Finns. Early information about the Baltic-Finnish peoples

Where did the Finns come from

Where did the Finns come from? The following information is taken from a Finnish school history textbook.
The Finns belong to the Fino-Ugric group of peoples, which now makes up about 1 percent of the inhabitants of the earth. Now the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group are settled over a large territory: in central, eastern and western Europe, as well as in northern Asia.

The Finno-Ugric language group includes Hungarians, Vods, Vepsians, Ingrian, Izhorians, Karelians, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Livs, Mari, Mansi, Mordovians, Saami, Udmurts, Finns, Khanty, Estonians. There is no reliable data on the ancestors of these peoples, but researchers believe that about 4,000 years ago they lived between the Ural Range and the middle course of the Volga.

It was the stone age. People lived in huts and dugouts and dressed in animal skins. They hunted, fished and gathered fruits and roots. Even then, merchants from the Mediterranean reached these places and brought goods and information. Gradually, the ancestors of the modern peoples of the Finno-Ugric language group began to move to new places of residence. The ancestors of modern Hungarians were the first to move to the southwest. Approximately 500 years before the birth of Christ, part of the tribes moved west. Later they settled on the shores of the Baltic Sea, in the area of ​​Lake Ladoga and Onega.

About 2,000 years ago, the ancestors of today's Finns crossed the Baltic Sea in search of new hunting grounds. Permanent settlements began to appear in the region of present-day Helsinki. Gradually, people moved north and east along the rivers and the coast of the sea. The ancestors of Estonians and Veps remained in their former places.

On the shores of Lake Ladoga, between the Vuoksa River and the territory of the modern city of Sortavala, Karelians settled about 1000 years ago. Karelians settled on the territory of the Karelian Isthmus, in the north and east of Lake Ladoga. The trade routes passing through these places brought certain benefits to the locals. But at the same time, this territory turned out to be in the zone of interests of two powerful countries - Sweden and Russia.

According to the terms of the peace treaty of 1323, Karelians were divided into two parts. The eastern Karelians passed to Novgorod, the western - to Sweden. (Later, in 1940, they had to leave the Karelian Isthmus forever.)
Mikael Agrikola played a significant role in the formation of the Finnish people. In 1542 he created the first Finnish alphabet. Since that time, literary works (primarily religious ones) began to be translated into Finnish.

From the works of V.O. Klyuchevsky.

Finnish tribes settled among the forests and swamps of central and northern Russia even at a time when there were no traces of the presence of the Slavs here ... The Finns, when they first appeared in European historiography, were marked by one characteristic feature - peacefulness, even timidity, downtroddenness.

According to the historian Klyuchevsky, traces of the presence of the Finns on the territory of modern Russia are present in geographical names. In his opinion, even the original Russian word Moscow is of Finnish origin.

- (self-name suomalayset) nation, the main population of Finland (4.65 million people), the total number of 5.43 million people (1992), including 47.1 thousand people in the Russian Federation (1989). Finnish language. Believing Protestants (Lutherans) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

FINNS, Finns, units finn, finna, husband 1. The people of the Finno-Ugric group, inhabiting the Karelian Finnish SSR and Finland. 2. The common name of the peoples of the Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

FINNS, ov, unit finn, a, husband. The people that make up the main population of Finland. | female finca, i. | adj. Finnish, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (self-name suomalay set), people. There are 47.1 thousand people in the Russian Federation living in Karelia, the Leningrad Region, and others. The main population of Finland. Finnish is a Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages. Believers ... ... Russian history

The people living in the northwestern region of the European. Russia and mainly in Finland. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

FINNS- FINNS, see Cysticercosis. FISTULA, see Fistula ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Finns- residents of the state in Northern Europe, Finland. However, they themselves do not call their country that. This is a foreign name for them of Germanic origin. Finnish doesn't even have the f sound itself. For them, their country is Suomi, and they themselves are suoma layset (people ... ... Ethnopsychological dictionary

Ov; pl. Nation, the main population of Finland; representatives of this nation. ◁ Finn, a; m. Finca, and; pl. genus. nok, date nkam; and. Finnish, oh, oh. F. epic. F. language. F. knife (a short knife with a thick blade, carried in a sheath). Fie sleigh, sledge (sleigh, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

