Where Shamil died. Why Imam Shamil surrendered to Russian troops

Those who condemn, blame, dislike Imam Shamil should repent as soon as possible

There is a hadith that says that only worthy people can appreciate worthy people. There is also a saying that when pious people are mentioned, the grace of the Most High is sent down. Therefore, with the hope for the mercy of Allah, a few words about Imam Shamil.

Unfortunately, dear brothers, among us there are people who condemn, reprove Imam Shamil, express disapproving words about him. For example, some say that the imam and his murids fought for worldly wealth. Others say that the imam fought for glory and power, and still others that the imam was a cruel man who did not know mercy. There is another category of people who claim that the imam surrendered and was taken prisoner, and that it was his mistake, supposedly, he had to fight to the end.

Today there are people, although there is nothing human left in them, who, under the slogan of jihad, sow confusion and discord, and without any shame put their madness on a par with the holy deed of Imam Shamil. Here, dear brothers, there is nothing to be surprised at, because even at that time the so-called “Muslims” fought against the imam on the side of the tsarist army, there were several thousand of them. People who speak disapprovingly of the Imam may suffer an evil fate. Why? Because the Almighty in Hadith al-Qudsi says: "Whoever has hostile feelings towards My beloved, I truly declare war on him." Those people who condemn, blame, dislike Imam Shamil, need to repent as soon as possible before they are overtaken by the punishment of Allah.

Sixth Righteous Caliph

Indeed, Imam Shamil was a favorite of Allah (awliya) of a very high level, a spiritual mentor. He was a phenomenon that the Almighty endowed with a clear mind. He was a very wise politician, a great commander, and Allah chose him to save Dagestan from unbelief. After the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and companions, one can say that Imam Shamil was the most just imam. For example, Shuayb-afandi al-Bagini in the book “Tabaqat” writes: “After the gazavat of Imam Shamil ended, Sharia became an orphan.” The great Ulama called Imam Shamil the sixth righteous caliph. Shuayb-afandi writes that after Umar ibn Abdul-Aziz there was no such imamate in history where the Sharia rules would be so perfectly observed, as in the imamate of Imam Shamil. Alims say that Imam Shamil's ghazawats were similar to the ghazawats of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). We know that Imam Shamil, like the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), had to make a hijra (migration).

Shamil was a true Nakshbandi ustaz. In "Tabaqat" al-Bagini writes that in addition to the ustazes of Muhammad Yaragi and Jamalutdin Kumukhi, Ismail Kurdumerdi also gave permission for tutoring (ijaza) to the imam.

Sometimes you hear the statement that Imam Shamil was not a sheikh of the tariqat. In fact, in those days, the alleys of the village of Gimry were crowded with murids, who came to ustazes Gazimuhammad and Shamil. This is a confirmed historical fact. They were on the true path, and this confirms the fact that the imam was supported from all over the world. In the mosques of Arabia, Asia, Turkey, they asked the Almighty to help the imam. The great scholars of Mecca sent letters to him, confirming in them the truth of the path of the Imam, and warning those who would go against him from the danger of falling into error.

Imam's Karamats

The Almighty endowed Imam Shamil with many features, karamat. For example, the one who opposed the imam, the Almighty already punished in this world, without waiting for Ahirat. The same decision is valid to this day, since after the death of the imam it was not annulled. Why? Because the Almighty is eternally alive and punishes people who dislike Imam Shamil even today.

Imam Shamil, when looking at a person, could determine which category he belongs to: the category of believers or non-believers. Why? Because Allah has endowed him with such an opportunity. Based on this, he treated everyone accordingly.

Here is another manifestation of the karamat of Imam Shamil and Gazimuhammad: when representatives of the tsarist troops demanded that they be given the highlanders as an amanat (trust), Gazimuhammad said that they should give people away, and Imam Shamil was against it, and a small quarrel arose between them. People who did not like Imam Shamil approached Gazimuhammad and said: “How long will we tolerate the arrogance of this Shamil, come on, we will kill him.” To this, Gazimuhammad replied: “We will kill, but who will deliver his body to Medina?” Gazimuhammad knew that his body was made of Yathrib (Medina) clay. Each of us is created from the soil in which he will be buried.

Love for the sciences

The imam paid the greatest attention to knowledge, and although he fought for 25 years, it cannot be assumed that the imam did not think about anything other than battles. He paid much attention to muta'alim (students). From the public treasury (bay-ul-mal), he allocated large funds for the dissemination of knowledge (ilmu). In each settlement, the imam created a madrasah. Imam Shamil freed gifted people from ghazavat and sent them to study science. In those days, the literacy rate of the highlanders increased tenfold compared to what it was before the gazavat. It can be said that among the highlanders there are few left who could not read and write. A Russian scientist, General Uslar writes: “If we compare the population and the number of madrasahs in Dagestan at that time, the level of literacy of the Dagestanis far exceeded the level of literacy of Europeans.”

Did the imam pursue the goal of destroying the unbelievers?

Imam Shamil, like the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), did not have a goal to destroy the unbelievers. Because in the Sharia there is such a rule, which Ramadan Buti writes about in the book Al-Jihad Fil-Islami, that truly jihad with weapons is carried out in order to eliminate enmity, and not to destroy unbelief. The proof is the fact that Imam Shamil, like the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), said to his murids in front of the ghazawat: “Do not kill the elderly, women and children, do not cut down trees, do not burn fields, if you make peace even with kafirs, do not break it." From this it is clear that the purpose of the imam and his murids was not the destruction of the unbelievers. The imam treated his captives with respect. He respected them, did not force them to accept Islam. It is written that Imam Shamil allowed the captives to freely profess their religion - Christianity. It is also reported that many unbelievers, having heard about the justice of Imam Shamil, went over to his side, including two priests. The tsarist generals were afraid of this. They were afraid that, having heard about justice, the majority would go over to the side of the imam.

Great commander

The Europeans followed the war in the Caucasus and wondered how tsarist Russia, such a strong power that defeated Napoleon himself, could not cope with such a small number of highlanders. They knew that the Russian Tsar had deployed twice as many troops against Imam Shamil than against Napoleon himself. Giving an assessment to Imam Shamil, the well-known Turkish historian Albay Yashar writes: "There has never been such a great commander in world history as Imam Shamil." He further states: "If Napoleon is the coal of war, then Imam Shamil is the fiery pillar of war." The Russian generals themselves, who fought against Shamil, gave him a worthy assessment. They called him a war genius. They were surprised at his mastery of the tactics of battles, they were surprised how he always managed to emerge victorious from the battle, having no money, in need of medicines, weapons and human resources. The tsarist generals were amazed. For example, in the battles for Akhulgo, the royal army lost 33,000 soldiers, while Imam Shamil lost only 300 murids. They even say that about 5,000 soldiers were killed by the aggressors in the battles for Akhulgo in one day. There were times when a general returned from battle with only two soldiers. But, unfortunately, the closest, trusted people betrayed Shamil. Once, in a state of despair, the imam expressed the words of Imam Shafi'i in verse form:

Those who pledged to protect me

Became allies of enemies suddenly

And the arrows of those whom I completely trusted,

Having pierced my chest, they returned back.

Was Imam Shamil captured?

Dear brothers, there was no captivity and it could not be that Imam Shamil surrendered to the infidels, because Muhammad-Tahir al-Qarahi writes: “And at the last hour on Mount Gunib, the imam approached each murid separately and asked to fight to the end, until the death of the martyr. But everyone refused and asked the imam to accept the offer of the Russians, go to them for negotiations and conclude a peace treaty. Here's what we need to know. There was no surrender. There is more evidence: firstly, when the imam went out to the royal troops, he was armed to the teeth, and we know that the prisoners are not left with weapons, but the imam was armed, and even his murid Yunus from Chirkey, who was with him, was armed. Secondly, the imam set conditions for the Russians, only after accepting which, he would stop the war. The Russians accepted his condition and the peace treaty came into force. The conditions were as follows:

1. Do not interfere with Islam in Dagestan;

2. In Dagestan, do not spread Christianity;

3. Do not debauch;

4. Do not call on the highlanders to serve in the tsarist army;

5. Do not pit the peoples of Dagestan against each other.

In addition to these, there were many other conditions, and all of them were accepted. When the imam was in Russia, he was very respected, and he once said: “Praise be to Allah, Who gave the Russians, so that I lead a gazavat with them when I was full of strength and that they honor and respect me when I grew old and my strength left me” . Abdurahman Suguri, when he heard these words of the imam, said: “This praise of Allah (shukr) is comparable to a 25-year-old ghazawat.”

Stay of the Imam in Turkey and Medina

When the imam arrived in Turkey, he was met by the Turkish Sultan Abdul-Aziz. The imam reproached him for promising material assistance and not helping. The Sultan asked the Imam: “Shamil! You fought for 25 years with unbelievers, how did you stay alive? Or maybe you did not take part in the battles, but sent your murids? Imam Shamil got angry, got up, exposed his body and the Sultan counted more than 40 wounds from the waist to the head. Then Abdul-Aziz wept, showed the imam his throne and said that he was worthy of this place.

In Turkey, the imam was asked what he regrets the most? The Imam said: “Most of all I regret those heroes who remained in the mountains, each of whom cost an entire army.” Sheikh Badruddin-afandi, telling the story of the imam, said that upon arrival in Medina, the imam first of all visited the mosque of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). The people of Medina, learning of his intention, gathered in the mosque to see the imam. Seeing the crowd, the imam thought, who should he greet first, these people or the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)? And the imam went first to the grave of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), wept and said: “ Assalamu alaika, I am rasulullah", and everyone saw how the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) from the holy grave extended his hand in radiance and, shaking the hand of the imam, answered:" Wa aleyka ssalam I imamal muzhahidin!».

During the stay of the imam in Medina, there was a direct descendant of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), a Tariqat murshid, the famous Alim Nakibu Sadat, already of advanced age. He asked his children to meet with the imam, as he was ill and could not move. At the sight of the imam, the descendant of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) fell to his knees and began to kiss his feet. The Imam helped him up. He told the imam that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) appeared to him in a dream and said that there was a revered guest among them, commanding him to observe respect (adab) for him.

Imam's death

In 1287 Hijri, on the 10th day of the month of Dhul-Qaeda, Imam Shamil left this world. A huge number of people gathered to perform a funeral prayer (Janaza-namaz) for him. Everyone tried to touch the imam in order to receive grace, and those who could not touch lay down on the ground so that the body of the imam was carried over them. He is buried in the sacred Bakia cemetery in Medina.

