Phraseologisms that characterize human speech activity. Modern problems of science and education Bring to mind the meaning of phraseology

BRING TO MIND

1. Who whom

To teach, help to achieve the proper level of knowledge, understanding of something; admonish.

It means that person, group of persons X) has an educational impact on another person, another group of people ( Y). Spoken with approval. speech standard. ✦ X brought to mind Y-a. Nominal part unchangeable Usually a verb owls. V. Cast skaz. Component word order unfixed

Students of commercial universities are monstrously illiterate in the truest sense of the word, poorly organized, learn according to the principle "The customer is always right!" bring this audience crazy. NG, 2001.⊛ - I am sure that this teacher is always brings students crazy. (Rech.)

⊜ I fulfilled her [mother's] order. My brother and I did what she wanted: " Bring all crazy". I won't talk about myself, but all my brothers and sisters are real hard workers, who in what business, everywhere only work "excellently". N. Mordyukova, Do not cry, Cossack!

⊝ "A crazy we are you, Mityok, let's bring If you don't go, we'll drag you by force, for your own good." V. Maksimov, Farewell from nowhere.

The playwright returned, saying: "We let's bring before crazy!" Y. Trifonov, Long farewell.

Components phraseol. correlate with anthropic, i.e. actually human, the code of culture, and in combination with the preposition "to", denoting the limit of movement, - with a spatial code. At the heart of the image phraseol. lies the metonymic identification crazy and knowledge and skills. The idea of mind as a natural human ability to think and act adequately refers to cultural universals. Mind- the basis of a conscious, intelligent life, an indicator of the norm in human life; in this phraseol. mind symbolizes the completion of the learning process of smth. cf. in folklore: Not by measure, not by weight, but all people have(mind) ; All wisdom is from God; Where the mind is, there is sense. phraseol. in general conveys a stereotypical idea of ​​completed education in smth. M. L. Kovshova

2. Who What

Finish to the end, achieving the correct completion of what has been started; achieve a good result.

It means that individual, group of individuals, social group X) finalizes smth. (R). Spoken with approval. speech standard. ✦ X brings to mind R. Nominal part unchangeable Cast skaz. Component word order unfixed

It's a shame that due to the low level of technical processing, domestic fabrics are not in demand ... what they buy from us willingly is a cheap semi-finished product that is in place bring "crazy". MK, 1996. The Tu-154 aircraft, which was stormed and shot through in several places, returned to Moscow this morning ... the volume of work on sealing the cabin and repairing it turned out to be not so great. Finally it will bring to mind in Russia .... Evening Moscow, 2001.

The entire staff of our design bureau [design bureau] was divided into separate integrated brigades, which scattered across all the "seas-oceans" bring to mind Chelomeev's wings. LG, 1998.

In addition, ORT [Public Russian Television] has a gold reserve - a rich archive of old, but not outdated programs. On their replays plus info if bring her crazy, ORT can stay afloat for a long time. LG, 1998.

⊛ Mom, of course, warmed the "orphan", brought to mind his thick novel about a modern advanced village, wrote it in her apartment. V. Astafiev, Dream of the White Mountains.

The owners of the dacha came over at the end of the week, improved the house, brought him, as they say, crazy. I. Ovchinnikova, King Lear from the Polyana cooperative.

The son of Ignatich was greatly puzzled. Where does the guy get such precocity? One thing crazy Not brought- throws itself at another. L. Skorik, "...on the day of Christ".

For example, a dispute over an assembly and test building at Baikonur ... the Khrunichev center took bring his crazy, created the so-called clean chamber for the assembly of spacecraft .... LG, 1998.

⊜ - I hope that when you post your article bring to mind, then there will be no such errors. ( Rech.)

⊝ - A good start has been made. now we let's bring this project crazy! (Rech.)

cultural commentary: Main comment cm. in BRING TO MIND 1.. Image phraseol. associated with the animistic form of awareness of the world, personifying the inanimate. To some a business, an enterprise, a subject are attributed the qualities of a person who has reached a certain level of professionalism, knowledge and skills. M. L. Kovshova

Big phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: AST-Press. E.N. Telia. 2006 .

1

This article discusses Russian and English phraseological units that characterize the mental abilities of a person. Mind and intellectual abilities are those internal qualities by which a person is judged. It is the phraseological units that contain the assessment of the mental actions and states of the subject. The article attempts to describe and systematize, as well as to find out the similarities and differences of images in the phraseological units of the Russian and English languages. The study of phraseological units with the meaning "intellectual abilities of a person" in both languages ​​allows us to identify and compare the national idea of ​​a person - a carrier of knowledge, the features of his mental actions and states.

intellectual ability

intelligence

phraseological turns

phraseological units

phraseological unit

1. Babkin A.M. Russian phraseology, its development and sources. – M.: Librokom, 2009. – 264 p.

2. Gurevich V.V., Dozorets Zh.A. Brief Russian-English Phraseological Dictionary. – M.: Vlados, 1995. – 290 p.

3. Druzhinin V.N. Psychology of general abilities. - SPb., 1999. - 368 p.

4. Kunin A.V. Large English-Russian phraseological dictionary. – M.: Rus. lang. - Media, 2005. - 1210 p.

5. Larin B.A. Essays on phraseology. On the systematization and methods of researching phraseology - L., 1956. - 196 p.

6. Litvinov P.P. 3500 English phraseological units and set phrases. - Astrakhan, 2007. - 285 p.

7. Ozhegov S.Yu., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1997. – 944 p.

8. Piaget J. Selected psychological works. – M.: Nauka, 1969. – 380 p.

9. Teliya V.N. What is phraseology? – M.: Nauka, 1966. – 86 p.

10. Teliya V.N. Russian phraseology: semantic, pragmatic and linguistic aspects. - M., 1996. - 204 p.

12. Shansky N.M., Bystrova E.A., Zimin V.I. Phraseological turns of the Russian language. - M., 1988. - 519 p.

13. Stern V. Differential psychology and its methodological foundations. – M.: Nauka, 1998. – 80 p.

Introduction

Philosophers, scientists and experts of various qualifications have long been engaged in the study of the intellect and intellectual abilities of a person. The question of intelligence and intellectual abilities, the establishment and study of the structure of intelligence is of interest not only to psychologists, but also to teachers, philologists, physiologists, etc., who study its various aspects.

Term intelligence was introduced by the Austrian scientist W. Stern in 1911. Intelligence, according to Stern, is a certain general ability to adapt to new living conditions. According to Stern, an adaptive act is a solution to a vital task, carried out through an action with a metal equivalent of an object, through “action in the mind”.

In the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, ed. Ozhegova S.Yu. and Shvedova N.Yu. "intelligence" is defined as "the thinking ability, the mental beginning in a person." Based on this, we can say that the depth of mental activity that determines mental characteristics is the basis of human intelligence. Intelligence is often identified with thinking in the definition: intelligence is the thinking ability of a person. However, even the French psychologist J. Piaget bred these two concepts. He proposed to interpret intelligence as "mental adaptation to new conditions." According to Piaget, "intelligence is a state of equilibrium towards which all successively located adaptations of the sensorimotor and cognitive order, as well as all interactions of the organism with the environment, gravitate."

A great contribution to the study of intellectual abilities was made by A. Binet and T. Simon, G. Eysenck, R. Sternberg, L.S. Vygotsky, F. Galton, B.G. Ananiev V.N. Druzhinin and others V.N. Druzhinin considered the problem of intellectual abilities within the framework of an operational approach, namely, in factorial models of intelligence: intelligence, like any other psychological reality, is latent, i.e. it is given to the researcher only through various indirect appearances in solving vital problems.

The centuries-old history of peoples, the originality of culture, life, traditions reflects the fund of phraseological units. Phraseologism ( phraseological turn) is a stable combination of words in which one word cannot be replaced by another. Phraseological phrases really make up special structures of the language, which are different from words and variable word combinations.

Phraseologisms are special units of the language, in which folk wisdom is captured, the value picture of the world of the ethnos. They express the cultural identity of the people - the native speaker from generation to generation. According to B.A. Larina, phraseological units are the most valuable source of information about the culture and mentality of the people. They “indirectly reflect the views of the people, the social system, the ideology of their era. Reflect - as the light of the morning is reflected in a drop of dew. The phraseological richness of any language is the property of its people's national linguistic consciousness. After all, most phraseological units are even untranslatable into other languages: each nation shows its own character in them, the usual figurative way of speech. Professor Babkin A.M. believes that the phraseological fund of the language of the people is a living and inexhaustible source that ensures the enrichment of the literary language with new expressive means and possibilities. The impact of this source gives the language the brightness of the features of the national character and that unique color that distinguishes one from the other both the languages ​​of centuries-old culture and the newly formed literary languages.

The Russian language is very rich in phraseological units. His phraseological system captures the vast historical experience of the people, it reflects the life and culture of the nation, it is no coincidence that phraseological units are called pearls of Russian speech. Getting acquainted with a foreign language, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture. In a number of works on phraseology, the following properties of phraseological units are proposed: rethinking, stability within the framework of variance, reproducibility in finished form, separate design, semantic complexity, semantic integrity, figurativeness, expressiveness, globality of nomination, non-modeling according to the scheme of a variable combination of words. And V.N. Teliya among the categorical properties of phraseological units includes expressiveness.

The world of phraseology in Russian and English is very large and diverse.

Many years ago, some linguists argued that phraseological units are untranslatable into other languages. And indeed, there are phraseological units that have no analogues in the English language: seven spans in the forehead, without a king in the head, windbags, etc.

