The heroic traditions of the people are our spiritual heritage. “we keep the traditions of our ancestors” Keeping family traditions is mysterious

Work theme: "We keep the traditions of our ancestors».

Target:

Study of the history of Russian peasant life,the culture of my ancestors through forgotten household items.

Formation of respect for Russian folk culture.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the variety of household items, their names and purposes.

Explore family antiques that are a rarity and memory of the family.

The use of antique objects in dance classes. History of Russian folk costume.

4.Collect riddles, proverbs and sayings related to household utensils.

Object of study: the culture of my ancestors.

Subject of research: antique household items.

Problem: Preserving one's cultural and everyday traditions through their study.

Research methods: Interviewing, searching for information in the library, the Internet, analysis of collected items, comparison, comparison.

I believe that all antique objects, through the years and even centuries, retain the energy of their previous owners. They preserve the warmth and touch of human hands. It's a pity things can't talk. Otherwise, they would tell us the story of our distant ancestors. The stories would be different, but interesting. This is what makes us once again, looking at this or that thing, remember our origins and pay tribute to our ancestors, thanks to whom we exist.
Our family keeps several items passed down from generation to generation. We value them very much and take care of them.
When I, as a little girl, saw them for the first time, I had many questions:
What are these items called and what did they serve?
Why do parents keep them if they don't use them?
Who did these things and when? I was very interested to know the history of these things. This is what I devoted my research to.

1. Let's start our research with a hut. It was in it that various household items and all kinds of utensils were used, located and stored.

The hut and its structure .

We are interested to know everything:

How did Russian people live before?

What were all these items of Russian everyday life needed for?

What are these items called and how did people use them?

I began to look for answers to all my questions: I asked teachers, parents, grandmothers, looked at illustrations in books about the ancient life of the Russian people, read encyclopedias, watched videos.

From my research I learned that in ancient times almost all of Rus' was wooden. In Rus' it was believed that wood has a beneficial effect on humans and is good for their health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. In the old days, huts were built from spruce or pine. There was a pleasant resinous smell from the logs in the hut.

Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families. Izba (village house) is the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes “help” was organized, when the whole village worked for one family.

Let's take a look into a Russian hut. What was the situation there? What kind of furniture and dishes were there?

From encyclopedias I learned that the peasant’s home was adapted to his lifestyle. The atmosphere was modest, strict, everything was in its place, everything was for the good of the cause.

It turns out that when entering the hut there was a risk of tripping. Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. This is how the peasants protected the warmth and tried not to let it out.

Here I am in the hut. The central place is occupied by the stove. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the stove. The stove was placed so that it was well lit and away from the wall to prevent a fire.

The space between the wall and the stove is called the “bake”. There the housewife kept the tools necessary for work: grips, a large shovel, a poker.

There were cast irons and pots on a shelf near the stove. Equipment and firewood were stored in a niche under the pole. The oven had small niches for drying mittens and felt boots.

The stove was popularly called “nurse, mother.” “Mother is a stove, decorate your children,” the hostess said while baking bread and pies. Our apartment does not have such a stove; it was replaced by a stove, but in the villages grandmothers still love to bake pies in a Russian stove.

We bake our toys-in-law in the oven, but we also say: “Mother is a stove, decorate your children.” She hears us and pleases us with rosy products.

Everyone in the peasant family loved to bake. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy even in the most severe frosts.

Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: “He rubs bricks on the stove.”

The housewife spent most of her time at the stove. Her place by the stove was called “woman’s kut” (that is, “women’s corner”). Here the housewife prepared food, and here kitchen utensils were stored in a special cabinet - a “warehouse”. There were many shelves near the stove; on the shelves along the walls there were milk jugs, clay and wooden bowls, and salt shakers.

The other corner near the door was for men. It was called "konik". A pattern in the form of a horse's head was made on the bench. The owner worked at this shop. Sometimes he slept on it. The owner kept his tools under the bench. Harness and clothes hung in the men's corner.

In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. An iron ring was made on the central beam - the “matitsa” - and a baby cradle was attached. The peasant woman, sitting on a bench, inserted her foot into a loop, rocked the cradle, and she worked: spinning, sewing, embroidering.

Nowadays, there are no such cradles anymore; children sleep in beautiful cribs.

The main corner in a peasant hut was called the “red corner”. In the red corner, the cleanest and brightest, there was a shrine - a shelf with icons. The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel - a towel. Sometimes the shrine was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles.

A person entering a hut must take off his hat, turn his face to the icons, cross himself, and bow deeply. And only then did he enter the house. The icons were carefully preserved and passed on from generation to generation.

According to Orthodox custom, the dining table was always placed in the red corner. At the table the whole family “ate” - took food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table and a loaf of bread: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family.

A large peasant family was seated at the table according to custom. The place of honor at the head of the table was occupied by the father - the “bolshak”. To the right of the owner, his sons were sitting on a bench. The left bench was for the female half of the family. The hostess rarely sat down at the table, and then only from the edge of the bench. She was busy at the stove, serving food to the table. Her daughters helped her.

Having sat down at the table, everyone waited for the owner to command: “With God, we have begun,” and only after that they began to eat. It was forbidden to talk loudly at the table, laugh, knock on the table, spin around, or argue. Parents said that this would cause hungry “evil spirits” - ugly little people - to flock to the table, bringing hunger, poverty and disease.

The peasants were especially respectful of bread. The owner cut off a loaf and distributed his share of the bread to everyone. It was not customary to break bread. If the bread fell to the floor, they picked it up, kissed it, and asked for forgiveness.

Salt was also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden “salt licks”.

Hospitality was a rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people still observe today. “Bread and salt,” is how people greet the owners when they enter the house while eating.

Peasant household utensils

The world of the Russian village of the 19th and early 20th centuries is difficult to imagine without numerous household utensils, accumulated over decades, which our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers used in their daily lives. Life took place in a house, the interior of which was organized for work and rest.
Many items were used in Russian everyday life. And almost all of them were made with their own hands. The furniture was also homemade - a table, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches.

From the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, I learned that: “Utensils are objects, accessories of some kind. For example: household utensils, kitchen utensils.” The same term V.I. Dal, the author of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian Living Language,” called utensils “everything movable in the house, dwelling.”
Utensils are utensils for preparing, preparing and storing food, serving it on the table; various containers for storing household items and clothing; items for personal hygiene and home hygiene.
The terminology of objects changed depending on the method of manufacture: a container made of cooperage - a tub made of wood - a dugout made of clay - a pot. In the Russian village, mainly wooden and pottery utensils were used. Metal, glass, and porcelain were less common. Utensils made from birch bark, woven from twigs, straw, and pine roots were also in widespread use. Some of the items were made by the male half of the family. Most of them were purchased at fairs. The presence of metal utensils in the house was a clear indication of the family's prosperity, its frugality, and respect for family traditions. Such utensils were sold only at the most critical moments in a family’s life. The traditional set of utensils was preserved in peasant farming until the end of the 30s of the 20th century. However, new things characteristic of the urban way of life began to penetrate into popular life much earlier, back in the middle of the 19th century. Originally it was tableware. Along with the samovar and coffee pot, tea cups and saucers, sugar bowls, vases for jam, and milk jugs entered the everyday life of peasants., teaspoons.

Elder's family items.

In our family, a coal iron appeared thanks to my grandmother. Many years ago, when there were no electric irons, people used coal irons, since an iron is an irreplaceable thing in human life. My grandmother often watched how her mother ironed things for her family with them. It was not easy to handle such an iron due to its heavy weight. Therefore, later, with the advent of the electric iron, the coal iron became a thing of the past, becoming a historical rarity in our family.

The history of the appearance of a coal iron and other devices for ironing clothes begins in the 9th century. History has not preserved reliable information about the exact time of the appearance of the first iron and its inventor. In the distant past, people came up with various ways to prevent clothes from being wrinkled after washing. One of these methods was to stretch the wet fabric and leave it to dry.

Samovar - this is the soul of Rus', this is the warmth of the soul of the Russian person. A samovar is not just a device, it is the center of a table, a holiday, a celebration. In the old days, every family had a samovar. Not a single holiday passed without this Russian miracle. And despite its high cost (it cost more than a cow), the samovar was in every home. Now the samovar has become more of a legend, a kind of reality, it has become a thing of the past. At the moment there are only 3 types of samovars:

An electric samovar, in which the water is heated using a heating element (boiler);

Zharova. It is also called a coal samovar or a wood-burning samovar. The water in it is heated using solid fuel (cones, coal, firewood). This is the very first and most ancient species;

A combined samovar is a combination of electric and flame samovars.

The word “samovar” itself speaks for itself; it is a kind of object that cooks itself. It was its ability to heat liquids within itself that contributed to its spread throughout the Russian Empire. My great-grandfathers used a samovar. My grandmother discovered it in an old barn. My grandmother told me that she was little, went to school, and remembers what interesting tea parties there were behind this samovar. The samovar gave a lot of emotions and impressions from preparing real Russian tea from various herbs. The tea invigorated and caused some lightness in the body. And when my grandmother found this old samovar, darkened by time, in the barn, she could not throw it away. After all, she remembers those long-ago gatherings of my ancestors over tea. Currently, many factories continue to produce coal samovars capable of burning coal. No electrical appliance can replace the wonderful taste of freshly brewed tea over coals.

Our family has one wonderful product -towel . This is an embroidered decorative towel. His story is like this.

My grandmother's mother loved to embroider. She embroidered pillowcases, curtains, tablecloths. What kind of imagination do you have to have to create such miracles from colored threads? And the lace! These are such beautiful and interesting patterns, as if a pattern was painted on glass. I even held the lace to the glass to get a closer look at this gorgeous hand painted piece.

Currently, ancient Slavic traditions are practically forgotten, but towels are still used to decorate homes and are used in various rituals in some regions of modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Towels are used to clean the red corner of a hut or hut, shrines, door and window openings, and also decorate the walls. A special role belonged to the towel in the wedding ceremony. According to legend, embroidery on towels was supposed to protect newlyweds from damage and the evil eye. Towels were used to decorate the wedding train - horses, harness, and clothes of guests. The bride and groom stand on a towel during the wedding. Also, the towel was an element of maternity, baptismal and funeral rites. To this day, the custom of greeting honored guests with “bread and salt” served on a towel has been preserved.

Depending on the ornament that was applied to Russian towels, and it could be a plant, animal, geometric, abstract ornament, its purpose and role in everyday life depended. Currently, towels in Russia are mainly used for wedding ceremonies and decorating icon images. Towels are also very often purchased as a souvenir or gift, but in addition to this, it is necessary to remember that towels, embroidered according to a special pattern and having their own symbolism, are a kind of connecting link with your ancestors and distant times.

The towel is made from linen or hemp fabric, 30-40 centimeters wide and 3 or more meters long. Embroidery, lace, braided weaving, and ribbons are used to decorate the towel.

RUSSIAN FOLK COSTUME.

The history of Russian folk costume goes back many centuries. In the same way, for many centuries the natural conditions in which life lived remained practically unchanged.the peasantry, the nature and conditions of peasant labor dictated by the natural environment, rituals, beliefs, the entire way of life. As a result, the folk costume turned out to be maximally adapted to the life of the people, and techniques for its

manufacturing. Archeology, written sources that mention various types of clothing, descriptions of travelers - all this gives us information about the history of Russian folk costume. Clothes were of great value, they were not lost, notThey threw it away, but took great care of it, repeatedly altering it and wearing it to complete disrepair. The nobility sought to ensure that her costume differed from the clothing of commoners. The life of a common man was not easy. Hard work from dawn to dusk in the field, caring for the harvest, pets. But when the long-awaited holiday arrived, people seemed to be transformed, putting on the best, most beautiful clothes. Clothing could tell a lot about the marital status and age of its owner. So in the southern regions of our country, all children under 12 years old wore only long shirts. Festive clothes were stored in chests.