FINNS- in a broad sense, a number of Ural Altai peoples. They were divided into four groups: a) Finnish in the close sense (Finns, Ests, Livs, Korelas, Lopari); b) Ugric (Magyars, Ostyaks, Voguls); c) the Volga (Meshcherya, Merya, Murom, Mordva, Cheremisy, Chuvash) and ... ... Cossack dictionary-reference book

Books

• Finns in the Service of the SS Troops during the Second World War, V. N. Baryshnikov. The monograph, based on Russian, Finnish and German sources, examines key events relating to Finland's relations with Germany in the 1920s-1930s, as well as the period of the so-called…
• Finns in the service of the SS troops during the Second World War. The second edition, corrected and enlarged, V. Baryshnikov. Based on Russian, Finnish and German sources, the monograph discusses key events relating to Finland's relations with Germany in the 1920-1930s, as well as the period of the so-called ...

Finns (self-name - Suomi) - the main population of Finland, where there are over 4 million people (more than 90% of all inhabitants of the country) 1 . Outside of Finland, Finns live in the USA (mainly in the state of Minnesota), in northern Sweden, as well as in Norway, where they are called Kvens, and in the USSR (in the Leningrad region and the Karelian ASSR). In total, over 5 million people speak Finnish on the globe. This language belongs to the Baltic-Finnish group of the Finno-Ugric language family. There are several local dialects in the Finnish language, which are combined into two main groups - Western and Eastern. The basis of the modern literary language is the Häme dialect, that is, the dialect of the central regions of southern Finland.

Finland is one of the northernmost countries in the world. Its territory lies between 60 and 70 ° north latitude, on both sides of the Arctic Circle. The average length of the country from north to south is 1160 km, and from west to east - 540 km. The area of ​​Finland is 336,937 sq. km. 9.3% of it is inland waters. The climate in the country is relatively mild, which is explained by the proximity of the Atlantic.

BRIEF HISTORICAL OUTLINE

The territory of Finland was inhabited by humans in the Mesolithic era, that is, approximately in the 8th millennium BC. e. In the III millennium BC. e. tribes penetrated here from the east, creating the Neolithic cultures of pit-comb ceramics - probably the ancestors of the Finnish-speaking peoples.

In the II millennium BC. e. Letto-Lithuanian tribes came to the south-west of Finland through the Gulf of Finland from the Baltic states, for which the culture of corded ceramics and boat-shaped battle axes was characteristic. The aliens gradually merged with the local population. However, there are still some differences between the population of southwestern Finland and the population of its middle and eastern parts. The material culture of the eastern and central regions of Finland testifies to strong ties with the Ladoga, Ongezh and Upper Volga regions. For the southwestern part, ties with Estonia and Scandinavia were more characteristic. The Lappish (Saami) tribes lived in the north of Finland, and the southern border of their settlement gradually receded to the north as the Finns moved in this direction.

The tribes that inhabited southwestern Finland constantly communicated with the population of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, from where at the end of the 1st millennium BC. e., there were probably direct migrations of ancient Estonian groups. The eastern and central part of Finland was occupied at that time by the northern branch of the eastern group of the Baltic Finns - the ancestors of the Karelian tribes. Over time, three main tribal groups formed in Finland: in the southwest - suomi (sum of Russian chronicles), in the south of the central part of the country - hame (in Russian em, in Swedish - tavasts) and in the east - karjala (Karelians) . In the process of merging the Suomi, Häme and Western Karelian tribes, the Finnish people were formed. The development of the Eastern Karelians, who entered from the XI-XII centuries. into the Novgorod state, went a different way and led to the formation of the Karelian people. From the Finnish settlers to Scandinavia, who belonged to different tribes, a special group of FinnoE-Kvens was formed.

In the 1st millennium AD e. Finnish tribes began to move to agricultural occupations and a settled way of life. The process of decomposition of the communal-tribal system and the development of feudal relations took place in specific conditions: at this stage, the Finnish tribes had to face Swedish aggression. The expansion of Sweden, which began already in the 8th century, turned the territory of Finland into a field of fierce and prolonged struggle. Under the pretext of converting pagan Finns to Christianity, the Swedish feudal lords undertook in the XII-XIII centuries. three bloody crusades in Finland, and the country for a long time (until the beginning of the 19th century) fell under the rule of the Swedish king. This left a noticeable imprint on all the subsequent development of Finland. The traditions that have developed under the influence of Swedish culture are still felt in various areas of Finns' life (in everyday life, in legal proceedings, in culture, etc.).

