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Chapter I. Musical sounds and their properties

Chapter I. Musical sounds and their properties

01.07.2020

Soundsis all that we hear around us. There are many of them and they are all different.
Even when it is very quiet, they are still present around us, you just need to listen well. We can recognize familiar sounds by closing our eyes, or we can remember and imagine them without even hearing them. This is due to the fact that we have auditory memory.

Sounds happen speech, non-speech And musical.

speech sounds- these are the sounds of human speech, what we are talking to you.
(say your name, then sing it on one note, down the triad from sol mi to example: Misha, Mi-shen-ka)

Non-speech or noise - this is the sound of rain outside the window, clapping, coughing, buzzing of a bumblebee, squeaking of a mosquito, rustling of leaves and other sounds of nature, human labor. buzz like a bee, etc.)

Vanya, you are in the forest now.
We call you: "ay"!
Well, close your eyes, don't be shy

Noise sounds are used in music to create sound effects.
In order to depict how a stream flows, or thunder rumbles, noise tools are used:
Ratchets, drums, cymbals, spoons.
The rustle of trees can depict maracas (give an example of playing these musical noise instruments)

musical sounds

Musical sounds differ from noise sounds in that they can be played or sung.
They have a tune.
Musical sounds differ in timbre - the color of the sound.
volume
Duration
Height
The human voice is also a musical instrument.
By height sounds are:
High and low
By volume :
Loud and quiet
By duration :
Long and short
By timbre :
Sharp and soft, melodious and hoarse and others. (Play examples on the button accordion).
Unlike musical sounds, in noise it is impossible to determine
their height.

Without melody, music is unthinkable.
Musical instruments are able to convey a lot of different shades in music.

He can sing high and low sounds. Children have thin high voices. In men they are booming and low, while in women they are gentle and melodic. (examples listen to a high female voice - soprano, a male low voice - bass)

The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet

In any music, apart from the melody, rhythm is important. Everything in the world has a rhythm.
Our heart is a heart rhythm, there is a brain rhythm, there is a daily rhythm - morning, afternoon, evening and night.
Rhythm translated from Greek means "dimension" - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.
Play examples of different rhythms (lullaby, march, waltz)
Smooth rhythm gives music lyricism.
Intermittent rhythm - creates a feeling of anxiety, excitement

Metronome - the source of rhythm in music

Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds and not a melody.
Metronome- this is such a device with which you can set the rhythm, and he will knock it out like a "loud clock".
It helps the musician to keep a certain rhythm for a long time.
If the musician does not get into the rhythm, then the listener has a feeling of discomfort. (Listening to the metronome)

Means of musical expression in music

In addition to melody and rhythm in music, it is important timbre, fret, dynamics, pace And size.
Timbre is the color of the sound.
Each human voice has its own timbre of voice. Thanks to the timbre, we can distinguish the voice of a person or a musical instrument without seeing it, but only hearing it.
Dynamics is the power of the sound of music.
A piece of music can be played loudly "forte", or softly "piano"

Children stand in a circle and choose the leader. He stands in a circle, everyone walks in a circle holding hands with the words:

Vanya, you are in the forest now,
We call you: Ay,
Come on, close your eyes, don't be shy,
Who called you find out as soon as possible!

The teacher points to one of the children, he says "Vanya!"

Scale: major, minor

Tempo: fast, slow

In music, there are two contrasting modes - major and minor.
Major music is perceived by listeners as light, clear, joyful.
Minor - both sad and dreamy. Sing the Sun a major triad, show a picture of the sun,
Sing a cloud - show a picture of rain or clouds.
Sing the song "Chizhik-Pyzhik" (distribute, among the number of children, cards where a cloud is drawn - meaning minor, and a card with the sun that draws major)

Chizhik-pyzhik, where have you been?
I lived in a cage all winter
Where did you soak the beak?
I drank some water in the cage.
What have you lost weight?
I've been sick all winter
Why is a cell bad?
After all, bondage is so bitter.
Chizhik, do you want to join us here?
Oh yes yes yes yes yes yes!
Come on, chizhik, fly out!
Ai-yay-yay-yay-yay-yay-yay!

Tempo is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is slow, moderate and fast.
To indicate the tempo, Italian words are used that are understood by all musicians in the world.
Fast pace - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow adagio.

Play a carousel game (fixing the concept of pace)

Barely, barely, barely, barely,
merry-go-rounds
and then, then, then.
Everyone run run run run
Hush hush, don't rush
Stop the carousel.
One, two, one two.
Here the game is over.

natalia chabanova
Synopsis of the musical lesson "There are different sounds"

Abstract of a music lesson

Target: the formation of preschoolers' ideas about those around us sounds.

Tasks: 1) Teaching children to distinguish between noise and musical sounds, to promote the assimilation of these concepts, using game techniques.