Dress(shirt). In Rus', the main form of clothing was a dress, made from various fabrics, depending on the wealth of the owner. The basis of women's clothing was a long shirt, cut from straight panels. The shirt had a round collar, sometimes with gathers around it, a slit fastened at the front with a button, and long sleeves. For ordinary women, such a shirt, tied at the waist with a belt, served as a house dress; wealthy women also had undershirts, like men's women's shirts, decorated with embroidery, or trimmed with colored fabric along the edge of the hem, sleeves, and collar.

Sundress . On top of the shirt they put on a sundress, a long, swinging, sleeveless garment fastened from bottom to top with buttons.

Dushegrea . A soul warmer was put on top of the sundress - a short, just below the waist and very wide, sleeveless ruffled garment, with straps like modern sundresses.

Letnik . The most elegant and unique women's clothing was the letnik. They sewed it from bright fabrics, putting it on over the head, and did not belt it. The sleeves were sewn from more expensive fabrics from top to elbow. The ends of the sleeves and the front of the collar at the collar were decorated with stripes made of more expensive fabrics. Sometimes flyers were trimmed with fur along the hem. Embroidery not only decorated clothes, but also had a magical meaning. According to popular beliefs, embroidered patterns should bring happiness, good luck, prosperity to the home and health. And also protect from trouble and evil. Ornament. In the ornaments on clothes you can see images of the sun, stars, the tree of life with birds on the branches, flowers, figures of people and animals. Such a symbolic ornament connected a person with the surrounding nature, with the wonderful world of legends and myths. Russian folk clothing has a centuries-old history.

Its general character, which has developed in the everyday life of many generations, corresponds to the appearance, lifestyle, geographical location and nature of the work of the people. Starting from the 18th century, the northern part of Russia found itself apart from the developing centers and therefore the traditional features of folk life and clothing were much more fully preserved here, while to the south (Ryazan, Orel, Kursk, Kaluga) Russian folk costume received noticeable development. In the northern regions of Russia (Arkhangelsk, Tver, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ryazan) the sarafan was widespread, and in the southern regions the sarafan was widespread. Each province had its own version of the costume. The clothing of each province had its own ornaments, decorations, shapes and styles.

Hats . Girls everywhere wore open headdresses such as headbands, married women before the birth of their first child, young women, wore kokoshniks; Women giving birth wore kichkas or kokoshniks.

This is interesting : ancient Russian clothinghad its own characteristics: some types of clothing had sleeves longer than the arms. They were usually collected in small folds. And if you let your sleeves down, it would be almost impossible to work. Therefore, they say about bad work that it was done “carelessly.” Very rich people wore such dresses. Those who were poorer wore short dresses, better suited for walking and working.

Men's suit . Shirt . Men's clothing consisted of a linen shirt with long wide sleeves, a sleeveless caftan that reached the knees and was made of coarse wool. The caftan was pierced with rings and beads, and the bottom was embroidered with colored patterns. Neither a peasant, nor a city dweller, nor a villager could do without a shirt. Men's shirts were usually made from fabric of one color, checkered, or with a small pattern. The festive shirt was embroidered with colored silk threads. The chest patterns were located along the cut in the center of the chest and protected the heart and lungs, the shoulder patterns protected the arms, and the side patterns did not allow evil forces to penetrate from below.

Ports(trousers). Men also wore cloaks and wide ports (pants), sometimes wearing two pairs, one on top of the other. The pants were dark in color, sometimes striped. They were tucked into boots or wrapped in onuchas, and bast shoes were put on top. Relations with the Byzantines brought about a change in clothing.

Kaftan . Relations with the Byzantines brought about a change in clothing. First, the royal Byzantine vestments, together with the court costumes, passed to the Russian grand-ducal house, and then the clothes of the rich Byzantines also passed on. Byzantine influence was disrupted by the Tatar-Mangol hordes, which flooded

Russian land. As always, the people remained faithful to their ancient clothes, and the upper classes exchanged or mixed their clothes with the clothes of their victors. Instead of a closed caftan, they began to wear a Mongolian caftan, which was open along the entire length in front, and instead of a cloak, an outer caftan. Addition: In the 16th century, men began to wear a shirt with a narrow collar, long trousers, wide at the top, gathered with braid. The caftan was narrow, like a cover, reaching to the knees and equipped with sleeves. Under Peter I, trousers made of silk, canvas or cloth were used, which were tucked into boots. Peter I forced the long caftan to be shortened. For those who did not want to do this voluntarily, according to the royal decree, the soldiers cut off the floors. Modernity. Russian folk costume. One of the relics of our national culture that is fading into the past. A bright, colorful spectacle, organically intertwined with folk song and dance into an original action that goes back centuries. Without preserving the folk costume, this is impossible; even if on stage, the unity of this culture will be revived, and it will not completely disappear.

We studied Russian folk costume before performing Russian folk dance with our leader in our dance classes.

Studying the history of costume, I realized that from the old Russian folk costume it was always possible to understand family, age, social differences, to guess about a person’s occupation - this was indicated by the shape and material of jewelry, the quality of fabrics, furs, the cover and color of the costume, its richness finishing.

We were interested in the ancient costume of our Kursk region.

Folk costume contributes to the formation of worldview, moral beliefs, and creative abilities; develops imagination, aesthetic feelings and understanding of beauty; educates emotionally

– a sensitive attitude towards the world around us, as well as a sense of patriotism in the Motherland. I believe that studying the history of Russian costume helps us plunge into the past and present of the Russian people. That is why we must preserve and preserve old songs, national clothes, amazing folk holidays and artistic crafts. For these are the roots that fed and nourish us, this is not only today, but also our future.

Household utensils in oral folk art.

Entering a peasant hut, you immediately notice the stove: it takes up almost half of the hut. Hence the expression: “A hut is not a hut without a stove.” In addition, the oven is not just a place where food was prepared: “The oven heats and cooks, bakes and fries. She will feed, dry and delight the soul.”
The house, order in it, peace and harmony among the household were considered the key to everyday well-being. Proverbs delve into all the little things: “The work is in the hands - and the bread is in the mouth”, “A woman baked pies with yeast, but took them out with the reins”, “Good millstones grind everything, but bad ones dare themselves”, “A crooked spindle will not dress”, etc. .d.
“Without an owner, a house is an orphan” - this proverb conveys the idea of ​​order in the family, of its structure. There are also proverbs about proper housekeeping: “Stairs are swept not from below, but from above”, “Take care of glassware: if you break it, you can’t fix it.”
The image of household utensils is also easy to notice in Russian folk tales.
In the fairy tale “Kolobok”, the grandfather asks the grandmother to bake a bun: “Go, old woman, scrape the box, mark the bottom, you will put some flour on the bun” - i.e. he asks to make an effort so that he and the old woman can eat.
In the fairy tale “Zayushkina’s Hut,” the rooster, having driven out the fox, shouted after it: “Don’t open your mouth to someone else’s loaf, but get up early and start your own.”
From the film by Alexander Rowe “Morozko”, many phrases entered into oral use and became proverbs and sayings: “And Marfushka is a kneader of kneaders!”, “I can’t stand behind a plow and won’t stand in a fight”, “The sheepskin coat is completely new! Don’t forget to return it!” etc.
A special place in folklore is occupied by riddles, which also did not bypass Russian life.
It hangs on the wall, dangles, and everyone grabs onto it. (Towel)
Three brothers went to the river to swim. Two are swimming, the third is lying on the shore. (Buckets, rocker)
I believe that the Russian people firmly preserve the memory of the past. This is proven by the large number of references to everyday life in Russian folklore, primarily in riddles, proverbs and sayings.

From the memories of old-timers.

When I started work, I was faced with the fact that my parents did not know what the names of many village household items were. For clarification, I turned to my grandmother, Lyubov Alekseevna Marchenko. She shared memories of herself and her family.

Some things received new names and the old ones were gradually forgotten. For example: tile - cup, wadding - blanket, drawer - curtain, rukoter, rukoternik - towel, cuff - apron, golik - broom.
My grandmother remembers objects that have long gone out of use from her childhood memories. For example: a roller - a wooden plank with a handle for beating out laundry on a river, she heard, even saw her mother do it and used it herself. It is also called pralnik. From her I learned that in each region there were differences in the names of household utensils depending on the village. For example: a broom for sweeping the stove in one village was called “Pomelnik”, and in another village – “Pomelo”; tools for ironing clothes in one place were called “Valek and Wire Rod”, and in another – “Rubel and Valek”.
And my grandmother also told me that on holidays the hut was transformed, the table was covered with a white tablecloth; the red corner and mirror were decorated with shrouds; benches and chests were covered with elegant khokhlushas.

DICTIONARY OF FORGOTTEN HOUSEHOLD ITEMS .

After working with literature, I compiled a dictionary of forgotten household items. In total, the dictionary included 62 household items.

tub, roller,bucket, bench, tub, kneading bowl, ladle, cradle, box, rocker, pot, purse, jar, kukhlya, casket-teremok, tub, flint, saddle bench, pester, bowl, headrest, supplier, samovar, light, hide, chest , tub

Tub - a wooden container for lifting water from a well or river in the form of a vessel, round in cross-section, with a wide top and a body narrowed towards the bottom, with iron hoops and ears into which the bow is threaded. Lifting water for two buckets (about 24 liters) from a deep well for many years required the bucket to be durable and easy to use, which was achieved by using oak wood, which is characterized by high hardness and resistance to moisture, i.e. the ability not to swell in water, but, on the contrary, to become stronger. Iron hoops withstood the impact of the tub against the walls of the well frame well, unlike wooden hoops. An oak tub, bound with iron, containing a large amount of water, was quite heavy, so the water in it was taken out using a lever device - a crane or a collar with a chain.

Outrigger – a flat wooden block with a handle for beating out laundry when rinsing or for rolling laundry on a rolling pin. The rollers were made mainly from light wood species - linden or birch. The upper front surface of some rolls was decorated with notched carvings and paintings.

Bucket – woodencontainer for transferring water. In Rus', it was traditionally made by coopers from spruce, pine, and aspen planks - staves. The wood of these trees was distinguished by its lightness, strength, and moisture resistance. It made it possible to make the bucket light, which was very much appreciated, and reliable in operation. The hoops that held the frame of the bucket together at the top and bottom were made from willow, bird cherry, and lilac, the branches of which were flexible and strong. The bow was also made from them, which was inserted into the “ears” - a continuation of the rivets. The most widely used bucket is in the form of a truncated cone. The peasants liked it because it was less prone to water splashing and was more durable. Coopers always made buckets “to suit a woman,” i.e. such that a woman can easily carry them on a yoke. The standard capacity of a Russian bucket is about 12 liters.

Zalavok –

1) a long box with a lid, used for storing household utensils and as a bench;

2) a low cabinet with doors and two or three shelves for dishes and other kitchen utensils, as well as some products, located on a bench near the stove;

3) a space in the lower part of a Russian stove for storing dishes, closed by a door.

Tub – a container for storing pickles, pickles, and soaks for future use; it was also used for kvass, water, and for storing flour and cereals. As a rule, the tubs were made by coopers, i.e. were made from wooden planks - rivets, fastened with hoops. The tubs were made from the wood of deciduous trees: aspen, linden, oak; hoops - from willow, lilac, bird cherry, hazel branches. For pickles and pickles, oak wood was especially valued, containing preservatives that kill putrefactive bacteria and adding additional aroma and taste to pickles. The aspen tub was used mainly for fermenting cabbage, which remained white and crisp in it until spring. The tubs were made in the shape of a truncated cone or cylinder. They could have three legs, which are a continuation of the rivets. The necessary accessories for the tub were a circle and a lid. The food placed in the tub was pressed in a circle, and oppression was placed on top. The tubs were different in size: height ranged from 30 to 100 cm, diameter - from 28 to 80 cm.