When the Imam's body was placed next to the grave, it rose, bent over the grave, and said: “O my grave! Be to me a consolation and a Garden of Eden, be not a hellish abyss to me! Seeing this, everyone fainted. He is buried next to the uncle of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) Abas. Ahmadou Rifai, the great alim of those times, wrote with his own hand on the tombstone: “This grave belongs to a murshid close to Allah, who fought in the path of Allah for 25 years, an imam who followed the path of truth, a great alim, the ruler of the faithful, Sheikh Shamil-afandi from Dagestan . May Allah cleanse his soul and increase his good deeds.” Many who did not like the imam, seeing how he was exalted by the Russian tsar, the Turkish sultan, the sheriff of Mecca, and learning about the sacred place where the imam was buried, wept and made tavba.

In one of his letters to Hasan-afandi, Sayfulla-kadi writes: “Know, my brother, this is reliable, without doubts and assumptions. Truly, Dagestan is the only place on earth where the values ​​of religion have remained, and where the source of the light of Islam has been preserved, and in other places only the name has remained.” He further writes that the reason for all this was the barakat of imams Gazimuhammad and Shamil.

May the Almighty make them the leaders and inhabitants of Paradise. O Allah, strengthen Dagestan on the foundations of faith and piety. May Allah not deprive us of the barakat of Imam Shamil and extend the life of our mouths. Amine.

Prepared Ansar Ramazanov

Origin

Shamil was born in the village of Gimry (Genub) of the Hindalal Avaria society (Avaristan; now Untsukulsky district, western Dagestan) on June 26 (July 7), 1797, according to the Muslim calendar, on the first day of the month of Muharram, that is, on the first day of the New Year. His name was given in honor of his grandfather - Ali. As a child, he was sick a lot, and according to popular beliefs, his parents gave him a new name - Shamil (Shamuel - "Heard by God"), in honor of the uncle (mother's brother).

Spiritual formation

The boy was given the name Ali in honor of his grandfather. As a child, he was thin, weak and often ill. According to the popular belief of the highlanders, in such cases it was prescribed to rename the child. They decided to give him the name "Shamil" in honor of his uncle, his mother's brother. Little Shamil began to recover and subsequently became a strong, healthy young man, amazing everyone with his strength.

In childhood, he was distinguished by liveliness of character and agility; he was playful, but not a single prank of him was directed to harm anyone. Gimrinsky old people said that Shamil in his youth was distinguished by a gloomy appearance, unbending will, curiosity, pride and power-hungry disposition. Passionately loved gymnastics, he was unusually strong and courageous. No one could catch up with him on the run. He also became addicted to fencing, a dagger and a saber did not leave his hands. In summer and winter, in all weathers, he walked with bare feet and with an open chest.

Shamil's first teacher was his childhood friend Adil-Muhammad (Gazi-Muhammad), originally from Gimry. Teacher and student were inseparable. Shamil began to study seriously from the age of 12 in Untsukul, with his mentor Sheikh Jamaluddin Kazikumukh. At the age of 20, he completed courses in grammar, logic, rhetoric, Arabic and began courses in higher philosophy and jurisprudence.

Imam Shamil

War with the Russian Empire

The sermons of Gazi-Muhammad, the first imam and preacher of the "holy war" - tore Shamil from books. New Muslim teaching of Ghazi-Muhammad; "Muridism", spread quickly. "Murid" means looking for a way to salvation. Muridism did not differ from classical Islam either in rituals or in teaching.

Besieged together with Imam Gazi-Muhammad in 1832 by troops under the command of General Velyaminov in a tower near his native village of Gimry, Shamil managed, although terribly wounded, to break through the ranks of the besiegers, while Imam Gazi-Muhammad, who was the first to attack, died. Much later, Shamil himself, while in Kaluga, described this battle as follows:

Kazi-Magomed said to Shamil: “Here they will kill us all and we will die without harming the unbelievers, it’s better to go out and die, making our way.” With these words, he pulled his hat over his eyes and rushed out of the door. As soon as he ran out of the tower, a soldier hit him in the back of the head with a stone. Kazi-Magomed fell and was immediately stabbed with bayonets. Shamil, seeing that two soldiers with aimed rifles were standing opposite the doors, in an instant jumped out of the doors and found himself behind them both. The soldiers immediately turned to him, but Shamil cut them down. The third soldier ran away from him, but he caught up and killed him. At this time, the fourth soldier stuck a bayonet in his chest, so that the end went into his back. Shamil, grabbing the muzzle of a gun with his right hand, chopped up a soldier with his left (he was left-handed), pulled out a bayonet and, holding the wound, began to chop in both directions, but did not kill anyone, because the soldiers ran away from him, amazed by his courage, and were afraid to shoot, so that not to injure those who surrounded Shamil.

On the advice of Said al-Arakani, in order to avoid new disturbances, the body of the imam was transported to Tarki, near the city of Petrovsk (now Makhachkala), to the territory controlled by the enemy of Gazi-Muhammad - Shamkhal of Tarkovsky and Russian troops. In all likelihood, during a meeting with his sister Fatimat, due to excitement in the blood, a barely healed wound of Shamil opened, which is why not he became the new imam, but Gamzat-bek Gotsatlinsky, another close associate of Gazi-Muhammad, the son of Aliskandirbek. This was at the end of 1832.

In 1834, Gamzat-bek managed to take Khunzakh and exterminate the dynasty of the Avar Nutsals. However, on September 19, 1834, Gamzat-bek was killed in the Khunzakh mosque by conspirators who took revenge on him for the extermination of the Nutsals.

Having become the third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, Shamil has been uniting the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya for 25 years, successfully fighting against the Russian troops that outnumbered him. Less hasty than Gazi-Muhammad and Gamzat-bek, Shamil had military talent, and most importantly, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, and the ability to choose the time to strike. Distinguished by a firm and unbending will, he knew how to inspire the highlanders to a selfless struggle, but also to force obedience to his power, which he extended to the internal affairs of subject communities, the latter was difficult and unusual for the highlanders and especially the Chechens.

Shamil united under his rule all the societies of Western Dagestan (Avar-Ando-Tsez jamaats) of Chechnya. Based on the teachings of Islam about the "holy war" with the infidels (ghazavat), and the struggle for independence attached to it, he tried to unite the disparate communities of Dagestan and Chechnya. To achieve this goal, he sought to abolish all orders and institutions based on age-old customs - adat; the basis of the life of the highlanders, both private and public, he made Sharia, that is, a system of Islamic prescriptions based on the text of the Koran used in Muslim legal proceedings. Shamil's time was called among the highlanders "The Time of Sharia", his fall - "The Fall of Sharia".

The entire country subordinate to Shamil was divided into districts, each of which was under the control of the naib, who had military administrative power. For the court in each district there was a mufti who appointed a qadi. Naibs were prohibited from solving Sharia affairs under the jurisdiction of a mufti or qadi. At first, every four naibs were subject to a murid, but Shamil was forced to abandon this establishment in the last decade of his rule, due to constant strife between the jamaat amirs and naibs. The assistants of the naibs were the Jamaats, who, as experienced in courage and devotion to the “holy war” (ghazavat), were assigned to perform more important tasks. The number of the Jamaat was indefinite, but 120 of them, under the command of a yuzbashi (centurion), made up the honorary guard of Shamil, were always with him and accompanied him on all trips. Officials were obliged to obey the imam unquestioningly; for disobedience and misdeeds, they were reprimanded, demoted, arrested and punished with whips, from which the murids and naibs were spared. Military service was required to carry all able to bear arms; they were divided into tens and hundreds, which were under the command of the tenth and sotsky, subordinate in turn to the naibs.
In the last decade of his activity, Shamil led regiments of 1 thousand people, divided into 2 five-hundred, 10 hundred and 100 detachments of 10 people, with corresponding commanders. His bodyguard included a group of Polish cavalry defectors from the Russian army; the head of the Imamate's artillery was a Polish officer. Some of the villages that were particularly affected by the invasion of the Russian troops, as an exception, were exempted from military service, but were obliged to deliver sulfur, saltpeter, salt, etc. The largest army of Shamil did not exceed 30 thousand people. In 1842-1843, Shamil brought in artillery, partly from abandoned or captured cannons, partly from those prepared at his own factory in Vedeno, where about 50 guns were cast, of which no more than a quarter turned out to be suitable. Gunpowder was made in Untsukul, Gunib and Vedeno.

The state treasury was made up of casual and permanent incomes; the first consisted of trophies, the second consisted of zakat - the collection of a tenth of the income from bread, sheep and money established by Sharia, and kharaj - tax from mountain pastures and from some villages that paid the same tax to the khans. The raiding system significantly replenished the treasury of the imamat, of the trophies obtained in the raids, the highlanders gave a fifth of the trophies to Shamil. Speaking about Shamil's income, Haji-Ali Chokhsky wrote:

I was a secretary under Shamil and kept an account of all his income and expenses. Shamil's largest incomes were from Irib and Ullukale, where the Muhajirs lived. From where they raided Georgia, Akush and other places, and from the booty they gave a fifth of their booty to Shamil.

The exact figure of the imam's income is unknown.

Captivity and later life

In the 1840s, Shamil won a number of major victories over the Russian troops. However, in the 1850s Shamil's movement began to decline. On the eve of the Crimean War, Shamil, counting on the help of Great Britain and Turkey, stepped up his actions, but failed.

After being received in St. Petersburg by Emperor Alexander II, Shamil was assigned Kaluga to live, where he arrived on October 10, on January 5, 1860, his family also arrives there. Under him, it was entrusted to be a connoisseur of the Arabic language, General Boguslavsky. April 28 - May 1 Shamil meets with his former naib Muhammad-Amin, who stopped in Kaluga on his way to Turkey.

On July 29, 1861, in Tsarskoye Selo, Shamil's second meeting with the emperor took place. Shamil asked Alexander II to let him go on the Hajj, but was refused.

On August 26, 1866, in the front hall of the Kaluga provincial noble assembly, Shamil, together with his sons Gazi-Muhammad and Muhammad-Shapi, took the oath of allegiance to Russia. In the same year, Shamil was a guest at the wedding of Tsarevich Alexander, at the same time the third meeting with the emperor takes place. On August 30, 1869, by the Highest Decree, Shamil was elevated to hereditary nobility.

In 1868, knowing that Shamil was no longer young, and the Kaluga climate was not having the best effect on his health, the emperor decided to choose a more suitable place for him, which was Kiev, where Shamil moved in November - December of the same year.

Image of Shamil by European authors

In the 1850s, European publicists developed a romanticized image of Shamil. So, in the German author Friedrich Wagner, he appears as the “leader and spiritual leader” of the highlanders, whose name was surrounded by a “mysterious halo”, was “the object of admiration for all who follow his affairs”, acted as a “sample of oriental eloquence”, “inspired orator" and "wise lawmaker".