The literal translation of phraseological units is very common, for example, and in the languages ​​of Western Europe many phraseological units-cripples came from the Latin text of the Bible, and in Russian - from the Greek text of the Bible. In general, translatability is the ability to translate and the ability to be translated, and it can be real (the ability to translate an idiom using its isomorphic counterpart) and potential (the ability to translate occasionally in context). However, there are phraseological units, the motivation of which is nationally specific (eat for the bar, do not slurp cabbage soup), they are not translated literally into other languages, neither really nor potentially. Thus, if there are no analogues in the language, then we are dealing with absolute real literal untranslatability, in the event that isomorphic analogues are absent only in some languages, then we are dealing with relative real literal untranslatability. The peculiarity of phraseological units is most often relative and not always unique. The conclusion from all of the above is as follows: translatability is a secondary feature of a phraseological unit, and it is not so important when formulating a definition.

Exploring phraseological units, first of all, one should talk about the evaluation of phraseological units - a quality derived from their emotional meaning. According to the definition of V.N. Telia, evaluation is understood as “judgment about the value of the designated as a whole or its individual property” . The presence of evaluation in phraseological units denoting the intellectual properties of a person is due to the fact that "evaluative values ​​are always relativized to the norms of being and create a value picture of the world, always somewhat specific to a given language community" . Thus, intelligence is a value, the presence of intelligence is evaluated positively, the absence is negatively.

From the point of view of evaluation, phraseological units can be divided into two groups: phraseological units with a positive assessment and phraseological units with a negative assessment. In the minds of native speakers of Russian and English, the intellectual properties of a person are reflected primarily in the opposition “smart-fool”. Both in Russian and in English, a high level of intellectual abilities is opposed to mental limitation ( genius -genius, smart guy -awiseguy; idler- abagofwind, slow-witted- aslowcoach).

A smart person is presented in phraseological turns as a person with positive qualities, who has: head in place- tohaveone"sheadscrewedontherightway; smart and resourcefulsmartaspaint; tenacious mind -amindlikeasteeltrap etc. fool chicken brain - thebrainofapigeon; brain How sieve - amemorylikeasieve; wind in my head - someoneisafeather-brain.

The presence of a smart person makes life easier: smart understands perfectly- awordisenoughtothewise. People say about fools: fools themselves are born, they are not sown -foolsgrowwithoutwatering; the law is not written for fools- foolsrushinwhereangelsfear tothread; fools like to interfere in everything- everyfoolwillbemeddling.

Both in Russian and in English there are more phraseological units denoting a fool than phraseological units denoting a smart person. Consequently, the representation of a person, taking into account his intellectual abilities at the phraseological level of the language, mirrors the representation of the smart and the fool at the lexical level: fool, stupid, slow-witted; smart, smart, understanding.

Comparing phraseological units expressing the intellectual abilities of a person in both languages, we found phraseological units similar in structure, i.e. similarities in structure, imagery and stylistic coloring were found. We can distinguish the following phraseological units with a positive assessment, expressing the intellectual abilities of a person, similar in structure in Russian and in English: be out of one "s mind - jump out of your head; come into one "s mind (to cross one" s mind) - come to mind, head; occupy smb "s mind - absorb someone's attention; have a head on one "s shoulders - have a head on your shoulders (be smart); read smb" s mind - read other people's thoughts; listen to reason - listen to the voice of reason; be in one "s right mind (be of sound mind) - be of sound mind; a wise guy - "wise guy"; a clear head - a bright head, a clear mind; a sound mind in a sound body - a healthy mind in a healthy body ; intellectual food - food for the mind (spiritual food). Phraseologisms with a negative meaning: beoutofone"smind - go crazy, lose your mind;goout ofone"smind - go crazy;poisonsmb"smind - poison someone's consciousness, mind;drivesmboutofhissense - drive someone crazy, bring to white heat;notinone"srightmind - out of your mind, go crazy;ofunsoundmind - crazy, mentally ill;nottohaveabraininone"shead - have nothing in your head, be a brainless fool, think badly;tobefooled - stay fooled.

The positive degree of the mental state is also expressed in the following phraseological units: haveone"sfeetonthehaveanoldheadonyoungshoulders - to be smart beyond his years;thinkingmug - head; as wise as Solomon - mind chamber; Withutone"seye - become prudent;drivehome - bring to mind and many others.

Phraseologisms with a negative degree of mental state constitute a kind of synonymous series : cogNot enough, Not All Houses -have got apartments to let, be eighteen bob in the pound, be a button short, to have a tile loose; play aroundfool - Act the ass, make a fool, to play the fool, cut didoes, act the goat ; get off With crazy - be a shingle short, be gone in the upper storey, have wheels in one "s head, be off one" s onion; crazy - Tom O "Bedlam, barmy, dotty, half-baked, scatter-brained, balmy on the crumpet, off one" s head, soft in the head.

It is important to note that very often when translating from language to language, a change in imagery often occurs. This is a very curious phenomenon in both languages ​​under consideration. The difference in images is observed in the following phraseological turns: Thebrain ofapigeon (brain "pigeon") - chicken brains;laughatsmb"sbeard (laugh at someone's beard) -fool someone;runinblinkers (running in eyecups) - to be a limited person, to be narrow-minded, to have blinkers on their eyes.

It should be noted that the names of body parts are often involved in the formation of phraseological units in Russian and English, probably due to the fact that using the names of parts of speech in a figurative sense, a person tries to more deeply and more fully convey his thoughts and emotions from what was said. The head is a kind of receptacle of the mind, therefore this lexeme is used in many phraseological units. In russian language: bright head, clear head, smart head, empty head, stupid head, oak head, head does not boil, come to mind, puzzle over something, where was your head ?, head swells, head does not boil, without a king in head, head stuffed with straw, headless; wiggle your brains, poke your brains, set your brains, brain drain, chicken brains, brains on one side, brains do not cook, no brains, brainless. It is important to note that these images are similar in both languages. : clearhead - bright mind,tohaveagoodheadontheshoulders - have a head on your shoulders;topicksmb"sbrains - use other people's thoughts;haveone"sfeetontheground - have common sense;turnsmb"sbrain - to drive someone crazy.

In English, in many verbal phraseological units, nouns are used only in the plural, since the action they denote is carried out by more than one person or the entities they denote are not singular: Cometoone"ssenses - take up the mind,nottohaveallone"sbuttons - go crazy;topicksmb"sbrains - use other people's thoughts,haveanoldheadonyoungshoulders - to be smart beyond his years,gobananas - go crazyloseone"smarbles - a screw in the head is missing,ameetingofminds - full agreement, full agreement etc.

Many English phraseological units expressing intellectual abilities are polysemantic, i.e. have two or more meanings: Beofthethe samemind - 1) adhere to the same opinion; 2) to remain at the opinion;Doyoumind - 1) be kind; 2) do you mind?;Makeupone"smind - 1) decide, make a decision; 2) (tosmth.) to come to terms with something, get used to the thought of something. In Russian mental phraseological units, this phenomenon is not observed.

As already mentioned, phraseological units keep the memory of the history of the people, they reflect the thoughts of great people and the lines that came out from the pen of word artists. In the Russian language, one of the most important sources of phraseological units are Krylov's fables. "Grandfather Krylov" called the people of the great Russian fabulist, expressing his respect and love for him. We observe a similar phenomenon in the English language, the works of the famous English classic William Shakespeare are one of the most important sources in terms of the number of phraseological units that have enriched the English language. We can distinguish the following Shakespeareisms that characterize the mental state: tocudgelone"sbrains,midsummermadness - insanity, madness,toout-HerodHerod - confuseafool"sParadise- ghostly happiness,thereismethodinmymadness- there is a meaning in my madness.

Conclusion

Many other writers also enriched the English phraseological fund: Alexander Pop ( foolsrushwhereangelsfeartotread - the law is not written for fools), A. Tennyson ( alittleriftwithinthelute - the beginning of madness), L. Carroll ( asMadasahatter andasMadasaMarchhare - out of your mind, crazy, losing your mind).

Thus, the Russian and English languages ​​are a sign system that reflects the reality and life of a given people. Each language reflects a certain way of perceiving and organizing the world. Each nation has its own history, its own way of life, its own values, and phraseological units fully and with some peculiarity reflect the spirit and mentality of the people. Phraseological wealth of both studied languages ​​is the property of the national consciousness of both Russian and English peoples. We can say that the Russian language is richer in phraseological units, because this is due to the geographical breadth of the country, its multinationality and the vast historical experience of the people. It is undeniable only that the study and study of phraseological units of both languages ​​is interesting and informative.

Reviewers:

Morozkina E.A., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Linguodidactics and Translation Studies, Bashkir State University, Ufa.

Fatkullina F.G., Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Russian and Comparative Philology, Bashkir State University, Ufa.

Bibliographic link

Siraeva R.T., Siraeva R.T. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE MEANING "INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES OF A HUMAN" IN THE RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 4.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=13568 (date of access: 01/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Introduction

1. Display of phraseological units of the Russian language in modern dictionaries

Phraseological units characterizing human mental activity

Phraseological units characterizing human speech activity

1 Linguistic features of phraseological units about speech

3.2 Stylistic differences of phraseological units about speech

3.3 Types of phraseological units depending on the degree of idiomaticity of their components

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Phraseological units are semantically indivisible phrases, which are characterized by the constancy of a special integral meaning, component composition, grammatical categories and a certain evaluativeness.

The set of all lexically indivisible phrases, i.e. the entire phraseological composition of the language is often called phraseology. The phraseology of the Russian language includes a wide variety of speech means, and so far its boundaries have not been clearly defined. In modern linguistic literature, two main directions have been identified in solving this problem.

Representatives of one direction (B.A. Larin, S.I. Ozhegov, A.G. Rudnev and others) refer to phraseological units only such semantic units of a more complex order that are equivalent to a word, which are characterized by semantic renewal and metaphorization. Proverbs, sayings, many quotations and almost all complex terms are excluded from the field of phraseology, i.e. all those phrases that have not yet turned into lexically indivisible phrases, have not received a figuratively generalized meaning, have not become metaphorical combinations.

V.V. Vinogradov, in one of the first works on phraseology (“Basic Concepts of Russian Phraseology as a Linguistic Discipline”, 1946), considered proverbs and sayings as part of phraseological turns, referring them to the group of phraseological units. In subsequent works (“On the main types of phraseological units in the Russian language”, 1947; “Russian language: Grammatical doctrine of the word”, 1947), proverbs and sayings are no longer included in phraseology.