Kvashnya – clay or wooden utensils for fermenting dough. The wooden one was made from linden, aspen, and oak. It could be hollowed out from a single piece of wood or cooperage, i.e. made up of planks - staves, tightly fitted to each other and tied with hoops made of wood or iron. The bowls were round in cross-section with walls expanding towards the upper edge. The height ranged from 50 to 100 cm, the diameter of the top - from 60 to 120 cm. The large size of the kneading bowl was due to the custom of baking bread for the whole family a week in advance.

Ladle – a wooden or metal vessel for drinking and pouring kvass, etc. Common in Rus' from antiquity to the mid-19th century. It has the shape of a boat with one highly raised handle or two - in the form of the head and tail of a bird. Depending on the purpose, there were different types of buckets: remote, mansion, and cellar. For royal awards for military valor or ambassadorial service, there were award ladles with a double-headed eagle and a name minted on the bottom.In accordance with the shape of the ladles, specific types of ladles were developed: northern ladles, Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma. Particularly notable were the northern ladles - “nalivki” and the Kozmodemyansk ladles - small ladles. Moscow table ladles are typical boat-shaped ladles made of wood or burls, known in Muscovite Rus' inXVI– XVIIcenturies Such a bucket has a flat bottom, a keel-shaped nose and a horizontal handle on a narrow neck rising above the body. Along the edge, the Moscow ladle was decorated with floral patterns. Kozmodemyansk ladles, hollowed out of linden, differed from Moscow ones in their larger size and depth (some of them could hold up to 2-3 buckets), and were close to them in shape. Small Kozmodemyansk ladles - scoopsXVIII– XIXcenturies – had the shape of a cup with a rounded, slightly flattened bottom, a pointed nose and a handle with a slotted loop and a hook for hanging the bucket. Tver ladles, known sinceXVIc., hollowed out from a tree root and shaped like a boat, are characterized by a body that is more elongated in width than in length, with a wide frontal side, decorated with ornamental carvings. The body ends on one side with two or three horse heads on a rising narrow neck, and on the other side with a massive faceted “stem” shaped handle. Small northern “filling” ladlesXVI– XIXcenturies were made by Vologda craftsmen and were used for scooping from large ladles. Their feature is a spherical bottom and a handle in the form of a bow, decorated with a slot in which ducks predominated.

Cradle - a device for sleeping and rocking a baby. In Rus' there were four types of cradles, based on design and material. The cradle is in the shape of a rectangular wooden frame covered with canvas. The ends of the frame protrude in the form of turned balls into which iron rings were screwed for hanging. The same type includes cradles made of hoops, also covered with canvas. Another type is a cradle in the form of a rectangular wooden box tapering downwards with a bottom formed by two transverse crossbars. Two arms were attached to the walls for hanging. The outside walls were often painted. The third type of cradles is an oval or rectangular bast box. The bottom was woven from hemp rope and bast in the form of a mesh. And the fourth type is wicker cradles (made of wicker, flax, straw). All four types of cradles have one thing in common - they are hanging cradles. A later tradition should be considered the appearance of cribs with curved legs.

Box – a container for storing and transporting small household belongings, clothes, books. It was made from bent aspen or linden bast in the form of a tall cylinder with a hinged wooden or top-mounted lid, or a rectangular box with rounded corners, with a hinged flat or convex lid. Boxes of oval cross-section, with lids similar to those of a cylindrical box, were also quite widespread. The bottoms of the boxes were made of thin planks and inserted into a special groove in the walls, where they were reinforced with wooden pins and stitched with sponge, bast, and pine root. Rectangular boxes with oval corners were often bound with metal strips. Sometimes, bound with strips of black or tinned metal, they were additionally decorated with metal perforated overlays at the corners of the lid or near the key. Under the iron frame of such boxes inXVII-first halfXVIIIV. Light-colored or green-colored mica was often used as a backing. Along with boxes decorated with metal, boxes decorated with paintings on the side walls and the upper surface of the lid were widespread. The painting was usually done with tempera; the surface of the bast box was preliminarily dried several times.

Rocker – a device for carrying buckets, buckets, baskets. It was made from linden, aspen, and willow, the wood of which is light, flexible, and resilient. In Rus', bent rocker arms were most widespread. They were bent from steamed wood, giving the shape of an arc. A rocker of this type was conveniently located on the shoulders of a woman, who held it with her hands. Buckets, placed on the ends of the beam in specially cut recesses, hardly swayed when walking. In many regions of Russia there were also rocker arms cut from a wide and durable board. The straight board tapered at the ends, and in the middle there was a cutout for the neck. Buckets of water were attached to long hooks that descended from the ends of the beam. A rocker in the form of a round stick with movable hook pendants at the ends, well known in Western Europe, was rarely seen in Rus'.

Korchaga - an amphora-type vessel with rounded plastic shapes, common in Kievan Rus in the 10th–12th centuries. Later clay vessels in the shape of a pot with a very wide socket for heating water, boiling cabbage soup, beer, kvass, etc. were also called. The pot could have the shape of a jug with a handle attached to the neck, and a shallow groove - a drain on the rim. As a rule, the pot did not have a lid: when brewing beer, the neck was covered with canvas, coated with dough. In the oven, the dough was baked into a dense crust, hermetically sealing the vessel. Korchagas were widespread throughout Russia. In each peasant household there were usually several of them of different sizes - from half-bucket (6 liters) to pots for two buckets (24 liters).

Wallet – a travel backpack container for carrying food, woven from strips of birch bark, less often bast using the oblique technique, and occasionally straight weaving. The wallet has a simplified rectangular shape and is closed with a triangular flap. The flap is held in place by ropes that are wrapped around special wooden slivers inserted along the open top of the pouch. On the back wall of the wallet are attached straps made in various ways from birch bark, leather, canvas, and hemp rope. Small wallets were made for children, up to 40 cm high and 20-30 cm wide, respectively larger for adults. The advantage of birch bark wallets was that the food in them remained fresh for a long time and did not freeze in winter. The wallet was indispensable during the haymaking season, during fishing and hunting, and on a long journey.

Krinka – a clay vessel for storing and serving milk on the table. A characteristic feature of the krinka is a high, rather wide throat, smoothly turning into a rounded body. The shape of the throat, its diameter and height are designed to fit around the hand. Milk in such a vessel retains freshness longer, and when soured it gives a thick layer of sour cream, which is convenient to remove with a spoon.

Kukhlya - a vessel for carrying drinks over a short distance and serving them on the table, is a small barrel made of oak staves, with two bottoms. The body of the barrel is horizontal and has four short legs. At the top of the kitchen there is a small spout for draining, a hole with a stopper for pouring a drink, and a handle for carrying.

Casket-teremok – a container for storing especially valuable things: money, jewelry, documents, a type of chest. It has the shape of a deep, rectangular (square) box with a hinged, hipped lid with a flat end. An iron bracket or ring-handle was usually attached to the lid. Large caskets, reaching a height of 50 cm, had two compartments inside: the first was the casket itself, and the second was a hipped lid. Such caskets were called “caskets of two fats.” Each compartment was locked with an internal lock. Caskets were made of metal, bone, but most of them were made of wood - pine, oak, cypress. Wooden caskets were bound with strips of iron, decorated with paintings, and covered with bone plates.

Lohan - a container for washing clothes, washing dishes, washing, was made from spruce and pine wood using the cooperage method. The choice of these species for rivets was explained by their lightness and moisture resistance. The distinctive feature of the tub was its low sides and wide round or oval bottom. They were made with or without legs, but always with two handles - “ears”. The tubs were, as a rule, large in size (about 70-80 cm in diameter).

Flint - a device for producing fire, is an oval-shaped metal plate with open ends, which are bent inward or outward so that rings are formed - “antennae”. This form of flint was widespread throughoutXIX–beginningXXV. In earlier times, a flint was known in Russian life, which had the shape of a dagger without a handle, with blunt edges and a sharp end. Its length ranged from 9 to 30 cm. To produce fire, it was necessary to have flint and tinder in addition to flint. The person striking the fire struck the flint with a flint, and the sparks that appeared were caught on tinder, which lay in a box with a lid - a tinderbox. The fire flared up in a box, from where it was transferred to birch bark, straw, tow, pine coals or homemade matches. The fire was extinguished after its use by closing the lid of the box. The fire obtained with the help of flint and steel was considered especially beneficial for humans. Flint, flint and tinder were used by Russian peasants as the main means of making fire until the 1920s. Matches. Invented by the German chemist Camerer in 1833, they were not widely used in villages, despite the fact that they were sold in shops, stores, and fairs in large quantities. Some groups of the RKS population, for example the Old Believers, did not use matches at all, considering them “demonic instigation.” It was generally accepted that fire lit with matches did not have the beneficial properties of fire produced with flint.

Saddle bench - a type of furniture for sitting and sleeping, characteristic of the European Middle Ages and Ancient Rus'. It existed in Russia until the first quarter of the 18th century. It differs from a simple bench with a backrest hinged to the seat, which can be shifted to any of its long sides. If it was necessary to arrange a sleeping place, the backrest along the top, along the circular grooves made in the upper parts of the side stops of the bench, was thrown to the other side of the bench, and the latter was moved towards the bench, so that a kind of bed was formed, limited in front by a “crossbar”. The back of the saddle bench was often decorated with through carvings, which significantly reduced its weight.

Pester – a travel backpack container for carrying food, picking berries, mushrooms, etc., woven from birch bark or bast. The pester is close in shape to a purse.

Bowl –

1) dishes, most often made of clay or wood, for preparing and eating food, is a low flat vessel, round or oblong, with sides flaring upward, sometimes decorated with paintings or carvings;

2) a lighting device consisting of a flat vessel with a recess inside, a tube or cylinder with a tube for a lamp (wick). For bowls they used homemade clay vessels and any flat metal utensils. Hemp, flax, and rags served as lamps. Lard, animal fat, and vegetable oil were poured into a bowl with a wick.

Headrest – a travel chest for storing and transporting money, jewelry, and securities in the form of a shallow rectangular box with a sloping hinged lid and two half-ring handles on the sides. The sloping lid made it possible to turn the travel chest into a headboard when spending the night in a sleigh, at an inn, or in someone else's house. The lid consisted of two parts: a narrow one, located parallel to the bottom, and a wide, inclined one. Both parts of the lid were connected to each other by hinges. The same loops connected the narrow part of the lid to the back wall of the headrest. The box was locked with an internal lock. The headrest had two compartments inside; they corresponded to the two parts of the lid. Headrests were usually made of hard wood and bound with metal strips. Many headrests, especiallyXVII-startedXVIIIc., had a lining made of colored leather, painted paper, and mica under the metal frame. The metal strips were made with perforations, forming a continuous openwork covering. The inside of the lid was often decorated with paintings.

Supplier –

1) turned wooden tableware - a round wooden bowl on a low tray, having the same deep lid, sometimes with a handle. The presence of a lid distinguishes a bowl from a bowl. The supplies were used as dinnerware, most often for one person. Having a lid almost equal in size to the lower part, the open supply was already two vessels for food;

2) a copper, tin, clay vessel on a stand or legs for serving kvass and beer;

2) a cupboard for dishes of various shapes: with open upper shelves (like a buffet), a kitchen table with a cabinet at the top, a corner cabinet on a special base on the wall.

Samovar - a device for boiling water and cooking, was always made of metal, usually from brass and copper (in rare cases from silver, steel, cast iron) and was often nickel-plated. The body could have a wide variety of shapes: a ball, a glass, a cylinder, a barrel, a rectangular box, a pear, an egg. The upper part of the body, through which water was poured, was closed with a lid. The body ended with a pallet and four short legs. In its lower part there was a tap for draining water. The liquid in the samovar was heated in a metal brazier passing through the body. The upper end of the brazier went out and ended with a burner on which a “lid” was attached; the lower end was covered with a grill. Hot coals were placed in the brazier. The fire in it was maintained by blowing air from the bottom of the brazier and an exhaust pipe with an elbow, which was put on its upper part. After the liquid boiled, the pipe was removed and the fryer was closed with a plug. To allow steam to escape, there was an vent on the “lid” - a small hole with a lid. Samovars came to Russia from Western Europe inXVIIIc., where they were used to heat broths. INXIXV. they became widespread in all layers of Russian society. In addition to the described samovars for making tea, there were samovars intended for other purposes. For example, a coffee samovar was small in size with a drawer for coals and a special device in the form of a metal frame with a canvas bag into which coffee was poured. The samovar for sbiten - a hot drink made from honey with herbs and spices - resembled a large metal teapot with a pipe and a blower.

