, he was arrested for participating in a conspiracy against the government, then followed by imprisonment and a sentence to death. Fortunately, the sentence was overturned, but Dostoevsky was deprived of his nobility, ranks, money and sent to hard labor in Siberia for four years. After hard labor, he was enlisted as an ordinary soldier - the fact that Dostoevsky was not disenfranchised was not accidental. Emperor Nicholas I himself appreciated Dostoevsky's talent as a writer, which is why the first one survived. Soon Dostoevsky again regained his officer rank.

Due to the state of health of Dostoevsky (he had epilepsy), he was dismissed, returned to St. Petersburg and took up literature. He published his novel Humiliated and Insulted in his own magazine Vremya, which he published with his brother. When brother Mikhail died, it was a terrible blow for Dostoevsky, he was very attached to Mikhail. Then he wrote his most famous work - "Crime and Punishment", followed by "The Idiot" and "Demons". All three works were duly recognized by Russian society.

A good time for the writer began when he entered into his second and final marriage. Anna Snitkina became his true friend and colleague. She helped him turn in his works on time, took care of his financial affairs, putting them in order, and helped get rid of his addiction to gambling. These years of life in a happy family with his beloved wife became fruitful and successful for Dostoevsky. At the same time, he gained the greatest popularity in his entire life.

Dostoevsky's death came on January 28, 1881. The cause of Dostoevsky's death was an exacerbation of emphysema. Dostoevsky's funeral took place on February 1, Dostoevsky's grave is located at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

life line

October 30, 1821 Date of birth of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky.
1838 Admission to the Engineering School.
1843 Graduation from college, enrollment in the service in the officer rank.
1844 Dismissal.
1846 The release of the novel "Poor people".
1849 The arrest of Dostoevsky in the case of Petrashevsky.
1850 Link to Omsk jail.
1854 The end of hard labor, enrollment in the Siberian battalion.
February 6, 1857 Marriage with Maria Isaeva.
1859 Resignation.
1860 Edition of the magazine "Time".
1863 Prohibition of publication of the journal "Vremya".
1864 Death of Dostoevsky's wife.
1866 Publication of Crime and Punishment.
February 15, 1867 Marriage with Anna Snitkina.
1869 Birth of daughter Lyubov.
1868-1873 Writing novels "The Idiot" and "Demons".
1871 Birth of son Fedor.
1875 Publication of the novel "The Teenager".
August 10, 1875 Birth of son Alexei.
1880 End of The Brothers Karamazov.
January 28, 1881 Date of death of Dostoevsky.
February 1, 1881 Funeral of Dostoevsky.

Memorable places

1. Museum-apartment of Dostoevsky in Moscow, where the writer lived from birth until 1837.
2. The estate Darovoe, owned by Dostoevsky, where the writer spent time in 1832-1836.
3. Dostoevsky's house in St. Petersburg in 1841-1842.
4. Peter and Paul Fortress, where Dostoevsky was imprisoned from April 23 to December 24, 1849.
5. Dostoevsky's house in Staraya Russa (now a house-museum).
6. Dostoevsky's house in St. Petersburg in 1878-1881. (now the Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky).
7. Monument to Dostoevsky in Moscow.
8. Monument to Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg.
9. Monument to Dostoevsky in Dresden.
10. Tikhvin Cemetery, where Dostoevsky is buried.

Episodes of life

When Dostoevsky met his last wife, he was heavily in debt. He was even forced to enter into an enslaving contract with a publisher, according to which he promised to sell his works and write a new one in a short time. Friends advised him to take a stenographer - this is how Dostoevsky met Anna, who was 25 years younger than him. Over time, Snitkina took over the financial affairs of the writer and put them in order. When Dostoevsky died, his wife, who gave birth to the writer of three children, was only 35 years old, but she never married again, remaining faithful to her husband.

Dostoevsky was diagnosed with emphysema back in 1879. The writer was advised to avoid unrest and stress. There is a version that two days before the death of Fyodor Dostoevsky, his sister came to him, with whom the writer had a violent quarrel, which, perhaps, became the reason for the deterioration of Dostoevsky's health. According to other information, Dostoevsky often worked at night, and on one of these nights, shortly before his death, he dropped a pen, which rolled under a heavy bookcase. Dostoevsky moved her from her place, which provoked severe bleeding from her throat. On the morning of his death, Dostoevsky said to his wife: "I know, I must die today." In the evening he died.

Covenant

"If you want to conquer the whole world, conquer yourself."