A different opinion is shared by such scientists as V.L. Arkhangelsky, A.A. Reformatsky, A.I. Efimov, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, N.M. Shansky and others. Along with the actual phraseological turns in phraseology, they include proverbial expressions, quotations that have become popular expressions, complex terms. Such turns are called phraseological expressions (N.M. Shansky). In this work, we will adhere to this opinion.

Phraseological turnover, first of all, distinguishes from a free phrase the generalization of the meaning of the entire turnover as a whole. This is what makes it possible to single out a special type of turnover meaning - phraseological meaning, which does not coincide with the lexical meaning of words - the components that make it up.

In addition, the phraseological meaning, as a rule, is not direct, but figurative, arising on the basis of the primary, nominative meanings of words in various free combinations. Consequently, the phraseological meaning has not a direct, but an indirect connection with the subject.

Compared with the direct meaning of words in the semantics of phraseological units, there is a noticeable increase in the evaluativeness of the expressed names, signs, actions (for example: to speak incorrectly - to break the language; to think hard - to puzzle, etc.).

In general, the phraseological meaning does not consist of the sum of the lexical meanings of the words that make them up, but represents a new semantic generalized type of meaning of the entire turnover as a whole.

The purpose of our work is to explore phraseological phrases with the meaning of mental and speech activity of a person (based on dictionaries).

1. DISPLAY OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN MODERN DICTIONARIES

phraseologism mind Russian language

As you know, dictionaries play a huge role in learning any language. They are especially necessary when it comes to languages ​​whose history of existence spans several millennia. One of these languages ​​is Russian, which has a huge vocabulary, is distinguished by a peculiar grammatical structure and the construction of phrases.

The phraseological units of the Russian language, which have been used in Russia for a number of centuries, have not lost their relevance in our time. In order not to get into a mess, you need to know exactly what this or that phraseological unit means and the conditions for its use, which word is the key in this or that phrase. Phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language help with this.

The phraseological wealth of the Russian language is collected in publications of various kinds and purposes.

Reference book M.I. Michelson Russian Thought and Speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of Figurative Words and Allegories" (1903 - 1904) contains native Russian and borrowed phraseological phrases, quotations from Russian and foreign writers, as well as individual words that have a figurative character. Many phraseological units are given synonyms from other languages.

In the collection "Winged Words" S.V. Maksimov (1899; repeated in 1955) explained (often in fictional form) the origin of a considerable number of figurative expressions, sayings, proverbs, as well as individual words. Under the "winged words" ethnographer, lover and connoisseur of folk life S.V. Maksimov understood not only all turns of a figurative nature, but also individual words like dissolute, shabby, goof off, bow down, etc.

Over 4 thousand phraseological units are presented in the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by A.I. Molotkov (1967; 1987) with idioms and prepositional-case combinations that have a figurative meaning. The dictionary contains phraseological units such as seventh water on jelly, Augean stables, wag your tail, drop your mask, cut off a chunk, a garden head and for the soul, in openwork, behind the eyes and under. Phraseologisms, synonyms and antonyms are also given. With some phraseological units, information is given about the source of occurrence.

High school students are addressed to the "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" (M., 1980) V.P. Zhukov. The dictionary covers phraseological units presented in fiction and journalistic literature, including the works of the classics of the 19th - 20th centuries. Among the stable phrases included in the dictionary are native Russian phraseological units, as well as borrowings from the Old Slavonic language (with an explanation of obsolete forms and those meanings of words that are absent in the modern literary language), and phraseological calques.

Interesting historical and etymological information contains the "Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings" by V.P. Zhukov (1966). Speaking of proverbial material, one cannot but recall the collection of V.I. Dahl "Proverbs of the Russian people", vol. 1 - 2 (M., 1997) .

The most common proverbs, sayings and popular expressions in modern Russian are collected in the dictionary by V.N. Telia "Dictionary of figurative expressions of the Russian language" (1995). Here there are not only interpretations of phraseological units, but also a commentary from the point of view of their reflection of national history, literature and culture, indications of typical situations in which one or another phraseological unit can be used, etc.

Here is what, in addition to the meaning, you can learn here, for example, about the proverb aground, Emelya, your week: “In large Russian families in Rus', there was a custom to work in turns. All household work was distributed among family members by weeks: one grinded flour on hand millstones, the other grazed cattle, etc. This old custom is reflected in the proverb.” In addition, the dictionary says that this proverb “is spoken with disdain or mockery to those whose words and stories are not believed, they are not considered worthy of attention.”

A small number of phraseological units (about 800) "Dictionary-reference book on Russian phraseology" (1985) R.I. Yarantseva is interesting in that phraseological units are arranged in it by topic. This allows the writer to remember or choose the right one in terms of style, emotional coloring, character of the image, etc. turnover. Finding phraseological units of a given topic is helped by their alphabetical list, where each phraseological unit is provided with a number, under which all stable turns of this topic are located.

Phraseologisms-barbarisms and words-barbarisms contains the "Dictionary of foreign expressions and words used in Russian without translation" by A.M. Babkin and V.V. Shendetsova, vol. 1-2 (1966).

Semantic groups of phraseological units are given in the "Educational Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by E. A. Bystrova, A. P. Okuneva, N. M. Shansky (1984). There are also indications of synonymous connections of phraseological units. The use of phraseological units is illustrated in the dictionary not only by quotations from fiction, but also by examples from periodicals.

The above-mentioned dictionaries are publications, the special purpose of which was precisely the collection and commentary of certain phraseological units. But phraseology is also in explanatory dictionaries, and also with an explanation of its turning. A lot of proverbs, sayings and other phraseological units are contained in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dahl.

"Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by I.V. Fedosov, A.N. Lapitsky (2003) contains about 10 thousand phraseological units of the Russian language used in Russia from the 19th century to the present day. The dictionary contains Russian proverbs and sayings, various folklore, works of Russian classics, biblical expressions. A special feature of the dictionary is the precise and concise disclosure of Russian phraseological units in their historical and literary context.

Since the topic of our work is phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person, we will focus on them. So, in the above dictionary there are over 40 phrases with the word mind. In particular:

In the mind - mentally, not writing down.

Grab (grab, grab) the mind - become more prudent, more reasonable, come to your senses.

With a hindsight, strong - about an improvident, late recollecting person.

To bring to mind - to give something the necessary, finished look.

Keep something in mind (head, thoughts) - think about something, remember.

Get smart (mind) - become smart, grow wiser.

Instruct on the mind (or on the mind-mind), instruct the mind-mind - to teach something useful, good, to reason.

It's not my (your, our) mind's business - I don't understand anything about it, it doesn't concern me.

On the mind (in the mind) to be - to be in thoughts.

His mind (on his mind) - about a person who hides something, has a back thought.

And in the mind there is not (was not) - someone did not think, did not assume.

From a big mind (or from a big) mind - ironic, stupidly, foolishly.

To come (to wander) to the mind (or to the mind) - 1) introduce yourself, remember; 2) about the appearance of desire, intention to do something.

Do not go out of the mind (from the head) - be constantly in thoughts, consciousness.

It doesn’t come to mind (in the head) - I don’t want to think about anything.

To spread the mind - to think, to think.

With the mind - reasonably, based on common sense.

To live with one's own mind is to be independent, independent in solving life issues, in one's actions.

To live in someone else's mind is not to show independence in solving life issues, to resort to authorities.

I can't put my mind to it - I don't know, I can't understand.

Mind chamber - about a very smart person.

To teach mind-reason - to teach how to act, to live.

Smart head - about a smart, intelligent person.

Some of the phraseological units denote the physical and emotional state of a person:

Crazy (to be) - in delight, in admiration for someone, something.

In his (or sound) mind - being completely healthy, mentally quite normal.

Drive crazy - 1) bring to madness, to the loss of reason 2) captivate, charm.

Out of my mind - about a crazy, crazy person.

Go (crazy, go crazy) crazy - 1) lose your mind, become crazy, crazy; 2) about someone acting thoughtlessly, doing, speaking absurdities.

To go crazy (damaged) in the mind is the same as going crazy.

The mind has gone beyond the mind (enters) - about a state in which it cannot rationally reason, act.

Everyone (each) goes crazy in his own way - everyone has his own weaknesses, quirks.

Wow! - an exclamation expressing great surprise, admiration.

Mind (mind) obscuration - about something unusual, causing surprise, admiration.

Interesting sayings about the mind:

The mind does not wait for a beard - the mind manifests itself in early youth.

There is strength - mind is not needed - 1) neglected, about someone who, distinguished by great physical strength, is not endowed with a great mind; 2) joking, about those who use force where you need to think.

(Who) is drunk and smart, two lands in it are a joke, it is said in justification of a smart, but drinking person.

The word, as a unit of speech activity, is very widely used in phraseological units. In the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by I.V. Fedosov, A.N. Lapitsky there are over 30 turns, combinations, sayings with different meanings about the word. For example:

Without distant (superfluous) words - without speaking, without arguing a lot, without wasting time in vain.

To be the master (owner) of one's word (one's own word) is about a person who fulfills a given word, a promise.

In two (short, short, several) words - briefly, concisely.

Take (take) your words back - refuse your words, statements, recognizing their fallacy, wrongness.

In one word - about a phrase or thought that was expressed or arose simultaneously by two or more people.

Pathetic words - about justification, causing contempt.

Throw (launch) a word - mention something, hint at something.

By the way (come) - to be remembered, to be mentioned by the way, about something said.

By the way (to say) - by the way, in connection with what was said or in addition to it.

In words - 1) orally; 2) only in conversation.

Two words - for a short conversation.

Not finding words for what, words for which there are not enough - about the difficulty in choosing the right words to express any strong feeling.

There are no words for how ... - it is impossible to express in words how ...