Svetets - a device for holding a burning splinter. The lights had a variety of shapes and sizes. The simplest light was a wrought iron rod bent at a right angle, at one end of which there was a fork with three or four horns, and at the other - a pyatnik (point). Such a light was stuck with its tip into a crack in a log wall, and a splinter was inserted between the horns. To catch the falling embers, a trough with water was placed under the light. Another type of lights are hanging ones, designed for several lights. The hanging light was hooked onto an iron bracket driven into the shelf (a long shelf located around the perimeter of the entire hut), and a vessel with water was also placed below. Portable lights were more common and convenient. Small ones, consisting of a metal fork, a wooden stand and a bottom, were placed on a bench. Tall lights (about 1 m and above), completely forged from iron and riveted from iron rods and strips, were placed on the floor anywhere in the hut.

Skrynya - a type of chest, casket. It usually had a rectangular, slightly elongated shape and a hinged upper part, made into a tower, like a casket. It consisted of three compartments, each locked with its own key. The first was located in the hinged lid, the second was in the middle part of the concealment, the third, the largest, occupied the lower part. The lower part was filled with drawers and closed with doors located in the front wall. The doors could be locked with a padlock or internal lock. Metal handles in the shape of a half ring were attached to the sides of the concealment, which were used when carrying it. The hideouts were made of oak boards and bound with metal plates. They met in the homes of representatives of all strata of Russian society until the era of Peter the Great.I, and at a later time only among peasants. INXVII–beginningXVIIIV. the main centers of their production were Kholmogory and Veliky Ustyug, famous for their chest products. The interiors of these two craft centers in their decoration and decoration were reminiscent of the casket-towers with iron frames that were made here.

Box – (from Arabic sanduk) a large container with a hinged lid, used for storing various items of clothing and household items. In Rus', the most common - wooden chests - were made from flat dies tightly nailed to each other. Various types of wood were used for them: pine, spruce, cedar, oak, linden, aspen. The chests had internal or external locks; often these locks were made “with a secret” and their unlocking was accompanied by a melodious ringing or music. Inside the chest in its upper part, special compartments were often made for storing small items - a narrow box on the side spanning the entire width of the chest. Sometimes removable trays were arranged in several rows for wrinkled items in the chest. Chests were produced in a variety of sizes, taking into account that they could be nested inside each other when transported to the fair. Such sets of chests had special names: threes, fives, flock - sixes, sevens. All chest production centers had distinct distinctive features. Thus, products from Nizhny Tagil were made mainly of pine or cedar and were completely bound with white iron - tin with hammered ornaments. In addition, round or heart-shaped recesses were made on the side walls, into which “mirrors” made of polished tin were inserted. Often the lid, front and side walls of the chests were decorated with painted zhanor scenes. Makaryevsky chests were decorated with strips of tin, stuffed with a straight or oblique lattice, or with squares of tin, painted with bouquets, flowerpots, fruits, birds, and wreaths. The latter were called “tray”. In Veliky Ustyug chests, colored mica was placed under strips of stuffed milled metal. Kholmogory craftsmen upholstered their products with red yuft or seal skins. The inside of the chests was often lined with calico, calico, and covered with paper.

Tub - a tub with two ears on the upper edge, into the holes of which a stick is threaded for lifting and carrying. Serves for transporting water, storing food, salting meat and lard. Water-bearing tubs, used for watering the garden and washing clothes, were made with a capacity of up to 50-60 liters.

Surely you have met happy families where they carefully preserve traditions: they gather at the festive table, organize children's performances, draw a family tree... Can you really do the same? Family psychotherapist Inna Khamitova told DO about why traditions are important.

Holiday traditions and family rituals are important for both children and parents. Joint holidays help children see not strict parents who are always raising them, but people with whom it turns out they can be interesting. In addition, rituals provide an opportunity to feel community, to realize that the family is a single whole.

Find traditions in your family

Traditions and rituals exist in any family, they just can be public or unspoken. They talk about public traditions, are proud of them, consciously support them and try to pass them on from generation to generation. No one talks out loud about unspoken traditions, but in fact they can be no less stable. Who in your family puts the children to bed? Who bathes them? Who goes grocery shopping or cooks breakfast on Saturday morning? These are all unspoken traditions. Sometimes it’s enough just to realize that they exist to turn a familiar ritual into a reason for pride.

Alena says: “At our house, dad and eldest son always prepare breakfast on Saturdays, and my daughter and I lounge in bed longer. Then we gather around the table and talk about what interesting things happened to everyone during the week. On weekdays we rarely eat together, and on Saturday there is no need to rush anywhere. Honestly, Saturday mornings are my favorite time.”

Don't let traditions conflict

It’s not for nothing that they say: whoever washed the dishes in the first month after the wedding will wash them all his life. There is a deal of truth in it. The rituals and rules by which the family will live are developed gradually. Moreover, each spouse brings habits and traditions from their parents’ family. And, if it turns out that the spouses’ ideas about how to build their lives do not coincide, a reason for conflict arises.

In some families, on Sundays everyone goes for a walk in the forest, while in others, on the contrary, they sleep until lunchtime. And to each of the spouses, the rituals of his family seem to be the only possible ones, simply because they are familiar. There is only one way out of this situation - to say everything out loud, look for compromises and gradually create your own traditions. When problems are hushed up, it ultimately leads to quarrels, which can also become a kind of family ritual.

Irina says: “Andrey and I dated for three years, and everything was fine, but when we got married and started living together, problems began almost immediately. The fact is that Andrei is a native Muscovite and grew up together with his mother. I come from Krasnodar, and we have always had a big, friendly family. On holidays, forty people gathered at my grandmother’s table and everyone was happy to see each other. When, after college, I got married and stayed to live in Moscow, all my relatives began to come to visit me, and that’s where the first quarrels with Andrey began. He didn’t understand why he couldn’t stay at a hotel; he even offered to pay for it. But I didn’t understand how it was possible not to shelter my relatives! After all, every summer I spent my holidays with my aunt! There would be no happiness, but misfortune would help. Two weeks after giving birth, I was admitted to the hospital, and Andrei found himself with tiny Sashka in his arms. My aunt and her eldest daughter flew in the next day. My aunt looked after Sashka, and my cousin drove across Moscow every morning to the hospital to pick up my expressed milk. I stayed in the hospital for almost a month and a half, and all this time, returning home, Andrei saw a well-groomed baby, a perfectly clean apartment and a delicious dinner. After that, his attitude towards my family changed dramatically. But I also made my own conclusions. Now, if relatives come for a long time, we rent an apartment for them not far from us.”

Don't be afraid to create your own traditions

So, there are rituals in any family, but what if you want something new, festive and pleasant? Where do all these annual children's performances, carnivals and field trips come from? And where do you get the strength if all you want to do during the holidays is just lie on the couch and sleep until lunch? If you want to create your own family traditions, it is very important to understand that the truly valuable rituals are those that bring joy to all family members. Don't you want to get off the couch for a while to do something truly enjoyable? Of course you will! And you will find time.

But where do traditions come from in families? Sometimes they arise on their own. For example, one day you invited neighbors with children to your place on January 1st. The children started a game of charades, the adults picked it up, and everyone had so much fun that the next year you thought: why not invite them again? And at the same time, a cousin with family, and friends, and maybe even a colleague with children of the right age. So you have started the first New Year's tradition.

Sometimes traditions arise due to unusual circumstances that throw you out of your usual rut. “One day, on the first of January, our TV broke,” says Alexandra. “We finished the renovation a month before and spent money on New Year’s gifts. And it turned out that there was no money for a new TV right now, and there were ten whole days ahead. What to do? We remembered that somewhere on the mezzanine there was a slide projector and old filmstrips, we took it all out and started it up. My daughter was delighted! My husband and I also liked it. Every evening, as soon as it got dark, it was as if we were returning to childhood. When the next New Year was approaching, my daughter demanded: “Get out the filmstrips!” This has become our tradition: during the long holidays we watch filmstrips in the evenings. Now Lisa reads the signatures herself and even invites her friends.”

Let traditions change with your family

Children grow up, and imperceptibly the moment comes when mom and dad no longer need to dress up as Father Frost and Snow Maiden. The children have grown up, which means the tradition must change. In some families, it can become a ritual New Year's fun, in which older children happily participate. But often one tradition is replaced by another. At 6-7 years old, it is not so important for a child to see Santa Claus with his own eyes, but writing a letter to him and then receiving a parcel with a gift will be very interesting. Don't be afraid to change your rituals. Just because one tradition goes away doesn't mean your family is missing out on something important. On the contrary, there is an opportunity to acquire a new, no less exciting ritual.

It is important to be prepared for the fact that teenagers most often do not want to celebrate the New Year with their parents. The surest tactic in this case is to let the children go, let them celebrate with friends, being glad that the child has his own social circle. And, conversely, if your child turns twenty and does not have friends with whom he would like to celebrate the New Year or invite them over, this is a cause for concern.

Over time, we lose wonderful babies, with whom it is so pleasant to tinker, but we gain friends. And there are many examples when adult children and their children return to their parents’ home to celebrate the New Year together, exactly as they did many years ago.

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(Ax.) 7) Due to severe overwork, I could not sleep, so the night seemed to me, despite all its splendor, very long. (M.-Mak.) 2) The snow became whiter and brighter so that it hurt my eyes. (L.) 3) The air became so rare that it was painful to breathe. (Declarative, non-declarative, complex, complex with a subordinate adverbial degree, related to the predicate with an indicative word and attached to the main one using the conjunction “what”; main - two-part, dist., complete, subordinate - one-part, without, non-distributable ., complete.) (L.) (G.) 5) I walked very quickly and got so warm that I didn’t even notice how the severe frost grabbed the grass and the first flowers. (Priv.) 122. 1) Explain. 2) Explain. 3) Explain. 4) The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it, causing a deafening shot to immediately ring out. (Ch.) 5) On the fifth or sixth of May I will come to St. Petersburg, about which I already wrote to the artist. (Ch.) 6) That same night I arrived in Simbirsk, where I was supposed to stay for a day to purchase the necessary things, which was entrusted to Savelich. (P.) 123. (orally).

124. I. 1) Andriy raised his eyes and saw the kraopred standing at the window.

Savitsa, (which I haven’t seen in my life). (G.) 2) I looked at her from the side (so that I could see the pure, gentle profile of her slightly bowed head). (Kupr.) 3) (Despite the fact that the sky was covered with cumulus clouds), the sun was shining brightly. (Ars.) 4) It was decided to go tomorrow (if the rain stops). (Ars.) 5) It was necessary to drink a quick drink (since it was beginning to get light). (V. Cat.) 6) The dark blue surface of the sea has thrown off the darkness of the night and is waiting for the first ray (to sparkle with a cheerful shine). (L.T.) 7) (As the day faded), the forest became quieter and quieter. (Ars.) 8) Everywhere (wherever you look), you could see masts and flags fluttering on the masts. (N. Chuk.) 9) It was so quiet (that you could hear the faint fall of drops from the overhanging branches). (Boon.) 10) I believed (that we would soon go to the sea), but I was mistaken. (Ars.) 11) In the bluish daopred.

