(in human population genetics, the science that studies the genetic history of mankind) is a large group of similar haplotypes, which are a series of alleles on non-recombinable regions of the Y chromosome. Halpogroups are divided into Y-chromosomal (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial (mt-DNA). Y-DNA is the direct paternal line, i.e. son, father, grandfather, etc., and mtDNA is the direct maternal line, i.e. daughter, mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, and so on. The term "haplogroup" is widely used in genetic DNA genealogy.
Haplogroup R1a1 has about 300 million males. The first common ancestor of modern R1a1 carriers lived about 300 generations ago.
Distribution of haplogroup R1a:
The percentage indicates the share of R1a from the total number of the ethnic group
- Russians 48%
- Poles 56%
- Ukrainians 54%
- Belarusians 51%
- Czechs 34%
- Kyrgyz 63%
- Shors 56%
- Altaians 54%
- Chuvash 31.5%
- Tajiks 53%
- Punjabis 54% (Pakistan-India)
- India as a whole 30%, upper castes 43%
It originated about 15,000 years ago in Asia and subsequently broke up into several subclades, or, as they are also called, child haplogroups. We will consider the main ones - these are Z283 and Z93. R1a1-Z93 is an Asian marker characteristic of the Turks, Jews, Indians. With the participation of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93, they invented the wheel in the steppe, designed the first wagons and tamed the horse. These were the cultures of the Andronov circle. The haplogroup quickly mastered the entire strip of the Eurasian steppes from the Caspian Sea to Transbaikalia, breaking up into many different tribes with different ethnocultural characteristics.
R1a1-Z283 is a European marker and is typical for the most part for the Slavs, but not only, the Scandinavians and the British also have their own separate subclades. In general, today the ancient haplogroup R1a1 is most characteristic of the Slavic, Turkic and Indian ethnic groups.
The excavations of the "Country of Cities" in the Southern Urals confirmed that already about 4000 years ago in the fortified settlement of Arkaim there were premises for personal and public use, residential and workshops. In some rooms, not only pottery workshops, but also metallurgical production were found.
During the excavations, about 8,000 sq. m of the area of the settlement (about half), the second part was investigated using archeomagnetic methods. Thus, the layout of the monument was completely established. Here, for the first time in the Trans-Urals, the reconstruction method was applied, and L.L. Gurevich made drawings of a possible type of settlement. R1a1-Z93 was probably one of the main haplogroups in Arkaim and Sintasht.
Currently, most of Europe speaks Indo-European languages, while the haplogroup R1b more specific to Western Europe, and R1a- Eastern Europe. In countries closer to central Europe, both of these haplogroups are present. So haplogroup R1a occupies about 30% of the population of Norway, and about 15% in East Germany - apparently the remnants of the direct Y-lines of the Polabian Slavs once assimilated by the Germans.
In the second millennium BC, presumably due to climate change or due to military strife, part of R1a1 (subclade Z93 and other haplogroups of Central Asia) began to migrate south and east beyond the steppe, part (subclade L657) went towards India and, having joined to local tribes, took part in the creation of a caste society. Those distant events are described in the most ancient literary source of mankind - "Rigveda".
The other part began to move in the Middle East direction. On the territory of modern Turkey, they presumably founded the Hittite state, which successfully competed with ancient Egypt. The Hittites built cities, but could not become famous for building huge pyramids, because, unlike Egypt, the Hittite society was a society free people, and they were alien to the idea of using forced labor. Hittite state disappeared suddenly, swept away by a powerful wave of barbarian tribes known as the "peoples of the sea." In the middle of the last century, archaeologists found the richest library of clay tablets with Hittite texts, the language turned out to belong to the Indo-European group of languages. So we gained detailed knowledge about the first state, part of the male lines of which presumably consisted of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93.
Slavic subclades of the haplogroup R1a1-Z283 form their own cluster of haplotypes, which is completely unrelated to any Western European subclades haplogroup R1a, nor Indo-Iranian, and the separation of European R1a1-Z283 speakers from Asian R1a1-Z93 speakers occurred about 6,000 years ago.
In October 539 (BC), the Iranian tribe of Persians captured Babylon, the leader of the Persians, Cyrus, decided not to leave, but to seriously settle in the captured city. Subsequently, Cyrus managed to significantly expand his possessions, so the great Persian Empire arose, which lasted longer than all the empires in the world - 1190 years! In 651 AD, Persia, weakened by civil strife, fell under the onslaught of the Arabs, and this may have led to a change in the haplogroup composition of the population. Now in present-day Iran haplogroup R1a makes up about 10% of the population.
Three world religions are associated with the Indo-Aryans - Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.
Zoroaster was a Persian and possibly a carrier of R1a1, and the Buddha came from the Shakya Indian tribe, among whose modern representatives haplogroups O3 and J2 were found.
Most peoples consist of many haplogroups, and there is no genus that would dominate the rest. There is also no connection between the haplogroup and the appearance of a person, and as you can see, many representatives of the haplogroup R1a1 even belong to different races. many R1a1-Z93 are characterized by Mongoloid features (Kyrgyz, Altaians, Khotons, etc.), while the carriers of R1a1-Z283 are mostly European in appearance (Poles, Russians, Belarusians, etc.). A large number of Finnish tribes have high percentages haplogroup R1a1, some of which were assimilated with the arrival of the Slavic colonists of the 9th century.
Achievements that R1a1 may be related to:
Wheel, wagons, horse domestication, metallurgy, trousers, boots, dresses, the world's first paved "autobahn" with a length of more than 1000 km with "refueling" stations - replacing horses, and much more.
In a short article it is difficult to tell the whole history of the first Indo-Europeans, it is possible to arouse interest in the history of the ancient ancestors of the Slavs only with some historical fragments. Type words in the search engine Indo-Aryans, Turks, Slavs, Scythians, Sarmatians, Persia, and you will plunge into a fascinating journey through the glorious history of the Indo-European and Slavic peoples.
haplogroup tree.
Until 2007, no one carried out detailed reconstructions of childbirth, no one came up with this idea, and it was not possible to solve such a grandiose task. Many population geneticists have worked with small samples of short 6-marker haplotypes, which make it possible to obtain general genographic ideas about the distribution of haplogroups.
In 2009, a professional population geneticist set out to build a detailed family tree of this haplogroup. Faced with a number of problems, for example, the calculation of large samples over long haplotypes by conventional methods was impossible due to the astronomical number of operations, not a single computer was able to sort through the required number of combinations, but thanks to resourcefulness and the desire to build a tree of its haplogroup, these problems were overcome.
After R1a1 many haplogroups began to create their own trees.
The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of bygone days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.
Haplogroup R1b
Haplogroup R1b is a parallel subclade for haplogroup R1a. The ancestor of the haplogroup R1b was born about 16,000 years ago in Central Asia from the parent genus R1. About 10,000 years ago, the R1b haplogroup broke up into several subclades, which began to diverge in different directions. The eastern branch, subclade R1b-M73, is associated by some scientists with the ancient Tocharians, who took part in the ethnogenesis of such a people as the modern Uighurs.
Promotion haplogroup R1b west to Europe probably took place in several stages. Some may be associated with Neolithic migrations from Asia Minor and Transcaucasia, and some with post-Neolithic migrations and the spread of the archaeological culture of the Bell-shaped Cups.
There is also a version about migration along the North African coast to the Strait of Gibraltar, with further transfer to the Pyrenees in the form of the archaeological culture of the Bell-shaped Cups - but this hypothesis is too much of a stretch. In any case, most European representatives of the R1b haplogroup have the P312 snip, which definitely occurred already in Europe.
After Egyptian scientists analyzed the mummy Tutankhamen, it was found that Pharaoh turned out to be a member of the haplogroup R1b.
Now the majority of representatives haplogroup R1b1a2 lives in Western Europe, where haplogroup R1b1a2 is the main haplogroup. In Russia, only the Bashkir people have a large percentage of this haplogroup. In the Russian people, the haplogroup R1b is no more than 5%. In the Petrine and Catherine eras, the state policy of mass attraction of foreign specialists from Germany and the rest of Europe was carried out, many Russian R1b are their descendants. Also, some part could enter the Russian ethnos from the East - this is primarily a subclade of R1b-M73. Some R1b-L23 may be migrants from the Caucasus, where they came from the Transcaucasus and Western Asia.
Europe
Modern concentration haplogroup R1b maximum in the territories of the migration routes of the Celts and Germans: in southern England about 70%, in northern and western England, Spain, France, Wales, Scotland, Ireland - up to 90% or more. And also, for example, among the Basques - 88.1%, Spaniards - 70%, Italians - 40%, Belgians - 63%, Germans - 39%, Norwegians - 25.9% and others.
In Eastern Europe haplogroup R1b occurs much less frequently. Czechs and Slovaks - 35.6%, Latvians - 10%, Hungarians - 12.1%, Estonians - 6%, Poles - 10.2% -16.4%, Lithuanians - 5%, Belarusians - 4.2% , Russians - from 1.3% to 14.1%, Ukrainians - from 2% to 11.1%.
In the Balkans - among the Greeks - from 13.5% to 22.8%, Slovenes - 21%, Albanians - 17.6%, Bulgarians - 17%, Croats - 15.7%, Romanians - 13%, Serbs - 10, 6%, Herzegovinians - 3.6%, Bosniaks - 1.4%.
Asia
In the Southern Urals, it is significantly common among the Bashkirs - about 43%.
In the Caucasus, Digora was found among Ossetians - 23% and Armenians - 28.4%.
In Turkey it reaches 16.3%, in Iraq - 11.3% and in other countries of Western Asia.
In Central Asia, it was found, in particular, among Turkmens - 36.7%, Uzbeks - 9.8%, Tatars - 8.7%, Kazakhs - 5.6%, Uighurs - from 8.2% to 19.4%
In Pakistan - 6.8%, in India it is insignificant - 0.55%.
Africa
Among Algerian Arabs from Oran - 10.8%, Tunisian Arabs - 7%, Algerian Berbers - 5.8%, in Morocco - about 2.5%, in sub-Saharan Africa distributed in Cameroon - about 95% (subclade R1b-V88) .
Russian blood - the descendants of the Aryans.Haplogroup R1a1.
Although the scientific data obtained by American scientists are not classified and have already been published in scientific journals, for strange reasons, there is a Conspiracy of Silence around them... What is this discovery? This is a mystery connected with the origin of the Russian people and the thousand-year historical path of the Slavic ethnos.
What is the essence of the discovery of American geneticists?
Genetic code- a method inherent in all living organisms to encode the amino acid sequence of proteins using a sequence of nucleotides. There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, each person inherits half of the chromosomes from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that has been passed from generation to generation unchanged for thousands of years.
Geneticists call this set of DNA haplogroup.
DNA research has united all people on Earth into genealogical groups and marked them with letters. People of the same haplogroup have one common ancestor for them in distant prehistory.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup different from the haplogroups of other peoples. In fact, this is the genetic marker of the entire nation.
The goal is to trace the path of one ethnic group, one people over the millennia of its history.
DNA studies have shown that Asians and Europeans diverged about 40,000 years ago. Most scientists believe that about 10,000 or 8,000 years ago the Indo-Europeans still spoke the same language! Over time, the Indo-European community begins to fragment and migrate to different parts of the world.
American scientists found that 4,500 years ago, the people of the Central Russian Plain had a mutation in their R1a haplogroup, which resulted in a person with a new modification of R1a1, which turned out to be unusually hardy.
Approximately 5000 years ago, there was an archaeological Pit culture (more precisely, the Ancient Yamnaya cultural and historical community (3600-2300 BC) This archaeological culture of the Late Copper Age - Early Bronze Age. During the archaeological excavations of burial mounds in this area, human remains were found subclade from Y-DNA R1a1, copper and bronze tools were found, people believed in an afterlife.
A characteristic feature of the Yamnaya culture is the burial of the dead in pits under the mounds in the supine position, with bent knees. The bodies were covered in ochre. Burials in mounds were multiple, and were often made at different times. Fragments of animal bones (cows, pigs, sheep, goats and horses) were also found. burial mounds characteristic of Proto-Indo-Europeans.
Andronovo archaeological culture(2300 - 1000 BC) comes from an older Pit culture (3600 BC) and is the culture of the proto-Indo-European community. American scientists analyzed the ancient remains on the territory of the Andronovo archaeological culture (2300 - 1000 BC) and found the predominance of the R1a1 subclade from Y-DNA. Out of 10 males, 9 have Y-DNA R1a1a - a type of fair-haired and fair-skinned people with blue (or green) eyes. The Maikop culture (3700-2500 BC), in the North Caucasus, is also represented by the haplogroup R1a1 and R1b1.