The capture of Finland by Sweden was accompanied by forced feudalization. Swedish feudal lords seized the lands of Finnish peasants, who, although they remained personally free, carried heavy feudal duties. Many peasants were driven off the land and were forced to move to the position of small tenants. Torpari (landless peasant tenants) paid for leased plots (torps) in kind and by labor. The Torpar form of lease entered Finland from Sweden.

Until the 18th century peasants jointly used forests, pastures, fishing grounds, while arable land was in household use. Since the 18th century the division of lands was also allowed, which were distributed among the yards in proportion to the size of arable plots.

In connection with the collapse of the rural community, the number of landless peasants grew.

The class struggle of the Finnish peasantry against feudal oppression was intertwined with the national liberation struggle against the Swedes, who made up the majority of the ruling class. The Finns were supported by Russia, which sought to win back access to the sea from the Swedish crown.

The land of Finland has become the arena of struggle between Sweden and Russia. In this struggle, each of the parties was forced to flirt with Finland. This explains the concessions of the Swedish kings, and then the granting of partial autonomy to Finland by Russian tsarism.

After the defeat of Sweden in the war with Russia, Finland, according to the Friedrichsham peace treaty in 1809, became part of Russia as a grand duchy. Finland was guaranteed a constitution and self-government. However, the Finnish Diet was convened only in 1863. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, in the conditions of the economic upswing of Finland, tsarism embarked on the path of open Russification of Finland and began a campaign against its autonomy. According to the manifesto of 1899, the tsarist government arrogated to itself the right to issue laws binding on Finland without the consent of the Finnish Diet. In 1901 independent Finnish military formations were abolished.

In the struggle for their social and national interests, the Finnish working people relied on the revolutionary movement in Russia. This was clearly manifested in the course of the revolution of 1905. The Russification policy of tsarism was dealt a serious blow by the joint actions of the Russian and Finnish proletariat. “The Russian revolution, supported by the Finnish, forced the tsar to unclench his fingers, with which he had been squeezing the throat of the Finnish people for several years,” wrote V.I. suffrage.

According to the constitution of 1906, the unicameral Sejm of Finland was elected on the basis of universal, direct, equal suffrage for a period of three years. At the same time, laws on freedom of speech, assembly and association came into force in Finland. At the same time, however, the governor-general appointed by the tsar remained at the head of the administration, and the senate, whose members were appointed by the tsar, remained as the highest government body.

A notable feature of the country's public life at that time was the active participation of women in it, who held rallies, mass demonstrations, demanding that they be granted political rights on an equal basis with men. As a result, Finnish women were the first in Europe to achieve voting rights.

After the defeat of the first Russian revolution, the tsarist government several times curtailed the rights of the Finnish people and gradually nullified the role of the Finnish Diet.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government was forced to announce the restoration of Finland's autonomy, but it refused to satisfy the workers' demands for democratic reforms. The provisional government attempted to impede Finland's national self-determination and in July issued a decree dissolving the Sejm. However, the Social Democratic faction of the Seimas continued to work, despite the decree of the Provisional Government. Behind the backs of the Finnish people, the bourgeois circles of Finland began negotiations with the Provisional Government on an amicable division of power. On October 24 (November 6), 1917, Governor General Nekrasov left for Petrograd with the draft agreement reached, but the draft was never considered by the Provisional Government, which was overthrown on November 7, 1917.

Only after the October Revolution did the Finnish people gain independence. On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Diet adopted a declaration declaring Finland an independent state. On December 31, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars recognized the state independence of Finland. This decision was in full accordance with the Leninist principles of national policy.

However, the Finnish Workers' Republic lasted only three months - from January to early May 1918.

The main reason for the defeat of the revolution in Finland was the intervention of the German interventionists. Soviet Russia, occupied with the fight against internal counter-revolution and intervention, was unable to provide the people of Finland with sufficient effective assistance. The absence of a Marxist party also had a negative effect on the course of the revolution. The revolutionary wing of the Finnish Social Democracy (the so-called Siltasaarites) was still inexperienced and made many mistakes, in particular they underestimated the significance of the alliance between the working class and the peasantry. The Red Guard was not strong enough to withstand the German regular armed forces. After the suppression of the revolution in Finland, a period of the most severe police terror and attacks on the working class began. A reactionary regime was established in the country. Communists operating underground were persecuted. Left progressive workers' organizations were banned. Thousands of members of the labor movement were sentenced to long prison terms.