Li, (where the last visible hill merged with the fog), nothing moved. (Part) II. 1) There is nothing (that cannot be included in the prototype of the action.

simple, clear words). 2) You need to write in such a way (so that the reader sees what is depicted in words as accessible to touch). 3) You must love your native language like a mother, like music, and you must be able to communicate well (in order to convey your thoughts to another person clearly and simply on occasion). 4) You need to love what (what you do), and then work, even the roughest, rises to creativity. 5) Any kind of mass.

You need to know the art well (if you want to work well).

6) The owner is the one (who works).

Dusk - haze (syn.), works - works (syn.).

I. The sun (what did it do?) shine – verb. II. N. f. - shine.

Post.: nesov. view, non-crossing, 2 sp.

Non-post: in the form of withdrawal. incl., units h., past vr., wed. R.

I. We (what will we do?) go out – verb. II. N. f. - go out.

Post: Sov. v., non-crossing, 1 sp.

Non-post: in the form of withdrawal. incl., pl. h., bud. vr., 1 l.

III. In a sentence there is a predicate.

125. 1) Wherever our fatherland sends us, we will do our job with honor. (Isak.) 2) Where the sun’s rays had not yet penetrated, everything was buried in a blue predawn haze. (Hump.) 3) Not a cloud in the high blue sky. (Stanyuk.) 4) What was not on the table! (Gonch.) 5) I will not deliver you until you give an answer. (P.) 6) Anyone who has not been to the taiga of the Ussuri region cannot imagine what kind of thicket it is, what thickets it is. (Ars.) 7) No matter how little rain there is in the forest, it will always soak you to the last thread. (Ars.) 8) The frost does not soften for a minute. (Gonch.) Does not serve for negation, nor for affirmation or to strengthen negation, where it does not appear with the predicate.

126. 1) The driver said that the bus was going to the park. (Explanation) 2) The student did the work in such a way that he had to redo it.

(Mode of action.) 3) A friend said that he was busy in the evening. (Explanation) 4) This holiday was a success because the guys tried very hard.

(Reasons.) 5) We couldn’t understand what was happening. (Explanation) 6) Suddenly I remembered an incident that happened last summer. (Def.) 127. Keep family traditions (keep traditions - management, family traditions - coordination), mysterious charm, war veteran (management), spring carnival, district festival, young talents, leather suitcase, glass showcase, wind turbine, future generations , windy weather, comment in detail on a chess game (comment in detail - adjacency, comment on a game - control, chess game - coordination), collect old coins, spicy herbs, Gostiny Dvor.

NN are written in adjectives formed from nouns with a stem ending in n (spring, song), as well as with the suffix enne (exception - windy).

N is written in adjectives with the suffixes an (yang), in (leather, silver, mouse). Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.

128. 1) Try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books you cannot live without... (Explanation) (D. Likhachev.) 2) When I have a new book (of time) in my hands, I feel that something living, speaking, wonderful has entered my life (explanation). (M.G.) 3) The excitement of a long-time boy can completely reach the soul, as I remember the smell of the first book and the very taste of a pencil (time). (Tward.) 4) Each book of a writer, if it is written with the blood of the heart (conditions), is the embodiment of his most cherished thoughts. (Ch.) 5) Whatever you do, whatever you do (time), you will always need a smart and faithful assistant - a book. (March.) 6) To discover unknown countries (targets), you needed not only a navigation textbook, but also “Robinson Crusoe”.

(Ilyin.) 7) In order to write a popular book (goals), you must know extremely well what you are writing about. (P.K.) 8) The book teaches, even when you don’t expect it and maybe don’t want it (concessions). The power of a book is enormous. (S.-Sok.) 129. (orally).

COMPLEX SENTENCES

WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

9. The main types of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses and punctuation in them 130. 1) [Meresyev saw], (how Gvozdev shuddered), (how sharply he turned), (how his eyes sparkled from under the bandages). (Pol.) 2) [We were on summer vacation], (when my mother, who stayed in the city all summer, sent word), (so that we all would come). (Cor.) 3) (When the door was locked), [Arina Petrovna got down to business], (about which a family council was convened). (S.-Shch.) 131. I. 1) [Sintsov could not find out from anyone for a long time] (when the train to Minsk with which he was supposed to go would leave). (Narrative, non-declarative, complex, complex with two subordinate clauses with a sequential connection; 1st, explanatory, refers to the predicate of the main “could not find out” and is attached to the main with the help of the conjunctive word “when”; 2nd, attributive, refers to the 1st subordinate clause, to the noun “train”, and is attached using the conjunctive word “with which”; the main thing is two-part, dist., complete, 1st subordinate clause – two-part, dist., complete, 2nd. - one-part, impersonal, distributed, complete.) (Sim.) 2) (When the figure of Seryozhka appeared against the background of one of the windows), [it seemed to him] (that someone, hiding in the corner, in the darkness, would now see and will grab him). (Fad.) 3) [The coachman Trofim, |leaning towards the front window|, told my father], (that the road had become difficult), (that we would not get to Parashin before dark), (that we would be late). (Narrative, non-declarative, complex, complex subordinate with three homogeneous subordinate explanatory clauses related to the predicate and attached to the main one with the help of conjunctions “that”; the main thing is two-part, distributive, complete, complicated by separate adverbs, expressed by the adverbial phrase; the first and the third subordinate clause is two-part, undistributed, complete, the second is two-part, extended, complete.) (Ax.) 4) [Again, after many years of separation, I saw this huge garden], (in which several happy days flashed my childhood) and (which I dreamed about many times later). (Adv.) 5) [I couldn’t think or talk about anything else except the dinner], (so my mother got angry and said), (that she wouldn’t let me in), (because I could fall ill). (Ax.) 6) [The bear fell in love with Nikita so much], (that (when he went somewhere), the animal anxiously sniffed the air). (M.G.) 1) [ch.], (when... noun), (with which). sequential submission 2) (when), about what? (What). parallel subs.

3) [ch.], (what), (what), (what). homogeneous sub.

4) [noun], (in which) and (which). homogeneous sub.

5) sequential sub.

6) sequential sub.

II. 1) (While we are burning with freedom), (while our hearts are alive for honor), [my friend, let us devote our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses]. (P.) 2) [In the days (when a squall flying from the west rained down showers of fiery arrows), I, like a son and a soldier, gave everything to my fatherland], (what I could), (what I had), (what I could). (Marmot.) 3) [We will preserve in songs for posterity the names of those burnt villages] (where, beyond the last bitter frontier, the night ended and the day began). (Marmot.) 1) homogeneous. sub.

2) parallel and homogeneous sub.

3) difficult to understand. from ad. def.

132. 1) When thunder thunders, you should not be afraid of lightning, because the danger of its strike has already passed. 2) If we know the speed of sound, then it is quite possible to determine how far a thunderstorm travels. 3) When a body descends into a liquid, it loses part of its weight, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. 4) Although the mountains consist of hard rocks, they are still gradually being destroyed, so that in the place of the former high mountains, low hills and even plains are now often found.

133. I) When the repair of the tram tracks was completed and the road was filled with asphalt, traffic resumed. 2) On Saturday I went to see my friend, who was fifteen years old and who also entered the technical school. 3) I was so lost in thought that I didn’t even notice how the sun had set and it was getting dark. 4) The climbers approached the camp where the gathering of all detachments was scheduled and from where the ascent to Elbrus was to begin.

1) (When) and (), [to which?

2) [noun], (to whom) and (which). homogeneous sub.

4) , (where) and (from).

134. 1) The books of Academician Fersman are memories of how he had to solve mineralogical riddles, how the secrets of natural resources were gradually revealed to him.

(I. Andr.) 2) Leontyev knew that the most terrible forest fire is a crown fire, when the entire trees burn, from top to bottom. (Paust.) 3) There are autumn nights, deaf and silent, when calmness stands over the black wooded region, and only the watchman’s beater can be heard from the village outskirts. (Paust.) 4) When the chaise drove out of the yard, he [Chichikov] looked back and saw that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, as it seemed, was looking closely, wanting to know where the guest would go. (G.) 5) He [Meresyev] felt that he could no longer, that no force would move him from his place and that if he sat down, he would no longer get up. (Pol.) 6) My companions knew that if there is no heavy rain, then the scheduled performance is usually not cancelled.

(Ars.) 7) I noticed that wherever you go, you will find something wonderful. (Gonch.) 8) I read so much that when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I didn’t immediately understand who was ringing and why. (M.G.) 9) I already thought that if at this decisive moment I don’t argue with the old man, then later it will be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship. (I.) 2) [ch.], (what), (when).

3) [noun], (when) and (). about what?

5) (when), [v.], (what v.), (where).

6) [ch.], (what (if), then). for what?

Black - 2 syllables.

h – [h] – agree, deaf, soft.

r – [r] – agree., bell., tv.

n – [n] – agree, call, tv.

ы – [ы] – vowel, unvoiced.

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Most families have their own public or unspoken traditions. How important are they for raising happy people?

Traditions and rituals are inherent in every family. Even if you think that there is nothing like this in your family, most likely you are a little mistaken. After all, even the morning: “Hello!” and evening: “Good night!” - this is also a kind of tradition. What can we say about Sunday dinners with the whole family or the collective making of Christmas tree decorations.

First, let’s remember what the word “family,” so simple and familiar from childhood, means. Agree, there may be different options on the topic: “mom, dad, me,” and “parents and grandparents,” and “sisters, brothers, uncles, aunts, etc.” One of the most popular definitions of this term says: “A family is an association of people based on marriage or consanguinity, connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance.” That is, these are not just blood relatives living under the same roof, but also people who help each other and are mutually responsible. Family members in the true sense of the word love each other, support each other, rejoice together on happy occasions and are sad on sad occasions. They seem to be all together, but at the same time they learn to respect each other’s opinions and personal space. And there is something that unites them into one whole, unique to them, in addition to the stamps in the passport.

This “something” is family traditions. Do you remember how you loved to come to your grandmother for the summer as a child? Or celebrate birthdays with a large crowd of relatives? Or decorate the Christmas tree with your mother? These memories are filled with warmth and light.

What are family traditions? Explanatory dictionaries say the following: “Family traditions are the usual norms, behavior patterns, customs and views accepted in the family that are passed on from generation to generation.” Most likely, these are the habitual standards of behavior that the child will take with him to his future family and pass on to his children.

What do family traditions give people? Firstly, they contribute to the harmonious development of the child. After all, traditions imply repeated repetition of some actions, and, therefore, stability. For a baby, such predictability is very important; thanks to it, over time he ceases to be afraid of this big, incomprehensible world. Why be afraid if everything is constant, stable, and your parents are nearby? In addition, traditions help children see in their parents not just strict educators, but also friends with whom it is interesting to spend time together.

Secondly, for adults, family traditions give a feeling of unity with their relatives, bring them closer, and strengthen feelings. After all, these are often moments of pleasant time spent together with those closest to you, when you can relax, be yourself and enjoy life.

Thirdly, this is the cultural enrichment of the family. It becomes not just a combination of individual “selves”, but a full-fledged unit of society, bearing and making its contribution to the cultural heritage of the country.

Of course, these are not all the “advantages” of family traditions. But even this is enough to make us think: how do our families live? Perhaps we should add some interesting traditions?

There is a huge variety of family traditions in the world. But still, in general, we can try to conditionally divide them into two large groups: general and special.