In a word, one word is the same as a word.

From word to word or to word - all without exception, from beginning to end.

From word to word - as the conversation, conversation develops.

The first word is 2) the most important, essential in something.

From the first word - from the very beginning of the conversation.

From other people's words - on the basis of someone's stories, and not their own knowledge, observations.

There are no words (words) - of course, indeed, there is no need to argue.

Words, words, words - about idle talk, when words are not supported by deeds.

Word for word - exactly, verbatim (retell, repeat, translate).

Word by word - gradually, little by little, about the development of conversation, conversation.

From the words - 1) based on someone's oral communication; 2) remembering what was said, heard without a book.

A firm word is about fidelity to a given promise, a guarantee of the fulfillment of something.

Only a word - only it is said so, one name.

Waste words in vain (in vain, in vain) - to speak in vain, in vain, without reaching the goal.

Along with the turns found in colloquial Russian speech, in Russian proverbs and sayings, other types of folklore, great importance is attached to the characteristics of the mind and speech of a person.

Thus, the phraseological units of the Russian language, which characterize the mind and speech of a person, have been used in Russia for centuries, they have not lost their relevance in our time. Their use is appropriate in different life situations: in a dispute, in everyday everyday conversation, in public speaking, when preparing reports, writing essays and essays. Phraseologisms enrich our speech, decorate the language.

2. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS CHARACTERIZING HUMAN MENTAL ACTIVITY

1 Semasiological characteristics of phraseological units about the mind

Phraseologisms that characterize the mental activity of a person can be both unambiguous and ambiguous.

For example, turns are unambiguous: headlong (not thinking, not reasoning, recklessly), climb into the head (persistently, persistently appear in the mind, in the mind), smart head (about a smart, intelligent person), with a fresh head (to practice in a restless condition), a head and two ears (about an unintelligent person), I can’t imagine (I can’t understand, guess, figure out), foolishly toil (to do stupid, rash acts), to powder my brains (to confuse, mislead someone).

Turnovers have two or more values:

with a head (1 - about a smart, intelligent, capable person; 2 - deliberately intelligently do something; 2 - quickly, easily understand, assimilate);

catch on the fly, on the fly (1 - listen very carefully, without missing anything from what was said), 2 - quickly, easily understand, assimilate);

hammer (hammer) head (1 - burden yourself with worries, worry about someone, something; 2 - overload memory with a lot of unnecessary information, knowledge);

fool around (1 - fool around, amuse others with stupid antics, play jokes; 2 - mess around, do nothing; 3 - behave frivolously, frivolously, do not do the right thing);

headlong (1 - recklessly, without thinking about the consequences of doing something; 2 - very quickly, headlong to run, rush somewhere).

The 17-volume academic "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" lists five main meanings and their shades for the phraseologism to go crazy: 1) lose your mind, reason, become mentally deranged: - Basnin has gone crazy! This is perfectly clear. Let them appoint a medical examination of his mental abilities (Sergeev-Tsensky); 2) worry a lot, worry: - You see and know, - said Los, - when I don’t see you, I go crazy with anxiety (A. Tolstoy); 3) being overly interested in something or someone: The French have now gone crazy on Berlioz, and from every note they become frantic with enthusiasm (P. Tchaikovsky); 4) do stupid things, act thoughtlessly: [Peter:] Are you going? Where? For what? [Aksyusha:] To the theater, to actresses. [Peter:] What are you, come to your senses, you've lost your mind! (A. Ostrovsky); 5) as an interjection. An exclamation expressing surprise, admiration: The doctor was very surprised that Boris survived. - Wow! - he said when things went on the mend (Slonimsky).

Their synonymy is closely connected with the ambiguity of phraseological turns, since the new meaning of a turn contributes to the emergence of new semantic connections in the circle of stable turns and leads to the expansion of the synonymic series.

For example, the meaning of the turnover head cooks (about an intelligent, quick-witted person) allows you to include it in a synonymous series with turnovers bowler cooks (simple), (there is) a head on his shoulders, seven spans in his forehead (about a very smart, wise person), mind chamber .

Different meanings of the phraseologism a fool is a fool (1 - about a very stupid, stupid person; 2 - about a person who finds himself in a stupid, awkward position) make it possible to use it in various synonymic rows.

In the case when they say “about a very stupid, stupid person”, they use several synonymous turns: without a king in the head (from the saying “your mind is the king in the head”), without a head.

Speaking about a person who finds himself in a stupid, awkward position, they use synonyms: make a fool (do something stupid, make a mistake), go crazy (2 - act thoughtlessly, do, say absurdities).

Some of the synonymous turns about the human mind are almost equivalent in meaning: a short mind and a short mind (about a dull mind), chicken brains are simple., Contempt. (about a limited, small mind), close-minded (about a mentally limited person), without a head (about a stupid person; without thinking, recklessly doing something), stuffed fool (about a very stupid person),

Other synonymous expressions have differences in meaning or in stylistic usage. For example:

puzzle (think hard, solving a difficult question or trying to figure out something complex, difficult), move your brain (think hard), talk about high matters (talk on philosophical topics, talk about abstract subjects), think a thought and a folk poet . to think a little thought (to reflect, indulge in meditation),

instruct on the mind (or on the mind-mind), instruct the mind-mind (teach something useful, good);

wisely (reasonably, based on common sense), sensibly (to get what you want according to your smart actions),

who dared, he ate two (about an enterprising, dexterous, cunning person who knows how to get comfortable), circled around his finger (dexterously, cunningly deceived someone).

Quantitatively synonymous series of phraseological units are not the same. Some of them consist of two turns, others - of three or more. For example:

to become smart, to grow wiser, to become more prudent, more reasonable, to come to their senses: to gain intelligence (or intelligence), to take (grab, grab) the mind;

about an intelligent, quick-witted person: (there is) a head on his shoulders, a head cooks, seven spans in his forehead;

about an unpredictable, desperate person, someone imprudently bold, risking his head, his life: tear off your head, out of your head, about two heads;

teach something useful, good, give worldly advice: instruct the mind (or mind-mind), instruct the mind-mind, teach the mind-mind;

go crazy, lose your mind: interfere in the mind (or intellect) and interfere with the mind (or reason); get confused, go crazy, go crazy, go crazy, go (or go crazy, go crazy, etc.) crazy, go crazy (or get damaged) in the mind,

In speech, a free phrase with a stable one can enter into a synonymic relationship: “The sisters are very similar in appearance, but their characters are different: the younger one is a very kind, sincere, trusting girl, and the older one is secretive, on her own mind.”

Synonymous are often individual words and phraseological turns: “You cheated, Kuzma, must it be? - For some reason, she was convinced that Tentennikov was always cunning and, as she claimed, she circled everyone around her finger, especially her, so quiet and trusting (V. Sayanov). He could not imagine without violence over himself that such a person could be deceived, circled around his finger ... (K. Simonov) ” .

Among the phraseological units that characterize the human mind, there are also phraseological units-antonyms. In terms of meaning and structure, antonymous phraseological units most often arise as a result of replacing one of the components with a semantically correlative antonym. For example:

To grab stars from the sky (to be distinguished by intelligence, abilities, to do something outstanding) - not enough stars from the sky (to be ordinary, nothing outstanding, to have mediocre abilities);

Correct brains (make reason, make understand, realize a mistake) - powder brains (confuse, mislead someone).

Lively mind (sharp, lively, resourceful mind) - heavy mind (slow, not quick mind);

Do not go out of the head (or out of the mind) (to be constantly in thoughts, consciousness) - it doesn’t go to the mind (or into the head) (I don’t want to think about anything, do anything);

Live with your own mind (be independent, independent in solving life issues, in your actions) - live with someone else's mind (do not show independence in solving life issues, resort to authorities).

However, there are also phraseological units-antonyms of different structure. For example:

there are not enough stars from the sky - seven spans in the forehead;

goose pawed (about a swindler, a swindler, on his own mind) - onion grief (about an unlucky person), a head and two ears (about a slow-witted person).

Thus, the antonymy of phraseological units is not as widespread as their synonymy. In addition, among the phraseological units about the human mind, one can single out single-valued and multi-valued combinations.

2 The degree of fusion of individual words in phraseological units

Let us consider how phraseological units differ in terms of the motivation of the meaning and semantic unity.

The criterion for distinguishing types of indecomposable combinations is primarily the degree of fusion of individual words in them. The stability and indecomposability of the elements of phraseological units is considered, as a rule, from two points of view: firstly, from the point of view of their semantic solidarity and, secondly, from the point of view of the possibility of morphological changes in the words that make up this phrase. At the same time, the fusion of turns in meaning is also reflected in their grammatical properties. So, the more clearly the semantic indecomposability of the phrase as a whole is expressed, the weaker the grammatical connections become, and sometimes they are completely lost. For example:

grief from the mind (about the misunderstanding of a smart person by mediocre people and about the difficulties caused by this, how God puts it on the soul (as it pleases, as it pleases), the horse’s move (about an unexpected cunning act in a difficult situation), bring to clean water (convict someone , expose someone's crimes, intentions),

puzzle (think hard, solving a difficult question or trying to figure out something complex, difficult) - break your head (be exhausted, thinking hard about something); go (or go crazy, go crazy) crazy - drive you crazy, your head swells - your head is swollen.

Among the phraseological units about the mind, as well as among other phraseological units, according to the degree of lexical indivisibility and grammatical fusion of the constituent parts, the following types of turns can also be distinguished: phraseological fusions, phraseological units, phraseological combinations.

Some quotations, proverbs, sayings and a number of terminological phrases that acquire separate features of phraseological units proper, for example, reproducibility in the same composition and emerging metaphoricality, should be singled out as a special group. Such turns are phraseologized, they gradually move into one or another group of phraseological units proper.