During the difficult years of the economic crisis (1929-1933), the reactionary fascist movement of the Lapuans revived in Finland, and the activities of the Shutskor and other fascist organizations unfolded. Fascist

Germany established contact with reactionary circles in Finland. A non-aggression pact was concluded between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1932, but relations between them were strained. The attempts of the Soviet Union to reach a new agreement during the spring and autumn of 1939 did not lead to the desired result. The Finnish government, which disrupted the negotiations, did not seek to normalize relations. On November 30, 1939, hostilities began between Finland and the USSR, which ended in the spring of 1940 with the defeat of Finland.

In 1941, the Finnish reactionaries, obsessed with revanchist ideas, again plunged their country, as an ally of Nazi Germany, into a war with the Soviet Union.

But when the Nazi troops found themselves on the eve of the final defeat on the Soviet-German front, under the pressure of the growing anti-war movement in the country, the Finnish government was forced to start negotiations with the Soviet government on withdrawing from the war. The armistice agreement between Finland and the USSR created the prerequisite for new Soviet-Finnish relations, which later strengthened and gave the whole world a vivid and concrete example of the peaceful coexistence of two different social systems.

The progressive forces of the country waged a determined struggle for a democratic Finland. They advocated democratic transformations in all areas of the country's life and for the approval of a new foreign policy course, called the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line. Such a policy was aimed at establishing friendship and cooperation with the USSR and was fully in line with the national interests of Finland.

Of great importance was the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance concluded between Finland and the Soviet Union in April 1948. The Treaty was concluded on the basis of complete equality of both parties. It facilitated the further successful development of economic, political and cultural ties between the two states. On the basis of this agreement, Finland pursues a policy aimed at preserving the national independence of the country, adhering to neutrality and refusing to participate in military blocs.

There are many different countries and nationalities in the modern world. Each nation, state has its own history, culture, customs and many more interesting things. If you get together and travel to all countries of the world, it will take a lot of time, but the journey will be very interesting.

One of the most beautiful historical countries is Finland, which is close to us. The inhabitants of Finland are one of the happiest people on the planet, as in recent years the country has been confidently leading the list of the happiest countries. All conditions for a good life of people are created here!

Population and features of mentality

Finland is not a big country and the population is also small compared to Russia. The current population is five and a half million.

Like any nation, the Finnish have their own characteristics and customs. Any Russian person immediately comes to mind sauna, thinking about Finland. But there are many interesting moments that many have not heard of.

Here are some of them:

1. Finns are very fond of reading newspapers. The country occupies a leading position in terms of the total circulation of the press to the population. In addition, the Finns are the complete opposite of the chatty Italians, they are silent lovers.
2. The inhabitants of this state are very fond of coffee and, according to statistics, drink one liter per month. Perhaps the reason for this is the climate, in this country from autumn to spring there is a very short daylight hours, besides, most of the year is cold - the release of coffee will warm and give cheerfulness.
3. The Finns are a reserved and modest people, they do not recognize familiarity, familiarity.
4. Almost all of the Finnish people love to sing - in chorus! This is a national feature of this people since the 12th century. Choirs here are a variety of male and female, mixed, children's, student, church, military, professional and amateur.
5. A feature that is inherent in the Finns is that they easily tolerate frost and cold. If a slight thaw sets in, the population is in a hurry to undress immediately, without fear of a cold.
6. An exceptionally national Finnish delicacy is licorice lozenges. They are black in color and are made from licorice root.

It can also be added to the characteristics of the Finnish mentality that the inhabitants of this northern country do not like to rush - everyone knows the Finnish slowness!

An extra point in favor of this nation for pedantic punctuality. In the blood of this people - a bad tone, if you are somewhere late.

The people of Finland are very responsible and reliable. And this is a very valuable quality for business relationships in business.

Name of people in Finland

And how to write "inhabitant of Finland" Finn or Finn correctly? Inhabitants of Finland are correctly called - Finns, and a man and a woman: Finn and Finn. That's what it says on Wikipedia.

Previously, the inhabitants of the country were called by the name of the country - Finnish and Finnish and Finnish.

Finns call their country Suomi. Suomma - there are several versions of the translation of this word: a swamp or fish scales, or even the name of a small people living in Lapland and in northern Norway.