Common traditions are traditions found in most families in one form or another. These include:

• Celebrating birthdays and family holidays. This tradition will certainly become one of the first significant events in the baby’s life. Thanks to such customs, both children and adults receive many “bonuses”: anticipation of the holiday, good mood, the joy of communicating with family, a feeling of being needed and important to loved ones. This tradition is one of the warmest and most cheerful.
• Household duties of all family members, cleaning, putting things in their places. When a child is accustomed to his household duties from an early age, he begins to feel included in the life of the family and learns to care.
• Joint games with children. Both adults and children take part in such games. By doing something together with their children, parents show them an example, teach them different skills, and show their feelings. Then, as the child grows up, it will be easier for him to maintain a trusting relationship with mom and dad.
• Family dinner. Many families honor the traditions of hospitality, which helps unite families by gathering them around the same table.
• Family council. This is a “meeting” of all family members, at which important issues are resolved, the situation is discussed, further plans are made, the family budget is considered, etc. It is very important to involve children in the council - this way the child will learn to be responsible, as well as better understand his family.
• Traditions of “carrot and stick”. Each family has its own rules for what you can (if possible) punish a child for, and how to encourage him. Some give you extra pocket money, while others give you a trip to the circus together. The main thing for parents is not to overdo it; excessive demands from adults can make the child uninitiated and lethargic or, conversely, envious and angry.
• Rituals of greeting and farewell. Wishes of good morning and sweet dreams, kisses, hugs, greetings when returning home - all these are signs of attention and care from loved ones.
• Days of remembrance of deceased relatives and friends.
• Walking together, going to the theater, cinema, exhibitions, traveling - these traditions enrich the life of the family, making it brighter and richer.

Special traditions are special traditions specific to one given family. Perhaps this is the habit of sleeping until lunch on Sundays, or going on a picnic on weekends. Or a home theater. Or hiking in the mountains. Or…

Also, all family traditions can be divided into those that developed on their own and those that were consciously introduced into the family. We'll talk about how to create a new tradition a little later. Now let’s look at some interesting examples of family traditions. Perhaps you will like some of them and want to introduce them into your family?

How many families - how many examples of traditions can be found in the world. But sometimes they are so interesting and unusual that you immediately begin to think: “Shouldn’t I come up with something like that?”

So, examples of interesting family traditions:

• Joint fishing until the morning. Dad, mom, children, night and mosquitoes - few people will dare to do this! But a lot of emotions and new impressions are also guaranteed!
• Family cooking. Mom kneads the dough, dad twists the minced meat, and the child makes dumplings. So what if it’s not quite straight and correct. The main thing is that everyone is cheerful, happy and covered in flour!
• Birthday quests. Each birthday person - be it a child or a grandfather - is given a card in the morning, using which he looks for clues leading him to the gift.
• Trips to the sea in winter. Packing your whole family's backpacks and going to the seaside, breathing in fresh air, having a picnic or spending the night in a winter tent - all this will give an unusual feeling and unite the family.
• Draw cards for each other. Just like that, without any reason or special artistic talent. Instead of being offended and pouting, write: “I love you! Although you are sometimes unbearable... But I’m not a gift either.”
• Together with the little ones, bake shortcakes for the feast of St. Nicholas for orphans. Joint selfless good deeds and trips to an orphanage will help children become kinder and more compassionate, and grow up to be caring people.
• Bedtime story. No, it’s not easy when a mother reads to her baby. And when all the adults read in turn, and everyone listens. Light, kind, eternal.
• Celebrate the New Year in a new place every time. It doesn’t matter where it will be - in the square of a foreign city, on the top of a mountain or near the Egyptian pyramids, the main thing is not to repeat yourself!
• Evenings of poems and songs. When the family gets together, everyone sits in a circle, composes poems - each one a line - and immediately comes up with music for them, and sings with a guitar. Great! You can also organize home performances and puppet theaters.
• “Putting” gifts for neighbors. Remaining unnoticed, the family gives gifts to neighbors and friends. How nice it is to give!
• We say warm words. Every time before eating, everyone says nice words and compliments to each other. Inspiring, isn't it?
• Cooking with love. “Did you put down love?” “Yes, of course, I’ll put it in now. Please give it to me, it’s in the locker!”
• Holiday on the top shelf. It is a custom to celebrate all holidays on the train. Have fun and on the move!

In order to create a new family tradition, you only need two things: your desire and the fundamental consent of your household. The algorithm for creating a tradition can be summarized as follows:

1. Actually, come up with the tradition itself. Try to involve all family members as much as possible to create a friendly, cohesive atmosphere.
2. Take the first step. Try your "action". It is very important to saturate it with positive emotions - then everyone will look forward to the next time.
3. Be moderate in your desires. You shouldn’t immediately introduce many different traditions for every day of the week. It takes time for customs to take hold. And when everything in life is planned down to the smallest detail, it’s also not interesting. Leave room for surprises!
4. Strengthen the tradition. It is necessary to repeat it several times so that it is remembered and strictly observed. But don’t take the situation to the point of absurdity - if there’s a snowstorm or rainstorm outside, you might want to give up the walk. In other cases, it is better to observe tradition.

When a new family is created, it often happens that the spouses do not have the same ideas about traditions. For example, in the groom’s family it is customary to celebrate all holidays with numerous relatives, but the bride celebrated these events only with her mother and father, and some dates could not be celebrated at all. In this case, the newlyweds may immediately develop a conflict. What to do in case of disagreement? The advice is simple - just a compromise. Discuss the problem and find a solution that suits both of you. Come up with a new tradition - already common - and everything will work out!

In Russia, from time immemorial, family traditions have been honored and protected. They are a very important part of the country's historical and cultural heritage. What kind of family traditions were there in Russia?

Firstly, an important rule for every person was knowledge of his ancestry, and not at the level of “grandparents,” but much deeper. In each noble family, a family tree was compiled, a detailed pedigree, and stories about the lives of their ancestors were carefully preserved and passed on. Over time, when cameras appeared, family albums began to be maintained and stored, and passed on to younger generations. This tradition has reached our times - many families have old albums with photographs of loved ones and relatives, even those who are no longer with us. It’s always nice to review these “pictures of the past”, to be happy or, conversely, to be sad. Now, with the widespread use of digital photographic equipment, there are more and more frames, but most often they remain electronic files that have not “flowed” onto paper. On the one hand, storing photos this way is much easier and more convenient; they do not take up space on shelves, do not turn yellow over time, and do not get dirty. Yes, and you can shoot much more often. But the trepidation associated with the expectation of a miracle also became less. After all, at the very beginning of the photo era, going to a family photo was a whole event - they carefully prepared for it, dressed smartly, everyone walked joyfully together - why isn’t it a separate beautiful tradition?

Secondly, the primordial Russian family tradition has been and remains to honor the memory of relatives, remember the departed, as well as care and constant care for elderly parents. In this, it is worth noting, the Russian people differ from European countries, where elderly citizens are mainly cared for by special institutions. Whether this is good or bad is not for us to judge, but the fact that such a tradition exists and is alive is a fact.

Thirdly, since ancient times in Russia it has been the custom to pass on family heirlooms from generation to generation - jewelry, dishes, some things of distant relatives. Often young girls got married in their mothers' wedding dresses, who had previously received them from their mothers, etc. Therefore, many families always had special “secrets” where grandfather’s watches, grandmother’s rings, family silver and other valuables were kept.

Fourthly, it was previously very popular to name a newborn child after one of the family members. This is how “family names” appeared, and families where, for example, grandfather Ivan, son Ivan and grandson Ivan.

Fifthly, an important family tradition of the Russian people was and is assigning a patronymic to a child. Thus, already at birth the baby receives part of the clan name. By calling someone by name or patronymic, we express our respect and politeness.

Sixth, previously, very often a child was given a church name in honor of the saint who was honored on the child’s birthday. According to legend, such a name will protect the child from evil forces and help in life. Nowadays, such a tradition is observed infrequently, and mainly among deeply religious people.

Seventh, in Rus' there were professional dynasties - entire generations of bakers, shoemakers, doctors, military men, and priests. Growing up, the son continued his father’s work, then his son continued the same work, and so on. Unfortunately, now such dynasties are very, very rare in Russia.

Eighth, an important family tradition was, and is still being returned to more and more often, the mandatory wedding of newlyweds in church and the baptism of infants.

Yes, there were many interesting family traditions in Russia. Take, for example, a traditional feast. It’s not for nothing that they talk about the “broad Russian soul.” But it’s true that they carefully prepared for the reception of guests, cleaned the house and yard, set the tables with the best tablecloths and towels, served pickles in dishes stored specifically for special occasions. The hostess came out to the threshold with bread and salt, bowed at the waist to the guests, and they bowed to her in return. Then everyone went to the table, ate, sang songs, and talked. Oh, beauty!

Some of these traditions have hopelessly sunk into oblivion. But how interesting it is to notice that many of them are alive, and they are still passed down from generation to generation, from father to son, from mother to daughter... And that means the people have a future!

The cult of family traditions in different countries

In Great Britain, an important point in raising a child is the goal of raising a true Englishman. Children are raised in strictness, taught to restrain their emotions. At first glance, it may seem that the British love their children less than parents in other countries. But this, of course, is a deceptive impression, because they are simply accustomed to showing their love in a different way, not the way, for example, in Russia or Italy.

In Japan, it is very rare to hear a child cry - all the wishes of children under 6 years old are immediately fulfilled. All these years, the mother has been engaged only in raising the baby. But then the child goes to school, where strict discipline and order await him. It is also curious that the entire extended family usually lives under one roof - both old people and babies.

In Germany, there is a tradition of late marriages - rarely does anyone start a family before the age of thirty. It is believed that before this time, future spouses can realize their potential at work, build a career, and are already able to provide for their family.

In Italy, the concept of “family” is comprehensive - it includes all relatives, including the most distant ones. An important family tradition is joint dinners, where everyone communicates, shares their news, and discusses pressing issues. Interestingly, the Italian mother plays a significant role in choosing a son-in-law or daughter-in-law.

In France, women prefer a career to raising children, so after a very short time after the birth of a child, the mother returns to work, and her child goes to kindergarten.

In America, an interesting family tradition is the habit of teaching children to live in society from early childhood, supposedly this will help their children in adulthood. Therefore, it is quite natural to see families with small children both in cafes and at parties.

In Mexico the cult of marriage is not so high. Families often live without official registration. But male friendship there is quite strong, the community of men supports each other, helps in solving problems.

As you can see, family traditions are interesting and great. Do not neglect them, because they unite the family and help it become one.

“Love your family, spend time with them and be happy!”
Anna Kutyavina for the website website

How long has it been since the last time you made dumplings with your whole house? And when did you get together with all your relatives and go... to the cemetery to visit the graves of your departed loved ones? Can you remember the last time all family members sat down in the same room and took turns reading interesting books out loud? Teacher-psychologist of the highest category Tatyana Vorobyova and priest Stefan Domuschi, head of the Department of Doctrinal Disciplines of the Orthodox Institute of St. John the Theologian.

TRADITION 1. JOINT FAMILY MEAL

Did you know that, according to Domostroy, the youngest was not supposed to start eating or trying this or that dish at the table before the head of the family (or the most noble of the guests) did? And what does the Apostle Paul recommend to the first Christians in his epistles: wait for each other for a joint meal, not pounce on food before everyone arrives, and not eat too much, thinking about what others will get?
It can be rightly noted: now we live in a completely different rhythm than the people of the times of Domostroy. Right. But it’s still not worth writing off the tradition of a shared meal as “irrelevant.” During a common family feast, the most important mechanisms of interaction between family members are developed and consolidated. Which?
Firstly, the ability to adapt to everyone close to you. “Sitting at a common table and sharing food with our loved ones, we overcome the selfishness that is natural for fallen man, and learn to share the most important thing: what is the basis of our life,” says priest Stefan Domuschi.

Secondly, the tradition of eating together teaches us to communicate, listen and hear each other not on the fly, meeting in a common corridor, but for at least 20 minutes. A trifle, it would seem, but worth a lot.

Thirdly, there is also an educational moment in a shared meal. Only, as psychologist Tatyana Vorobyova says, contrary to common practice, it assumes “not the teachings of a strict father and the constant beating of a child on the forehead with a spoon, but the fact that at the table the child learns good behavior, learns to care for others.”