Examples of phraseological fusions that characterize the human mind:

without hesitation (without hesitation, without hesitation), go crazy, go crazy),

with kondachka (rashly, frivolously, without understanding the matter, frivolously),

from the bay-floundering (rashly),

no boom-boom (to not understand anything at all, not to understand),

hammered head (about a reckless, riotous person),

headlong - without thinking, without reasoning, recklessly),

measure by your own arshin (judge according to your own ideas).

These are lexically indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in them). The meaning of these revolutions is not motivated by the value of the constituent components, since:

Firstly, in the lexical system of the modern language there are no independently existing words worthless in terms of meaning, nothingness, hesitation, bay, floundering, branding, zatubenny, kondachok. Arshin - borrowing from the Tatar language; Russian measure of length, equal to 0.711 meters, used before the introduction of the metric system.

secondly, the meaning of the words bring out, measure, drive in, turns out to be lexically weakened in the conditions of this phrase, even devastated. The main meanings of outlining are “outlining the contours”, measuring is “measuring the length, width”.

Thus, the main feature of phraseological fusion is its lexical indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of a whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words.

Semantically, fusion in most cases turns out to be the equivalent of a word (“a kind of syntactically compound word,” in the terminology of Academician V.V. Vinogradov). For example: he won’t take it expensive - he won’t think about it.

The grammatical forms of the words that make up the phraseological fusion can sometimes change. For example, Prokhor invited Protasov in sentences: he was universally educated and ate a dog in mining (Shishk.) or: - As for fabrics, I am not an expert in them, ask Queen Marya about them. The women ate the dog on that (A.K.T.) - the relationship between the word ate and the subject of the action remains: he ate, they ate, etc. However, such a change in grammatical forms does not affect the general meaning of the fusion.

In some fusions, the grammatical forms of words and grammatical connections can no longer be explained, motivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language, i.e. they are perceived as a kind of grammatical archaisms. For example: without hesitation, so-so, incomprehensible to the mind, on your mind, to say a joke, etc. Outdated grammatical forms of words, and sometimes the word as a whole, and unmotivated syntactic connections only support the lexical indivisibility of the phrase, its semantic unity.

Syntactically, phraseological fusions act as a single member of the sentence. For example, in the sentence: “I was young at heart and soul ... And I measured human honor and conscience by a yard (M. Lermontov). Levchuk scolded himself for indecision, for timidity, but he wanted the best. He measured by his own arshin, who knew that this Muscovite had other measurements than his (V. Bykov). The highlighted phraseological fusion performs the function of the circumstance of the mode of action.

In phraseological units, the general meaning depends on the figurative meaning of the individual elements that make up the figurative "core" of the entire turnover. Examples of phraseological units that characterize the human mind:

Serpentine wisdom is sophisticated wisdom; prudence, not averse to slyness.

A lively mind is a sharp, lively, resourceful mind.

To suck out of a finger - to invent, to say something without sufficient reason, without relying on facts.

Break your head - get exhausted, thinking hard about something.

The head swells - about a state of extreme mental stress as a result of long reflections, reflections on something, an abundance of impressions.

With a fresh mind - to engage in, to do something in a restless state.

On your own head - to your own detriment, to your detriment.

Do not wait, do not guess - do not assume, do not think.

I didn’t think, I didn’t guess - something happened completely unexpectedly.

The back thought is a hidden intent, a secret intention.

Catch yourself thinking - suddenly for yourself to realize some of your own reflections, thoughts.

Brains on one side - about who acts, talks stupidly or absurdly.

These are lexically indivisible turns, the general meaning of which is to some extent motivated by the figurative meaning of the words that make up this turn.

The imagery inherent to some extent in phraseological units of all types is the result of the use of individual words that make up phraseological units in a figurative sense. However, not all types of stable combinations have the same imagery, and far from each of them this imagery can be correlated with the meaning of individual components and motivated. Thus, the figurativeness of phraseological fusions is extinct, already unmotivated and completely independent of the meaning of the constituent elements. Unlike fusions, phraseological units "have the property of potential figurativeness." This circumstance allows some scientists (B.A. Larin, A.G. Rudnev) to call turns of this type metaphorical combinations. The figurativeness of phraseological units distinguishes them not only from fusions, but also from free phrases, homonymous in design. For example:

my head hurts - “something worries, worries” and my head hurts - in the literal sense;

to come to a standstill - “to be bewildered, confused, to be in difficulty” and to come to a standstill - in the literal sense;

to have a head on their shoulders - “to be smart, quick-witted” and to have a head on their shoulders - in the literal sense;

dizzy - "someone loses the ability to think clearly" and dizzy - someone feels dizzy - in the literal sense.

The lexical composition of phraseological units is indivisible. This brings them closer to the group of adhesions. But unlike fusions, parts of phraseological units can be separated from each other by inserting some words. For example: grief (my) onion, fools (me, myself, you, us) the head - confuses, deprives the ability to reason sensibly (me, myself, you, us); it's not your (mine, our) mind's business - the requirement not to meddle in other people's affairs.

The grammatical forms and the syntactic structure of phraseological units are strictly defined, but, as a rule, they are explicable and motivated by the forms and connections existing in the modern language (do not leave the head - do not leave the room; break your head - break your leg).

The replacement of words in the unity, as well as the substitution of a synonym, leads either to the destruction of the imagery inherent in this turnover, or to a change in its expressive meaning. This creates favorable conditions for individual stylistic renewal of units in speech, which is widely used in fiction. For example: “In the evening Karabanov played the fool and twirled between the beds like a demon” (A. Makarenko). “The time has ended when it was possible to“ play the fool ”, and, in the end, you need to take up your mind” (G. Medynsky).

Examples of phraseological combinations that characterize the human mind:

Live (use) your mind - live at your own discretion.

It does not go out of my head - constantly in my thoughts, it is not forgotten.

Come to mind, come to mind - arise, appear in the mind - about thoughts, intentions.

Drive (hammer, drive) into the head - strengthen in any belief, intention, stubbornly defending it.

Get out of your head, get out of your head - forget, stop thinking about someone or something. get out of your head.

Keep in mind (or head, thoughts) - think, remember about something.

Bring to mind (reason) - teach, reason.

Mental gaze (look) - thought, consciousness.

The mind is incomprehensible - completely incomprehensible.

Without hesitation - without hesitation, without reflection.

These are stable turns, the general meaning of which depends entirely on the meaning of the constituent words. Words in a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, however, they are not free and show their meaning only in conjunction with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: the word with its mind is combined only with the words to live, use. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of permanent and variable members in combination noticeably distinguishes them from adhesions and unities.

The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in combinations to throw out of the head and straighten the brains, they will be constantly thrown out and straightened, since it is these words that will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: throw out - from the head, from the mind; straighten - brains, mind, head. The use of other components is impossible (“get out of the head”, “love brains”), this is due to the existing semantic relations within the language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the data system of turnovers, i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.

Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological unions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological isolation of this type of phrase, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without prejudice to the overall phraseological meaning. For example: break your head - break your brains; wiggle your brain - wiggle your mind; throw out of the head - throw out of the head; to achieve sense - to know (or understand) a lot - sensibly (wisely, sensibly, efficiently), etc. This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological units, and often synonyms.

The syntactic connections of words in such turns of phrase correspond to the existing norms, according to which free phrases are also created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in one or another phraseological unit.

Phraseological combinations that characterize the human mind are a fairly large group in composition and very common in use.

The so-called phraseologized turns (or expressions), which do not have all the distinctive features of phraseological units, but only a part of them, are conditionally separated from phraseological ones proper: reproducibility in finished form and, to one degree or another, figurativeness. However, the words in them remain semantically complete. Such expressions include individual quotations, some proverbs, a number of terminological combinations.

Examples of phraseological phrases that characterize the human mind:

Happiness without a mind is a full of holes - an unreasonable, stupid person cannot keep his happiness, his happiness is unreliable.

(While) the woman is flying from the stove, seventy-seven thoughts will change her mind - about the female ability to foresee everything, think about everything and quickly choose the only correct one from several decisions.

Try on (measure) seven times, cut once - before you do, decide something responsible, serious, think carefully, foresee everything.

(Who) is drunk and smart, two lands in it are a joke. It is said to justify an intelligent, but drinking person.

Every Jeremey think to himself - everyone should know when and what to do, should act according to his own understanding.

Who dared, he ate two - about an enterprising, dexterous, cunning person who knows how to get along.

(And) there is sense, but not all of it is pushed in - about a quick-witted, understanding, but still inexperienced, insufficiently trained person.

There is enough simplicity for every sage - even a smart person is sometimes short-sighted, can do stupid things, blunder.

For an hour, the mind was gone, forever (forever) was known as a fool (you will be known) - if one day you make a mistake, you don’t think in time to do the right thing, you will be branded a fool.

Need for inventions is cunning - a person in need of something is inventive.

There is strength - no need for intelligence - 1) neglected. about someone who, distinguished by great physical strength, is not endowed with a great mind; 2) joke. about those who use force where you need to think.

A smart head, (yes) went to a fool - about a person who commits rash, reckless acts.

The morning of the evening is wiser - it is better to postpone until the morning of the next day (since a decision with a fresh mind is more correct, more reasonable).

Thoughts are just around the corner, and trouble (death) is behind us - a person thinks about something far away, thinks ahead, not knowing that grief, death is nearby.

These turns have acquired a certain metaphor, which is nevertheless completely derived from the words that make up such expressions.

Proverbs that have lost their instructive part acquire a generalized figurative meaning, practically divorced from the original context. Sayings are mostly included in different groups of phraseological units. he doesn’t invent gunpowder, there aren’t enough stars from the sky, without a king in his head (about a narrow-minded, stupid person, from “your mind is a king in your head”).

Thus, among phraseological units, according to the degree of lexical indivisibility and grammatical fusion of the constituent parts, one can single out phraseological fusions, phraseological units, phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions.