The inhabitants of Suomi are nomadic tribes of reindeer herders with their own language and customs. From the Swedish translation finnland is a beautiful land.

Language composition

It will be very unexpected to find out that until the beginning of the 19th century only Swedish was spoken in the state. For almost seven hundred years Finland was ruled by Sweden. And after joining the Russian Empire in 1809, the Russian language was added. After the issuance of an imperial decree in 1863. before the revolution of 1917. There were three official languages ​​in the Principality of Finland:

• Swedish;
• Russian;
• Finnish.

After gaining independence in 1922. and there are still two official languages: Finnish and Swedish.

Nowadays, almost all of Finland, the main part of the country - about 92% speaks Finnish. Slightly more than 5% are native Swedish speakers, while 1% each speak Russian and Estonian.

Culture and art

Finland is a country where traditions and national customs are loved and respected. In culture, however, there is the influence of Sweden, and there is very little Russian culture.

After secession from Russia, national patriotism intensified in Finland. Finns love everything domestic: from manufacturers to ethnic folk holidays.

Popular and interesting in culture:

1. Many literary works have received worldwide fame. The most popular of them is about the fairy-tale creatures Moomins, the wonderful writer, artist Tove Janson. Mummy troll fan clubs exist all over the world, and there is even a park of the same name in the country.
2. The pride of the country is the famous Kalevala epic, based on which filmmakers and artists have been inspired for their work over the past century. And the country hosts the beloved Kalevala carnival, with an ethnic theme.
3. Finns of the 21st century adore everything related to the Middle Ages, Scandinavian myths. And of course, that's why there are many themed festivals on the Middle Ages.
4. The pride of the Finns is the founder of the Scandinavian style - designer Alvar Aalto, who created the famous Paimio chair in 1933. It is relevant to this day. Ero Aarnio, another famous designer in the 60s of the last century, conquered the world with his ball chair. And now Finnish furniture, design is popular and respected in the world.
5. Fashion designers are also popular in Europe and the US. Original things with traditional thematic ornaments are always in demand!
6. The culture of Finland is well developed, only in the capital of Helsinki it is possible to visit twenty theaters with classical and modern repertoire, as well as opera. As a rule, in any large city there is a symphony orchestra.
7. Finnish museums exhibit canvases by domestic artists, and painting in the country began to develop only in the middle of the 19th century.
8. Finns are very musical people. There are annual festivals of both classical and rock, jazz, pop music. Among the Finnish contemporary musicians, Apocalyptica is famous for playing metal on the cellos!

Education. Religion

Finland has a very high level of education. According to OECD research in 2013, the Finnish population over school age ranks second in terms of knowledge after Japan and Sweden. But, unfortunately, fourth-grade students began to read much less (possibly due to gadgets), which corresponds to 45th place among countries, and these are the bottom lines of the ranking.

Education in a general education school lasts nine years, the academic year is from August to May inclusive.

Interesting! In Finland, there is a law that says that when a child (up to the age of 6th grade) gets more than two kilometers to school. He must be transported back and forth by taxi at the expense of the municipality.

Religion is not very widespread in the country. The bulk of believers are more than 75% Lutherans, no more than 1% Orthodox, and the same percentage for other religions.

It should be noted that among Lutherans a large percentage of Laestadians (conservative direction). Due to the large migration of Muslims, the construction of mosques is now planned.

Composition of the population

Currently, the state is inhabited by approximately equal numbers of both men and women.

The average life expectancy for Finns is quite large, it is:

• in women under 83;
• in men under 77 years of age.

In recent years, the number of centenarians of 100 years of age has increased.

A large number of Finns, up to 70%, live in cities and adjacent areas. This area represents 5% of the entire territory of Finland.

Population census

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the population has grown at a rapid pace, over the past 65 years, the increase has amounted to one and a half million people.

In recent years, according to statistics, the number and birth rate of Finns has been declining, while the increase in migrants has been increasing.

Video: interesting features of the inhabitants of Finland

Norway and in (in).

FINNS(self-name - suomalayset), a nation, the main population of Finland, about 4.4 million people (1976), in other countries about 0.6 million people, including 85 thousand people in the USSR (1970). Finnish language; believers - part - Orthodox.