American geneticists have found that R1a Y-DNA subclades are common throughout Europe and northern India. The Aryans, who first settled in northern India, also influenced the construction of the statehood of ancient India, dividing society into castes.
It is known that the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in northern India 3500 years ago. At that time in the north of India there was Harappan civilization, it was replaced by a more advanced Aryan civilization. The Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan, the Indo-Aryans appeared, and the civilization of the Saraswati river valley appeared. It is known that the Indo-Aryans spoke Vedic Sanskrit, the Rig Veda, the oldest part of the Vedas, is written in this language. The Aryans considered themselves to be the highest caste of society - the Brahmins - it was they who owned secret knowledge (Rig-Veda) and a secret language that the Indians did not know. Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Saescrit are two different languages.
In those days there was no concept of "Aryan race". Word Arias translated from other Ind. Arya, ari ̯ a meant "lord", "master of the house". With the prefix "a-" the word acquired a negative meaning: anārya - anarya - “non-Aryan”, “ignoble”, “barbarian” or “dasyu”, “robber, enemy, demon, alien”. The word "Arya" was never used in a racial or ethnic sense. "Arya" meant "spiritual", "noble person". Aristoi - aristoi - "the most noble", hence the word "aristocrat". Etymology words arya - ari ̯ a emanates roots of Vedic Sanskrit kars (ar), - “plow, cultivate the land”, and the word “Aryan”, in the original meaning of the word, meant “tiller“, in the Old Russian language the word "yell" - plow, "yell" - a plowman.
Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest language in which the Rig Veda was written (3900 BC). In Vedic Sanskrit are the origins of the Indo-European group of languages.
The founder of comparative-historical linguistics. William Jones (1746 - 1794) the creator of the theory of the Indo-European family of languages in 1786 said about Sanskrit: “No matter how ancient Sanskrit is, it has an amazing structure. Sanskrit, whatever its origin, reveals an amazing structure: being more perfect than Greek and richer than Latin, it is more refined than both.At the same time, it has such a noticeable similarity with these languages in the roots of verbs and grammatical forms that it could not have arisen by chance.The similarity is so strong that not a single philologist who has studied all three languages will doubt their origin from a common ancestor, perhaps no longer existing.
People with the R1a1 haplogroup then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists recreated the appearance of a young woman with the R1a1 haplogroup, who lived several thousand years ago, from the bone remains, resulting in a portrait of a typical Russian beauty , millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.
The connection between haplogroup R1a1 and speakers of Indo-European languages was noticed in the late 1990s. Spencer Wells and his colleagues concluded that R1a1 was widespread in the Caspian steppes.
Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up a high percentage among the male population of Russia (47), Ukraine (48) and Belarus (52, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. The haplogroup R1a1 has the greatest distribution in Eastern Europe: among Lusatian Germans (63 , Poles (57 .
R1a1 - is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group.
A set of DNA nucleotides called a haplo 
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike the language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or mixed with the genetic codes of other peoples. The genetic hereditary biological sign is not washed off, therefore the genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but not refute it in any way.
American geneticists began to take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of the Russian people and destroys many established myths.
So, the ethnic focus of the Russian people arose 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain - this is the place of maximum concentration of R1a1, from here it came out and spread to the territories of Eastern Europe and Siberia. The question of that “area of the ancient Indo-European territory where the Slavs originated” remains controversial. (Lyubor Niederle).
The history of the development of haplogroups R1a and R1b are inextricably linked with each other.
Subclades R1a and R1b are closely associated with the spread of Indo-European languages, as evidenced by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages were spoken in antiquity, from the Atlantic coast of Europe to India. Almost all of Europe (with the exception of Finland and Bosnia-Herzegovina), Anatolia, Armenia, the European part of Russia, southern Siberia, many areas around Central Asia (in particular Xinjiang, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan), not forgetting Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal.
The settlement of peoples speaking Proto-Indo-European languages, which are Subclades of haplogroups R1a and R1b settled to the west (from the Don to the Dniester, Danube) and to the east (in the Volga-Ural region).In the Pontic steppes, men of both haplogroups R1a and R1b probably lived.
In Poland, the owners of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%, and in England - the least (3.
It is known that the European tribal aristocracy has Aryan roots. One of the royal houses of Europe, the house of the Germanic Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsor is a branch, has Aryan roots. Windsor dynasty- the current ruling royal dynasty of Great Britain, a junior branch of the ancient Saxon house of Wettin (until 1917 the dynasty was called Saxe-Coburg-Gotha).
The Wettins (German Wettiner, English House of Wettin) are a German princely family, now represented by the Windsor dynasty, ruling in Great Britain, as well as Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty of the kings of Belgium. The Wettin dynasty dominated for more than 800 years in the Central German space in the southeastern foothills of the Harz in Saxony in the 10th century. Vitekind, leader of the Saxons, who converted to Christianity under Charlemagne, is considered the legendary founder and ancestor
Vettinov
.
63% of Lusatian Germans - Lusatians - a national minority in Germany, have a haplogroupR1a1. It is known that 60 thousand German citizens have Serbian Lusatian roots: 40 thousand live in Upper Lusatia (Saxony) and 20 thousand live in Lower Puddle (Brandenburg).
the R1a1 group is "Russianness" in terms of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form was born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago.
rev. from 12/01/2017 ()
CATACOMB CULTURE
A notable culture on the path of the southern migration of the Aryans was the catacomb (4500-4000 years ago, according to other sources, it starts from 4800 years ago), later renamed the catacomb cultural and historical community due to its some heterogeneity in different territories. Its territory in a broad version is considered as extending from the lower reaches of the Danube to the Cis-Urals, in a more limited version it includes the regions of Donetsk, Kharkov, Voronezh and Ciscaucasia, or the steppe and forest-steppe belt of the south of modern Russia and Ukraine.
The heterogeneity or heterogeneity of the Catacomb culture leads to the fact that many archaeologists derive it from the Yamnaya culture (haplogroup R1b), but continue with the Corded Ware culture and / or Srubnaya culture (in both cases, haplogroup R1a). L.S. Klein noted that the Catacomb culture has "roots diverging in different directions." Actually, this is an indication that the catacomb culture represents layers of cultures created by haplogroups R1b and R1a, most likely at different times. Generally, R1b cultures are older than R1a cultures. The most reasonable version of the genesis of the catacomb culture is the initial creation of it by the Erbins, the haplogroup R1b, and then, after the departure (or displacement) of the Erbins, the Aryans, the haplogroup R1a, settled in the same places along their migration path to the east. Perhaps this is the reason for some discrepancy in the dating of KK - the Erbins were there at the beginning of 3 thousand BC, 4800-4600 years ago, the Aryans - starting from 4600-4500 years ago, just the time they moved east from aspects of the Trypillian culture (completion of the culture about 4650 years ago).
Consideration of specific burials confirms the hypothesis that the Catacomb culture (or Pit-Catacomb, as it was previously called) is a combination of early Erbins and late Aryans. Let us give as an example a rather large series of Donetsk burials in pits and catacombs. As a rule, burials in pits were on the back (sign R1b, which the authors, of course, did not know about) or in a crouched position on the right side (feature R1a), and the first (R1b) were older, and the main ones, the second (R1a), burials are later and inlet, there were fewer of them. Burials in the catacombs followed the same patterns. Moreover, the entry burials, which were more in line with the burial rites of R1a bearers (on the right side), reflected, according to the authors of the article, more advanced and later stages of the Catacomb culture. So we see here both “roots diverging in different directions” and their assignment to the haplogroups R1b (continuation of the Yamnaya culture) and R1a (reflection of later Aryan migrations). There is a lot of such data, but during the relevant studies, more than 25 years ago, the authors were not familiar, of course, with DNA genealogy and the division of the buried into haplogroups and could not understand the principles of systematizing the positions of the skeletons. They were also confused by the fact that the orientation of the skeletons was not unambiguous, and many skeletons in a crouched position on the right side were oriented to the west (which is typical for R1a).
In one of them, three skeletons (one of them is for children) lie in a crouched position on the right side, which is typical for carriers of the haplogroup R1a. In another burial, the skeleton lies on its back, which is typical for carriers of the haplogroup R1b.
There are hundreds, if not thousands, of skeletal remains of the catacomb cultural and historical community in scientific circulation, and in this work it is not possible to classify them in relation to their possible belonging to the R1b and R1a haplogroups based on the position of the corpse and the orientation of the bones, the direction of the face. Let's leave that to the archaeologists. Our goal with regard to the Catacomb culture has been achieved - it is quite clear that it occupied a certain place in the Aryan migrations. And the fact that both Erbins and Aryans left their mark in the Catacomb culture in different “layers” does not change the essence of the dynamics of the Aryan migrations (R1a) from the Trypillia culture through the Catacomb culture and further to the Srubna culture.
But it seems informative and instructive to analyze the mistakes in the constructions of archaeologists and linguists, for whom the Catacomb culture was a kind of stumbling block that gave rise to a lot of erroneous, dead-end interpretations, hypotheses, theories. It is most convenient to analyze these impasses according to the unpublished monograph by L.S. Klein (“Ancient migrations and the origin of the Indo-European peoples”, 2007), which compares favorably with other publications by other researchers in that it analyzes in detail various hypotheses - their own and others. Now, from the height of DNA genealogy, it is clearly visible that the main problem turned out to be that in what was called the catacomb culture, or “catacomb cultures” (L. S. Klein), two different peoples, tribes, populations were mixed, haplogroups - R1b (from Yamnaya and related cultures of completely non-Aryan and non-Indo-European origin) and R1a (from the Aryan, Indo-European population, people, tribe, haplogroup).
It is clear that archaeologists cannot be blamed for this: they fell victim, so to speak, to the paradigm initially imposed by M. Gimbutas and picked up by archaeologists and linguists. As a result, all the “steppe dwellers” were included in the category “Indo-Europeans”, or “Aryans”, the last category was actively used by L. Klein, interspersing it with the concepts of “Iranians” and “Indo-Aryans”, often replacing these purely linguistic terms with population ones, that is, calling them the people themselves, the tribes they formed.
These (erroneously) overwhelming ideas that the Pit culture is Aryan, Indo-European, "Iranian", "the basis for all Iranian languages", "gave rise to all Aryans", broke all constructions. None of these positions were correct. Now we already know that R1a were Aryans, R1b - Erbins with a completely different history, different migration routes for many millennia, and almost always. Their paths converged in the Catacomb culture, but even there, in fact, they did not intersect, but passed with a time shift of about 500-1000 years.
BABINSKY CULTURE
This is a very short-term steppe culture that existed at the turn of 3-2 thousand BC, that is, at the end of time with the catacomb, and occupied territories from the right bank of the Dnieper to the Don and further to the Volga. Like the Catacomb culture, the Babinskaya culture is considered to be the previous Srubnaya culture (or an early form of the Srubnaya culture), or they accept the transition Catacomb - Babinskaya - Srubnaya. She conveyed to the Srubnaya culture the log houses in the grave, the crouched position of the deceased (sign R1a), the orientation to the east, but the position on the left side. Again, the situation may be that these were female skeletons, which the carriers of the haplogroup R1a laid crouched on their left side with an orientation to the east; male skeletons were laid crouched on their right side with a west orientation.
The carriers of the Babin culture were armed with a light horse-drawn chariot. In this regard, the Babino culture turned out to be a link in a series of steppe chariot cultures: Potapovskaya, Petrovsky, Sintashta and other archaeological cultures - all of these contain elements of the Babino culture. The “multi-roller ceramics culture” has become synonymous with “Babinskaya” from pottery, decorated with a large number of molded-on rollers, with a rich, varied ornament. Characteristic archaeological finds are buckles and cheek-pieces, especially cheek-pieces with spikes. Chestpieces are part of an ancient bridle set, and were a pair of vertical rods or plates that were attached perpendicular to the ends of the bit to secure it in the horse's mouth. The carriers of the Babin culture dispersed in three main directions: east - towards the South Urals, India, Iran, possibly North China; western - to the Balkans, to Greece, to Asia Minor; and south - to the Middle East - to Anatolia, Mitanni, to the Arabian Peninsula. As you can see, these are all migrations of the Aryans. Archaeologists usually did not connect the migrations of the Babinsk culture with the Aryans, but they talked a lot about the "impulse of chariot cultures from the territory of the Don-Dnieper interfluve along the steppe and forest-steppe chernozem plain zone in the Don, Volga, Trans-Volga, Southern Urals, Lower and Middle Danube." There are no fossil DNA of the Babin culture yet, but there is hardly any doubt that this culture is part of the Aryan migrations. Even Klein, who does not accept anything related to DNA genealogy, is forced to admit, speaking of “the advancement of the Aryan-Indo-Iranians (i.e. Indo-Aryans and Iranian peoples)”: “These are Catacomb, Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures. Klyosov also includes Babinskaya here; it is a realistic hypothesis to be tested.”