In the French press, Shamil was also called a "prophet" and compared to Abd al-Qadir. In a French poem dedicated to Shamil, he turns to the forces of nature (winds, Kuban, Black Sea) and learns from them about the deplorable state of the region. Then he takes his scimitar and “rises against the invaders”, despite the “ratio of one to ten”, with such force that “Elbrus and Kazbek are shaking from the base to the tops”.

Scottish journalists were amazed at how the events in the Caucasus could hold back an empire "equal to half the diameter of the world," and Shamil and his associates were called "disinterested martyrs for freedom in the war against despotism." Poems published in the same magazine a year earlier compare Shamil to Tsar Saul and emphasize that "The Lord endowed his soul with power, and taught his heart to be bold" to fight for freedom when "the flame of the Holy War rushes from Anapa to Baku" .

Describing Imam Shamil, the famous Turkish historian Albay Yashar Inoglu writes:

In the history of mankind there was no such commander as Shamil. If Napoleon was the spark of war, then Imam Shamil is its pillar of fire.

He was deeply interested in the fact that the emperors of Russia sent the most experienced generals to fight against Shamil. Thus, the Russian troops in the Caucasus in the war against Shamil were commanded by Adjutant General G.V. Rosen (1831-1837), Adjutant General E.A. Golovin (1837-1842), Adjutant General A.I. 1844), Field Marshal M. S. Vorontsov (1844-1854), Adjutant General N. N. Muravyov (1854-1856) and Field Marshal A. I. Baryatinsky (1856-1862).

Family

After the death of his father, Shamil's mother married Dengau Mohammed. In this marriage, a daughter, Fatimat, was born, who was married first to Magoma, and later to Khamulat Gimrinsky, who was killed during the capture of the old Dargo in 1845. Fatimat died during the capture of the fortress of Akhulgo by Russian troops in 1839. She threw herself into the Koisu River in order not to fall into the hands of her opponents and drowned. From Fatimat there was a daughter, Mesedu, who was married twice to Ali-Mohammeds; From her first husband she had a son, Gamzat-bek, sent in 1837 by an amanat to Russia, was returned during the exchange of prisoners in 1855.

Shamil had five wives in total. One of them, Zagidat (1829-1871), was the daughter of Sheikh Jamaluddin Kazikumukh, the imam's mentor and closest associate. Another, Shuaynat (1824-1876), nee Anna Ivanovna Ulukhanov, an Armenian by origin, was taken prisoner by Naib Akhberdil Mukhammedod during a raid on Mozdok in 1840.

sons

The second son of Imam Shamil was Gazi-Muhammad (1833-1902) - at the age of six he received his first wound (in the leg) during a breakthrough from the besieged village of Akhulgo. In 1850 he was appointed naib to the Karat society, where he earned universal respect. The military success that glorified him was the campaign against Georgia, during which the estate of the princes Chavchavadze was devastated. In May 1855, Sultan Abdul Majid sent Ghazi-Muhammad a green banner and a gold-plated silver order adorned with diamonds, marking his merits. In addition, the rank of pasha was granted to the son of the imam. In the spring of 1859, Gazi-Muhammad led the defense of the village of Vedeno, the capital of the imamate. Surrounded on all sides by the tsarist troops, fired upon by heavy guns, Vedeno was doomed, despite the inaccessibility. After a long siege, the aul was taken, and Gazi-Muhammad, with the remaining defenders, headed for Dagestan. In August 1859, Gazi-Muhammad was next to his father in Gunib. He and his younger brother Muhammad-Shapi kept the defense on the outskirts of the fortification. After the surrender of Gunib, at the behest of the tsar, Shamil, Gazi-Muhammad and three murids were to be taken to St. Petersburg, and then Kaluga was appointed as the place of residence. After the death of his father, he hardly obtained permission to travel to Turkey and Arabia because of the need for guardianship of the family of the deceased father. In the Ottoman Empire, he entered military service, during the Russian-Turkish war he commanded a division, took part in the siege of Bayazet, rose to the rank of marshal. In 1902 he died in Medina and was buried next to his father.

The third son of Imam Said - died in infancy, along with his mother Javgarat, during the assault by the Russian troops of the village of Akhulgo.

The fourth son, Muhammad-Shapi (1840-1906) - after the fall of the village Gunib was also brought to St. Petersburg, and then sent to Kaluga. He expressed a desire to enter the Russian service and on April 8, 1861, he became a cornet of the Life Guards in the Caucasian squadron of His Own Imperial Majesty the Escort. Muhammad-Shapi had no children from his first marriage. Soon he married a second time. The second wife was also a mountain woman - named Jariat, she gave birth to Muhammad-Shapi's son, named Muhammad-Zagid. A 25-year-old highlander in less than three years of military service is elevated to the rank of lieutenant, and two years later he became a staff captain. Three years later, Muhammad-Shapi was sent on official military business on a long business trip abroad, during which he visited France, England, Germany, Turkey and Italy. Upon his return to Russia, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree, and seconded to the Caucasus to select young highlanders for the Caucasian squadron. Soon the impeccable service was followed by promotion to captain and appointment as commander of a platoon of highlanders in the Tsar's Convoy. In 1873 he was awarded another order - St. Stanislav 2nd degree. In incomplete 37 years he became a colonel. During the years of the Russian-Turkish war, he asked to go to the front in the army, but was refused by the tsar (his older brother commanded a large unit in the Turkish army). In 1885 he was promoted to major general. At the age of 45, he married for the third time the 18-year-old daughter of the merchant Ibragim Iskhakovich Apakov Bibi-Mariam-Banu and received as a wedding gift a stone two-story house on Yunusov Square in the Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda in Kazan, where he lived until the end of his days. Both of his daughters from his last marriage were alternately married to the public figure Dakhadaev, after whom Makhachkala is named. One of these marriages had a son. Muhammad-Shapi died in 1906 during treatment at mineral waters in Kislovodsk.

The youngest son, Muhammad-Kamil (1863-1951), is the least known. He was born in Kaluga. His mother was the daughter of Sheikh Jemaluddin of Kazikumukh, Zagidat. Most of his life he lived in Turkey and Arabia. He was married to Nabikha Shamil. Buried in Istanbul. He is the father of the famous figure of the Mountain Republic Mehmed Said-bek Shamil. In addition to Said-bek, Muhammad-Kamil had two daughters - Nadzhiya and Nadzhavat. Neither Said-bek nor his sisters were married and have no offspring.

Memory

• Shamil district - since 1994 the name of the Soviet district (Dagestan);
• Shamilkala - since 1990, the name of the village of hydrobuilders Svetogorsk in the Untsukulsky district (Dagestan);
• Collective farm named after Imam Shamil - a collective farm in the village of Argvani, Gumbetovsky district (Dagestan);
• Imam Shamil Avenue - since 1997 the name of Kalinin Avenue in Makhachkala;
• Imam Shamil Avenue - avenue in Kizilyurt (Dagestan);
• Imam Shamil Street - a street in Khasavyurt (Dagestan);
• Shamil Street - a street in Izberbash (Dagestan);
• Shamil Street - a street in Buynaksk (Dagestan);
• Imam Shamil Street - Sukhum Street (Abkhazia);
• Sheikh Shamil Street in the center of Baku (Azerbaijan);
• Sheikh Shamil Street in Istanbul (Türkiye);
• Bust of Imam Shamil in Zaqatala (Azerbaijan)
• Bust of Imam Shamil in Yalova (Türkiye)
• Bust of Imam Shamil in Spokane (USA)
• "Shamil's Tower" in Lgov (Kursk region);
• "Shamil's House" in Kazan, where his son lived for many years;
• "Shamil's House" in Kaluga, where he lived from 1859 to 1868 and on which a memorial plaque is now installed.
• Tank column "Shamil" - operating as part of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.

see also

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Notes

1. D. Dunlop. Russia and Chechnya: the history of confrontation. The roots of the separatist conflict. / Per. from English. N. Banchika. - M .: Valent, 2001. - C. 30. - 231 p.
2. A. M. Khalilov. National liberation movement of the highlanders of the North Caucasus led by Shamil. Daguchpedgiz, 1991.
3. V. V. Degoev. Imam Shamil: prophet, ruler, warrior. Russian panorama, 2001.
4. Bartold V.V.// Collected works in 9 volumes. - M .: Publishing House of Eastern Literature, 1963. - T. II, part 1. - S. 873.

   original text(Russian)

   Like his predecessors, he was from the Avars.

6. Big Encyclopedia: Dictionary of public information on all branches of knowledge. / Ed. S. N. Yuzhakova. In 20 volumes. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Prosveshchenie t-va. Volume 1. - S. 37
7. Sheikh Nazir ibn Hadjimuhammad ad-Durgeli ad-Dagistani.
8. Gadzhieva M. N.. - Makhachkala: Epoch, 2012. - ISBN 978-5-98390-105-6.
9. Avksentiev V. A., Shapovalov V. A.. - Stavropol: State Pedagogical Institute, 1993. - S. 91. - 222 p.
10. Bliev M. M.. - M .: Thought, 2004. - S. 279. - ISBN 5-244-01004-2.
11. Khalilov A. M., Idrisov M. M.. - Makhachkala, 1998. - 119 p.
12. Khalilov A. M.. - Makhachkala: Daguchpedgiz, 1991. - 181 p.
13. Chichagova M. N. Shamil in the Caucasus and in Russia (biographical sketch). - St. Petersburg. : Typo-lithography by S. Muller and I. Bogelman, 1889. - S. 14-15. - ISBN 978-5-9502-0384-8.
14. Chekalin S.V.// Cadet Roll Call. - N. Y., 1997. - No. 62-63. - S. 131.
15. Maikov P. M.// Russian biographical dictionary
16. Chichagova M. N. Shamil in the Caucasus and in Russia, St. Petersburg. , 1889 (reprint: M ., 2009, Ed .: Vuzovskaya kniga, ISBN 978-5-9502-0384-8), pp. 22-23
17. Gusterin P. V. Koran as an object of study. - Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. - 2014. - S. 54. - ISBN 978-3-659-51259-9.
18. , ed. "Meridiani", Tb., 2011, p. 108 - ISBN 978-9941-0-3391-9
19. Wagner F. Schamyl als Feldher, Sultan und Prophet. Leipzig, 1854. S. v. 1-4, 60-63.
20. Zaccone P. Schamyl ou le libérateur du Caucase. Paris, 1854. P. 6-7.
21. Texier E. Schamyl. Paris, 1854. P. 3.
22. Ibid. P. 33-34.
23. Schamyl and the War in the Caucasus // Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Vol. LXXVII (1855). P. 173-175.
24. Ibid. Vol. LXXVI (1854). P. 95-97.
25. Gamzaev M. Imam Shamil. Mkh., Tarikh, 2010.
29. B. I. Gadzhiev// Dagestan in history and legends / Under. ed. F. Astratyants. - Mh. : Dagknigoizdat, 1965. - S. 73-78. - 203 p.
30. Pronin A.// AiF Long-liver. - M .: Arguments and facts, July 18, 2003. - No. 14 (26).
33. Izvestia (2003)
34. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR

Literature

• Maikov P. M.// Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Shamil in the Caucasus and in Russia: Biographical sketch: (Reprint reproduction of the 1889 edition) / Comp. M. N. Chichagova. - M .: Russian book, Polygraphic resources, 1995. - 208 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-268-01176-6.(in trans.)
• Shapi Kaziev.. - M .: Young Guard, 2010. - ISBN 5-235-02677-2.
• Ahulgo.
• Bushuev S.K. Highlanders struggle for independence under the leadership of Shamil. - L., 1939.