3 Lexico-grammatical differences, origin and stylistic properties of phraseological units characterizing human mental activity

According to the lexico-grammatical composition, among the phraseological units that characterize the human mind, two groups can be distinguished:

Phraseological phrases that have the form of an independent sentence: a head and two ears (about a stupid person), you can’t brew beer with a fool (you can’t do business with a fool, you won’t agree), a bad (unlucky) head does not give rest to the legs (about someone who has not thought through his actions in advance, fussing in vain, fussing, running around too much), found (found) a fool! (an exclamation expressing disagreement, a refusal to do something), the morning of the evening is wiser (the last is better to postpone until the morning of the next day, the mind does not wait for a beard (the mind manifests itself in early youth).

In the role of sentences, phraseologized expressions, which, as a rule, have a syntactically complete form, most often act. Often, for this purpose, various turns of colloquial everyday speech are used: hack (those) (for yourself) on the nose.

Phraseological turns in the form of a phrase: wind (oneself) on a mustache (remember, take note, usually assuming that it may be needed, useful, take into account for the future), with a fresh head, lose one's head, take on mind, mind comes to mind ,. For example: “My mind completely goes beyond my mind from endless worries and troubles” (L. Tolstoy).

Phraseologisms that characterize the human mind, for the most part, refer to primordial turns. The original revolutions are common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), East Slavic (Old Russian) and actually Russian.

TO<#"justify">Phraseological units about speech, as well as phraseological units about the mind, enter into synonymous relations. For example:

one can say about someone who is resourceful in conversation, argument, who is eloquent, speaks fluently: he doesn’t go into his pocket for a word, his tongue is well suspended (or suspended), sharp (sharp) on the tongue;

if they mean that a person invents, claims something without sufficient grounds, without relying on facts, they say: he took it from the ceiling, sucked it out of his finger;

when emphasizing the correctness, truth of what was said, affirmed, it is used: to tell the truth (to say), in conscience, to be honest;

about a talkative person who speaks in vain, to no avail, to pass the time, one can say: the tongue is without bones, the tongue is untied, it scratches with the tongue, the tongue trembles (talks, threshes).

Such phraseological units form synonymous series, which may include the corresponding lexical synonyms of the same series. For example: keep silent - hold your tongue, swallow your tongue, hold your tongue behind your teeth (or on a leash), take water in your mouth; numb - the tongue was taken away, the tongue stuck to the larynx.

Phraseological synonyms about speech activity can differ from each other in stylistic coloring: bookish, common, colloquial, common, colloquial.

The richness of phraseological, as well as lexical, synonyms creates huge expressive possibilities of the Russian language. Phraseological synonyms about speech may not have semantic differences, but may differ in shades in meaning:

to be honest, to tell the truth (to tell), honestly speaking - is used to emphasize the authenticity, the truth of what was said;

hand on heart - completely sincerely, frankly, frankly.

Phraseological synonyms about speech can also differ in the degree of intensity of the action, the manifestation of a sign: each subsequent synonym names a more intense action compared to the previous one. For example, to chat, idle talk: pour from empty to empty; to chat (to wag, to beat, to click, to play) with the tongue, to sharpen dances (balls, balusters); pour water; poison the gruel; bend the billyuga; breed jokers (bodyagu); talk nonsense; talk nonsense; unbutton your mouth, etc. Phraseological synonyms here retain a semantic connection with the concept of empty talk.

Certain phraseological synonyms may have some components repeated:

to remain silent and take a vow of silence;

did not say a word and did not say a word;

keep your mouth shut and swallow your tongue.

If phraseological units are based on different images, we have the right to call them synonyms). There are a number of synonyms that characterize the silence of a person, but their meaning is somewhat different. For example:

Silence is a sign of consent - the assumption of an affirmative answer to a question that has not been answered.

Bypass (or pass) silence - intentionally not to say, not to mention anything.

Be silent (keep quiet) in a rag - do not express your own, often negative, attitude towards something.

Nem (dumb), like a fish (or a grave) - about a person who is able to remain silent, keep secrets

Without further ado - without saying a lot, without wasting time on unnecessary conversations.

As if (as if, as if, exactly) he took water into his mouth - as if he was numb, lost the ability to speak (about stubborn silence, about unwillingness to speak).

In these expressions, although the general image "to be silent" is used, they are not synonymous. Phraseological variants should be distinguished from phraseological synonyms, the structural differences of which do not violate the semantic identity of phraseological units: throw a bait - throw a bait; here phraseological variants differ in grammatical forms of the verb.

Phraseological units that are similar in meaning, but differ in compatibility and therefore are used in different contexts, are not synonymous. So, phraseological units with three boxes and chickens do not peck, although they mean “a lot”, but they are used in speech in different ways: the first is combined with the words to slander, chat, promise, the second - only with the word money.

Antonymy of phraseological units about human speech activity is often supported by antonymic connections of their lexical synonyms:

to spread thought along the tree (it is unnecessary to talk about something in detail) - briefly and clearly (about a concise, concise style of speech).

Antonymous phraseological units are distinguished into a separate group, partially coinciding in composition, but having components that are opposed in meaning: in different languages ​​(without mutual understanding) - in the same language (with understanding); find a common language (achieve, achieve complete understanding) - do not find a common language (do not achieve mutual understanding).

The components that give such phraseological units the opposite meaning are often lexical antonyms (to find - not to find, different - to one).

Most phraseological units about human speech are characterized by unambiguity: they have only one meaning, their semantic structure is quite monolithic, indecomposable:

Take (take) your words back (refuse what was said, recognize your words as erroneous).

Not finding words (not being able to express your feelings).

Closer to the point (in short, in essence, without unnecessary details, used when referring to the speaker).

In your own words (not verbatim, conveying only the main meaning, content).

Throwing words to the wind (talking uselessly or thoughtlessly; recklessly promising and not fulfilling the promise).

Catch on the word (to force someone to do or promise to do what they were told).

From the first words (immediately, from the very beginning of the conversation, conversation).

Word for word (exactly, verbatim).

To let know (to inform).

But there are phraseological units that have several meanings. For example,

In words - 1) orally 2) only in conversation.

By the way - 1) not paying serious attention, in passing with something; 2) by the way, speaking in passing, the same as by the way, by the way.

From fifth to tenth - 1) skipping details, incoherently, inconsistently, 2) somehow, randomly, carelessly.

Polysemy usually occurs in phraseological units that have retained a partial motivation of meanings in the language. For example, pour from empty to empty: 1) do something useless; wasting time aimlessly; 2) wasting time on useless conversations; by the way - 1) not paying serious attention, in passing with something; 2) by the way, speaking in passing, the same as by the way, by the way.

Polysemy develops more easily in phraseological units that have a holistic meaning and are correlated in structure with phrases: what is the spirit - 1) very quickly; 2) very loud; untie the tongue - 1) induce or force to talk; 2) talk, start talking a lot.

Homonymous relations of phraseological units about a person’s speech arise when phraseological units of the same composition appear in completely different meanings: 1) take the floor - speak at a meeting on their own initiative; 2) to take a word (from someone) - to receive from someone a promise, an oath assurance of something.

Phraseological units are also homonyms: 1) to give the floor - to promise and 2) to give the floor - to allow to speak at a meeting, at a meeting; 1) and there can be no conversation - anything is completely excluded; 2) and there can be no conversation - needless to say, it is impossible to object to.

The source of phraseological homonyms may be the final break in the meanings of polysemantic phraseological units. For example, the meaning of a phraseological unit to spin around in the language in the sense of “really want to ask, say something important, exciting” served as the basis for the appearance of its figurative homonym in no way to remember (about a futile effort to remember something well-known, familiar, but forgotten at the moment). moment).

In such cases, it is difficult to draw a line between the phenomenon of polysemy of a phraseological unit and the homonymy of two phraseological units.

2 Stylistic differences of phraseological units about speech

As we have already noted, Russian phraseology is distinguished by a wealth of functional-stylistic and emotionally-expressive synonyms. The stylistic coloring of phraseological units determines their fixation in a certain style of speech. At the same time, two groups of phraseological units are distinguished: commonly used phraseological units that do not have a permanent connection with one or another functional style, and functionally fixed phraseological units.

Common phraseological units that characterize a person’s speech activity include, for example: keep the word (stick to this promise), choose words, expressions (speak carefully, pondering, weighing each word), one can say (used to indicate the possibility, admissibility of something ), it is (it is said about someone or something), as for ... then (if we talk about someone, something, then ...).

They are used both in book and colloquial speech. Unlike common vocabulary, which represents a very significant part of the Russian dictionary, common phraseology, in terms of the number of units, occupies a modest place in the entire mass of Russian phraseological units.

The largest stylistic layer of phraseological units about speech is phraseology, which is used mainly in oral communication, and in written speech - in fiction:

Can’t connect three (two) words - doesn’t know how to clearly state anything

(Here) and the whole conversation - there is no need to talk about anything, discuss anything.

Another conversation - a different matter, a different situation.

To pull or pull the tongue - to force to speak, to speak out.

Wag your tongue (scratch, chat, grind) - speak (in vain, to no avail, to pass the time.

Sharp tongue, sharp (sharp) tongue - about a witty, sarcastic person.

Clever (pleasant) speeches are pleasant to listen to - it is said when they hear what they expected, with which they agree, that it is pleasant to listen.

A (word) fell off the tongue - involuntarily, unexpectedly for the speaker to be uttered.

Throwing words - to speak irresponsibly, to promise something, not being sure of the fulfillment of one's promise.

In short - concluding the above, it is used at the end of a speech, presentation).

In a word - briefly, in general (an expression that begins a conclusion, a generalization).

Joking aside - speaking seriously (a call, a proposal to get down to business).

Jokes with jokes (joke with a joke) - no matter how you joke, no matter how you say it.

Colloquial phraseological units are often given in explanatory dictionaries without stylistic marks, however, they still stand out against the background of commonly used phraseological units with a bright colloquial coloring, slightly reduced, familiar tone in sound. Colloquial phraseological units, as a rule, are figurative, which gives them a special expression, liveliness. Their use in speech serves as a counteraction to clichés and clericalism.