It was not in the Black Sea region at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. neither "Indo-Aryans" nor "Iranians" - there were the same people, Aryans, with a good probability carriers of the haplogroup R1a-Z93, and their linguistic separation became noticeable, perhaps only when they reached Central Asia alone with the subsequent transition to the Iranian plateau, and others - the Southern Urals and / or BMAK, with a subsequent transition to India.
Moreover, the Aryans in the Potapov culture had the subclade Z645 (fossil DNA 4215-3915 years ago), in the Srubnaya culture, the subclade Z645-Z93 (three fossil DNA samples, dating 3865-3615 and 3865-3215 years ago) and Z645-Z93-Z2123 (one fossil DNA sample, 3865-3615 years ago), and in the Sintashta culture - subclade Z645-Z93-Z2123 (two fossil DNA samples, 4313-4060 and 4141-3911 years ago). Again we see that they were the same people, of the same DNA line.
SRUBLAYA, PETROVSKAYA, ANDRONOVSKAYA AND SINTASHTA
In the meantime, the Srubnaya culture entered the historical arena (3800-3200 years ago, according to other sources, 3600-3200 years ago), it is also a Srubnaya cultural and historical community, according to which historians have many contradictions. But it's good - there is something to work with. Here, DNA genealogy opens up many possibilities, starting with the fact that the fossil bones of the Srubnaya culture showed the presence of mainly subclades R1a-Z93 and R1a-Z93-Z2123. These samples were taken from log burials in Novoselki, Barinovka, Spiridonovka and Uvarovka (all in the Samara region), with archaeological dates of 3540 years ago for the first two burials (subclade R1a-Z93) and 3740 years ago for the last two.
In Spiridonovka, in a log burial, the initial subclades R1a-M459 and L168, which are most likely undertyped, and R1a-Z2123 were found, in Uvarovka - R1a-Z93. Thus, these burials of the Srubnaya culture (mid-2nd millennium BC) are the “tail” of the migration of the “classical” Aryans, whose ancestors by that time had already gone to the south, southeast and east for 1000-500 years, long ago they mastered the Andronovo, Petrovsky (north-west of Kazakhstan and south-west of Siberia) and Sintashta cultures and went to Mesopotamia, Iran, India and the Trans-Urals. Similarly, an equally late find, archaeological dating 3390 years ago, subclade R1a-Z645-Z2124, was made in the Andronovo culture (Kytmanovo, Altai Territory), it is also the Andronovo cultural and historical community, but it is already thousands of kilometers east of the Urals. In the same place, to the east of the Urals, nine fossil DNA haplogroup R1a (subclades were not determined) and one sample of haplogroup C dated 3800-3400 years ago were found. A carrier of haplogroup C could have been included in the sample from the neighboring Glazkov culture, whose descendants with haplogroup C are now Evenks.
The importance of these archaeological finds of the R1a haplogroup is undeniable, they showed the DNA genealogical continuity of the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures, although Z2123 and Z2124 are "parallel" subclades, and may indicate a divergence of the Aryan migration routes south of the Urals (Indian direction) and east of the Urals (Altai direction), but both subclades are found in the Andronovo and Sintashta cultures.
These DNA genealogy data show the erroneousness of the ideas of archaeologists who derive the Srubnaya culture (R1a) from the Yamnaya (R1b) and then Poltavka (R1b) culture, which, in turn, is located south of the Fatyanovo culture. In general, archaeologists do not agree with the Srubnaya culture. Some derive it from earlier cultures of the Northern Black Sea region, others from the Lower Volga region with subsequent migration to the west, others believe that the Srubnaya culture was formed in the west of Siberia again with subsequent migration to the west. DNA genealogy shows the general direction of the Srubnaya culture migration to the east, to the Sintashta and Andronovo cultures, and then both main subclades of the Srubnaya culture, Z93 and Z2123, pass into India. In other words, the Srubnaya culture is a link in the chain of Aryan (or Indo-Aryan) migrations of the haplogroup R1a-Z93.
Earlier eastward migrations brought the early Srubniks into the Sintashta culture, where fossil haplogroups R1a-Z645-Z93-Z2123-Y875 (dated 4030 years ago, excavations in Stepnoy-VII) and R1a-Z2124 (dated 4190 years ago, Bulanovo, Chelyabinsk region).
It turns out that the haplogroup R1a was divided into the Shroud-Fatyanovo culture (R1a-L645-Z280) and the Srubnaya-Potapovskaya-Andronovo-Sintashta-Karasuk-Tagar culture (R1a-Z645-Z93-Z94-Z2123), the descendants of the latter are now expressed in India along with with the subclade R1a-Z645-Z93-Z94-L657, which has not yet been found in burials. These datings fit in remarkably well with the founding date of the settlement of Arkaim in the Southern Urals, which existed for only 200 years, from 3800 to 3600 years ago, after which the inhabitants left it. Perhaps they went south and eventually reached India.
Interestingly, the bearers of the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures buried their dead in a crouched position on their left side, with their hands folded in front of their faces. If confirmed, this could be an important feature separating the carriers of the subclades R1a-Z280 and R1a-Z93. But it may turn out to be some misunderstanding if the burials on the left side were female, and the men were buried in a crouched position on the right side (orientation to the west). The fact that the hands were in front of the face, and not along the body, can be a really important feature if it is confirmed by many examples.
The confusion around the Andronovo culture also includes the fact that it was considered too late to give rise to the spread of the Aryans before Mitanni (3600-3500 years ago), although the Aryans, most likely, left for Mesopotamia from the Russian Plain much earlier than the formation of the Andronovo culture. Others believed that the path from the Andronovo culture to North India was “difficult and therefore doubtful”, but the presence of the R1a-Z2123 subclade on the Aryan migration route from the Srubnaya culture to India removes this issue.
It should be noted that the Petrovsky culture is considered a “daughter” of the Sintashta, apparently because it is located generally east of the Sintashta, in the Tobolsk-Ishim region of northern Kazakhstan. According to a number of archaeologists, the Abashevskaya-Sintashta-Petrovskaya triad of cultures form the axis of the "Seima-Turbinsky transcultural phenomenon" (4100-3600 years ago), along which weapons were supplied from Siberia to the Urals (and Parpola believes that this supply went to the territory of modern Finland) together with the Uralic languages. True, Parpola does not mention who, on the territory of Finland, received these weapons (and languages), since the ancestors of modern Finns appeared there much later - only about 2000 years ago. Maybe Saami? Samoyeds?
But contradictions in the interpretations of archaeologists continue. Some, as reported above, consider the Petrovsky culture to be a child of the Sintashta, then it should be haplogroup R1a, others (Klein) believe that the Petrovsky culture was formed on the basis of the Poltavka culture of the Lower Volga region, that is, the haplogroup R1b.
TAJIKS AND UZBEKS
Let's move on to the Tajik haplotyles R1a, the possible heirs of Bactria and Margiana. And here we are waiting for an interesting feature of the picture of the distribution of the haplogroup R1a in the region. The tree of available modern 39-marker haplotypes of the R1a group on the territory of historical Bactria shows Tajik, Uzbek and Pashtun haplotypes among them. But they are largely separated - the Pashtun haplotypes form a dense, that is, relatively recent branch on the tree, while the Tajik and Uzbek haplotypes are distributed in a wide range over the much more ancient rest of the tree. Of the 33 haplotypes in the Z2124 dense branch, there are only two Uzbeks and no Tajiks.
Now Z2124 is quite massively observed among the Pashtuns, and the subclades Z2122 and Z2123 have diverged across the steppe, apparently with the Scythians and are now observed, in particular, among the Bashkirs and in the Caucasus among the Karachay-Balkarians, also dating back to 1000 AD.
The rest of the tree is occupied by ancient haplotypes - in the sense that they are descended from ancient common ancestors. Unfortunately, the deep subclades of this ancient branch are unknown, except for R1a-Z93, and even then not always. For example, almost none of the Tajiks and Uzbeks are typed into the subclades of the haplogroup R1a accepted in the classifications. The common ancestor of this broad branch lived 4200 years ago, separately for Tajiks - 4225 years ago, that is, the same one. Moreover, the common ancestor for the entire broad branch, as well as for Tajiks and Uzbeks, is the same.
All 75 haplotypes of the broad branch contain 819 mutations, which gives 4200 years to the common ancestor of the branch, which includes haplotypes of 25 Tajiks, 25 Uzbeks, 12 Pashtuns, 5 Turkmens, 5 Khorasans, and 3 Hazaras. All of them are direct descendants of the historical Aryans. If we consider the Tajiks separately, then their 25 haplotypes contain 275 mutations, which gives 4225 years to a common ancestor.
As you can see, the branch is quite representative, the dating is reproduced from the entire branch to its parts, and all this indicates Aryan migrations before the arrival of the Aryans in Iran and India. The direct descendants of those Aryans now live in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and to a lesser extent in Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, among the Afghan tribes. It is noteworthy that not a single Tajik was in the dense branch Z2124, which is occupied by three-quarters of the Pashtuns.
We also note that in general, among 1023 haplotypes from the territory of historical Bactria, considered in the book by A. A. Klyosov and Kh. haplotypes, of which the maximum share falls on haplogroup R1a (27% of all), haplogroup J2 is in second place (15%), haplogroup C is in third place (8.1%), the rest are relatively minor shares of 13 haplogroups. In the same sample, there are 142 Uzbeks, of which the R1a haplogroup accounts for 26%, the J2 haplogroup is in second place (15%), the R1b haplogroup is in the third (12%), the rest are relatively minor shares of 11 haplogroups.
From the foregoing, it is appropriate to designate the subclade R1a-Z645 as the main (or parent) Aryan subclade, and the descending Z2122, Z2123, Z2124, Z2125 as the younger Aryan, or Scythian. These names are not absolute and depend on the context. For example, Z2123 can be further refined and named, for example, Alanian, if this is confirmed by archaeological data and analysis of fossil haplotypes. For the same reason, it should not be embarrassing that these "Scythian" subclades were formed at times much earlier than those where historians place the Scythians (usually between the 7th century BC and the beginning of a new era, but this is also a convention ), and for Z2123 this is the beginning of 2 thousand BC, for the other three - the beginning of 3 thousand BC. Calling them "Proto-Scythian" or "Proto-Scythian" does not make much sense, since this is a duplication of the term "Aryan". In general, let historians figure it out, this is their question.
Apparently, the ancient Aryan haplotypes of Tajiks, Uzbeks, part of the Pashtuns, part of the Turkmens and other modern inhabitants of Central and Western Asia are the legacy of Aryan migrations through these territories in 3-2 thousand BC. and subsequent settlements of the descendants of the Aryans in the surrounding regions. Judging by the antiquity of common ancestors, these may be subclades R1a-L657, parallel to it Z2124, and daughters of the latter Z2122 and Z2125. All of them were formed in the course of the initial early Aryan migrations through the indicated territories. Z2123 was formed already at the end of the ancient Aryan migrations, 3900 years ago, when the Aryans were already in the Southern Urals and lived in Central Asia before moving to the Iranian plateau, that is, at the time described in the Avesta. Its "grandfather", subclade R1a-Z2124, was found in fossil bones in the Sintashta culture in the Southern Urals, dated 4200 years ago, and the subclade Z2123 itself was found in the Srubnaya culture (in the Samara region) dated 3725 years ago.
It is noteworthy that the haplotypes of Tajiks and Uzbeks of the haplogroup R1a are almost the same, they have almost one common ancestor, and the tribal composition of Tajiks and Uzbeks is close to each other. To understand why this is so, reference books on Tajiks and Uzbeks help. For example, Wikipedia writes: “Many Tajik-speaking citizens of Uzbekistan are registered as Uzbeks in their passports and identify themselves with Uzbeks ... This phenomenon is explained by ... the peculiarities of the Soviet nation-building, when, during the creation of the Uzbek SSR, the Tajik-speaking population was massively recorded as “Uzbeks”, and subsequent policy of "Uzbekization", continued in independent Uzbekistan".
We repeat the conclusion made above: the base haplotype with the age of 4200 years is the same for all haplotypes on the tree above from historical Bactria - Tajiks, Uzbeks, Pashtuns (in addition to subclade Z2124), Turkmens, Khorasans, Hazaras. They had one common ancestor, which belonged to the historical Aryans.