Links

An excerpt characterizing Shamil

The count and Semyon jumped out of the edge and to their left they saw a wolf, which, softly waddling, in a quiet hop jumped to the left of them to the very edge at which they were standing. The vicious dogs squealed and, breaking off the pack, rushed to the wolf past the legs of the horses.
The wolf stopped running, clumsily, like a sick toad, turned his broad-fronted head towards the dogs, and, also waddling softly, jumped once, twice, and, waving a log (tail), disappeared into the forest. At the same moment, one, another, a third hound jumped out of the opposite edge with a roar like a cry, and the whole flock rushed across the field, along the very place where the wolf crawled (ran). Following the hounds, the hazel bushes parted and Danila's brown horse, blackened with sweat, appeared. On her long back, in a lump, leaning forward, sat Danila without a hat, with gray, disheveled hair over a red, sweaty face.
“I will hoot, I will hoot!” he shouted. When he saw the count, lightning flashed in his eyes.
“F…” he shouted, threatening the count with his raised rapnik.
- About ... whether it's a wolf! ... hunters! - And as if not honoring the embarrassed, frightened count with further conversation, he, with all the anger prepared for the count, hit the brown gelding on the sunken wet sides and rushed after the hounds. The count, as if punished, stood looking around and trying with a smile to arouse in Semyon regret for his position. But Semyon was no longer there: he, in a detour through the bushes, jumped a wolf from the notch. Greyhounds also jumped over the beast from two sides. But the wolf went into the bushes and not a single hunter intercepted him.

Nikolai Rostov, meanwhile, stood in his place, waiting for the beast. By the approach and distance of the rut, by the sounds of the voices of the dogs known to him, by the approach, distance and elevation of the voices of those who arrived, he felt what was happening in the island. He knew that there were surviving (young) and seasoned (old) wolves on the island; he knew that the hounds had split into two packs, that they were poisoning somewhere, and that something bad had happened. He was always waiting for the beast on his side. He made thousands of different assumptions about how and from which side the beast would run and how he would poison him. Hope was replaced by despair. Several times he turned to God with a prayer that the wolf would come out on him; he prayed with that passionate and conscientious feeling with which people pray in moments of great excitement, depending on an insignificant cause. “Well, what does it cost you,” he said to God, “to do this for me! I know that You are great, and that it is a sin to ask You about it; but for the sake of God, make a seasoned one crawl out on me, and so that Karay, in front of the eyes of the “uncle”, who is looking out from there, slams into his throat with a death grip. A thousand times in that half-hour, with a stubborn, tense and restless look, Rostov cast a glance at the edge of the forests with two rare oaks over an aspen seat, and a ravine with a washed-out edge, and an uncle's hat, barely visible from behind a bush to the right.
“No, there won’t be this happiness,” thought Rostov, but what would it cost! Will not be! I always, and in the cards, and in the war, in all misfortune. Austerlitz and Dolokhov brightly, but quickly changing, flickered in his imagination. “Only once in my life to hunt a seasoned wolf, I don’t want more!” he thought, straining his hearing and eyesight, looking to the left and again to the right, and listening to the slightest nuances of the sounds of the rut. He looked again to the right and saw that something was running towards him across the deserted field. "No, it can't be!" thought Rostov, sighing heavily, as a man sighs when doing what he has long expected. The greatest happiness happened - and so simply, without noise, without brilliance, without commemoration. Rostov did not believe his eyes, and this doubt lasted more than a second. The wolf ran ahead and jumped heavily over the pothole that was in his path. It was an old beast, with a gray back and a reddish belly that was eaten. He ran slowly, apparently convinced that no one was watching him. Rostov looked round at the dogs without breathing. They lay, stood, not seeing the wolf and not understanding anything. Old Karay, turning his head and baring his yellow teeth, angrily looking for a flea, clicked them on his hind thighs.
- Whoosh! Rostov said in a whisper, protruding his lips. The dogs, trembling with pieces of iron, jumped up, pricking up their ears. Karai scratched his thigh and stood up, pricking up his ears and lightly wagging his tail, on which felt felts of wool hung.
- Let it go - don't let it go? - Nikolai said to himself while the wolf moved towards him, separating himself from the forest. Suddenly the whole physiognomy of the wolf changed; he shuddered, seeing human eyes, which he had probably never seen before, fixed on him, and slightly turning his head towards the hunter, stopped - back or forward? E! all the same, go ahead! ... you can see, - as if he said to himself, and set off forward, no longer looking back, with a soft, rare, free, but decisive lope.
“Hululu! ...” Nikolai shouted in a voice not his own, and his good horse rushed headlong downhill by itself, jumping over waterholes across the wolf; and even faster, overtaking her, the dogs rushed. Nikolai did not hear his cry, did not feel that he was galloping, did not see either the dogs or the place where he galloped; he saw only a wolf, which, intensifying its run, galloped, without changing direction, along the hollow. The first appeared near the beast, a black-spotted, broad-assed Milka, and began to approach the beast. Closer, closer ... now she has come to him. But the wolf squinted a little at her, and instead of pouting, as she always did, Milka suddenly, raising her tail, began to rest on her front legs.
- Whoosh! shouted Nikolai.
Red Lyubim jumped out from behind Milka, swiftly rushed at the wolf and grabbed him by the gachi (thighs of the hind legs), but at that very moment frightenedly jumped to the other side. The wolf crouched down, snapped his teeth, and got up again and galloped forward, followed a yard away by all the dogs that did not approach him.
- Leave! No, It is Immpossible! Nikolay thought, continuing to shout in a hoarse voice.
– Karay! Hoot!…” he shouted, looking for the old dog's eyes, his only hope. Karai, from all his old strength, stretched out as much as he could, looking at the wolf, galloped heavily away from the beast, across from him. But by the speed of the lope of the wolf and the slowness of the lope of the dog, it was clear that Karay's calculation was wrong. Nikolai no longer saw that forest far ahead of him, to which, having reached, the wolf would probably leave. Dogs and a hunter appeared ahead, galloping almost towards a meeting. There was still hope. Unfamiliar to Nikolai, a murugy young, long male of a strange pack swiftly flew up in front of the wolf and almost knocked him over. The wolf quickly, as one could not expect from him, got up and rushed to the murug male, snapped his teeth - and the bloodied male, with a torn side, shrieking piercingly, poked his head into the ground.
- Karayushka! Father! .. - Nikolay cried ...
The old dog, with his tufts dangling on his haunches, thanks to the stop that had taken place, cutting the way for the wolf, was already five paces away from him. As if sensing danger, the wolf glanced sideways at Karay, hiding the log (tail) between his legs even further and gave it a lope. But then - Nikolai only saw that something had happened to Karai - he instantly found himself on a wolf and, together with him, fell head over heels into the waterhole that was in front of them.
The moment when Nikolai saw dogs swarming with a wolf in the pond, from under which one could see the wolf's gray hair, his stretched hind leg, and a frightened and suffocating head with flattened ears (Karai held him by the throat), the minute when Nikolai saw this was the happiest moment of his life. He was already grasping the pommel of the saddle in order to get down and stab the wolf, when suddenly the head of the beast stuck out of this mass of dogs, then the front legs stood on the edge of the reservoir. The wolf chattered his teeth (Karai no longer held him by the throat), jumped out of the waterhole with his hind legs and, tail between his legs, again separated from the dogs, moved forward. Karai with bristling hair, probably bruised or wounded, with difficulty crawled out of the waterhole.
- My God! For what? ... - Nikolai shouted in despair.
The uncle's hunter, on the other hand, rode to cut the wolf, and his dogs again stopped the beast. Again he was surrounded.
Nikolai, his stirrup, his uncle and his hunter twirled over the beast, hooting, screaming, every minute about to get off when the wolf sat on his back and every time he started forward when the wolf shook himself and moved towards the notch, which was supposed to save him. Even at the beginning of this persecution, Danila, having heard hooting, jumped out to the edge of the forest. He saw how Karay took the wolf and stopped the horse, believing that the matter was over. But when the hunters did not get down, the wolf shook itself and again went to run away. Danila released his brown not to the wolf, but in a straight line to the notch, just like Karay, to cut the beast. Thanks to this direction, he jumped to the wolf while the second time he was stopped by his uncle's dogs.
Danila galloped silently, holding the drawn dagger in his left hand and, like a flail of milk, with his rapnik along the pulled up sides of the brown.
Nikolai did not see or hear Danila until the brown one panted past him, breathing heavily, and he heard the sound of a body falling and saw that Danila was already lying in the middle of the dogs on the rear of the wolf, trying to catch him by the ears. It was obvious to the dogs, and to the hunters, and to the wolf that it was all over now. The beast, frightened, flattening its ears, tried to get up, but the dogs clung to it. Danila, getting up, took a falling step and with all his weight, as if lying down to rest, fell on the wolf, grabbing him by the ears. Nikolai wanted to stab, but Danila whispered: “No need, we’ll do it,” and changing position, he stepped on the wolf’s neck with his foot. They put a stick in the wolf's mouth, tied it up, as if bridling it with a pack, tied its legs, and Danila twice rolled over the wolf from one side to the other.
With happy, exhausted faces, a living, full-grown wolf was mounted on a shy and snorting horse and, accompanied by dogs squealing at him, was taken to the place where everyone was supposed to gather. The young ones were taken by the hounds and three by the greyhounds. The hunters gathered with their prey and stories, and they all came up to watch the hardened wolf, who, hanging his big-lobed head with a bitten stick in his mouth, looked with large, glassy eyes at this whole crowd of dogs and people surrounding him. When they touched him, he, trembling with his bandaged legs, wildly and at the same time simply looked at everyone. Count Ilya Andreich also rode up and touched the wolf.
“Oh, what a motherfucker,” he said. - Mother, huh? he asked Danila, who was standing beside him.
- Seasoned, your excellency, - Danila answered, hastily taking off his hat.
The count remembered his missing wolf and his encounter with Danila.
“However, brother, you are angry,” said the count. Danila said nothing and only smiled shyly, a childishly meek and pleasant smile.