Documentary film about Fyodor Dostoevsky

condolences

“I never saw this man and never had a direct relationship with him, and suddenly, when he died, I realized that he was the closest, dearest, most necessary person to me. Some support bounced off me. I was confused, and then it became clear how dear he is to me, and I cried, and now I cry.
Leo Tolstoy, writer

"Death took him really full of designs."
Anna Dostoevskaya, writer's wife

"A man had to appear who would embody in his soul the memory of all these human torments and reflect this terrible memory - this man Dostoevsky."
Maxim Gorky, writer

In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fedor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (according to the old style - 11), 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works, achievements of this person in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, from his biography.

The problems of Dostoevsky's work can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always somehow reflects the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is especially noticeable.

Origin of Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from a branch of the Rtishchevs, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, a defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Rus'. He was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province, for special successes. The surname Dostoevsky originates from there.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family had become impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in his time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the position of a doctor in an open for poor people, which was nicknamed Bozhedomka among the people.

Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich born?

The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right wing of this hospital. In it, allotted for the government apartment of the doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which a very unusual view of the world of the future writer took shape. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.

The situation in the family of the future writer

The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in just two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and quick-tempered person.

Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different disposition: economic, cheerful, kind. Relations between the boy's parents were based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, educating the future generation in respect for the faith of the fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.

First encounter with literature

A lot of time was devoted to education and sciences in the Dostoevsky family. Even at an early age, Fedor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works that he met were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky, Maria Feodorovna's favorite writers.

Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age got acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely formed under the influence of the environment from which this writer came.

Mikhail Andreevich achieves hereditary nobility

In 1827, Mikhail Andreevich was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer was well aware of the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.

Tragedy from the childhood of Dostoevsky

The future writer in his youth experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the childish sincere feeling of the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl. One summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. Women leaned over the girl. From their conversation, Fedor realized that a drunken tramp was the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.

Writer's education

Fedor Mikhailovich received his initial education in a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.

In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came out of there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents who later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (Shipka hero). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, world and national history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.

Tragedy of the "little man"

Dostoevsky preferred solitude to a noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The erudition of the future writer amazed his comrades. But the desire for solitude and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. In the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called "little man". Indeed, in this educational institution, the students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger, often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which was reflected in the future work of Dostoevsky.

But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from his comrades and teachers. Everyone was convinced over time that this is a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.

Father's death

In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich's father died suddenly from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed for his tough temper by the men. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he had a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.

Service as an engineer, first works

Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later, he decided to engage in literary work, a passion for which he had long felt. At first he began to translate the classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea of ​​a novel in letters called "Poor people" arose. It was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky's work begins. Then followed stories and novels: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Netochka Nezvanova", "White Nights".

Rapprochement with the circle of Petrashevists, tragic consequences

The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who spent the famous "Fridays". It was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and the scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of the Petrashevites, socialist doctrines and plans for revolutionary upheavals were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

However, the government found out about the circle, and in 1849 37 members, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.

In Tobolsk, in hard labor

He went to Tobolsk through the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a gospel in which the money had been invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for a while.

During hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the "new Christianity" are from the feeling of Christ, the bearer of which is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich took out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.

Military service in Omsk

For the writer, a four-year hard labor was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here the life and work of Dostoevsky continued. The writer served as a private, then received the rank of officer. He returned to Petersburg only at the end of 1859.

Magazine publishing

At this time, Fyodor Mikhailovich's spiritual search began, which in the 60s culminated in the formation of the writer's soil convictions. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time are marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after its prohibition - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - a Russian, peculiar version of Christian socialism.

The first works of the writer after hard labor

The life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk changed a lot. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work ("Humiliated and Insulted") reflected Fyodor Mikhailovich's sympathy for the "little people" who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powerful of this world. The "Notes from the House of the Dead" (years of creation - 1861-1863), which were started by the writer while still in hard labor, also acquired great social significance. In the journal Vremya in 1863, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, Notes from the Underground were published. This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work, he renounced his former ideals.

Further work of Dostoevsky

Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel called "Crime and Punishment" appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel where an attempt was made to create a good character who confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Such novels as "Demons" (published in 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879, gained wide popularity. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up the work of Dostoevsky. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer has always been interested more than anyone else in the problem of man. Let us write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.

Man in the work of the writer

Fedor Mikhailovich, throughout his entire career, reflected on the main problem of mankind - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation of people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky's work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives, it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his whole life to the theme of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.