ARIES' COMING TO INDIA
The arrival of the Aryans in India (or their invasion, which, however, has never been proven), dates back to about 3500 years ago. This was apparently first stated by the German-English Orientalist scholar Max Müller (1823-1900), and the date is given in Gordon Childs' Arias. Founders of European Civilization" (1926).
So, we have dates for the transition of the Aryans to India - about 3400 years ago, about 4000 years ago and later, say, 3000-2800 years ago. This variation has remained from 1926 to the present. Since there are no archaeological data that would give clarification of dating, historical science has remained at the same level with regard to the arrival of the Aryans in India as it was 90 years ago, the Indian epic is mostly allegorical; The ancient names of places in India, like Aryavarta, do not help dating.
There is Project India (FTDNA) on the web. This is actually a database of Indian haplotypes. It has 187 haplotypes in a 37-marker format, of which 64 are haplotypes of the R1a haplogroup, that is, 34% of all.
To the left of the tree are all 64 haplotypes of the haplogroup R1a, which formed a dense branch, composed, in particular, of the haplotypes of the subclades R1a-L657 and R1a-Z2123. The fact that the branch is completely homogeneous is shown by the next tree (on the right) only from the haplotypes of this branch R1a-L657 and Z2123. The homogeneity of the tree already shows that all haplotypes are related, all descend from one common ancestor or from several, but with similar dating, in any case, with the accuracy that suits us in this case. The common ancestor of this entire series lived 4,600 years ago.
But this is a time that distances us from the lifetime of the common ancestor of the haplotypes of the R1a group currently living in India. This does not mean at all that this ancestor lived in India 4600 years ago. His descendants came to India approximately 3500-3600 years ago (based on the information of historians and linguists), that is, a thousand years later than the lifetime of their common ancestor. We already know that this common ancestor lived to the north and west, ideally at the very beginning of the Aryan migrations to the east. But there is often no ideal in DNA genealogy, the common ancestor of modern haplotypes is usually not the one that was at the “very beginning”, but the one whose direct descendants have survived to the present. Therefore, it is important to consider the data of DNA genealogy in conjunction with the data of archeology and linguistics, moreover, it is data, and not interpretations. In linguistics, this is much less certain: there are continuous interpretations, starting with the choice of “structural units” for subsequent consideration and subsequent dating, which are always conditional and approximate. Therefore, linguistics presents a certain canvas, which always needs to be cross-checked, but is useful "conceptually". Yes, and there it is conditional: we have already seen how linguists attributed the concept of "Indo-Europeans" to the haplogroup R1b and its cultures, which actually directed their science along the wrong path for at least 50 years.
There are still unsolved mysteries in this system of new knowledge, brought by DNA genealogy combined with archeological data, but in many ways critically revised. For example, the origin of the R1a-L657 subclade is in India. Subclade L657 has not yet been found along the Aryan migration route between Europe and the Trypillia-Babinskaya-Catacomb-Srubnaya-Sintashta-Andronovo-BMAK cultures, but in India itself there are many as much in the Middle East. It is clear that L657 forms a link between India and the Middle East, but in what direction L657 was transmitted is not yet clear. This is an important missing link (so far) in the chain of Aryan migrations.
Among the Indian haplotypes in the Project there are also 111-marker ones. There are not so many of them to build a tree from them, but enough to reveal the basic, or ancestral, haplotype of the Indo-Aryans of the haplogroup R1a in 111-marker format.
If we compare it with the ancestral haplotype of the ethnic Russian haplogroup R1a-Z280, whose common ancestor lived, as mentioned above, about 4900 years ago, there are only 7 mutations between them, that is, the addition of 74 markers added only two mutations. This number of mutations separate the haplotypes of the ancestors of Hindus and ethnic Russians by about 725 years. That is, their common ancestor (subclade R1a-Z645) lived approximately 5100 years ago. Recall that, according to the data of the YFull team, calculated from snips, the R1a-Z645 subclade formed 5500 years ago. So the calculations for 111- or 37-marker haplotypes do not change the essence.
MITANNI
Archaeologists and linguists agree that the Aryans ("Indo-Aryans", or "proto-Iranians", or "proto-Indo-Aryans", or "early Aryans") reached the territory of Mitanni, in present-day Syria, about 3700 years ago, but, as a rule, they conclude, that it was an elite, and that a number of treatises found there were written in the Hurrian language, including the famous treatise of the Mittanian Kikkuli (3400 years ago) on the training of chariot horses, but all the horse-breeding terminology there is Aryan. Moreover, as Klein notes, in the work of Kikkuli, the terms of the “pre-Vedic period” are closer to the Proto-Indo-European, but nevertheless, both Klein and Kuzmina call them “Indo-Aryan” and refer to the stay of the “Indo-Aryans” there, again translating linguistic terminology on the people themselves.
Other researchers disputed the "Indo-Aryan" specificity and spoke of early Aryan or common Aryan traces.
In the DNA genealogy, there is no division of the Aryans into "Iranians" or "Indo-Aryans", especially since this division is often very artificial, especially along the migration path of the Aryans. Aryans are identified by subclades that appear between R1a-Z645 (about 5500 years ago, early Aryans) through Z93 and further Z94 and Z2123, which are already found in fossil specimens in the Sintashta culture and among our contemporaries in India, as well as L657 in modern India and the Middle East. These are objectively measurable indicators.
The base (ancestral) haplotype of the Arabs of the Middle East of the haplogroup R1a is mainly or exclusively R1a-L657.
The carrier of this haplotype, the common ancestor of the modern Arabs of the haplogroup R1a, lived approximately 4050 years ago. Mutations have been identified in comparison with the 111-marker haplotype of the common ancestor of the modern ethnic Russians of the haplogroup R1a-Z280 (the common ancestor lived about 4900 years ago): there are only 7 mutations between them, which breeds the common ancestors of the Slavs and Arabs of the haplogroup R1a by 900 years. Their common ancestor lived 4925 years ago, and these are again the Aryans, who appeared on the Russian Plain about 4900 years ago.
Currently, the haplogroup R1a among the Arabs reaches 9% of the male population, including in such famous clans as the Qureish clan, from which came the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam, and his clan is mentioned in the Koran.
As noted, the predominant subclade of the R1a haplogroup in the Middle East is R1a-Z93-Z94-L657. The dynamics of the formation of subclades was such that the subclade Z94 / L342.2 (a little over 4000 years ago) departed from the subclade R1a-Z93, which is a little over 5000 years old, by a single mutation, and all Aryans and Scythians and their descendants have it during migrations in all known directions. There is a Z94 mutation in Tatars, Bashkirs, Armenians, Karachais, Turks, Kazakhs, in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Palestine, in all the Arab countries of the Middle East. It is clear that this is a fairly early Aryan mutation. But then it turned out that at the level of the L657 subclade, division into regions had already begun. In India, he is 4750 years old, in the countries of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates) - 3450 years. L657 is not found in Afghanistan, and L657 is parallel to subclade Z2124, they diverged from the same ancestor, which was Z94/L342.2. Subclade L657 went to India or the Middle East more than three thousand years ago, and captured both regions by sea travel. Subclade Z2124 went to Afghanistan and, possibly, Iran, for which there is still very little data on deep snips. In Bactria and Afghanistan, the subclade Z2124 is less than 2000 years old; he came there, apparently, only at the beginning of our era. Subclade Z2122, a child of Z2124, is found in Palestine, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, among Tatars and Karachays in the Caucasus. This is all the result of the Aryan migrations in Eurasia between 5500 and 3000 years ago.
Hittites
Fossil Hittite DNA is not yet known. But since linguists have identified the language of the Hittites as Indo-European, then there is a good chance that they will be mainly R1a haplogroup. According to modern, albeit controversial (as usual) ideas, the Hittites arrived in Asia Minor "presumably" either from the Balkans or from the Russian Plain, through the Caucasus, about 4200-4100 years ago, 3800 years ago they created the Hittite kingdom, which lasted until 3200 years ago (that is, until the time of the fall of neighboring Troy), and for some time after that they existed in the form of late Hittite kingdoms (until 2700 years ago). The initial dates for the appearance of the Hittites in history are generally consistent with their displacement as the Aryans, carriers of the haplogroup R1a, from the Balkans by the Erbins (carriers of the haplogroup R1b), who especially intensively populated Europe between 4800 and 4000 years ago, but it is more likely that the Hittites moved into Asia Minor from territories east of the Balkans.
The Hittites were widely known in biblical times and they are mentioned 54 times in the Old Testament. According to the Bible, Abraham and Sarah, their son Isaac and his wife Rebekah, and the son of the latter Jacob and his wife Leah were buried in a cave, acquired along with the field from Ephron the Hittite as a property for burial (Gen. 49:29-33). Esau, the son of Isaac, was married to two Hittite women. It seems that these Hittite women had friction with Rebekah: “And Rebekah said to Isaac: I am not happy with life from the daughters of the Hittites; If Jacob takes a wife from the daughters of the Hittites, like these, from the daughters of this land, then what is my life to do?” (Gen. 27:46). From this we can half-jokingly conclude that even 4000 years ago there were already problems between the Jews and the Aryans.
However, in the historical sciences, the Hittites are not considered as Aryans, because historians give the Aryans only a limited time and place, namely the southern Russian steppe and forest-steppe territories, with a gradual shift to the east, followed by a transition from Central Asia to the Iranian plateau, and from the South Ural axis (Andronovo and Sintashta cultures) - BMAK, and with the subsequent transition to India. True, the Mitannian Aryans (3700-3300 years ago) in Syria also got their place, which turned out to be almost synchronous with the Hittites (3800-3200 years ago for the Hittite kingdoms) in Asia Minor. Moreover, the Mitannian Aryans are not only synchronous with the Hittites in time, but also partially overlap in territory.
With the Hittites, linguists and historians have another problem. If historians date the Hittites, as indicated above, 4200-3200 years ago, then linguists date their language at least 4500 years older, 8700 years ago. Of course, one can come up with explanations, for example, that the Hittites brought their ancient language to Asia Minor, or that this language, in fact, was not of the Hittites themselves, but of the autochthonous Hattians, or Hurrians, but such explanations in science are of little value. A more likely explanation of what was considered wrong is based on shaky and arbitrary assumptions and postulates. By the way, the name of the Hittites is unknown, and there is no evidence that they called themselves "Hittites", or "Hitites" ("Hittites"). They were known as "people in the land of the Hatti".
In many ways, the history of the Hittites was determined by the confrontation of the three kingdoms: the Hittite, Egyptian and Mitannian. According to the situation and military successes or failures, the borders between them shifted to the south or north, east or west and were never clearly defined. The most significant battle between the Hittites and the Egyptians took place in 1274 BC; it was the so-called Battle of Kadesh, in which from the side of Egypt there was an army led by Ramses II, from the side of the Hittites the army was led by King Muwatalli II and his brother and future king Hattusili II. Both sides declared victory, but it seems that luck was more on the side of the Hittites. The Egyptian army retreated to Damascus, while the Hittites advanced into Syrian territory.
Both the Hittites and the Mitannian Aryans could have the same origins, namely the Babin culture (the culture of multi-rolled ceramics, 4100-3900 years ago). This is evidenced both by the dates and by the fact that both the Hittites and the Mitannians are known for their chariots, which - with good reason - came out of the Babin culture. Finally, a number of historians refer to the Hittite, Mitannian, and Kassite invasions as "invasions of the Caucasian peoples," or "peoples of Caucasian origin" who spoke IE languages, or "Indo-Aryan dialects," who "formed a ruling aristocracy among the new settlers." It is clear that these could well have been migrants from the Babin culture, which occupied the territories from the right bank of the Dnieper to the Don and further to the Volga, and the passage through the Caucasus acquires a very real opportunity for them.
I predict that historians will treat this consideration of the Babin culture as the origins of the Hittite and Mitannian Aryans with skepticism, but we give them the right to explain and prove that this could not be, and even better - as it really was. It's interesting what they can do. And this, in fact, is easily verifiable: if both the Mitannian Aryans and the Hittites have the same haplogroup R1a-Z645-Z94 and the following subclades L657 and / or Z2123, then the hypothesis expressed above has every reason .
Judging by the biblical stories, many Hittites lived in Israel and Judea during the time of King David (3025-2965 years ago). The story is widely known, according to which King David sent a Hittite named Uriah (Uriah the Hittite) to the army to certain death in order to keep his wife Bathsheba (2 Kings 11:2-17). Judging by the description, the service of the Hittites in the army of David was commonplace.