The old count rode home; Natasha and Petya promised to come immediately. The hunt went on, as it was still early. In the middle of the day the hounds were let into a ravine overgrown with dense young forest. Nicholas, standing on the stubble, saw all his hunters.
Across from Nikolai there was greenery and there stood his hunter, alone in a hole behind a prominent hazel bush. The hounds had just been brought in, Nikolai heard the rare rut of the dog known to him - Voltorna; other dogs joined him, now falling silent, then again starting to drive. A minute later, a voice was heard from the island on the fox, and the whole flock, having fallen down, drove along the screwdriver, towards the greenery, away from Nikolai.
He saw galloping red-capped snipers along the edges of the overgrown ravine, he even saw dogs, and every second he expected a fox to appear on the other side, in the greenery.
The hunter, who was standing in the pit, set off and released the dogs, and Nikolai saw a red, low, strange fox, which, having fluffed out a pipe, hurriedly rushed through the greenery. The dogs began to sing to her. Here they approached, here the fox began to wag in circles between them, more and more often making these circles and circling around him with a fluffy pipe (tail); and then someone's white dog flew in, and after it a black one, and everything was mixed up, and the dogs, with their backs apart, slightly hesitant, became a star. Two hunters jumped up to the dogs: one in a red cap, the other, a stranger, in a green caftan.
"What it is? thought Nicholas. Where did this hunter come from? It's not uncle's."
The hunters fought off the fox and for a long time, slowly, stood on foot. Near them, horses with their protrusions of saddles, and dogs lay on poles. The hunters waved their hands and did something with the fox. From there the sound of a horn was heard - the agreed signal of a fight.
- This is the Ilaginsky hunter, something is rebelling with our Ivan, - said the aspirant Nikolai.
Nikolay sent a stirrup to call his sister and Petya to him, and walked at a pace to the place where the hounds were gathering the hounds. Several hunters galloped to the scene of the fight.
Nikolai got off his horse, stopped near the hounds with Natasha and Petya, who had driven up, waiting for information about how the matter would end. A fighting hunter with a fox in toroks rode out from behind the edge of the forest and rode up to the young master. He took off his hat from a distance and tried to speak respectfully; but he was pale, breathless, and his face was vicious. One of his eyes was blackened, but he probably didn't know it.
- What did you have there? Nikolai asked.
- How, from under our hounds, he will poison! Yes, and my mousey bitch caught it. Come on, sue! Enough for the fox! I'll roll him like a fox. Here she is, in the torso. And this is what you want? ... - the hunter said, pointing to the dagger and probably imagining that he was still talking with his enemy.
Nikolai, without talking to the hunter, asked his sister and Petya to wait for him and went to the place where this hostile Ilaginsky hunt was.
The victorious hunter rode into the crowd of hunters and there, surrounded by sympathetic curious, told his feat.
The fact was that Ilagin, with whom the Rostovs were in a quarrel and trial, hunted in places that, according to custom, belonged to the Rostovs, and now, as if on purpose, he ordered to drive up to the island where the Rostovs hunted, and allowed his hunter to poison from under other people's hounds.
Nikolai never saw Ilagin, but, as always, in his judgments and feelings, not knowing the middle ground, according to rumors about the riot and self-will of this landowner, he hated him with all his heart and considered him his worst enemy. Angered and agitated, he now rode towards him, tightly clutching the rapnik in his hand, in full readiness for the most decisive and dangerous actions against his enemy.
As soon as he rode beyond the ledge of the forest, he saw a fat gentleman in a beaver cap on a beautiful black horse, accompanied by two stirrups, advancing towards him.
Instead of an enemy, Nikolai found in Ilagina a representative, courteous gentleman, who especially wanted to get acquainted with the young count. Having approached Rostov, Ilagin raised his beaver cap and said that he was very sorry for what had happened; that orders to punish the hunter, who allowed himself to poison from under other people's dogs, asks the count to be acquainted and offers him his places for hunting.
Natasha, who was afraid that her brother would do something terrible, rode not far behind him in excitement. Seeing that the enemies bowed friendly, she rode up to them. Ilagin raised his beaver cap even higher in front of Natasha and, smiling pleasantly, said that the countess represented Diana both in her passion for hunting and in her beauty, about which he had heard a lot.
Ilagin, in order to make amends for his hunter, urged Rostov to go into his eel, which was a mile away, which he saved for himself and in which, according to him, hares were poured. Nikolai agreed, and the hunt, which had doubled in size, moved on.
It was necessary to go through the fields to the Ilaginsky eel. The hunters leveled out. The gentlemen traveled together. Uncle, Rostov, Ilagin secretly glanced at other people's dogs, trying not to let others notice it, and anxiously looked for rivals among these dogs for their dogs.
Rostov was especially struck by her beauty, a small purebred, narrow, but with steel muscles, a thin forceps (muzzle) and rolling black eyes, a red-spotted bitch in Ilagin's pack. He heard about the playfulness of the Ilaginsky dogs, and in this beautiful bitch he saw a rival to his Milka.
In the middle of a sedate conversation about the harvest of this year, which Ilagin started, Nikolai pointed out to him his red-spotted bitch.
- You have a good bitch! he said casually. - Rezva?
- This? Yes, this one is a kind dog, it catches, ”Ilagin said in an indifferent voice about his red-haired Yerza, for whom a year ago he gave his neighbor three families of courtyards. - So you, Count, do not boast of being hammered? He continued the conversation. And considering it polite to repay the young count in the same way, Ilagin examined his dogs and chose Milka, who caught his eye with her width.
- You have a good black-pie - okay! - he said.
“Yes, nothing, he’s jumping,” answered Nikolai. “If only a hardened hare would run into the field, I would show you what kind of dog this is!” he thought, and turning to the stirrup said that he gives a ruble to someone who suspects, that is, finds a lying hare.
“I don’t understand,” Ilagin continued, “how other hunters are envious of the beast and dogs. I'll tell you about myself, Count. It amuses me, you know, to take a ride; now you’ll move in with such a company ... what’s better already (he again took off his beaver cap in front of Natasha); and this is to count the skins, how many he brought - I don’t care!
- Well, yes.
- Or so that I would be offended that someone else's dog would catch, and not mine - I just would like to admire the persecution, right, count? Then I judge...
- Atu - his, - a drawn-out cry of one of the stopped greyhounds was heard at that time. He stood on a semi-mound of stubble, raising a rapnik, and once again repeated drawlingly: - A - that - him! (This sound and the raised rapnik meant that he sees a hare lying in front of him.)
“Ah, I suspect, I think,” Ilagin said casually. - Well, let's go, count!
- Yes, you need to drive up ... yes - well, together? Nikolai answered, peering at Yerza and at the red Uncle Rugai, at his two rivals, with whom he had never yet managed to equalize his dogs. “Well, how will my Milka be cut off from my ears!” he thought, moving towards the hare next to his uncle and Ilagin.
- Mother? Ilagin asked, moving towards the suspicious hunter, and not without excitement, looking around and whistling to Yerza...
“And you, Mikhail Nikanorych?” he turned to his uncle.
Uncle rode frowning.
- Why should I meddle, because yours is a pure march! - in the village they paid for the dog, your thousandths. You measure yours, and I'll take a look!
- Scold! On, on, he shouted. - Scold! he added, involuntarily expressing by this diminutive his tenderness and hope placed in this red dog. Natasha saw and felt the excitement hidden by these two old men and her brother, and she herself was worried.
The hunter stood on a half-hill with a raised rapnik, the gentlemen drove up to him at a step; the hounds, walking on the very horizon, turned away from the hare; hunters, not gentlemen, also drove off. Everything moved slowly and sedately.
- Where is the head? Nikolai asked, driving up a hundred paces to the suspicious hunter. But before the hunter had time to answer, the hare, sensing frost by tomorrow morning, could not lie down and jumped up. A flock of hounds on bows, with a roar, rushed downhill after a hare; from all sides, the greyhounds, who were not in packs, rushed to the hounds and to the hare. All those slow-moving hunters-snipers shouting: stop! knocking down dogs, greyhounds shouting: atu! guiding the dogs, they galloped across the field. Calm Ilagin, Nikolai, Natasha and uncle flew, not knowing how and where, seeing only dogs and a hare, and fearing only to lose sight of the persecution even for a moment. The hare was caught hardened and frisky. Jumping up, he did not immediately gallop, but moved his ears, listening to the scream and clatter that suddenly resounded from all sides. He jumped about ten times slowly, letting the dogs approach him, and finally, having chosen a direction and realizing the danger, he laid his ears and rushed at full speed. He was lying on the stubble, but in front there were greenery, on which it was marshy. The two dogs of the suspicious hunter, who were the closest of all, were the first to look and pawn behind the hare; but they had not yet moved far towards him, when the Ilaginskaya red-spotted Yerza flew out from behind them, approached the dog at a distance, with terrible speed gave, aiming at the tail of the hare and thinking that she had grabbed him, rolled head over heels. The hare arched its back and pushed even harder. A broad-assed, black-spotted Milka came out from behind Yerza and quickly began to sing to the hare.
- Honey! mother! - Nikolai's triumphant cry was heard. It seemed that Milka would now hit and pick up the hare, but she caught up and swept past. Rusak retired. The beautiful Yerza settled down again and hung over the very tail of the hare, as if trying on how not to make a mistake now, to grab her back thigh.
- Erzanka! sister! I heard Ilagin crying, not his own voice. Erza did not heed his pleas. At the very moment when it was necessary to wait for her to grab the hare, he swung and rolled out to the border between greenery and stubble. Again Yerza and Milka, like a drawbar pair, leveled off and began to sing to the hare; at the turn it was easier for the hare, the dogs did not approach him so quickly.
- Scold! Scold! Pure business march! - shouted at this time a new voice, and Rugai, the uncle's red, hunchbacked male, stretching and arching his back, caught up with the first two dogs, moved out from behind them, gave a terrible self-sacrifice already above the hare, knocked him off the line into the green, another time he slammed harder over the dirty greenery, sinking up to his knees, and it was only visible how he rolled head over heels, soiling his back in the mud, with the hare. The star of dogs surrounded him. A minute later everyone was standing near the crowded dogs. One happy uncle of tears and otpazanchil. Shaking the hare so that the blood would flow, he looked around anxiously, running around with his eyes, not finding the position of his arms and legs, and he spoke, not knowing himself with whom and what.
“This is a march thing ... here is a dog ... here he pulled everyone out, both thousandths and rubles - a pure march!” he said, panting and looking around angrily, as if scolding someone, as if everyone were his enemies, everyone offended him, and only now at last he managed to justify himself. “Here are the thousandths for you - a clean march!”
- Scold, to the groove! - he said, throwing a cut off paw with adhering earth; - deserved - a clean business march!
“She pulled out, gave three steals alone,” Nikolai said, also not listening to anyone, and not caring about whether they were listening to him or not.
- Yes, this is what is in the cross! - said Ilaginsky stirrup.
“Yes, as soon as it stops, every mongrel will catch it from stealing,” said Ilagin at the same time, red-faced, forcibly taking breath from the jump and excitement. At the same time, Natasha, without taking a breath, squealed joyfully and enthusiastically so piercingly that her ears rang. With this squeal, she expressed everything that other hunters expressed with their one-time conversation. And this squealing was so strange that she herself should have been ashamed of this wild screeching, and everyone should have been surprised at it if it had happened at another time.
Uncle himself echoed the hare, deftly and briskly threw him over the back of the horse, as if reproaching everyone with this throwing, and with an air that he did not even want to talk to anyone, he got on his kaurago and rode away. All but him, sad and offended, departed, and only long afterward could they return to their former pretense of indifference. For a long time they looked at the red Rugai, who, with a soiled dirt, a humpbacked back, rattling a piece of iron, with a calm look of a winner, followed the legs of his uncle's horse.
“Well, I’m just like everyone else when it comes to bullying. Well, stay here!” it seemed to Nikolai that the sight of this dog spoke.
When, long after, the uncle drove up to Nikolai and spoke to him, Nikolai was flattered that the uncle, after everything that had happened, still deigned to speak with him.