Colloquial phraseological units, in general, are close to colloquial, but are more reduced: scratch (wag, chat) with the tongue, pulled the tongue, three ha ha (about something worthy of ridicule that can cause laughter), in a bad voice (shout, yell, yell), pip on the tongue of someone (an unkind wish to someone who says something that should not be)

Rough-colloquial phraseology sounds even sharper: the devil pulled his tongue, tear his throat. It consists of swearing stable combinations, representing a gross violation of the language norm.

Book phraseology forms another stylistic layer. It is used in book functional styles, mainly in writing. Book phraseological units include official business vocabulary: to testify; bring to the attention (inform, notify, used in official, business papers; give the floor (in the meaning: allow to speak at a meeting); call a spade a spade (speak about something directly, frankly, without hiding anything, without looking for softening words and expressions), take the floor (in zn. at will, take the initiative to speak at a meeting, session),

Phraseologisms that came into the language from socio-political, journalistic and fiction also have a book coloring:

One speech is not a proverb - the opinion, judgment, statement of someone else is not an argument.

To put into whose mouth (words, thoughts) - to show the heroes of literary and other works, pronouncing words, expressing thoughts conceived by the author for them.

The gift of speech is the ability to express yourself freely and correctly.

The heart sends a message to the heart - it is said when close people understand each other without words or think about each other, being away from each other.

A word about a word - to talk about works of art.

Put a dot (dot) over and. - finally find out everything, clarify all the details, bring everything to its logical end.

As a rule, book phraseological units are neutral from the point of view of emotional and expressive, they do not have connotative meanings. Only sometimes they have a sublime, solemn sound: from mouth to mouth (from one to another, about the transmission of a message, news); the first word (in zn. the most important, essential in something); the last word (the latest, highest, not yet surpassed achievement in any field of science, technology, culture).

Phraseologisms of colloquial style are expressively colored:

Ignore - do not react, do not pay attention to what is said, what is said.

What kind of question - of course, yes, necessarily (expressing an indisputable statement in response to an unnecessary question).

Needless to say - an emotional expression of consent, confirmation, conviction in something.

Pour out the soul - to express frankly, to the end, the most cherished

Without (distant, unnecessary) conversations - without speaking, without arguing a lot, without wasting time in vain.

The tongue is tangled - about a person who cannot clearly, clearly say anything

Thus, the bright emotional and expressive coloring of colloquial phraseological units is due to their metaphorical nature, the use of various expressive means in them. Phraseologisms of colloquial style about a person's speech are painted in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous, dismissive tones.

3 Types of phraseological units depending on the degree of idiomatic components

Among the phraseological units that characterize human speech, phraseological fusions should be distinguished - stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent components, that is, it is not motivated by them from the point of view of the current state of the vocabulary:

Suck from the finger - invent, say something without sufficient reason, without relying on facts.

To sharpen the laces - to chat about nothing.

Spawn - get angry, swear, resent, usually over trifles.

The talk of the town is the subject of general conversation, gossip. Turnover, borrowed from the church language.

From the ceiling (take, say) - at random, as it comes to mind, without sufficient reason.

Without blinking (say, answer) - without any hitch, confusion, without hesitation for a long time.

(Yes) and that's it - and the conversation is over, and it's over.

To spread the thought along the tree - to speak for a long time.

The holistic meaning of these phraseological units is clear to every Russian person. However, the roots of phraseological units sometimes go back to such distant times that linguists do not come to an unambiguous conclusion about their origin.

Phraseological fusions can include obsolete words and grammatical forms: say a joke (not a joke!), cheese boron flared up (not raw!), which also contributes to the semantic indecomposability of turns.

Semantically, these fusions in most cases are the equivalent of the word: to breed a bodyagu - to joke, joke, play for time.

Phraseological units are stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the semantics of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning:

The language is tangled - about a person who cannot clearly, clearly say something.

The tongue is like a razor - someone speaks sharply or witty.

The language is well (not bad, great) suspended - fluent, smooth to speak.

Tongue behind your teeth (keep) - keep quiet.

Throw (launch) a word - mention something, hint at something.

Without distant (or superfluous) words - without speaking, without arguing a lot, without wasting time in vain.

To be the master (or master) of one's word (one's own word) is about a person who fulfills a given word, a promise.

In two (short, several) words - briefly, concisely.

To waste words in vain (in vain, in vain) - to speak in vain, in vain, without reaching the goal.

To give free rein to the language - to start talking a lot, unrestrainedly.

To break the tongue - to speak incorrectly, distorting words and sounds.

Asking for the tongue - about words, phrases ready to be spoken.

The language is suspended (good, bad) - it is difficult to speak about the ability (inability) to speak.

You will break your tongue - about a hard-to-pronounce word, phrase.

The tongue itches - about a great, uncontrollable desire to speak out, to express one's opinion.

The tongue does not turn (say, ask) - there is no determination

The red word is a witty, well-aimed expression, bright expressive words.

Throwing words to the wind - talking in vain, aimlessly.

Pour out (open) the soul - tell everything frankly.

Bite your tongue - shut up.

Such phraseological units can have “external homonyms” - phrases that coincide with them in composition, used in a direct (non-metaphorical) meaning: I was thrown up on a pothole so much that I bit my tongue and suffered from pain.

Unlike phraseological fusions, which have lost their figurative meaning in the language, phraseological units are always perceived as metaphors or other tropes. Some phraseological units owe their expressiveness to a pun, a joke that is their basis: the language is braided, wag the tongue, give free rein to the language. The expressiveness of some phraseological units is based on the game of antonyms: to pour from empty to empty, around and around. Phraseological units give speech a special expressiveness and folk-colloquial coloring.

Phraseological combinations are stable turns, the meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of their constituent components, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning:

Shouting (or shouting) all over Ivanovskaya - shouting very loudly (from the name of the Kremlin's Ivanovskaya Square, where decrees were announced in the old days).

A common language is a mutual understanding between someone.

In different languages ​​- without mutual understanding.

Conversations to talk - to have a conversation, to talk.

By the way - in connection with what has just been said, in addition to what has been said.

The tongue is stuck to the larynx - someone is numb (from fear, confusion).

Word for word - exactly, literally.

A play on words is a witty joke, a pun.

The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only under conditions of a strictly defined lexical environment.

Phraseological combinations often vary: talk to talk - start conversations.

The above types of phraseological units complement phraseological expressions, which are also stable, but consist of words with free meanings, that is, they differ in semantic articulation. These are popular expressions, proverbs, sayings. Many phraseological expressions have a fundamentally important syntactic feature: they are not phrases, but whole sentences.

Not every (every) bast in a line - not every oversight, thoughtless word, misconduct is blamed, it is said to justify or to console the one who made a mistake, made a reservation, said something.

The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out (release) - you won’t catch it - before you say anything, you need to think carefully so that you don’t have to regret later.

You can’t keep up with your (his, her) tongue (and) barefoot - it is said jokingly to someone or someone who is excessively talkative.

The godfather went to no one knows where - you are talking nonsense, nonsense.

You say - you don’t turn back, but if you spit - you won’t raise it - you won’t take back the words you said.

For a red word - because of the desire to sharply (accurately) say (part of the saying "For a red word, he will not regret his own father").

Not a touch in the eye - not a word in the eye.

In the literature, more often journalistic, there are errors caused by ignorance of the language conditions of its application or inattention to the context surrounding it. An example of such ignorance is the inappropriate use of turnover as they say in many cases. Its meaning is "as it is customary to say, as they are expressed in such cases." Two conditions are essential for the justified use of this expression: firstly, the acceptance, the typicality of the designation referred to by the expression as it is said, and secondly, the expressiveness of this designation (why it is often willingly used). This is how the phraseological unit was used, as they say, by those authors whose linguistic authority, whose linguistic mastery is generally recognized. For example: “The clever publishers of the Northern Bee will no longer, as they say, put their fingers in his mouth” (P.); “I felt so happy that, as they say, I didn’t blow my mustache and didn’t put anyone’s ridicule at a penny” (Turgenev).

These examples clearly indicate that the justified use of the expression, as they say, implies the presence in the context of some accepted, widespread expressive means - phraseological unit, apt comparison, figurative designation, etc. These conditions are evident in the following newspaper passages, which is why the use of the expression in them, as they say, is quite justified: “They offered me to work for him. I was a little afraid, but, as they say, the eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing - until they let them down ”; “Petryaev knew him - a respected person - one of those village leaders who, as they say, went through both fire and water ...”; “Well, as for the skill of our wonderful couple, then, as they say, do not take it.”

On the contrary, in the contexts given below, these conditions are absent, none of them has an accepted national expressive means, as a result of which the use of turnover in them, as they say, is unjustified, and the turnover itself is simply not needed: “Public work? Valery, as they say, got used to it a long time ago ”; “Now we are worried about the harvest, as they say, of perishable products”; "Everyone goes, as they say, about their business."

Thus, phraseological units that characterize human speech also have semasiological and stylistic differences. It is possible to single out the types of these phraseological units depending on the degree of semantic unity of their components.

The phraseological units of the Russian language, which characterize the mind and speech of a person, have been used for centuries, they have not lost their relevance in our time. Their use is appropriate in different life situations: in a dispute, in everyday everyday conversation, in public speaking, when preparing reports, writing essays and essays.

An analysis of phraseological units that characterize the mental and speech activity of a person showed that they have all the characteristic features of phraseological turns of Russian speech, including:

Semantic integrity, which develops as a result of the semantic weakening of the words-components that make up the phraseological unit.

The stability of a combination of words that form a phraseological unit, i.e., its reproducibility in finished form.

The presence of a figurative meaning, which characterizes a wide range of phraseological units of the modern Russian language, in parallel with which homonymous correspondences are used, which are not phraseological units.

Expressive-emotional expressiveness. This characteristic stylistic feature is inherent in the vast majority of phraseological units.

A phraseological unit is a complex semantic phenomenon of a very diverse structure. We have indicated only its defining features, which are not necessarily manifested in each individual case, but in the aggregate they characterize phraseological units.