SUM(Suomi), an ancient Finnish tribe. With the conquest in the middle of the 12th century of S., who lived in the southwestern coast of the country, the conquest of Finland by Sweden began. Subsequently, together with other tribes, they formed the Finnish people.

FINNS(sa-mo-on-title - suomalaiset), 1) citizen of Finland; 2) Finno-Ugric people, osn. on-se-le-tion of Finland-lyan-dia. Number of 4.9 million people. (2014, according to the Statistics Center). They also live in Sweden (over 400 thousand native F., mainly in the east - 2012, re-writing; 674.9 thousand im-mi - grants from Finland and their volumes - 2008, re-writing), USA (623.5 thousand people. Fin. pro-is-ho-zh-de-nia - 2000, re-writing), Ka-na-de (131 thousand people, of which 73 thousand people in the province of On-ta-rio - 2006, re-writing), Russia ( 20.3 thousand people, including in Ka-re-lia 8.6 thousand people, Leningrad region 4.4 thousand people, St. Petersburg ge 2.6 thousand people; fin-na-mi-in-ger-man-land-tsa-mi call yourself 0.4 thousand people. - 2010, re-writing) and others. Go-vo-ryat in Finnish. languages. Believers in the main. lu-te-ra-ne, there are mo-raw brothers (from the 1730s), evan-ge-li-sty (from the 1840s), me-to-di-sty, bap-ti-sta and others, in the east-ke they have right-to-glorious.

Rice. E.N. Fedorchenko Women's costume of Eastern Finland: a shirt with embroidery on the chest (rekkopayta), a black woolen skirt with a red hem, an apron made of stripes of red cloth and brocade, a white caftan (viitta), on the head - canvases...

Ancestors of F. - near-Bal-Ty-sko-Fin. ple-me-na, race-se-liv-shie-sya in Finland in the 2-1st millennium BC. e. and you-tes-niv-shie me-st-noe on-se-le-nie (including the ancestors of the Saami). In the Middle Ages, you-de-la-yut-sya ple-me-na suo-mi (sum of other Russian sources) in the south-behind-pa-de, hya- me (other Russian em) to the Center. Fin-lyan-dia and sa-vo on the east-ke. For app. F. ha-rak-ter-ny connections with Scan-di-na-vi-her, for the eastern ones - with Pri-la-dog-em and Upper Po-vol-zh-em. Until con. 19th century in the village x-ve pre-ob-la-da-lo zem-le-de-lie (rye, barley-men, etc.; until the 2nd half of the 19th century, the elk was preserved under the cut -og-ne-voe zem-le-de-lie, especially ben-but in the east; cabbage soup, kor-mo-vye cul-tu-ry), with con. 19th century ve-du-shchi-mi sta-no-vyat-sya mo-loch-noe zhi-here-but-water-st-in (ko-ro-you are Finnish in ro-dy and air-shire-sky-ro-dy), bird-tse-water-st-in. Tra-di-qi-on-but once-you-forest pro-capes-ly, fish-bo-fishing-st-vo. Kre-st-yan-sky in-se-le-niya on the za-pa-de until the 16-17th centuries. ku-che-howl plan-no-ditch-ki, then - hu-to-ra, on the east-ke - one-but-yard-ki. The manor-ba consists of zhi-lo-go do-ma, ri-gi (rii-khi), kle-ti (ait-ta), ba-ni (sau-na), etc .; to the south-behind-pa-de ras-pro-country-nyon for-m-to-well-thy yard. Living-li-sche log-noe, pre-im. three- or many-a-dimensional, sometimes very you-th-well-tho in length, sometimes G- or T-shaped-different in plan, with 2- th gender. 18th century - also two-story; in the south-east of the ra-pro-country, the house-yard of the North-Russian. ty-pa. In the main lived-in-scrap-room (tu-pa; on the south-west-pa-de, se-ve-re and east-ke - fir-ti, per-ti) at the entrance to the hundred it oven; according to another hundred-ro-well from the se-her (por-stua) becomes the same place with the oven (that-it-tu-pa, vo-ora- ste tu-pa, za-al), on the south-west-pa-de (basin of the Ko-ke-mya-enyo-ki river) - with va-roch-noy and bread oven-chew (pe -kar-nya - pa-ka-ri); an hour in the middle or in the second swarm of tu-pa you-de-la-ut-sya to-half-no-tel-nye, first-at-first-but not-ota-p-whether -vae-mye in-places (kam-mo-ra, kam-mar). The chicken stove of the warehouse was usually made of stone, sometimes it had dy-mo-ka-na-ly, you-go-dya-shchy in che-le-pe-chi , and a six-current with an under-ve-shen-crowbar (on the pas-de-pi-schu go-that-wi-whether on the six-st-ke, on the east-ke - the same at the mouth of the pe-chi, in the same place they baked bread and pi-ro-gi), on the east-ke (Sa-vo and Kar-ya-la) - you-so-some guardian, in- border regions with Karelia - a low box with an entrance to the sub-floor (goal-betz). From the 17th century on the za-pa-de ras-pro-country-nya-is-a stove with a dy-mo-ho-house in the form of a ras-pipe-ba over the she-st-com; from the west and pe-chi ti-pa "holland-ki". Life is plentiful, but uk-ra-sha-moose fabric-nya-mi, whether it’s chrome-noy ros-pi-syu and thread-fight on furniture (cabinets, on za-pa -de - two-I-Russian and raz-movable kro-va-ti) and ut-va-ri (spinning wheels, ho-mu-you, ko-ly-be-li, for- pas de - two-loz-nye, on the east-ke - under-weight).