When in the evening Ilagin said goodbye to Nikolai, Nikolai found himself at such a far distance from home that he accepted his uncle's offer to leave the desire to spend the night with him (at his uncle's) in his village of Mikhailovka.
- And if they stopped by to me - a clean business march! - said the uncle, it would be even better; you see, the weather is wet, my uncle said, we would have had a rest, the countess would have been taken in a droshky. - Uncle's proposal was accepted, a hunter was sent to Otradnoye for the droshky; and Nikolai, with Natasha and Petya, went to see their uncle.
Five people, big and small, yard men ran out to the front porch to meet the master. Dozens of women, old, big and small, leaned out from the back porch to look at the approaching hunters. The presence of Natasha, a woman, a lady on horseback, brought the curiosity of the yard uncle to such limits that many, not embarrassed by her presence, approached her, looked into her eyes and made their remarks about her in front of her, as if they were showing a miracle that is not a person, and cannot hear and understand what is being said about him.
- Arinka, look, he is sitting on the side! She sits herself, and the hem dangles ... Look at the horn!
- Father of light, then a knife ...
- Look, Tatar!
- How did you not flip over then? - said the most daring, directly addressing Natasha.
Uncle dismounted from his horse at the porch of his wooden house overgrown with a garden, and looking around his household, shouted imperatively that the superfluous depart and that everything necessary for receiving guests and hunting be done.
Everything fled. Uncle took Natasha off the horse and led her by the hand up the rickety board steps of the porch. In the house, not plastered, with log walls, it was not very clean - it was not clear that the goal of the people who lived was that there were no stains, but there was no noticeable neglect.
The hallway smelled of fresh apples, and wolf and fox skins hung. Through the front uncle led his guests into a small hall with a folding table and red chairs, then into a living room with a round birch table and a sofa, then into an office with a tattered sofa, a worn-out carpet and with portraits of Suvorov, the father and mother of the host and himself in a military uniform. . There was a strong smell of tobacco and dogs in the office. In the office, the uncle asked the guests to sit down and make themselves at home, and he left. The scold, with his back uncleaned, entered the office and lay down on the sofa, cleaning himself with his tongue and teeth. From the office there was a corridor in which screens with torn curtains could be seen. Women's laughter and whispers could be heard from behind the screens. Natasha, Nikolai and Petya undressed and sat on the sofa. Petya leaned on his arm and immediately fell asleep; Natasha and Nikolai sat in silence. Their faces were on fire, they were very hungry and very cheerful. They looked at each other (after the hunt, in the room, Nikolai no longer considered it necessary to show his male superiority to his sister); Natasha winked at her brother, and both did not hold back for long and laughed out loud, not having time to think of an excuse for their laughter.
A little later, my uncle came in wearing a Cossack coat, blue trousers and small boots. And Natasha felt that this very suit, in which she saw her uncle in Otradnoye with surprise and mockery, was a real suit, which was no worse than frock coats and tailcoats. Uncle was also cheerful; not only was he not offended by the laughter of his brother and sister (it could not have entered his head that they could laugh at his life), but he himself joined in their causeless laughter.
“That’s how the young countess is - a clean march - I haven’t seen another one like it!” - he said, giving one pipe with a long shank to Rostov, and laying the other short, cut shank between three fingers with a habitual gesture.
- I left for a day, even though the man was on time and as if nothing had happened!
Soon after uncle, the door was opened, obviously a barefoot girl by the sound of her feet, and a fat, ruddy, beautiful woman of about 40 years old, with a double chin, and full, ruddy lips, entered the door with a large tray in her hands. She, with hospitable representativeness and attractiveness in her eyes and every movement, looked round at the guests and bowed respectfully to them with an affectionate smile. Despite the thickness of more than usual, forcing her to put forward her chest and stomach and hold her head back, this woman (uncle's housekeeper) stepped extremely lightly. She walked over to the table, set down the tray, and with her white, chubby hands deftly removed and arranged the bottles, snacks, and treats on the table. Having finished this, she moved away and stood at the door with a smile on her face. “Here she is and me! Do you understand your uncle now?" her appearance told Rostov. How not to understand: not only Rostov, but also Natasha understood the uncle and the meaning of frowned eyebrows, and the happy, self-satisfied smile that wrinkled his lips a little while Anisya Fyodorovna entered. On the tray were a herbalist, liqueurs, mushrooms, black flour cakes on yurag, honeycomb, boiled and effervescent honey, apples, raw and roasted nuts, and nuts in honey. Then Anisya Fyodorovna brought jam with honey and sugar, and ham, and chicken, freshly fried.
All this was Anisya Fyodorovna's household, collection and jam. All this smelled and resonated and had the taste of Anisya Fyodorovna. Everything resonated with juiciness, purity, whiteness and a pleasant smile.
“Eat, young lady countess,” she kept saying, giving Natasha one thing, then another. Natasha ate everything, and it seemed to her that she had never seen or eaten such cakes on yuraga, with such a bouquet of jams, nuts on honey, and such a chicken. Anisya Fyodorovna went out. Rostov and his uncle, washing down their dinner with cherry liqueur, talked about past and future hunting, about Rugai and the Ilaginsky dogs. Natasha, with sparkling eyes, sat straight up on the sofa, listening to them. Several times she tried to wake Petya to give him something to eat, but he said something incomprehensible, obviously not waking up. Natasha was so cheerful at heart, so happy in this new environment for her, that she was only afraid that the droshky would come for her too soon. After an accidental silence, as almost always happens with people who receive their acquaintances for the first time in their house, the uncle said, answering the thought that his guests had:
“So I’m living out my life… If you die, it’s a pure march—nothing will be left.” What a sin then!
Uncle's face was very significant and even beautiful when he said this. At the same time, Rostov involuntarily remembered everything that he had heard good things from his father and neighbors about his uncle. My uncle had a reputation throughout the province as the noblest and most disinterested eccentric. He was called upon to judge family affairs, he was made an executor, secrets were trusted to him, he was elected judge and other positions, but he stubbornly refused public service, spending autumn and spring in the fields on his brown gelding, sitting at home in winter, lying in his overgrown summer garden.
- Why don't you serve, uncle?
- He served, but quit. I'm not fit, it's a clean march, I can't make out anything. It's your business, and I'm not smart enough. As for hunting, it's another matter, it's a pure march! Open that door, he shouted. - What did they shut up! - The door at the end of the corridor (which uncle called the kolidor) led to an idle hunting room: that was the name of the human for hunters. Bare feet quickly slapped and an invisible hand opened the door to the hunting room. From the corridor, the sounds of a balalaika were clearly audible, which was apparently played by some kind of master of this craft. Natasha had been listening to these sounds for a long time and now went out into the corridor to hear them more clearly.

The third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, a fighter for the independence of the Caucasus, Shamil. Born in the village of Gimry on June 26, 1797. At birth, he was given the name Ali, in honor of his paternal grandfather. The kid was sick, in order to protect him from evil spirits, according to customs, the name was changed to Shamil. He grew up thin and sickly, but grew up strong and healthy. Shamil was influenced by friendship with Kazi-Mulla. Shamil young men addicted to the sciences. He studied grammar, Arabic, philosophy and logic, his teacher was Jemal-Edin.

Shamil's life is closely connected with the Caucasian war. The war between the highlanders of the Caucasus and the Russian Empire. The war was fought for the complete subjugation of the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, and is one of the fiercest in the 19th century. Covers the period from 1817 to 1864.

Shamil managed to unite the disparate peoples and start a liberation war against the Russian troops. Shamil was able to quickly create a strong army and for 30 years led successful military operations with the Russian troops, who suffered huge losses in this war.

In 1834 Shamil was elected imam. The long stay of Shamil in this rank is an era of civil and military history of the Caucasian highlanders. Their internal primitive system has changed significantly under the influence of Shamil's reform. The power of the hereditary khans, who ruled the scattered tribes of Chechnya and Dagestan, gave way to the power of Shamil, popularly elected imam. The customary law that guided the life of these tribes was supplanted by the unified law of Muslims introduced by Shamil - Sharia, implemented by representatives of the clergy: mullahs, qadis and muftis. Chechnya and Dagestan were divided into special districts, or naibstvos, ruled by naibs appointed by the imam. The supreme administrative department of the region was the supreme council chaired by Shamil. Control over the actions of naibs and other authorities was carried out with the help of muhtasibs appointed by the imam from honest and personally known people. By such measures, Shamil tried to unite the tribes that recognized him.

The military history of Imamate Shamil testifies to his great strategic talent. Cautious and persistent, not overestimating his own strength and strictly taking into account the strength of the enemy, Shamil fully corresponded to the difficulty of the task before him. A fanatic himself, he demanded fanaticism from others in the "fight against the infidels." Murids were a valuable material, with the help of which Shamil was able to carry out his plans. Unquestioningly devoted to Shamil, ready to die on the orders of their imam, the murids were the main core of Shamil's army. Shamil dreamed of creating a regular army from the highlanders. The highlanders, led by Shamil, for many years offered stubborn resistance to the stronger and more numerous Russian troops. Partisan operations in the Caucasus Mountains caused serious damage to the extended forces of the tsarist army.