But modern life introduces nuances: we come home from work at different times, everyone is in a different state, the wife is on a diet, the husband is not in the mood. What should I do? According to Tatyana Vorobyova, a joint family meal today can be expressed in other, not entirely familiar forms. “There is a so-called “meal with everyone,” explains Tatyana Vladimirovna. “It’s less about the physical presence of all family members at the table, and more about what and how we prepared.” You need to find time to not just feed your family, but to please them, remember what they love, and take care of even the little things.

TRADITION 2. COMMON COOKING, “FAMILY” DISH

Preparing for a meal will help you find a common language and improve relationships between family members no less effectively than sharing lunch or dinner. Many people remember that 20 years ago, the general sculpting of dumplings or baking a cake was perceived as a solemn family ritual, and not boring household chores.

According to priest Stefan Domuschi, it is useful to cook together not only well-known dishes, but also something new: “An old recipe helps to feel the connection between generations, the living memory of those who prepared this dish in the same way many years ago. The new one is to unite everyone in joyful anticipation: will the plan work out, will it be delicious?”

The main thing, according to psychologist Tatyana Vorobyova, is teamwork, when everyone makes their contribution to the common cause. It is important that, for example, the chores before guests arrive do not fall solely on the mother and that responsibilities are distributed according to strengths. And for children this is a chance to feel significant and needed.

TRADITION 3. HOME HOLIDAYS

Home celebrations still exist today. So what have we forgotten about this tradition? A very important detail: in the old days, holidays were not limited to feasting; until the mid-twentieth century, home performances, puppet theaters, and games for both children and adults were organized (like “living pictures,” which even members of the imperial family played, or “ literary lotto"), publication of a home newspaper.

What should the whole family celebrate? Just New Year, Christmas or birthday?

Even the smallest dates or anniversaries that are significant for each individual family member need to be celebrated, says psychologist Tatyana Vorobyova. On this day my daughter went to school, on this day my son entered college, on this day he came home from the army, and on this day mom and dad met. It is not necessary to celebrate with a feast, the main thing is attention. “Family differs from friends and acquaintances in that relatives remember all the smallest but most important milestones in a person’s life,” explains Tatyana Vladimirovna. “He is significant, his whole life has value.”
Any holiday and its preparation is a live, non-virtual and unhurried communication, which (we have to repeat) is becoming less and less in our age. “The holiday gives everyone the opportunity to test whether they can truly communicate,” says Father Stefan. - It often happens that a husband and wife see each other only a couple of times a day and exchange only news with each other, and therefore, when they have a free evening, it turns out that they have nothing to talk about heart to heart as close people. In addition,” the priest reminds, “Orthodox holidays give believers the opportunity to take communion with the whole family, to feel that the basis of true family unity is not only blood ties, but participation in the Body of Christ itself.”

TRADITION 4. TRIPS TO DISTANT RELATIVES

If you need to denigrate a person, then rest assured, no one will do it better than his relatives, noted William Thackeray in the novel Vanity Fair. But at the same time, the tradition of frequent visits to relatives - near and far, to strengthen family ties, is known in many cultures.

Often a difficult and boring “duty” - is there any point in maintaining such a custom?

The need to adapt to “distant neighbors” and endure the associated inconveniences can be a plus for a Christian, says priest Stefan Domusci. “Modern people communicate more often with friends, work colleagues, and those with whom it is interesting to communicate,” he says. - And in a large family, everyone is different, everyone has their own interests, their own lives. Thus, communication with distant relatives helps to overcome the consumerist attitude towards people.”

In any case, the priest believes, truly good relationships, true friendship must be learned: learn to appreciate people for what they are, and not treat them as a source of services and opportunities.

The question is ambiguous, says Tatyana Vorobyova: indeed, from time immemorial, family has been a value, but today such close ties no longer exist - the family should be kept from internal splits! “Sometimes when visiting distant relatives you can encounter envy, hostility, and discussions. Then this trail of unnecessary conversations and clarifications follows you, and this is not useful to anyone,” says the psychologist. “Remembering kinship has never stopped anyone,” she is sure, “however, first of all, you need to establish and maintain relationships in your own family: “my home is my fortress.”

TRADITION 5. LEISURE SHARES WITH CHILDREN

Tents, kayaks, large baskets for mushrooms. Today, even if such attributes of an active family vacation are preserved in homes, they often simply gather dust on the balcony for years. Meanwhile, joint leisure instills in children trust and interest in their parents. “This ultimately decides the question: are children comfortable with mom and dad or not,” says Tatyana Vorobyova.
Living examples, and not edifying words, educate a child, and on vacation various situations, pleasant and difficult, are more varied than at home. “Everything is visible here,” says Tatyana Vladimirovna. - Fairly or not, we decide certain issues, how we distribute responsibilities, who will take on the heavier backpack, who will go to bed last, making sure that the house is clean and everything is prepared for tomorrow. So spending time together is an important lesson that children will use in their own families.”

Unobtrusive lessons on behavior not at a school desk, but in the form of a live dialogue will be deposited in children's memory and will be fixed much more reliably!

“Recreating together also helps the child learn about the world of wildlife and learn to treat it with care,” says Father Stefan. “In addition, this is an opportunity to talk, talk about important things in private or together.”
Today it is quite fashionable to spend holidays separately and send children to camps. According to the psychologist, the desire to send a child on vacation to a children's camp at the expense of family leisure may be the beginning of family separation: “It is better for the family to spend as much time together as possible. But with a caveat: there is no need to do anything by force.”

TRADITION 6. READING OUT LOUD WITH YOUR FAMILY

“In the evenings, especially in winter, when we were left alone, we read together: for the most part, she, and I listened. Here, in addition to the pleasure produced by the reading itself, it was also delivered by the fact that it aroused our thoughts and sometimes served as a reason for the most interesting judgments and conversations between us on the occasion of some thought, some incident encountered in the book,” describes reading aloud with his wife, poet and literary critic M. A. Dmitriev (1796–1866).
We read aloud in the family circle, in a friendly circle, parents read to children, children to parents.

Today, perhaps, all that remains is reading aloud to children. But even on this custom, says Tatyana Vorobyova, modernity is leaving its mark.

“Given our busy lives and the intensity of our lives, it is more realistic to read a book and tell a child about it, recommend it, retell its plot, and interest them. Moreover, it is necessary to recommend a book with emotional significance, that is, with genuine interest.”

The advantages are obvious: a taste for reading and good literature is formed, books raise moral issues that can be discussed. And besides, the psychologist claims, we ourselves must be educated and savvy in order to go one step ahead and recommend what will correspond to the child’s outlook and interests.

If we are talking about two adults - spouses or adult children - then it makes sense to read some kind of spiritual literature together. On one condition: it must be read by those who want to hear. “You have to be careful here,” explains Tatyana Vladimirovna, “you can’t impose anything.”

Children very often reject what we consider it our duty to instill in them. “Recently,” recalls Tatyana Vorobyova, “at my consultation there was a boy who shouted that his mother was forcing him to believe in God. You can't force it.

Give your child the opportunity to become interested, for example, leave a children's Bible in front of his eyes, put a bookmark, and then ask:

Did you see that I left you a bookmarked page there? Did you look?

I looked.

Did you see it?

What was there to see?

And I read that there! Go, find, look.

That is, you can gently nudge a person towards interested reading.”

TRADITION 7. COMPILATION OF A PEDIAL TREE, MEMORY OF THE FAMILY

Genealogy as a science appeared only in the 17th-18th centuries, but knowledge of one’s roots has always been of great importance. To join the modern Order of Malta, you still need to show a good pedigree. What if we don’t need to join the Order of Malta?... Why today know about our ancestors beyond our great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers?

“It always seems to a selfish person that there was nothing before him and nothing will happen after him. And drawing up a family tree is a way to understand the continuity of generations, understand one’s place in the world, and feel responsibility to past and future generations,” says Father Stefan.

From a psychological point of view, memory of one’s family, knowledge of one’s ancestors help a person to form himself as a person and improve his own character traits.

“The fact is that infirmities and shortcomings are passed on from generation to generation, but an uneradicated deficiency will not go away, it will grow from generation to generation,” says Tatyana Vorobyova. - Therefore, if we know that someone from our family was, say, hot-tempered, short-tempered, we must understand that this can manifest itself in our children. And we need to work on ourselves to get rid of this ardor and temper.” This is true for both negative and positive traits - there may be something hidden in a person that he is not aware of, and this can also be worked on.

And for a Christian, the memory of one’s family, knowledge of the names of one’s ancestors is, in addition, an opportunity to pray for them: a real thing that we can do for those to whom we owe our lives.

TRADITION 8. REMEMBRANCE OF THE DEAD, JOINT CAMPAIGN TO THE CEMETERY

Seven times a year, Orthodox Christians specially find time to attend services, go to the cemetery and remember their deceased relatives - these are parental Saturdays, the days when we especially remember the dead. A tradition that came to life again in the Russian Church in the 1990s.

How and why to implement it together with your family?

Of course, this is a reason to gather everyone together for the Liturgy.

What else? Understand that members of the same family are responsible for each other, that a person is not alone both in life and after death. “Memories of the departed encourage us to be more attentive to the living,” says Father Stefan.

“Death is a difficult moment. And therefore it is important that at this moment the family is together - we unite, do not separate,” explains Tatyana Vorobyova. “However, there should be no violence, no “obligation” here - this should be based on the needs of each family member and the capabilities of each.”

TRADITION 9. FAMILY HEIRQUITS

“Throw it away, take it to the country, sell it to an antique shop?” - the question in relation to the things we inherited from our grandparents often stands exactly like this.

However, any such thing on a difficult day can serve as a consolation for us, says psychologist Tatyana Vorobyova. Not to mention photographs, memoirs and diaries - unique things that reveal the subtle facets of a person’s soul that are closed in everyday life. “When you read about your loved one, you learn his thoughts, his sufferings, sorrows, his joys, experiences, he comes to life and becomes much closer and clearer to you! - explains Tatyana Vladimirovna. “And, I repeat, this allows us to understand our own character traits and reveals the reasons for many events in the family.”

It often happens that old postcards and letters shed light on details of the biography of our great-grandfathers that could not be revealed during their lifetime - for personal or political reasons! Antique things, letters are “documents” of a bygone era, which we can thus tell children about much more excitingly and vividly than a history textbook can.

And finally, antiques, especially those given as gifts, with engraving or dedication, are the door to a person’s living personality. “Holding in your hands something that belonged to your great-great-grandfather, re-reading old letters, looking at postcards, photographs - all this gives a feeling of a living connection, supports the memory of those who have been gone for a long time, but thanks to whom you exist,” says Father Stefan.

TRADITION 10. HANDWRITTEN LETTERS, CARDS

Have you noticed how difficult it is today to find a postcard with a blank spread - so that you can write something of your own? In the last century, the spread was always left blank, and the cards themselves were a work of art. The first ones appeared in Russia in 1894 - with an image of a landmark and the inscriptions: “Greetings from (such and such a city)” or “Bow from (such and such a city).” Is there any real benefit to receiving from a loved one not an mms from the city of N, but a real letter or postcard?

If you think about it, any handwritten postcard or letter is an opportunity to express your thoughts and feelings without the usual abbreviations, in beautiful, correct language.

“Real letters, without jargon and abbreviations, without distortions of language, develop the skill of thoughtful, deep and sincere communication,” notes Father Stefan. Moreover, according to the priest, such letters do not necessarily have to be written by hand, they can also be emails - the main thing is that the letter encourages one to take a break from the rush and encourages joint reflection.

Tatyana Vorobyova believes, on the contrary, that it makes sense to write letters by hand - then it is the living voice of another person, with all the personal nuances.

TRADITION 11. KEEPING A PERSONAL DIARY

“Several times I took up daily notes and always gave up out of laziness,” wrote Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, and in this kind of laziness, many of us “solidarity” with the great poet!..

Personal diaries have been kept in Russia since the 18th century: they could have a literary form, including the experiences and thoughts of the author, or they could be schematic, like, say, the diary of Emperor Nicholas II, containing short messages about daily activities and even menu items.