Traditional women's costume - ru-ba-ha or blue-za, one-but-ton-naya, in-lo-sa-tay or plaid-cha-tay skirt, front-nick, bodice with deep-bo-kim you-re-zom (lee-vi). Vost. F. but-si-whether that-no-ko-about-different ru-ba-hu with embroidery on the chest-di (rek-ko-pay-ta) and raz-re-zom sob- ku, ska-ly-wayu-shchim-schim-sya fibula, white-ly-long caf-tan with wedges-i-mi from the waist (vi-it-ta), to the beginning. 19th century - non-sewn clothes on lyam-kah (khur-stut; cf.), in border regions with Ka-re-li-she - sa-ra-fan; headdress in a lo-ten-cha-ty (hun-tu), at the right-in-glorious - ti-pa Rus. ki-ki (so-rock-ka, ha-rak-ka).

On the east, they baked rye bread in the oven (ru-is-lim-ppu); on the pas-de they baked bread outside the living-lo-go in-me-sche-niya several. once a year in the form of rusty le-pe-shek with an opening in the center (rei-kya-lei-pya), someone-rye after that save-ni-li on-ni-zan-ny-mi on a pole under the floor. On the za-pa-de they made home-made cheese, cha-well-shchi-sya for-we ki-slo-go mo-lo-ka (wee-li), on the east-ke - com-ko -vu pro-sto-kva-shu. Go-to-vyat so-su-py (go-ro-ho-vy - dick-not-kate-to, fish-ear with mo-lo-com - ka-la-keit-to, etc.) , fish-boo (including kop-chenaya, ma-ri-no-van-nuyu - graa-vi-lo-hi, you-mo-chen-nuyu in shche-lo-ke - li-pea- ka-la), mushrooms, on Ro-zh-de-st-vo (Yo-ulu) - a rusty pi-horn with a fish-boy (ka-la-kuk-ko), on Pas-hu - pudding from rye flour (myam-mi), on Ivan's new day (Yuhan-nus, in the south-west of pa-de - Met-tu-maa-ri, from old-ro-Swede- sko-go midhsu-mar) - a soup of mo-lo-ka and cheese (yukhan-nu-syuu-hundred), om-let (mu-na-vel-li), etc. Osn. on-pee-current on the za-pa-de - pi-vo, on the east-ke - kvass. On Ivan-new day, uk-ra-sha-li do-ma ze-le-new (including felled-len-we-mi be-rez-ka-mi), in Po-hyan-maa sta- wee-li “iva-no-woo spruce” (yuhan-nu-sk-ku-si) with a rim-wound-we-mi vet-ka-mi, on the east they burned co-st-ry (yukhan -well-skok-ko), including in the form of you-so-kih towers, etc.

Lit.: Sirelius U. T. Suomen kansanomaista kulttuuria: esineellisen kansatieteen tuloksia. , 1919-1921. Osa 1-2; Manninen I. Die finnisch-ugrischen Volker. Lpz., 1932; Valo-nen N. Zur Geschichte der finnischen Wohns-tu-ben. Hels., 1963; Vilkuna K. Isin työ - veden ja maan viljaa, arkityön kauneutta. Hels., 1976.