In 1859, after a series of military failures, Shamil was surrounded and surrendered. I must say that the Russian authorities treated him mercifully enough - he was exiled with his family to a settlement in the Kaluga region. With the removal of him from the leadership, the war went successfully for the Russian army. By 1864, the entire North Caucasus finally joined the Russian Empire.

On a June day in 1797, in the family of the farrier Dengava from the Dagestan village of Gimry, a boy was born, who was named Ali. The child's health was very poor. Every day he literally faded away.

Gimry is an alpine village, and you can often see eagles here. One day, the villagers saw an eagle with large snow-white wings circling over Dengawa's house, as if looking out for something. Suddenly he rushed to the ground and immediately soared back to the sky. It was then that everyone saw that he had caught a large snake in the farrier's yard. This was a good sign for Ali's parents. They decided to change the boy's name. According to legend, this helps when you need to "deceive" evil spirits. Ali received the name Shamil.

Since then, the boy began to grow stronger. He significantly outstripped his peers in growth and development. He had no equal in studies, wrestling, shooting and horse racing. He took his studies very seriously and with great interest. Reading was his favorite pastime. After the school teacher called Dengawa to say that he had nothing more to teach his son, the boy decided to go to neighboring villages in search of knowledge.

He went on a journey together with his senior comrade Ghazi-Muhammad. Friends were trained by the best sages of that time: Jamaluddin Kazikumukhsky, who is a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, and Magomed Yaragsky, who contributed to changing the worldview of Shamil and Ghazi-Muhammad.

When they return, they no longer want to live as before. The fire of justice burns in them. They want to change the way of life of the highlanders, making their life more worthy.

In 1829, at the congress of representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, Gazi-Muhammad was awarded the honorary title of imam. Shamil becomes his right hand in all matters.

It is worth noting that, by that time, it was already in full swing, so the comrades had to solve the issues of arranging villages in between fierce battles.

Ghazi-Muhammad spent only two years at his post. In one of the battles, he, Shamil and several murids are surrounded in the Gimry tower. Nobody was going to give up, but there was no chance to leave alive. Gazi-Muhammad opened the gates of the tower, going out to his death from the bullets of the royal army with his head held high.

Shamil, having climbed to the top of the tower, jumped down from there. Since the tower was on a small hillock, he managed to jump over his enemies in this way, landing already behind them. Naturally, the pursuit began. However, through tough resistance, he manages to fight off his pursuers.

Exhausted Shamil was lying in the clearing. He did not believe that his injuries would allow him to survive, he simply waited for the hour of death. And then he again saw in the sky the same eagle, which in childhood flew to their yard. It gave me hope and strength. He managed to get to the doctor Abdul-Aziz, who was a friend of his father. And having risen to his feet, after long months of treatment, he marries the daughter of Abdul-Aziz.

The difficult post of the imam

Having decided to elect a new imam, people wanted to see Shamil in this position. However, he refused such an honorary title, saying that he was not yet ready for this post, but in any battle everyone can count on him. Gamzat-Bek was elected Imam, who, like Gazi-Muhammad, was destined for a very short term of rule. Two years later, Gamzat-Bek was treacherously killed in the mosque where he came to pray.

In 1834, in the village of Ashilta, by unanimous decision, Shamil was appointed imam. Imam Shamil, whose brief biography is impossible, since his life is a series of outstanding numerous events. He worked constantly. The imamat created by him was divided into several districts, which were called "naibstva". In each district, a naib was appointed, who strictly followed the execution of all the instructions of the imam.

Under Shamil, the Supreme Council, the treasury, a kind of army and military ranks were created. Shamil banned blood feuds and introduced laws and fines, which no one here could even think of before. Six years later, Shamil is recognized as an imam by the Chechen people.

Hostage of the king

The capital of the imamate was the village of Akhulgo, near the walls of which one of the bloodiest battles of the Caucasian war took place. In 1836, the tsarist army, under the command of General Grabbe, continued for several months. The mountaineers did not give up. Not only men died, but also women with children. Despite the complete blockade, no one agreed to surrender.

Grabbe, through a truce, offered Shamil to surrender along with his eight-year-old son Jamaluddin, then he guaranteed an end to the siege. Shamil refused. The assault resumed with renewed vigor. There are practically no men left who could hold back the attacks. Knowing that Jamaluddin would not be harmed, Shamil was forced to give his son as a hostage, saving the remaining villagers. He himself, with a small detachment, managed to break into neighboring Chechnya.

Jamaluddin was taken to Russia and assigned to the imperial cadet corps for orphans. The imam had three more sons and two daughters, but for the next 15 years his soul ached for the child, who was now brought up by strangers. The case helped Shamil to see his child again. His detachment seized the estate of the Armenian prince Chavchavadze, capturing the princess and her sister. It was decided to exchange the princesses for Shamil's son. While an answer was expected from Tsar Nicholas I, they were settled in Shamil's house. Later, Countess Chavchavadze spoke of Shamil as an educated and charming person.

In 1840 Shamil marries for the second time. His chosen one is the daughter of a wealthy merchant from Mozdok, Anna Ulukhanov, who was captured by the mountain detachment. However, having fallen in love with the imam with all her heart, she agreed to convert to Islam and become Shamil's wife. Until the end of his life, Shamil was in love with his Anna, who took the Muslim name Shuanat and bore him five children.

Jamal-Eddin Shamil - that was the name of Jamaluddin by the Russians, by this time he already had the rank of cornet, was pleased with his service and loved Russia. Before returning to his homeland, he was invited to the palace, where Nicholas the First asked him to tell his father that he wanted peace.

Unaccustomed to the mountain climate and mountain life, 26-year-old Jamaluddin falls ill with consumption and dies, asking his father to reconcile with Russia until the last day.

Honorary Prisoner

After the accession to the throne of Emperor Alexander II, the Caucasian War began its final phase. Prince Baryatinsky, who was a childhood friend of the new tsar, bribed the most key figures in the Caucasus. This broke Shamil's imamat. Disunity and widespread betrayal of the imam flourished.

Realizing his impotence, Shamil still hoped to hold out on the top of Mount Gunib, fighting off the royal detachments. But, the forces were not equal. To save those who remained, Shamil decides to surrender.

On August 25, 1859, the imam had a historic meeting with Prince Baryatinsky at the foot of Gunib. Baryatinsky met Shamil without hurting his dignity in any way, but on the contrary, showing all possible respect. And already in mid-September, Alexander II met with Shamil and even handed him a golden saber, thanking him for the step he had taken towards creating the world.

Shamil visited several Russian cities, never ceasing to be surprised by the beauty and grandeur of Russia. And he was especially amazed at how people met him. He believed that they were obliged to hate him, but he was met everywhere as a hero, calling him the Caucasian Napoleon.

They settled Shamil in Kaluga. He and his family were allocated a beautiful three-story house. Shamil often traveled, got acquainted with the life of people, visited hospitals where the wounded soldiers of the tsarist army lay, followed the theatrical life. In a word, it was not the life of a prisoner, it was the life of an honored guest.

In 1861, Shamil turned to the emperor with a request for a trip to Muslim shrines in Mecca. Having invited Shamil and his eldest son Gazi-Magomed to Tsarskoye Selo, Alexander promised to let him go, but only later. So far, he considered it inexpedient, since not everything was calmed down in the mountains.

Shamil's son Magomed-Shapi enters the service of Alexander in the Caucasian squadron. The third wife of Shamil Zagidat gave the imam a son, Magomed-Kamil, already in Kaluga. Here, Shamil takes the oath of allegiance to the emperor.

The years took their toll, the Kaluga climate ceased to suit the imam, and a decision was made to move to Kyiv. Before leaving, Shamil went to the cemetery to say goodbye to the seventeen family graves that he left here.

Sitting on the banks of the Dnieper in Kyiv, Shamil understood that the time had come to set off on his last campaign. He again asks the emperor for a trip to Mecca, promising that his sons will stay. And now, permission has been granted. February 16, 1869 Alexander II gives his consent. The most cherished dream of Imam Shamil came true.

Imam Shamil died, whose biography will be retold more than one hundred times, on February 4, 1871, after completing his pilgrimage, in Medina. There he was buried in the Al-Bakiya cemetery, where many more venerable people of the Muslim world are buried.

The story of Imam Shamil is another confirmation that it is never too late to rethink your views and find a common language even with the most powerful opponent.

Shamil(1797-1871) - the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, in 1834 recognized as an imam. He united the highlanders of Western Dagestan and Chechnya, and then Circassia into the theocratic state Imamat, and until he was captured during the assault on Gunib in 1859 by Prince Baryatinsky, he vigorously fought against Russian power. Transported to Kaluga, and then to Kyiv, he finally received the permission promised on Gunib to make the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, where he died.

Avar by nationality, was born in the village of Gimry (Genub) of the Khandalal Society of the Caucasian Accident (Untsukulsky district, Western Dagestan) around 1797. The name given to him at birth - Ali - was changed by his parents to "Shamil" as a child. Gifted with brilliant natural abilities, he listened to the best teachers of grammar, logic and rhetoric of the Arabic language in Dagestan. The sermons of his fellow villager Gazi-Muhammad (1795-1832) (Kazi-mullahs), the first imam and preacher of the "holy war" - ghazavat, captivated Shamil, who became at first his student, and then an ardent supporter. Shamil had two wives Shuanet and Zaidad, the first was born Anna Ivanovna Ulukhanova, Armenian by nationality.

On August 25, 1859, Shamil, along with 400 associates, was besieged in Gunib and on August 26 (according to the new style - September 7) surrendered on honorable terms for him (see Capture of Gunib).

After being received in St. Petersburg by the emperor, Kaluga was assigned to him for residence.

In August 1866, in the front hall of the Kaluga provincial noble assembly, Shamil, together with his sons Gazi-Magomed and Magomed-Shapi, took an oath of allegiance to Russia. After 3 years, by the Highest Decree, Shamil was elevated to the hereditary nobility.

In 1868, knowing that Shamil was no longer young and the Kaluga climate was not in the best way affecting his health, the emperor decided to choose a more suitable place for him, which was Kyiv.

In 1870, Alexander II allowed him to go to Mecca, where he died in March (according to other sources in February) 1871. He was buried in Medina (now Saudi Arabia).

PRZHETSLAVSKY P. G. "DIARY" 1862 - 1865. The following stories about the events that accompanied Shamil's domestic life in Kaluga, as an eyewitness account, represent the most complete characterization of the former imam, whose portrait, an engraving on copper, is attached to Russian Antiquity, ed. 1877, volume XVIII.