For phraseological turns that characterize the mental and speech activity of a person, a synonym is inherent (to rack one's brains, move one's brains, talk about high matters; (there is) a head on the shoulders, a head cooks, seven spans in the forehead, a head on the shoulders, a mind chamber; hold your tongue, swallow the tongue, hold the tongue behind the teeth (or on a leash), take water in the mouth; tongue without bones, tongue untied, scratching with tongue).

Among the phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person, there are also phraseological units-antonyms (to straighten the brains - to powder the brains; a lively mind - a heavy mind; to grab stars from the sky - not enough stars from the sky; in different languages ​​​​- in one language; spread thought along the tree - briefly and clearly).

Most of the phraseological units that characterize the mental and speech activity of a person are unambiguous (head-on, I won’t put my mind to it, fool around, pour from empty to empty, not find words, throw words to the wind, closer to the point).

Also, phraseological units characterizing the mental and speech of a person can be ambiguous (to hammer one's head - 1) burden oneself with worries, worry about someone; 2) overload the memory with a lot of unnecessary information, knowledge; in one voice - 1) all together, simultaneously, 2) according to, unanimously, unanimously; in words - 1) orally, 2) only in conversation).

Homonymous relations of phraseological units arise when phraseological units of the same composition appear in completely different meanings: 1) to take the floor - to speak at a meeting on their own initiative; 2) to take a word (from someone) - to receive from someone a promise, an oath assurance of something.

According to the motivation of the meaning and semantic unity, among the phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person, one can single out:

phraseological fusions (no hesitation, with a kondachka, headlong, crazy, branding a bodyaga, a talk of the town, sharpening lyasy).

phraseological unity (serpentine wisdom, sharp tongue, catching oneself thinking, headache, dead end, tongue well suspended, asking for tongue, wasting words in vain).

phraseological combinations (Live with your mind, Bring to mind, Without hesitation, throw it out of your head, straighten your brains, sing from someone else's voice, talk conversations - start conversations).

The so-called phraseologized phrases are conditionally separated from the actual phraseological ones, which have only reproducibility in finished form and to some extent imagery. These expressions include proverbs, sayings, winged expressions: Happiness without a mind is a bag full of holes. Try on (measure) seven times, cut once. (And) there is a sense, but not all of it is pushed in. The power is there - the mind is not needed. Enough simplicity for every sage. The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out (you will release it). You can't keep up with your tongue even barefoot. For a red word (he will not regret his own father).

Phraseologisms that characterize the mind and speech of a person, for the most part, refer to primordial turns (without a king in the head, the mind is short, headlong, strong in hindsight, sharpen the folly, a red word).

Some phraseologized expressions are rooted in fiction (woe from the mind; without further ado, lightness in thoughts is unusual, pitiful words, fresh legend, but hard to believe). Phraseologisms also have a book coloring: to put into the mouth (words, thoughts), the heart gives the message to the heart.

According to the expressive and stylistic meaning, most phraseological units that characterize the mind and speech of a person belong to the colloquial everyday style (he does not invent gunpowder, a copper forehead, a garden head. for the tongue, throwing words, broke (the word) from the tongue, let it go past the ears, what a question, the tongue is tangled, pour out the soul).

Thus, in the work we studied the semantic characteristics, lexical and grammatical differences, origin, expressive and stylistic properties of phraseological phrases about the mind and speech of a person, their types according to the motivation of the meaning and semantic unity.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

.Aristova T.S., Kovshova M.S. Dictionary of figurative expressions of the Russian language. - M., 1995.

2.Vakurov V.N. Phraseology / Modern Russian language, ed. D.E.Rosenthal. - M., 1984.

.Dal V.I. Proverbs, sayings and jokes of the Russian people. Sat: In 2 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1997.

.Zhukov V.P., Zhukov A.V. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1994.

.Zimin V.P., Spirin A.S. Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people: Explanatory dictionary. - M., 1996.

.Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990.

.Mokienko V.M. Riddles of Russian phraseology. - M., 1990.

.Molotkov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1986.

.Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1994.

.Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M., 2002.

.Russian language. Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. Yu. N. Karaulov. - M., 1997.

.Dictionary of figurative expressions of the Russian language / Ed. V. N. Teliya. - M., 1995.

.Modern Russian: Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography: Reader and study tasks / Ed. ed. D. M. Potsepnya. - St. Petersburg, 2002.

.Educational phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: A guide for students nat. schools / E. A. Bystrova, A. P. Okuneva, N. M. Shansky. - L .: Education, 1984.

.Fedosov I.V., Lapitsky A.N. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Yunveo. - 2003.

.Felitsyna V.P., Mokienko V.M. Russian phraseological units. - M., 1990.

.Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. A. I. Molotkova. - M., 1967.

.Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. I.V. Fedosov, A.N. Lapitsky. - M., 2003.

.Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A. School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1997.

.Shansky N.M., Zimin V.I., Filippov A.V. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: Meaning and origin of phrases. - M., 1997.

.Yarantsev R.I. Dictionary-reference book on Russian phraseology. - M., 1985.

Tags: Phraseological units characterizing human speech activity Diploma English

There are many smart people in the world. And a good mind is always highly valued in any society. Therefore, there are a lot of phraseological units with the word "mind" in our speech.

Mind Chamber
In Rus', large spacious rooms were called chambers. When they say that a person has a "mind chamber", they thereby emphasize the power of his mind and the vastness of knowledge.

tenacious mind
This expression means that a person has analytical abilities, he knows how to quickly grasp all the most valuable. He has such a sense of "mindfulness".

Take on mind
Phraseologism means that a person begins to think about his actions and behaves more prudently.

The mind goes beyond the mind
So they say when they lose the ability to reason sensibly and soberly (for example, when they are very tired.)

in my mind
The ability to solve numerical and other problems without the use of external aids, only using their mental reserves (calculate in the mind).

Survive out of your mind
So they say about a person who has ceased to think sensibly and is not capable of logical reasoning.

Bring to mind
It is used in relation to something that needs to be brought to a state of completeness, completeness.

Live in your own mind
When a person is independent in his actions, they say that he lives by his own mind. And vice versa, about a person who constantly turns to other people for help and does not know how to make decisions on his own, they say that he lives in someone else's mind.

Strong in hindsight
This expression is ironic and refers to those people who catch on late. They first do, and then they think about how it was necessary to do it right. In such people, the mind goes, as it were, "behind" the owner, follows him with a lag.

Of a narrow mind
This is how they characterize a stupid, short-sighted person.

One on my mind
So they say when a person is focused (obsessed) on one thing.

Wisely
To do wisely means to carefully weigh, think through all actions.

Canny
About a secretive person whose thoughts are unknown to others.

go crazy, be crazy
From a positive point of view, this means that a person experiences great joy from some event or is strongly impressed by someone. On the negative side, doing illogical things.

Get crazy
Learn new knowledge and skills, gain new experience, become smarter.

None of your business
A sharp form of response to a curious person who, as a rule, shows interest in matters that do not concern him.

Neither mind nor heart
This is how they speak about something that is useless both morally and informationally.

Not from a great mind
About a stupid, unreasonable act.

Drive me crazy
Negatively influence the thinking of another person, deprive him of the ability to think sensibly.

I will not apply my mind
So they say when it is impossible to understand something or guess about something.

Mind incomprehensible
So they say about something unusual or inexplicable.

What. TO BRING TO THE MIND What. Prost. Express. To bring something into its proper state, into its proper form. - Then a certain Karepanov from Udmurtia appeared - a cross between a colorless votyak and a stout Russian woman ... Mom, of course, warmed up the "orphan", brought to mind his thick novel about a modern advanced village, prescribed it in her apartment(V. Astafiev. Dream of the White Mountains). The owners of the dacha came over at the end of the week, improved the house, brought it to mind(I. Ovchinnikova. King Lear from the Polyana cooperative). The son of Ignatich was greatly puzzled. Where does the guy get such precocity? He didn’t bring one thing to mind - he throws himself at another(L. Skorik. "... to the day of Christ").

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, AST. A. I. Fedorov. 2008 .

See what "Bring to mind" is in other dictionaries:

bring to mind- improve the Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary

bring something to mind- Bring in line with the tasks set, put in order. The article is still before the mind d. it is necessary ... Dictionary of many expressions

bring / bring to mind- Razg. 1. whom. To educate, prepare for an independent life of someone. 2. Successfully carry out the work begun. BTS, 265; NHS 70; SBG 5, 25; BotSan, 34; SRGM 1980, 24; F 1, 165; Glukhov 1988, 35; Mokienko 2003, 127 ...

bring- lead, lead; brought, led, lo; brought; finished; day, day, day; St. whom what. 1. whom what (to what). Leading, deliver up to what l. places. The escort brought her to the gate. 2. what (to what). Lay up to what l. places, limits. D. way to… … encyclopedic Dictionary

bring- I lead /, you lead; brought, led /, lo /; dove/dshiy; finished; den, dena /, deno /; St. see also bring, bringing someone what 1) whom what (to what) Leading, deliver to what l. places. The escort brought her to the gate ... Dictionary of many expressions

Lead to headlessness- whom. Sib. To deprive the mind, the mind of someone. FSS, 61 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

What. BRING TO THAT. Prost. Express. To bring something into its proper state, into its proper form. Then a certain Karepanov from Udmurtia appeared, a mixture of a colorless votyak with a stout Russian woman ... Mom, of course, warmed the "orphan", brought to mind ... ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language

BRING TO MIND- 1. who to train whom, to help achieve the proper level of knowledge, understanding of what; admonish. This means that a person, a group of people (X) has an educational impact on another person, another group of people (Y). Speaks with approval. speech ... ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

Bring to mind- UM, a, m. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

pump out of mind- whom. Sib. Unapproved Bring someone. to the point of extreme frustration. FSS, 36; SPS, 51 … Big dictionary of Russian sayings

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