JEWS HAPLOGROUP R1a
With the origin of haplogroups J1 and J2 among Jews and Arabs as a whole, it is clear: these are Anatolian, Caucasian, Middle Eastern haplogroups; and the ancestors of many, apparently, are the ancient Bedouins. Let's see where the haplogroup R1a came from. And there are many of them in the Middle East. Among the Arabs, the content of the haplogroup R1a reaches 9% in Oman, 7.4% in the United Arab Emirates, 6.9% in Iraq, 6.9% in Qatar, moreover, with subclades R1a-Z645-Z93-L657 and related, and common whose ancestor with the ethnic Russians of the R1a-Z645-Z280 subclade lived about 5000 years ago, at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.
Ten years ago, data were published in academic literature that among Ashkenazi Jews (descendants of immigrants from medieval Germany), about 10% have the R1a haplogroup. But the Jews have many different haplogroups, so 10% is a relatively large amount for one haplogroup. Moreover, it turned out that Haplogroup R1a is mostly Levites, descendants of Levi, whose roots lead directly to the biblical Jacob, Isaac and Abraham. At the end of 2013, a detailed article about the Levites was published and it was made public that of all the “different tribes” Ashkenazi, 15% have the R1a haplogroup (87 people out of 600 Ashkenazi tested), and among the Levites this percentage of those with the R1a haplogroup rises to 65%, that is two thirds of all. At first it was announced that the Slavs were to blame for this, who allegedly threw their Slavic haplogroup R1a into the Jewish environment, apparently through the Levite family, and then it multiplied there.
In general, among popgeneticists, the belief still reigns that the haplogroup R1a is the Slavs. They, popgeneticists, write like this: “These impurities could come from Ukrainians, Poles or Russians.” But the authors, talking about the haplogroup R1a among the Jews, did not bother to look at their haplotypes, which differ markedly from those of the Slavs of the haplogroup R1a.
There are 20 mutations between them, which shows that their common ancestor, Slavs and Jews, diverges by 2800 years. This, in turn, places their common ancestor at about 4,500 years ago. These are Aryans, of course, haplogroup R1a. Aryans, not Slavs 1225 years ago. Thus, the Slavs have nothing to do with it. The Aryans left the Russian Plain, one wave of them headed south, through the Caucasus to Mesopotamia, and there they came into close contact, literally, with the ancestors of modern Jews. At the same time, these were the Aryans of the Z2124 haplogroup or its following Z2122 or F1345, all three appeared about 4800 years ago. So haplogroup R1a entered the Jewish environment. At the end of the 1st millennium AD, the Jews of the haplogroup R1a passed the bottleneck of the population - simply speaking, they almost disappeared, and 1225 years ago their DNA line was revived. Almost all modern Jews of the haplogroup R1a are descendants of that surviving common ancestor 1225 years ago, who, by the will of fate, turned out to be a Levite.
Another interesting phenomenon is also observed: a whole collective of Jews of different haplogroups (G2a, J1, J2, Q, R2, R1a-YP268, R1a-Y2632, as well as subclades of the haplogroup T) gave rise to their genealogical lines in Europe, and at the same time the same time - about 1000-1200 years ago, that is, in the IX-XI centuries. It is difficult not to accept as a hypothesis the assumption that this was a small heterogeneous group of Jews who arrived in Europe at this time. Moreover, the group had to be very small, otherwise the times of common ancestors in each haplogroup would have been much older. Or the group was significant, but only one of the haplogroups survived, and about a thousand years ago. However, the latter scenario seems extremely unlikely. If it was Khazar exiles who arrived in Europe, then why were there so few of them? Technically, there should have been at least one representative from each haplogroup listed above. This seems even less likely. The riddle has not yet been solved, but its solution promises to be interesting.
TRANS-URAL MIGRATIONS OF THE ARIES
These migrations were partially discussed above, in the section on the Sintashta and Andronovo cultures, which then pass into the Karasuk (3700-2900 years ago) culture of Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, which then gives way to the Tagar (2800-2300 years ago) and Tashtyk (2200-1500 years ago). years ago). Fossil DNA of the Karasuk culture showed the haplogroup R1a-Z2124 (burial Arban-1 in the Minusinsk basin, undated, and R1a-Z645 (3340 years ago, burial Sabinka-2). In the Tagar culture, all DNA fossils showed haplogroup R1a with an archaeological dating of 2800- 1900 years ago Fossil haplogroup R1a-M417 was found in the Mezhovskaya culture (Kapova Cave).
Having gone beyond the Southern Urals, leaving behind a part of the Andronovo archaeological culture of northern Kazakhstan, the Srubnaya, Potapov, Sintashta cultures and related ones, the Aryans dispersed here into migration flows. Earlier, some of them headed south, eventually arriving in India, others began to move further east, and the speed of their advance was amazing - in several centuries they advanced several thousand kilometers, reaching the Khakass-Minusinsk basin. It was there that fossils of R1a were found dating back 3800-3400 years ago. These are slightly later than the Sintashta R1a culture, as they should be (those were Z645 dated 4030 years ago and M420 dated 4190 years ago). This is only a thousand years after the discovery of the fossil haplogroup R1a in Germany (4600 years ago). True, the find in Germany most likely refers to the subclade Z645-Z280, and in Abakan-Minusinsk to Z645-Z93, in which case they do not come from one another, but from common ancestors, whose subclade was Z645, but still the migration rate of carriers R1a to the east is impressive.
It turns out that around the time of the burials of the Aryans in the distant Trans-Urals, in the Altai, their other group was already arriving in India, as well as on the Iranian plateau.
AFANASIEVSKAYA CULTURE
The further advance of the carriers of the haplogroup R1a from the Urals to the south and east about 4000 years ago led to the next mysteries of modern science. It was said above that the haplogroup. R1a formed about 20 thousand years ago, apparently in southern Siberia, although there is no direct evidence of this in the form of fossil haplotypes. But if this is so, then as R1a carriers from Europe move there, mainly, as studies of fossil haplotypes, subclades Z645-Z93 show, they can mix with autochthonous (non-European in origin) R1a haplogroups, subclades of which we may not yet know. If the subclades turn out to be Z645-Z280, then these are subclades of European origin, they now dominate among the Slavs of the haplogroup R1a. It is quite possible that they also traveled in ancient times to the Trans-Urals, to the Altai and to Iran-India-Mesopotamia, they just have not yet been found there during archaeological excavations. But if in Altai, Mongolia and China there are subclades R1a (x Z645), that is, in a simplified form R1a (x Z93, Z280), then this is a direct signal that we have found autochthonous R1a. Especially if they turn out to be older than 4000 years ago.
Therefore, when studying the R1a haplogroup in those parts, one must constantly keep this in mind, namely: that R1a can have a completely different history there.
There is a mysterious Afanasiev culture in Altai. She is mysterious for various reasons.
Despite the fact that its first burial ground was explored back in 1920, until recently, reference books and textbooks did not indicate the age of this culture. Now it is usually dated to 3-2 thousand BC. Further, modern sources are completely confused as to the origin of this culture. Some historians write that it was founded by "migrants from Eastern Europe", namely "bearers of the ancient pit culture".
In fact, the bearers of the Pit Pit culture arrived in the European part of modern Russia precisely from Southern Siberia and cannot be called “migrants from Eastern Europe” in this context. Other historians write that "the heirs of the Afanasievites were the tribes of the Tagar culture", but this is in no way compatible with the Yamniks as the creators of the Afanasyev culture, since the Yamniks are the haplogroup R1b, and the Tagars are R1a. They write that the Afanasiev culture was replaced by the Karasuk one, but this is also incompatible with the Yamnaya culture as belonging to the haplogroup R1b and the Karasuk haplogroup R1a. They write that "the Afanasiev culture is associated with the Prototochars, whose descendants, the Tokhars, were forced out by the Scythians to the Chinese Xinjiang." This is not based on anything at all - so, “according to concepts”. Actually, the deaf word "associates" indicates this.
Let us leave aside the consideration of multi-way fantasies, but a little later we will show that only R1a fossils were found in Xinjiang, that is, again, pits have nothing to do with it. But the Pitmen (R1b) are now stubbornly held by the efforts of geneticists as the ancestors of R1a, which, of course, is absurd. More recently, work on the study of the fossil DNA genome not only announced that the Corded Ware culture (R1a) descended from the Yamnaya (R1b), but also that the Afanasiev culture also descended from the Yamnaya. In fact, DNA genealogy data show that the carriers of the R1b haplogroup moved for thousands of years in the opposite direction - from Southern Siberia to the west, creating the Yamnaya culture along the way. There was no reverse movement of the Erbins, carriers of the haplogroup R1b, to the east. They are not found either in India (there is practically no R1b there at all), or in the Urals, or in the Trans-Urals with datings later than in the Yamnaya culture, as it would have to be if the movement from the Yamnaya culture was to the east. The reason for such delusions of population geneticists has already been shown above - they have systemic problems and errors in the methodology of genomic analysis. The entire methodology is based on a comparative comparison of a diffuse field of hundreds of thousands and millions of nucleotides with and without mutations, which are subdivided into many fragments of different lengths. As a result, the textbook question: “Where will we make the waist?” - is given at the full mercy of the computer. And since the computer is not explained that the R1a haplogroup does not occur from the R1b haplogroup (just as one “parallel” haplogroup does not occur from another), population geneticists do not introduce such restrictions into the program, so the computer takes the most important snips for completely ordinary ones, dumping those and others together.
Fossil DNA of five samples of the Afanasiev culture was examined, but they were all female and gave the following mitochondrial DNA: U5a1a1 (twice), T2c1a2, and J2a2a (twice). The dates, respectively, are as follows: 5140, 4800 and 4750 years ago. As you can see, they are quite close to each other and, on the whole, approximately correspond to the given age of the Afanasiev culture, both 5200-4500 years ago, and (with a stretch) 3-2 thousand BC, accepted recently by historians.
Mitochondrial DNA is usually not very informative, except for a few special questions. The reason is quite simple - women usually come to the village to her husband, and not vice versa.
An important note: carriers of the R1a haplogroup who arrived from Europe (along their hereditary DNA lineage) can hardly be older than the Afanasiev mtDNA, that is, older than 4700-5100 years ago - such people did not reach the Urals, much less further, according to data that we have. This is at the limit of the arrival of R1a carriers from Europe to the Russian Plain. If in Altai, Mongolia or China there are fossil carriers of R1a (or estimated common ancestors) older than 4700 thousand years, then these should be autochthonous, and they are unlikely to have subclades R1a-Z93 or R1a-Z280.
Another important note: if mtDNA coincided in Siberia and, say, in Europe, then again there are many options for explaining such a coincidence. Firstly, the direction of the route could be in any direction - from Siberia to Europe or from Europe to Siberia. Or from some middle "point" in both directions. In which direction it was, it is necessary to understand additional factors. Secondly, this coincidence may not be directly, but through inheritance from common ancestors who could have lived millennia ago. For example, the “Baikal boy” had mtDNA U. From his female relatives, descendants could go both in Siberia and independently to Europe, so the coincidence of mtDNA in Siberia and Europe, in fact, means little (in relation to the direction of migration) , even if the mtDNA dating in Europe turns out to be older than in Siberia.
As a result, we do not yet know which haplogroups prevail in the Afanasiev culture, what subclades there are, and what dates of common ancestors. And the corresponding "genomic data" should simply be discarded as unsuitable.
TOKHARS
The map below shows a general view of the geography of the Tarim Basin and the Taklamakan Desert in which the "Tarim Mummies" were found, with an archaeological date of 4,000 years ago. All seven people tested initially showed haplogroup R1a, haplotypes were not determined (or they were not reported). More recent testing by Chinese researchers showed eleven R1a and one K haplogroup. According to preliminary data, DNA fossils did not show the Z93 subclade. Moreover, the Tarim haplotype of the R1a haplogroup showed such exotic mutations that its common ancestor with the R1a haplotypes of the Russian Plain lived at least 23 thousand years ago. Accidentally or not, but this is practically the dating of the formation of the haplogroup R1a (20-22 thousand years ago), determined both by mutations in haplotypes and by snips.
Tarim R1a carriers could have arrived from Europe 4000 years ago or earlier, but this needs to be proven, and in the absence of haplotypes it is almost hopeless.
Other studies suggest that the discovered people are anthropologically close to the carriers of the Afanasievskaya archaeological culture, which further displaces the discovered carriers of R1a into antiquity and makes their arrival from Europe 4000 years ago or earlier doubtful. But this is just an assumption, since Caucasians are far from being only Afanasievites. Thus, the alternative remains unresolved - either these are ancient, autochthonous R1a, Caucasoids by origin, although they have never been in Europe, like their ancestors, or these are the descendants of migrants who left Europe no later than 5-6 thousand years ago and crossed Eurasia much earlier than the "classical" arias of the haplogroup R1a-Z645-Z93.