There are two parties in Shamil's house, namely the so-called "Jomal-Eddinovskaya", which is headed by the wife of Imam Zaidat, supported by two siblings: Abdzfakhman and Abduragim, and the party of Shamil's sons - Zaidat's stepsons: Kazi-Mohammed and Mohammed-Shafi ( before my entry into the post of bailiff, Mohammed-Shafi had already been accepted into His Majesty's Own convoy - a cornet. - approx. P.). Both of these parties are trying to seize power over Shamil, who is weak in character and ridiculously unable to control his will, in front of each other ... Zaidat's influence over her husband, both in moral and material terms, is so great that Kazi Mohammed and Mohammed-Shafi always remain in the background, in the role of offended and recognizing that it is impossible for them to fight a woman who, knowing how to hold the will of the Imam of Chechnya and Dagestan in her hands, will not let go of their will and the Kaluga prisoner ....

Shamil tries to maintain the rules of strict “muridism” in his house and constantly dreams of moving, with his whole family, to the Brilliant Porte. Considering it impossible to ask for it directly, he finds excuses to write letters, now to the Minister of War, now to the former viceroy of the Caucasian Prince A.I. Petersburg. Justice forces me to declare that in one Kaluga house of Shamil there is so much fanaticism - how much it is not now in all of Dagestan! ... To arouse the sympathy of influential people, on his letters, the Kaluga prisoner signed first: “Servant of God, Shamuel”, then: “Servant of God, poor Shamuel,” and now he began to write: “Servant of God, poor old man Shamuel” (Verse 39 of the 76th Koran teaches Muslims: “If you have any trick, then put it into execution” (against the infidels ) In the matter of internationalism, Muslim fanatics will not yield to the Jesuits. - Approx. P.).

Kazi-Mohammed, the eldest son of Shamil, is an inveterate fanatic, skillfully disguised in society with Russians, but understandable to me. He blindly subordinates his desires and actions to the desire of his father. However, in the case of leaving for Mecca, the imam's son will almost ask to be released on a temporary passport in order to: if it is good in Turkey or Egypt, stay there; but not good, so return to Russia, where he expects to receive a huge pension from the government. Muslims more distinguished by birth or deeds, when moving from our possessions to Turkey, assume that the sultan, delighted with their appearance, will raise them to the rank of pasha, appoint them rulers of certain regions, etc.

Mohammed-Shafi, the second son of Shamil, is pleased with the present. There is no fanaticism in him at all, and he would have forgotten about its existence if he had been on vacation less often, in the company of his father and brother, who reject the rule that “one does not enter a strange monastery with its charter.”

Abdurakhman, son-in-law of Shamil, who considers himself an “alim” (scientist) and is proud of his origin from the descendants of the prophet Mohammed “Zavid-Kurba” - a fanatic at heart and cunning to the point of impudence. With the full conviction that I know the character, customs and religious rulings of the Mohammedans well, he sometimes tries to deceive me with his dodgy interpretations and stories. Abdurakhman does not know what to decide: should he go with the imam to Mecca, or stay in Dagestan? His conversations on this subject are always full of ulterior thoughts that can be understood as questions: “Will the Turkish Sultan make me a dignitary?” or: “If I want to go to Mecca, would the Russian government prefer to leave me here and enlist me directly as an officer, like Mohammed-Shafi?” etc. The negative answer that he cannot count on either one or the other torments the conceited Abdurakhman.

“In that case, I’d better go to Turkey,” he says.

"That's another question," I answered him. - If the government is willing to let you go to Mecca, then this permission will affect only Shamil and Kazi-Mohammed, as prisoners of war who are pardoned. But you arrived with the imam in Kaluga of your own free will, and nothing more, nothing less, as a resident of Dagestan, and, therefore, must obey the rules that guide them when dismissing residents to Mecca; - according to these rules, you are still too young to become a highly respected “hadji” (Muslims of the “Sunni” sect who visited the coffin of the prophet Mohammed receive the title of “haji”, which gives them honor and some advantages in society. - Approx. P.).

Abduragim- Shamil's son-in-law is a young man, alien to fanaticism and claims to scholarship. He mostly spends time in company with Russians, behaves decently, and secretly smokes cigarettes, caring little about leaving for Mecca and Medina. - His sincere desire is to, having entered the service in the Russian cavalry, to rise to the rank of officer. Both of Shamil's sons-in-law are self-taught, they speak Russian well, and Abduragim reads and writes decently.

Omar Mehtev, a resident of the village of Kumukh, the foster brother of Shamil's daughter, Najavat, is a young man of relatively good morals, without fanaticism, but indecisive. His desire is to be sent to his homeland, and to enter the service of the local police there.

shuanet (a renegade from Armenians, Anna Ivanovna Ulukhanova), Shamil's wife, a kind woman, but wordless in family life, compliantly obeying the dominion in the house of the imam of his second wife: Zaidat. - Shuanet was so tatarized that, in order to please her husband, she did not even want to see her distant relative, the Mozdok Armenian Khalatov, who came to Kaluga on trading business, and help him with a few rubles in his critical circumstances.

Zaidat, the daughter of Efendiy Jamal-Eddina-Kazi-Kumukhsky, who once propagandized “tarrihat” in Dagestan, is the second wife of Shamil. She can be called the head of the whole house. No business passes without her intervention; all the mistakes that Shamil has made and is making in Kaluga were partly the result of her advice; all the letters of concern to the authorities, pro and contra of his requests and harassment, were written at her initiative. When Shamil, contrary to my advice, wrote a letter to the Minister of War with a request to relocate him from Kaluga to another city, and then a new letter with a request to leave him in Kaluga, then, after giving me this last letter for sending to the post office, he Mustafa asked the translator:

What does the colonel say? Isn't he angry that I didn't listen to him before?

“The colonel says that you, Imam, are in vain to obey women,” Mustafa answered!

“That is absolutely true,” answered Shamil; They are the ones that don't give me peace of mind!

In the month of May 1862, the son of Shamil, the cornet of the Life Guards of the Caucasian squadron of His Majesty's Own convoy, Mohammed-Shafi, sent his wife Aminat from St. Petersburg to Kaluga, so that she would be sent further to Dagestan, with a rider of the same convoy, her relative, Ismail Khalatau, who for this purpose was given run-off money from the treasury. Aminat at that time was in her seventh month of pregnancy; for all that, in order to improve her disordered health, she decided to visit her homeland.

Shamil, fearing that Aminat, as a pregnant woman, would not withstand the difficulties of her upcoming journey to Dagestan, and more - sending her with Ismail, a distant relative, finding it contrary to "Sharia" - left Aminat at home, despite the fact that she with tears she begged the imam either to return her to her husband in St. Petersburg, or to allow her to continue her journey to the Caucasus, but not to leave her in Kaluga, where she, in the Shamil family, not meeting a family disposition, would be doomed to a reclusive and boring life.

For my part, I thought it best to send the wife of the cornet Mohammed-Shafi to Dagestan, but who arrived at the same time with her in Kaluga, to transport the body of the deceased wife of Kazi-Mohammed, Karimat (Karimat, wife of Kazi-Mohammed, daughter of the Elisun Sultan, Major General Daniel- Beka, who died of consumption, asked that her body be sent to her homeland, which was fulfilled at public expense.) in the city of Nukha, captain Guzey Razumov, the courier corps, told me that it was the desire of the government to leave Aminat in Russia. Sending Aminat home, in my opinion, would have reduced Mahomet-Shafi's household expenses and, no doubt, would have restored the poor health of this poor woman.

In the month of June, the cornet Mohammed-Shafi arrived in Kaluga, taking advantage of the leave given to him. From the words of my predecessors, Colonel Boguslavsky and Captain Runovsky, it became known to me that Shamil, when sending his son to the service, assigned him a maintenance of 2 thousand rubles. in year. At the end of the vacation period, the cornet Mohammed-Shafi, preparing to leave Kaluga, turned to his father with a request to give him the money due, but, having received a refusal, he had to resort to my assistance. To my request: to give Mohammed-Shafi the promised amount and allow him to leave his wife in Kaluga for a while, the imam gave a very strange answer, which surprised me both with evasiveness and lack of common sense: in relation to money, Shamil, referring to their lack, responded that he could not and did not want to give his son maintenance, because “he is not his son” (the old man did not sympathize with the definition of his son for service in the ranks of the infidels. - Approx. P.), and, finally, offering 300 rubles, concluded his speech with the remark that Shafi, being his guest, kept a couple of horses for three months, the feeding of which cost him, Shamil, up to 400 rubles. Having convinced the old man that I myself, having three horses in the stable, spend not much more than 30 rubles a month on fodder, and, consequently, the maintenance of Shafi's horses cost not 400, but 60 rubles, I with great difficulty begged Shamil to give his son a thousand rubles for the last six months. When the money was handed over, there was no deduction for the maintenance of the horses: my presence embarrassed the old man.

1877 - a general Sharia uprising in Dagestan as a reaction to the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Provoked by news of the successful landing of the Muhajirs in Abkhazia and the offensive of the son of Imam Shamil, Marshal of the Ottoman army Gazi-Muhammad near Kars. The main centers of the uprising: Ichkeria, Sogratl, Gazi-Kumukh, Tsudahar, Teletl, Assakh and others. Short-term restoration of most of the khanates. Despite the first successes (the capture of the Kazi-Kumukh fortress and the destruction of the Russian garrison), the uprising was suppressed, the main instigators were executed, thousands of participants and suspects with their families were deported to different regions of Russia (from Karelia to Irkutsk).
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As for the North Caucasians, the emigrant representatives united under the leadership Said Shamil, who was the grandson of Imam Shamil, the legendary leader who led the resistance of the highlanders during the Caucasian War of the 1860s.
Said grew up in Turkey, took part in the First World War, and after it, in 1917, he came to the homeland of his ancestors and became one of the leaders of the so-called "Mountain Republic". Some time after the capture of Dagestan and Chechnya by the Red Army, Said tried to raise an uprising again, but to no avail.
Back in Turkey Said Shamil organized a union of mountain-Azerbaijani emigration, and after that he headed the North Caucasian Committee, which soon began to actively cooperate with the German leadership. He also tried to create the "Caucasian Indivisible Volunteer Army" as a separate formation in the Turkish troops, but his plan was not successful.
After 1936, some of his comrades moved from Turkey to Germany, which corresponded to the plans of the German command at that moment - to persuade some of the leaders of the emigration to move to Berlin in order to simplify their relationship.

E. Abrahamyan "Caucasians in the Abwehr". Moscow. 2006, p. 42.