In addition, recording what happened is a way to look at your life from the outside, to see not a fragmentary, but a complete picture. Nowadays, when days are busy and fly by like seconds, this is doubly important!

“Keeping a diary is not just about recording what happened during the day, it is an opportunity to reflect on your life,” says Father Stefan. “In addition, by re-reading the diary, you can trace the evolution of your thoughts and feelings.”

Is an electronic diary an option?

Yes, if he is not overly frank, the priest believes. In his opinion, public personal posts on the Internet can be both an invitation to discuss one’s thoughts, and a game for the public that comes from vanity.

In a regular diary you may be ambiguous, but you know what you mean. On the Internet, almost anyone can read your blog, which means that you must learn to clearly formulate your thoughts in order to be understood correctly. People who run blogs are well aware of the heated arguments and even quarrels that discussions of misunderstood things can lead to.

TRADITION 12. WEIRD ACCEPTANCE

“We should be friendly and give due honor according to the rank and dignity of each person. With love and gratitude, with a kind word, honor each of them, talk to everyone and greet them with a kind word, and eat and drink, or put it on the table, or give it from your hands with a kind greeting, and send something to others, but everyone with something... then highlight and please everyone,” he speaks of hospitality, that is, inviting strangers into the home and family, Domostroy.

Today, most of us do not live according to Domostroy. What to do with this tradition?

There are many cases when a priest blesses a family to accept a person, and then this person, who has lived and stayed too long, becomes hated by them - and is tolerated only out of obedience. “Obedience with hatred and irritation is not good for anyone,” says psychologist Tatyana Vorobyova. - Therefore, you need to proceed from your real capabilities, from sober reasoning. Today, hospitality is an extraordinary, unusual thing and takes other forms. If you can’t accommodate a person, help in any way you can: a piece of bread, money, prayer. The main thing is don’t push me away.”

At the same time, the psychologist believes, hospitality can only be useful when all family members agree to it. If everyone agrees to endure some inconvenience - stay in the bedroom not for 15 minutes, but for 2; wash the dishes for the guest; leave early for work, etc. - then this is possible. Otherwise, a moment will come when, say, the son says to his parents: “You let this person in, and it annoys me, it depresses me.” And the tossing and hypocrisy will begin - an attempt to please both the son and the one who was accepted. And any hypocrisy is a lie, which is not useful for the family.

Father Stefan is convinced that spiritual hospitality is an attempt to go beyond the family, beyond corporate interests and simply help a person. How to implement it today? You can try to accept, without refusing, not strangers, but at least distant relatives and acquaintances who are in need and turn to you with such a request.

TRADITION 13. GAMES FOR THE WHOLE YARD

Today, many people yearn for the friendly life that used to reign in the courtyards. “A good experience of friendship in childhood supports a person throughout his life,” says priest Stefan Domusci. Neither parents nor grandparents can ever replace a child’s communication with peers. In the yard, a teenager can acquire life skills that he will never learn in a greenhouse at home.

What should you pay attention to when your child goes out to play in the yard?

“What you have laid down at home will definitely manifest itself in social communication,” says Tatyana Vladimirovna. - Here you can immediately see: is the child playing honestly or dishonestly, is it scandalous or not scandalous, is he proud in these games or can he still be patient and give in? What you brought up in him, what you laid in him, is what he will go out into the yard with: is he his own general or is he a conformist and will bend to others? All the boys will smoke poplar leaves, and he will smoke? Or will he say: “No, I won’t smoke”? We need to pay attention to this."

TRADITION 14. WEARING CLOTHES ONE BY EACH OTHER

A fact that seems incredible: in the family of the last Russian emperor, the royal daughters literally wore out their clothes one after another. Researcher Igor Zimin in his book “The Adult World of Imperial Residences” writes: “When ordering each new dress, Alexandra Fedorovna was really always interested in its price and complained about its high cost. This was not penny-pinching, it was a habit absorbed from a poor childhood and reinforced at the English Puritan court of Queen Victoria. The Empress’s closest friend wrote that “raised in a small court, the Empress knew the value of money and therefore was thrifty. Dresses and shoes were passed down from senior grand duchesses to junior ones.”

Today, in many homes, wearing out clothes is a requirement of the time: there is nothing left to do if the family is large and there is no income. But is that the only thing?

“The tradition of wearing clothes will help you learn a reasonable and careful attitude towards things, and through this, towards the entire world around you,” says Father Stefan. “In addition, it develops a sense of responsibility in a person, since he must keep the clothes in good condition and pass them on to someone else.”

From the point of view of psychologist Tatyana Vorobyeva, this instills in a person modesty and the habit of caring for others. And the attitude towards such a tradition - a feeling of shame and annoyance or a feeling of kinship, closeness and gratitude - depends entirely on the parents: “It must be presented correctly - as a gift, a gift, and not as a cast-off: “What a caring brother you have, what a great fellow!” Look, he wore his shoes carefully so that you would have them when your day came. Here he is! When we give away a gold watch, it is very significant, and when we give away good shoes that we have taken care of, lined with paper, oiled, cleaned - isn’t this a gift? You can say, for example, like this: “Our Andryushka ran in these shoes, and now, son, you will run!” And maybe someone will get them from you - take care of them.” Then there will be no neglect, no disgust, no feeling of inferiority.”

TRADITION 15. WEDDING CUSTOMS

Young people were officially allowed to get to know each other independently, at will, only during the time of Peter I. Before that, everything related to the birth of a new family was strictly regulated and driven into the framework of dozens of customs. Today a pale likeness of them remains, but the proverb “It’s a sin to be at a wedding without being drunk”, alas, still sits deeply in the minds of many people.

Does it make sense to observe wedding traditions, if so, which ones?

“A Christian should always take seriously what he fills his life with,” says Father Stefan. “There are a lot of wedding traditions, among them there are both pagan and Christian, both decent and very bad... Respecting traditions, it is important to maintain a balance, to remember that marriage is, first of all, a Sacrament, and not a series of performed customs.” .

Perhaps, few people will regret the tradition of rolling the mother-in-law in the mud on the second day of the wedding, a thing of the past. But it would be worth thinking about the revival of such forgotten customs as engagement, betrothal (an agreement that precedes the wedding).

“At the same time, it is hardly worth reviving betrothal as just a beautiful custom - putting on rings and taking a vow of fidelity,” says Father Stefan. - The fact is that betrothal in church law is equivalent to marriage in terms of obligations. Therefore, each time the issue of engagement must be resolved individually. Today there are a lot of difficulties with weddings, and if people are also offered betrothal... The question arises: won’t this be imposing “unbearable burdens” on people?”

Tatyana Vorobyova also advises to treat wedding traditions with caution and without fanaticism: “On this day, the husband and wife take on the heavy cross of responsibility for each other, patience with each other’s weaknesses, fatigue, and sometimes misunderstandings. Therefore, the only undisputed wedding tradition, in my opinion, is parental blessing for marriage. And in this sense, the ancient custom of giving an icon to a young family - usually wedding icons of the Lord and the Virgin Mary - as a sign of blessing, of course, has a deep meaning.”

According to the psychologist, the main parting message that parents should convey to the newlyweds is their parents’ acceptance of them as husband and wife. Children should know that from the moment of their wedding, their parents will not separate them, figure out who is right and who is wrong, but will make every effort to preserve their union. This approach gives the young family confidence in their parents and helps them understand themselves as a single, indivisible whole.

“The grumbling, murmur of a father or mother, such a “noble curse” on an unborn family is the worst thing that can happen! - says Tatyana Vorobyova. - On the contrary, young spouses should feel that their parents perceive them as a single whole. And, let’s say, if there is some kind of disagreement in the family, the mother-in-law will not condemn the daughter-in-law and say: “My son is the best, he is right!”

TRADITION 16. PARENTAL BLESSING

The future Venerable Sergius of Radonezh did not disobey his parents when they did not bless him to go to a monastery until they died. But the Monk Theodosius of Pechersk fled to the monastery against the will of his mother, who turned him back from the path and even beat him...

The latter is rather unusual. “Parental blessing does not sink in water, nor does it burn in fire,” our ancestors noted. “This is the greatest legacy that parents leave to their children. Therefore, children should take care to receive it,” explained the modern Athonite ascetic Paisiy Svyatogorets. However, the Church does not believe that the commandment “honor your father and mother” is associated for a Christian with absolute obedience to parents.

“It’s sad, but for centuries this commandment was perceived in Rus' in such a way that parents were considered almost the masters of their children, and any disobedience was boldly equated with disrespect. In fact, in the New Testament there are words that make this commandment mutual: “And you fathers, do not provoke your children...”, Father Stefan argues, explaining: “The parental desire to do what seems right to them must be balanced by the desire and freedom of the children “We must try to listen to each other and do everything not out of selfish desires, but with reason.”
Today, it is more common to choose your own path: for example, simply inform your father and mother about your upcoming marriage. Isn't the institution of parental blessing dead - at least for marriage?

“The blessing of parents at any time is very important. This is evidence of how significant a father and mother are for their children, says psychologist Tatyana Vorobyova. - Moreover, we are not talking about the authoritarianism of parents, but about their authority - that is, about the trust of children in their parents. And this trust is a consequence of proper upbringing.”

On the part of children, obedience to parents, according to the psychologist, indicates a person’s personal maturity.
However, Tatyana Vladimirovna notes, parents are different, their motives are different: “You can love with blind, humiliating love, for example, when a mother dares to choose a wife for her son based on her own selfish motives. Therefore, parents must remember: children are not our property, they are “loaned” to us, they must be “returned” to the Creator.”

TRADITION 17. FAMILY COUNCIL

“You may have a thousand advisers from outside, but the family must make the decision itself and together,” Tatyana Vorobyova is sure.

Firstly, everyone speaks out here - sincerely, without hypocrisy, the opinions of all family members are taken into account, which means that everyone feels significant, everyone has the right to be heard.

Secondly, the skill of developing a common opinion is very important: we speak out, listen, oppose each other - and thus find the only correct solution.

“This approach does not give a reason to then blame each other: “But you decided that!” As, for example, mothers often say: “You raised your children this way!” Excuse me, where were you at that moment?..”

If it is not possible to reach a common opinion, then the final word may remain with the head of the family. “But then,” warns Tatyana Vorobyova, “this word should be so weighty, so well-reasoned or built on such high trust that it will not cause anyone the slightest doubt or dissatisfaction! And it will lead to subordination by trust to the head of the family.”

TRADITION OF THE PATRIARCH

In a time before the Internet and paper books were highly valued, there was a tradition of collecting family libraries. There was such a library, and an incredibly large one, in the house of the future Patriarch Kirill. This is how he remembers her: “Our father (Mikhail Vasilyevich Gundyaev - Ed.) was a book lover. We lived very modestly, in a communal apartment, but dad managed to collect an excellent library. It consisted of more than three thousand volumes. In my youth, I read something that became accessible to most of our fellow citizens only during the period of perestroika and post-Soviet times. And Berdyaev, and Bulgakov, and Frank, and the wonderful creations of our Russian religious and philosophical thought of the early 20th century. And even Parisian publications.”

By the way, few people know that on each of his visits to St. Petersburg, His Holiness always leaves time to visit the graves of his parents. Here’s how the Patriarch’s press secretary, Deacon Alexander Volkov, talks about this tradition: “The Patriarch always visits cemeteries in St. Petersburg to remember his parents<…>. Always means absolutely always, every time. And this, of course, leaves a very strong feeling - who the parents were for the Patriarch, how much he loved them, what they did for him in life and how grateful he is to them. And you always wonder how often you yourself visit the graves of your relatives (and if possible, in addition to the graves of his parents, he visits several other burial places of relatives, we just don’t tell you about it). In general, the Patriarch gives a very instructive example of how to treat deceased relatives. And the inscription on the wreath - “to dear parents from a loving son” - is completely informal.”