Another problem with the Tarim mummies is their assignment to the Tocharians, that is, people who spoke the Tocharian languages (which are considered the most eastern Indo-European languages), and presumably lived 1700-1200 years ago, that is, already in our era. Tochar is placed in the Tarim Basin, they are credited with manuscripts discovered at the beginning of the 20th century, which date back to 6-8 centuries AD, and the language (now dead) is divided into two: “Tocharian A” (Eastern Tocharian) and “ Tocharian B" (Western Tocharian). It is assumed that the source of Tochar is the Afanasiev culture; it is assumed that the Tocharians came from Europe, when is unknown. In general, it is clear that all connections between people, languages, alleged sources and their dating are purely conditional. It is also unknown whether the Tarim mummies are Tocharians.
This is all reasoning "by concepts". All we know is that Tarim mummies dated to about 4,000 years ago had the haplogroup R1a, there are no publications about the subclade, but there is preliminary data disseminated by Chinese geneticists that they are not Z93, and that the haplotypes (in one example) are very unusual, and if identified correctly, then their common ancestor lived about 23 thousand years ago. This is all.
CULTURES OF THE SCYTHIAN CIRCLE
According to archaeological data, it is known that there were Mongoloids among the Scythians. But I must say that if those Mongoloids had haplogroups identified, then with a good probability they would also have haplogroup R1a. Not just one R1a, but definitely to a noticeable extent. How can this be? And here is a new round of information about the Altai Scythians, the descendants of the Aryans ..
The Pazyryk culture is an archaeological culture of the Iron Age (III-V centuries BC, although some omit the date to the 6th century BC), which is attributed to the "Eastern Scythian circle". The region is the Altai Mountains and adjacent territories of Altai, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The main occupation is nomadic cattle breeding. It is suggested that the Pazyryk culture is a derivative of the Afanasiev culture. Recently, haplotypes and haplogroups (male and female) of modern inhabitants of this region and mitochondrial haplogroups (female in fact, because men receive them from their mother, but do not pass them on - there are no mitochondria in spermatozoa) of fossil bone remains of the Pazyryk culture have been studied. It turned out that most of the male haplogroups in the region belong to the R1a haplogroup, and the largest number of them were in the Altai-Kizhi people. R1a also contained Tubalars, Chelkans, Kumandins. Haplogroup Q was in second place in terms of numbers, then C, then N, the rest were minor, single haplogroups, including Rib, which, as a rule, were random and could get there at any time.
However, the carriers of the haplogroup R1a in Altai had a characteristic feature. If on the Russian Plain and in Central Europe they have a predominantly mitochondrial haplogroup (mtDNA) H, like their wives, the so-called "European" or "Western" mtDNA, then in Altai, R1a has mainly eastern, "East Eurasian" , Asian mtDNA - A, C, D and G, they are in carriers of the haplogroup R1a up to half and two thirds, the rest are minor, single. They have almost no Caucasoid mtDNA. Carriers of mtDNA A, C, D and G are usually Mongoloid women and their sons and daughters, again Mongoloid. This is the clue why the Altai carriers of the haplogroup R1a, the descendants of the Aryan-Scythians, as a rule, are Mongoloid themselves. Anthropology is largely defined by women. In addition, among the Altai R1a, the same Mongoloid women, apparently, changed the language of the entire population to Turkic.
ARINV MIGRATIONS TO CHINA
Above, we mentioned the data on the similarity of ceramics of the Trypillian culture (7500-4650 years ago) and Chinese culture. Yangshao (8000-4000 years ago). These data suggest the relationship of these peoples in antiquity. Therefore, it was not a big surprise that a rather large series of haplotypes of the R1a haplogroup was identified in the modern population of the Chinese province of Henan, in the east of the central part of China. This region is very remote from India, from the northwestern Chinese Territory of Xinjiang, from the Siberian Altai, from the Southern Urals, and even more so from the steppe and forest-steppe belt of southern Ukraine and Russia, but the Henan haplotypes turned out to be very similar to the haplotypes of ethnic Russians of the haplogroup R1a.
94 million people now live in Henan province, and if we assume that a sample of 1100 haplotypes, in which 76 haplotypes turned out to be R1a (6.9% of all), reflects the composition of the population in Henan, and that half of the population is men, then only in This province alone is home to more than three million carriers of the haplogroup R1a. This province is considered the largest cradle of Chinese culture, the first settlements there date back 7 thousand years ago, the famous culture of Yangshao - 6000 years ago, but it is in this culture that the characteristic ceramics of the Trypillia culture were found. Since the Yangshao culture dates back 8000-4000 years ago, it is possible that the R1a carriers brought their ceramics (or the art of making it) there almost at the same time as they appeared in the Southern Urals, in the Sintashta archaeological culture.
Gypsies haplogroup R1a
Gypsies, or Roma, as they are called in the West (the name Gypsy has already become politically incorrect there) arrived in Europe from India a little earlier than a thousand years ago, and mainly as carriers of the H1 haplogroup. Some arrived later or had a hard time surviving, but some of the camps had a common male ancestor who lived only 500-600 years ago. It turned out that some camps have haplogroup R1a, in particular, in Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia.
KYRGYZ, PASHTUNS AND KAZAKH HAPLOGROUP R1a
In ancient times, Central and Western Asia were a crossroads of peoples, but the crossroads were asymmetrical in terms of migration flows. This can be seen from the examination of the haplotype trees of the peoples now inhabiting the historical Bactria, which was located in the adjacent territories of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (in their modern expression).
In the past, and even in relatively recent times, various tribes actively moved there - the Aryans in 3-2 thousand BC, the Scythians and their descendants in 1 thousand BC. - 1 thousand AD and many others under various names and origins. It is not surprising that the haplotype trees of the modern population of Bactria, reflecting those movements in a complex way, are heterogeneous. Some branches are ancient, others are much younger. At the same time, young branches, even with the same dating of common ancestors, belong to different subclades of the haplogroup R1a.
Among the Kyrgyz, only 12-marker haplotypes are now available, but for our purposes this is enough, just the error in dating is higher than in more extended haplotypes.
Among the Kyrgyz, in any case, among those who gave DNA for analysis, the carriers of the haplogroup R1a are the most represented - there are 32 of them out of 63, that is, 51%. In second place are carriers of haplogroup C3 - there are 14 people, or 22%. Haplogroup O carriers are five people, that is, approximately 8%. The rest are single representatives who may be random in the composition of the Kirghiz. These are haplogroups J2, N1, R1b, I. The main group R1a, of 27 people whose haplotypes form a dense branch in the upper part of the tree, has a common ancestor who lived 1300 years ago. This places the common ancestor of the Kirghiz R1a around the 7th century AD, give or take three centuries. These are, most likely, the Scythians of the haplogroup R1a and their not very distant descendants.
Interestingly, a series of haplotypes in the Kazakh project, all from the Babasan tribe in northern Kazakhstan, are designated as belonging to the R1a-R93-L657 subclade. This branch is 545 years old, the base haplotype of Aryan migration (10-3 thousand years ago).
So far, the most massive connection of R1a-L657 is observed between the countries of the Persian Gulf (and the Middle East in general) and India, and there again the question is open - either L657 (formed about 4800 years ago) the Aryans brought to Mesopotamia, and from there it got to India, or he came to India from the north (passing through Central Asia, affecting future Kazakhs). In the Southern Urals, in the Sintashta and Andronovo cultures, L657 has not yet been found, there is R1a-Z2123 “parallel” to it, which is again abundant in India.
In other words, if the path of R1a-Z2123 to India is quite clear - through the South Urals - Northern Kazakhstan, through the Andronovo-Sintashta culture 4000-3500 years ago, then with the path of R1a-L657 to India it is still unclear - whether it appeared there in the same way , together with Z2123, from the north, either from Mesopotamia, for example, by coastal shipping by sea. And the fact that L657 was found among the Kazakhs gives some reasons in favor of the northern route, and already from India - to the Middle East by sea.
TATARS, BASHKIRS, CHUVASH, CRIMEAN TATARS
This is a rather unusual combination of ethnic groups, but all of them in their part make up the Russian Federation of Peoples, and their haplogroups-kinds largely overlap, overlap, intersect in their ancient or relatively recent history.
Everyone remembers the saying: "Scratch a Russian - you will see a Tatar." However, the saying is wrong. Although the main haplogroup in Russians and Tatars is the same, R1a, in a relative amount of 48% to 25%, respectively, but these are mostly different DNA lines, or subclades. They do not come out of one another, they are from ancient common ancestors, millennia ago. So only those ancient ancestors will appear with a “scratch”, but they will appear symmetrically, both among Russians and Tatars.
If we move on to details, then Russians have two main DNA lines (Y-chromosomes) - Z280 and M458 (in a ratio of 78% to 22%), and the Tatars, Bashkirs and Karachay-Balkarians have the main line Z93. In other words, half of the Russians and a quarter of the Tatars are already of different origin, and no matter how you scrape, you won’t “see” anything there, except for many millennia ago. And the saying is clearly addressed to the “Tatar-Mongol invasion. The three DNA lines mentioned diverged approximately 5500 years ago (Z93 and two others), and 5000-4200 years ago (Z280 and M458). The Russians practically do not have the Tatar line Z93, just as there are no Mongolian haplogroups C and Q. Therefore, we have already figured out the “scratch”. There was an invasion - there is no doubt, but the DNA from the "Tatar-Mongols" to the Russians did not pass. In a more direct language, there was no colonization of Russians by Tatars, and the collection of tribute is not colonization and not a change in the gene pool of Russian principalities. But subsequent history has led to the fact that Slavic DNA lines that have come to the Tatars over the past centuries are now noticeable among the Tatars.
Subclades M458 came to them, characteristic of Western Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles. Subclades Z280 came, and they came not only to the Tatars, but also to the Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Erzya, Karelians, Nogais. The number of ethnically mixed families is growing, and there is nothing wrong with that.
In relation to other DNA lines, Tatars also differ significantly from Russians. For example, the South Slavic haplogroup I2a is 15% among Russians, and only 2% among Tatars. And haplogroup G, on the contrary, is much larger among Tatars - 9% versus 1% for Russians. The same haplogroups J2 - among the Tatars 11% (it is relatively large among all Islamic peoples, spread with the early Muslims throughout Eurasia), among the Russians - 3%. Haplogroups N in Tatars and Russians are almost equally divided (14-16%), but there are also different origins. Among the Tatars - "Bulgar", Middle Ugric, among the Russians mainly South Baltic, or other subclades among the peoples of the Russian North.
The Bashkirs have their own set of haplogroups. Haplogroups R1a - 26%, like the Tatars, and the subclade is also mainly Z93 - not like the Russians. Moreover, the Bashkirs have the highest content of the haplogroup R1b - 48%; Tatars - 9%, Russians - 3-6%. Moreover, the Bashkirs also have the haplogroup R1b from two different sources: (1) the ancient subclade R1b-L23, which is found in ancient burials dating back 4800-5300 years ago, and (2) relatively recent, which arrived from Europe already, apparently, in the Middle Ages - with military specialists in the service of the king and with breeders and other artisans from the West.
The Chuvash again have a low content (4.5%) of the South Slavic haplogroup I2a, for obvious (geographical) reasons, 30% of the haplogroup R1a, little R1b (3%), there is no haplogroup G, which the Tatars have quite a lot (9%), more than all of the above haplogroups J2 (13%), as well as haplogroups N (28%).
The Karachay-Balkars have almost equal haplogroups R1a and G2a, 32% and 29%, respectively. The R1a haplogroup almost exclusively has the Z93 subclade, which is almost absent among the Russians (and the Slavs in general), the rest is a set of different haplogroups, with some advantage of J2 (13%) and R1b (16%, among the Balkars).
The Crimean Tatars are dominated by haplogroup R1a, subclade Z93, all other haplogroups are minor in number, these include C, E, G, I1, I2a, J1, J2, L.
So no special assimilation of some peoples of the Russian Federation by others is observed, everyone has different sets of haplogroups.
In general, the results of the analysis of haplotypes and subclades presented here show that Aryan (according to the time of formation of common ancestors, that is, 4500-3500 years ago) DNA lines are observed in Tajiks and Uzbeks, as well as in fossil DNA of Andronovo, Potapov, Sintashta, Karasuk, Tatar culture. Modern haplotypes of the Bashkirs, Tatars, Karachays, Kazakhs, Kirghiz and other peoples of the Ciscaucasia, the Volga region, the Urals and Trans-Urals up to the Altai are mainly descended from the Scythian common ancestors of the haplogroup R1a-Z93 and lower subclades. Karachai-Balkarians of the haplogroup R1a-Z93, apparently, come from the Scythian tribe of Alans. The fact that the Karachays are Turkic-speaking, and modern linguistics considers the Scythians as exclusively Iranian-speaking, should not be embarrassing. Modern linguistics is wrong in this part - that's all. This happens. The Scythians were definitely both Iranian-speaking and Turkic-speaking. The Scythians are generally a collective concept, therefore, to consider them as a homogeneous entity, including in linguistic terms, as modern linguistics considers them, is to make a mistake.
Do the Slavs descend from the Scythians? It is not yet possible to give an unambiguous answer to this question, since the question itself is posed incorrectly - the Slavs are heterogeneous. Modern Slavs belong to three main clans: R1a, I2a and N1c1 plus a set of minor clans. This is if we use the commonly used definition of the Slavs as peoples who speak the languages of the Slavic group. This linguistic definition is not the only one, other definitions are possible based on lifestyle, historical considerations, DNA genealogy, and so on.
In Altai, in the regions of the former "Scythian circle", modern men mostly have the haplogroup R1a-Z93, and mtDNA - classic East Asian (or Central Asian, or East Eurasian) A, C, D and G. The same was observed with study of fossil DNA of the Pazyryk culture in Altai: more than half of the fossil bone remains of the Pazyryk culture had "East Eurasian" mtDNA - A, C, D and G. - they studied the Aryan haplogroup R1a-Z93, and on the female - Mongoloid appearance.
So it remains to wait for new and preferably mass studies of fossil DNA of the Scythians.
VENETI AND VENEDI
A group of Z280 carriers from the Fatyanovo culture, whose descendants later became known, in particular, as Veneds / Venets, moved south, to the Balkans, to the territory of present-day Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia, from there they went to Lydia in Asia Minor and, apparently, ended up in among the defenders of Troy in the same region. When Troy fell, about 3275 years ago (1260 BC), they were captured and sent under Antenor to Illyria, the most remote part of the Adriatic Sea, between the sea and the Alps. These captured Trojans were called Aenetes, or Venets. Even if these are the descendants of the Venets, then looking for Venets in Italy with such statistics, or rather, with its absence, is a rather hopeless business. But as an auxiliary option, you can look at the R1a haplotypes in Serbia, since there is a lot of evidence, more precisely, considerations among Serbian historians, about the fighting of the ancient Serbs in Asia Minor in the period BC and their participation in the defense of Troy. In this regard, it seems quite reasonable that the ancestors of the Etruscans arrived in the Apennines also from Asia Minor, according to Herodotus and other historians of antiquity. But we do not yet have Y-chromosome haplogroups and Etruscan haplotypes, so we will leave this topic for now.
In general, the issue of the origin of the Venets and Veneds was considered in some detail in the journal Historical Format in 2015. The general picture of R1a migrations along the Russian Plain began to gradually emerge after the departure of the southern branch of the Aryans (R1a-Z93 and descending branches), when mainly carriers of the branch of the ancient Rus, R1a-Z280, remained on the Russian Plain.
Judging by the territorial locations of modern carriers of the haplogroup R1a, as well as the fossil DNA of the haplogroup R1a, the carriers of this haplogroup in 3-1 thousand BC. moved across Eastern Europe in different directions and wedged into Central and Western Europe up to the Atlantic. Many of those movements are known to historians, they were called Scythians, Sarmatians, Cymry, Gauls, Celts, Vandals, barbarians and many other names, many had an "animal style" of clothing and military equipment.
Of course, subclades do not necessarily and unconditionally characterize each of one archaeological culture; polyethnic cultures are also considered in historical science, or, in any case, they are interpreted in this way. But since each subclade, by definition, comes from one common ancestor, the patriarch, and cultures in ancient times united kindred clans with a good probability, the hypothesis that subclades and haplogroups (sets of related subclades) can in many cases correspond to archaeological cultures is not without meaning. . It is useless to discuss this matter, it can only be verified in practice by correlating cultures and subclade haplogroups.
UKRAINE
Recently, with the growth of the information war, one often reads and hears that population genetics allegedly showed that Ukrainians are “genetically” far from ethnic Russians, just like Belarusians, who are allegedly also far away. This is a lie, usually deliberate, for propaganda purposes. But it is based, indeed, on the irresponsible statements of Russian population geneticists. Indeed, maps of Ukraine's "genetic isolation" from Russia, made and published in the laboratory of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, headed by E. Balanovskaya, have become desktop for Ukrainian nationalists.
In fact, all indicators intersect with each other in all three populations, since they vary by region within each of these ethnic groups. For example, the content of haplogroup R1a in four regions of Belarus is 47.6%, 52.8%, 52.4% and 49.7%, haplogroup I2a - 17.2%, 7.9%, 16.5%, 23, 2%, haplogroups N1c1-7.4%, 14.6%, 11.7%, 7.8%. Therefore, both Russia, and Belarus, and Ukraine are, in terms of the composition of haplogroups and therefore, in terms of origin, in fact the same populations.
Haplogroup R1a1, may have been one of the haplogroups among the northern and eastern proto-Indo-European peoples that evolved into the Indo-Iranian, Thracian and possibly Balto-Slavic branches. The Indo-Europeans spread into the Yamnaya culture (3500 BC). Their expansion is associated with the rapid spread of bronze weapons, the domestication of horses in the Eurasian steppes, and the invention of the chariot. In the southern steppe culture, it is believed that there were predominantly R1b1 lines, and in the northern forest-steppe culture was significantly dominant haplogroup R1a1. The first spread of humans from the forest-steppe occurred with the Corded Ware culture (see the Germanic branch below). Migration of R1b carriers in Central and Western Europe contributed to the spread of carriers haplogroup R1a1 in the southern steppe during the Catacomb culture (2800 BC). The origin of this culture is clearly related to the Corded Ware culture and the heavy use of battle axes, two of the most characteristic features of the Corded Ware culture. This process may also have started with the satemization of the Indo-European languages.
Ancient DNA testing confirmed the presence haplogroup R1a1 in the remains from the Corded Ware Culture in Germany (2600 BC), among the Tokhars (2000 BC) in northwestern China, from the burials of the Kurgan culture (about 1600 BC) from the Andronovo cultures in southern Russia and southern Siberia, as well as from various Iron Age cultures in Russia, Siberia, Mongolia and Central Asia.
Geographic distribution of R1a1
Distribution of haplogroup R1a1 in EuropeCurrently, high frequencies of R1a1 are found in the European part Russia(from 45 to 65% of the population), Poland (55%), Belarus (49%), Ukraine (43-54%), Slovakia (42%), Latvia (40%), Lithuania (38%), Czech Republic (34 %), Hungary (32%), Croatia (29%), Norway (27%), Austria (26%), northeast Germany (23%) and Sweden (19%).
Subclades of haplogroup R1a1
The vast majority of carriers haplogroup R1a1 belong to the lineage R1a1a1 (R1a-M417), which is divided as follows:1) R1a-L664 is a northwest European haplogroup; found only in West Germany, the Netherlands and the British Isles.
2) R1a-Z645 constitutes the root haplogroup for subclades Z283 and Z93; distributed from Central Europe to the Urals, Siberia and South Asia.
3) R1a-Z283 is the main haplogroup in Central, Northern and Eastern Europe.
4) R1a-Z284 is a Scandinavian haplogroup with an epicenter in Norway. It is also found in places colonized by the Norwegian Vikings, also in parts of Scotland, England and Ireland, probably before the expansion of the Vikings. Also, several additional subclades have been identified as a result of research, including L448, L176.1, Z287/Z288, Z66 but little is known about them at the moment.
5) R1a-M458, primarily a Slavic haplogroup with a maximum frequency in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, but also quite common in Southeast Ukraine and Northwest Russia. The R1a1-L260 subclade is apparently West Slavic, with maximum frequency in southern Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, but occurs at lower frequencies in East Germany, East Austria, Slovenia, Russia, and Hungary.
6) R1a-Z280 is primarily a Balto-Slavic marker found throughout Central and Eastern Europe (with the exception of the Balkans), on the western border from southwest Germany and northeast Italy. At the same time, it reaches its maximum frequency in Eastern Europe in the western part of central and southern Russia. It can be divided into many subclade clusters: East Slavic, Baltic, Pomeranian, Polish, Carpathian, East Alpine, Czechoslovak, and so on. Its subclade R1a-L365 is the Pomeranian cluster.
7) R1a-Z93 (aka Z94 and Z95) is one of the most common Asian haplogroups under the marker R1a. Typical for Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia, South Asia and Southwest Asia (including among Ashkenazi Jews). R1a-Z93 may be a marker of historical peoples such as Indo-Aryans, Persians, Medes, Mitanni, Turks and Tatars, and penetrate right up to the gene pool of Arabs and Jews. Its subclade R1a-M434 makes up a small percentage of Pakistan's population. Traces have also been found in Oman.
8) R1a-L657 presumably originated as one of the markers of the Aryan migrations. today it is most typical of India, where the Indo-Aryans and some Arab countries migrated (perhaps these are the descendants of the Mitannian Aryans). Although it is also found in Kazakhstan among the Turkic-speaking population.
9) R1a-Z2123 is probably associated with the migrations of the Turks, since it is this genetic marker that was found in high frequency among the Turkic-speaking peoples - the Bashkirs, Karachays and Balkars. In addition to the Turks, this marker is found in South Asia.
10) R1a-CTS6 is a Hebrew subclade, because it is this snip that is typical for Levites and Ashkenazi Jews.
Many Western and Northern European R1a1 who have a Z284 negative marker fall under the root R1a1a1* (M417), or even in the old R1a1a (M17) and R1a1(SRY10831.2), which are descended from the oldest known R1a from the forest-steppe, Corded Ware culture (see below), which predates either all of the above haplogroups or R1a1-Z283.
However, a significant proportion of R1a was found in NW Europe, especially in Norway, England, Ireland and Iceland with a value of 10 (instead of 12) on the STR marker DYS388. Among them, some individuals have been identified as carrying the L664 mutation. The origin of the older subclades (M17 and SRY10831.2) is still unclear (possibly Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of early Europe).
History of haplogroup R1a1
Germanic subclades
The first spread of R1a1 to the west took place with the spread of the Corded Ware (or battle-axe) culture (3200-1800 BC) that is probably from the birthplace of the Yamnaya culture. It was one of the first waves R1a1-Z284 and R1a-L664 in Europe, which is responsible for the presence of this haplogroup in Scandinavia, Germany, Great Britain. Subsequent waves of R1a-M458 migrations in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland were brought by Slavic or Balto-Slavic tribes. The high prevalence of R1a1 in the Balto-Slavic countries at present is not only due to the expansion of Corded Ware, but also to a long series of later migrations from Russia, the last of which took place from the 5th to the 1st century AD.The Germanic branches of the Indo-European languages probably originated from a fusion of the R1a1 Corded Ware culture (Proto-Balto-Slavic), and the later arrival of the Italo-Celto-Germanic R1b from Central Europe. This is supported by the fact that the Germanic people is composed of both R1a1 and R1b1 lineages, and the two haplogroups came along separate routes at different times, as well as the linguistics of the Proto-Germanic languages, which bears similarities to Italo-Celtic and Slavic languages. The R1a1 Corded Ware mixed with the European I1 Aboriginals and created the northern cultures of the Bronze Age (1800-500 BC). R1b presumably reached Scandinavia later on by migrations north from the modern Hallstatt culture (1200-500 BC). The first genuine Germanic language is estimated by linguists to have originated around (or after) 500 BC. This confirms that it became a mixture of the Hallstatt culture of the proto-Celts and the Proto-Slavic Corded Ware culture. The uniqueness of some of the Germanic words is based on borrowings from other linguistic branches of the Indo-European languages. The Celtic language is known to have many loanwords from Afroasian languages, from Middle Eastern migrants in Central Europe. The fact that modern Scandinavia is about 40% I1, 20% R1a and 40% R1b supports the idea that Germanic ethnicity and language acquired a tri-hybrid character during the Iron Age.
Baltic subclades of haplogroup R1a1
The Baltic branches are thought to have descended from the Fatyanovo culture (3200-2300 BC), a northeastern extension of the Corded Ware culture. In the early Bronze Age, R1a1 from the northern steppes and forest-steppes are found with the nomadic Ural population (N1c1 lines) in this area. This confirms the strong positions of both R1a1 and N1c1 haplogroups from southern Finland in Lithuania and the adjacent part of Russia.Slavic branches of the haplogroup R1a1
The origin of the Proto-Slavs goes back to about the 6th century AD. The Slavic branches are differentiated when the Corded Ware culture itself (see Germanic branches above) is absorbed by the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture (5200-2600 BC) from western Ukraine and northeastern Romania, which seems to have been composed mainly of I2a2 lineages descending directly from Paleolithic Europeans, with a small admixture of Middle Eastern immigrants (particularly E-V13 and T). Thus, hybrid cultures of spherical amphoras (3400-2800 BC) appeared on the territory of present-day Ukraine, Belarus and Poland. Undoubtedly, it is during this period that I2a2, E-V13 and T become widespread (along with R1a1) around Poland, Belarus and the western part of Russia, and also explains why the eastern and northern Slavs (and Lithuanians) have a significant frequency of the I2a2 haplogroup with a small number of E and T. After a few centuries, this hybridized culture disappeared into the dominant Corded Ware culture.The Corded Ware culture was accompanied by the Terzhinets culture (1700-1200 BC), Lusatian (1300-500 BC), Chernolesskaya (1025-700 BC) and Milogradskaya (600 BC- 100 AD) by cultures in the northeast of the Slavs. The last important Slavic migration is believed to have occurred in the 6th century AD, from Ukraine to Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, filling the vacuum left by the East Germanic tribes who invaded the Roman Empire.
Historically, no other part of Europe has been invaded more times than by the steppe Balkans. Chronologically, the first R1a1 invaders came west with the expansion of the Corded Ware culture (from around 3200 BC), the second with the Mycenaean invasion (1600 BC), followed by the Thracians (1500 BC), the Illyrians ( around 1200 BC), Huns and Alans (400 AD), Avars, Bulgarians and Serbs (all around 600 AD), and Magyars N1c1 (900 AD). These peoples originated from different Eurasian steppes, anywhere between Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which explains why such a high diversity of STR is found within the Balkan R1a1 at present. It is not yet possible to determine the ethnic origin for each branch haplogroup R1a1, besides that R1a1 are associated with the steppes of Eastern Europe.
Indo-Iranian subclades of haplogroup R1a1
Proto-Indo-Iranian was spoken by a people who then called themselves "Aryans" in the Rig Veda and Avesta. The emergence refers to the Sintashta culture (2100-1750 BC), in the Tobolsk and Ishim valleys, east of the Ural Mountains, founded by the pastoral tribes of the Abashevo culture (2500-1900 BC), starting from the upper Don, Volga to the Urals, and the Poltavka culture (2700-2100 BC), which extends from the Lower Don, the Volga to the Caspian lowland. The Sintashta-Petrovskaya culture was the first stage of the arrival of the Indo-Europeans in the Bronze Age west of the Urals, opening the way to the vast plains and desert of Central Asia, rich in metals in the Altai mountains. The Aryans quickly spread throughout Central Asia, from the shores of the Caspian Sea to southern Siberia and the Tien Shan, through trade, seasonal herd migrations, robberies and raids.The harnessing of horses and the use of chariots in military affairs were probably invented by the Sintashta people around 2100 BC. and quickly spread in the mountainous region of Bactria, Margiana (the modern border of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan). Copper mines were heavily used in the Urals, and the Proto-Indo-Iranians from the Sintashta-Petrovka culture exported copper in huge quantities to the Middle East. Probably, they also used the natural resources of the Zeravshan valley, equipping copper-mining colonies around 1900 BC, they also mined tin. Tin was a particularly valuable resource during the late Bronze Age, as weapons made from an alloy of copper and tin are stronger than the more primitive ones made from arsenic and bronze. In the 1700s BC, the Indo-Iranians expanded their borders to the downstream in the Amu Darya valley and began to irrigate the agricultural communities. By 1600 BC, the old fortified cities of Margiana and Bactria were abandoned, flooding the northern steppes. The group of cultures of Central Asia was subject to the Indo-Iranian influence known as the Andronovo horizon, and this process continued until 800 BC. e.
Indo-Iranian migrations moved further south through the Hindu Kush. By 1700 BC, pastoral horse riding had penetrated Balochistan (southwest Pakistan). The Indus Valley was ceded around 1500 BC, and the northern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent were overrun already around 500 BC. Westward migrations spread Sanskrit and war chariots to Assyria, where they became popular with the rulers of Mitanni around 1500 BC. The Mussels, Parthians and Persians, all Iranian speakers from the Andronovo culture, moved to the Iranian plateau around 800 BC. Those who remained in Central Asia remained in history as the Scythians, and the descendants of the Yamnaya Culture who remained in the Pontic-Caspian steppe became known as the Sarmatians among the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Indo-Iranian migrations resulted in a high frequency haplogroup R1a in the south of Central Asia, in Iran and India. highest frequency haplogroup R1a1(about 65%) is achieved in the region around Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and part of Afghanistan. In India and Pakistan, R1a1 ranges from 16 to 50% of the population, depending on region, ethnic group, and caste. R1a tends to be more common in the northwest of the subcontinent, and weaker in the Dravidian communities in the south (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh) from Bengal to the east. About 50% of the Brahmins (the highest caste in Hinduism) belong to haplogroup R1a1-L657 due to the founder effect.
Maternal lines in South Asia, however, are overwhelmingly non-Indo-European. For example, in India, more than 75% of the "native" mtDNA M and R lines and 10% are from East Asia. In the remaining 15% of cases, about half are from the Middle East. And only about 7 or 8% can be conditionally "European" (from the Pontic-Caspian steppes) in origin, mainly in the form of the U2 and W haplogroups (although the origin of U2 is still in question). European mtDNA lineages are much more common in Central Asia, and even in Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. This suggests that the Indo-European invasions of India were carried out mainly by men through war, and the first large settlement of women where conditionally European mito-haplogroups are common is northern Pakistan, Western India (Punjab in Gujarat) and northern India (Uttar- Pradesh), where haplogroups U2 and W are the most common.
Tarim mummies and haplogroup R1a1
In 1934, the Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman discovered about 200 mummies of blond and Caucasian mummies in the Tarim Basin in northwestern China (the area known as Xinjiang, East Turkistan, or Uighuria). The oldest of the mummies date back to 2000 BC. and 7 men were tested by scientists in 2010 and were positive for SNP mutations characteristic of haplogroup R1a1. The modern inhabitants of the Tarim Basin are Uyghurs, they belong to the haplogroup R1b-M73 (about 20%) and haplogroup R1a1(about 30%).The first theories about the origin of the Tarim mummies say that this group of early riders from the Repin culture (3700-3300 BC) migrated from the Don Volga region to the Altai mountains, founding the Afanasevo culture (c. 3600-2400 BC) from where they moved south to the Tarim Basin. Another possibility is that Tarim mummies descend from a proto-Indo-Iranian people (see above) who expanded their borders throughout Central Asia around 2000 BC from the Sintashta-Petrovka culture. Separate groups crossed the Tien Shan and eventually ended up in the Tarim Basin. This theory has the advantage of dating Tarim mummies. In any case, most of the mummies were checked, including for mtDNA, and it was found that they mainly belonged to the Mongoloid haplogroup C4, and only a few of them were European and Middle Eastern haplogroups (H, K and R).
There is some controversy regarding a possible connection between the Tarim Mummies and the Tocharian language, a branch of the Centum language of the Indo-European family, which were spoken in the Tarim Basin from the 3rd to the 9th century AD. It is easy to assume that the Tarim mummies were from Proto-Tocharian migrations due to their respective location and connections to Indo-European languages. However, Tarim mummies predate Tocharian by more than two millennia, and Tocharian is a Centum language that cannot be a Satem descendant of the Proto-Indo-Iranian branch. Other branches of Centum are associated with the R1b haplogroup, and Tocharian is the only Eastern Centum language, it is possible that Tocharian is related to the Central Asian migrations and subclade R1b1-M73, as well as to the ancestors of modern Uyghurs who inhabited the Tarim Basin.
Turkic migrations and haplogroup R1a1
The modern inhabitants of Central Asia, from Xinjiang to Turkey and from the Volga to the Hindu Kush, speak overwhelmingly Turkic languages. This may be surprising, since it corresponds to the area where the Indo-Iranian branches of the Indo-European migrations were widespread, in the Bronze Age - the Andronovo culture, in the Iron Age - the Scythians. So why do Indo-European languages in the East survive only in Slavic Russia, and in southern Central Asia, in countries like Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and parts of Turkmenistan? Why do the Uighurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, as well as the modern steppe peoples of the Pontic-Caspian region (Crimean Tatars, Nogais, Bashkirs and Chuvashs) speak a language other than Indo-European? Genetically, these people carry many R1a1, and to a lesser extent, R1b lines. This is because the Turkic languages replaced the Iranian languages in Central Asia between the 4th and 11th centuries AD, assimilating the local population. At the same time, part of the lines R1a1-Z93 could be of Altai origin and participate in the assimilation of the Central Asian Indo-European tribes along with various lines of haplogroups Q1a, C3, N1c, N1b, O3, etc.Proto-Turkic languages originated in Mongolia and southern Siberia and spread with the nomadic tribes of the Huns. They belong to the Altaic language family, they are Mongolian and Manchu (some of them also include Korean and Japanese, although they have very few words from a common vocabulary). It is not yet known when the proto-Turkic first appeared, but their spread began with the Hunnic migrations westward across the Eurasian steppes, and across Europe, but stopped at the borders of the Roman Empire.
The Huns were the descendants of the Xiongnu. Ancient DNA tests have shown that the Xiongnu were already a hybrid people 2,000 years ago, with mixed European and Northeast Asian Y-DNA and mtDNA lineages. Modern inhabitants of this region have approximately 90% Mongolian lineages versus 10% European ones. The oldest presence of European mtDNA in Mongolia and Baikal dates back to more than 6,000 years ago.
It appears that Turkic quickly replaced Scythian and other Iranian dialects throughout Central Asia. Other migratory waves brought more Turkic to Eastern and Central Europe, as did the Khazars, Avars, Bulgarians and Turks (=> see 5000 years of migrations from the Eurasian steppes to Europe). All of them were actually Central Asian nomads who were assimilated and adopted the Turkic language and culture, as well as some genes from Mongolia. The Turkic invasions therefore made a significant contribution to the spread of the hitherto Indo-European lineages (especially R1a1) in East Asia.
The Turkic languages did not survive in Europe outside the Pontic-Caspian steppe. The Bulgarian language, despite being named after a Turkic tribe, is actually a Slavic language with a mild Turkic influence. Hungarian, sometimes mistaken for the heir of the Hunnic because of the name, is actually a Uralic group of languages (Magyar). Dozens of Turkic languages in the modern world have a high degree of mutual intelligibility due to their relatively recent common origin and nomadic nature (until recently). The two main branches can be seen as two languages, as distant as Spanish and Italian from languages from other IE groups.
Greek subclades of haplogroup R1a
Little is known about the arrival of Proto-Greek from the steppe. The Mycenaean culture began around 1650 BC. and, undoubtedly, is a steppe culture. The close relationship between Mycenaean and Proto-Indo-Iranian suggests that they separated quite late, between 2500 and 2000 BC. Archaeologically, Mycenaean chariots, spearheads, daggers and other bronze objects show a striking resemblance to the Seismo-Turbin culture (c. 1900-1600 BC) in the northern Russian forest-steppe, known for the great mobility of its nomadic warriors (originally located in Mongolia) . It is therefore likely that the Mycenaeans descended from Russia to Greece between 1900 and 1650 BC, where they mixed with the local population to create a new and unique image of Greek culture.Notable representatives in Western Europe
In 2003, Oxford University scientists tested Y chromosomes from the descendants of Somerled Argyll (1100-1164), a Gaelic military and political leader in the Scottish Isles. Somerlad of Scotland became King of Mann and the Isles. He was the founder of the Somharle clan, the founder father of the MacDougal clan, and the paternal grandfather of the Donald clan (including McDonald's and McAllisters). The researcher reported that verified descendants from these clans with confirmed paper genealogy belong to the Norse subclades. haplogroup R1a1. In 2005, geneticist Brian Sykes asked for DNA samples from clan chiefs (Lord Godfrey Macdonald, Sir Ian Macdonald of Sleat, Clan Ranald's Ranald Macdonald, William McAlester of Lou, and Ranald MacDonnell of Glengary) to complete the project, all matching Somerled's putative haplotype. However, not all MacDonalds, Macalisters and MacDouglases belong to haplogroup R1a1-Z284. The majority (about 70%) are members of the haplogroup R1b.The DNA project was able to identify the haplogroup of Sir Francis Drake, a famous English navigator and privateer from the Elizabethan era. Two of his known offspring were tested in two different companies and both lines were virtually identical in STR markers, which confirmed their latest common ancestry. Other Drakes also share the same haplotype. All of them belong to the typical European North-Western haplogroup R1a1-L664 with DYS388 = 10.