2) Develop natural musicality of children, to create prerequisites for the formation of creative thinking.

3) Educate musical culture, benevolence and mutual respect.

Methodological support classes:

piano;

Noise recordings sounds;

Sound Fragment Recordings musical instruments;

Cards for the game "Distinguish sounds»

Plan classes

I. Organizational stage

- musical greeting in the form of vocalization music director: "Hello guys!" and answer pupils: "Hello!"

Message topics, goals classes.

Guys! Today we will be introduced to various sounds that surround us. Do you know what is « sound» ?

(children's answers)

« Sound» is what we hear.

II. main stage

Sound is vibration, which affects any object, a living organism, including a human one.

In physics, this is known experience: sand is poured onto a sheet of iron and acted on different sounds- the sand begins to take on different forms, for each sound - their. Why? Yes, because everyone sound has its, inherent only to him, by them we can distinguish one sound from another and, if necessary, to learn from the set that sounds which we need.

Now let's hear what sounds surround us. To do this, close your eyes and sit in silence for a while.

Have you heard any sounds coming from the next room, from the street? What exactly did you hear?

(children's answers)

Now I will read you a poem by E. Koroleva about different sounds. After listening carefully, you will tell me into which groups everything can be divided. sounds.

All children in the world know

Sounds are different.

Cranes farewell scream,

Aircraft loud murmur,

The rumble of cars in the yard,

Barking dog in a kennel

The sound of wheels and the noise of the machine,

Light rustle of the breeze.

This noise sounds.

Only there are others:

Not rustling, not knocking -

Musical have sounds.

What groups can be divided into sounds?

(Answers of children. "Noise" And « Musical» )

Give examples "noise" sounds.

Examples « Musical» sounds.

A game "Distinguish sounds»

Children are given 2 cards each with the image of a treble clef and with the image of cubes.

Now there will be different sounds. If you hear musical sound, then raise the card with the image of a treble clef, and if you hear a noise sound- Raise the card with the image of cubes.

III. Work on the song repertoire

chanting

"Snow covered all the way"

Listening to a song "Sled"

Music and words. Shestakova.

Learning 1 verse, chorus

Execution (group, individual)

IV. A game "Collect Snowflakes"

1. What's new about those around us sounds we learned today?

2. Play "noise" sound.

3. Play « musical» sound.

4. What new song did we meet today?

Well done boys! Is our lesson has come to an end. On the next lesson we will continue to get to know those around us sounds and take a closer look at « musical» sounds.

Literature

1. Maslennikova, T. P. In the world sounds [Text]: / T. P. Maslennikova // Musical director. - 2011. - No. 8. – S. 19-20

2. Matvienko, E. Yu. Chants-calendars [Notes]: / E. Yu. Matvienko // Musical director. -2011. - No. 2. – p. 9

3. Mikhailova, M. A. Development musical abilities of children [Text]: a popular guide for parents and teachers / M. A. Mikhailova. Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1997. - 240 p.

4. Shestakova, V. Sanochki [Notes]: / V. Shestakova // Musical director. - 2010. - No. 8. – p. 52

Let's start studying sound in music from the simplest and most accessible - from the sounds that surround us. By its physical nature, sound is vibrations of an elastic body that form sound waves in the air. Having reached the ear, the air sound wave acts on the eardrum, from which vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear and further to the auditory nerve. This is how we hear sounds.

If everything is not yet clear, it does not matter. Because music lessons are not about that How we hear. Our task is to figure out What we hear and distinguish from the whole variety of audible sounds in music.

All sounds can be divided into musical and noise. In musical sounds, the human ear can pick out a certain frequency that sounds louder than others. Noise sounds contain many different frequencies, from which we cannot distinguish any individual frequency by loudness by ear. Sounds of different frequencies merge in noise with approximately the same or floating volume.

Listen to noise and musical sounds:

noise sounds

Some noise sounds are used in music. Of the three noise sounds presented, the first two are the sounds of musical instruments. The big drum sounds first, then the triangle.

The third noise sound is the so-called "white noise". It has a lot of components that change randomly. In the picture, white noise would look like this:

Noise sounds will not be studied, but we will proceed immediately to musical sounds.

musical sounds:

If we select the loudest component from the musical sound and draw it, we get something like this picture:

In real sound, the picture would be more complicated, but, nevertheless, the main thing is that in musical sound there is the loudest sound with one (certain) frequency. Melodies can be composed from such sounds.

Music lessons. So, in musical sounds, a certain frequency can be distinguished. What are we talking about? Imagine a tightly stretched string. Let's hit it with a hammer. The string will begin to vibrate:

The frequency at which a string vibrates determines the frequency of the sound heard.
The frequency is measured in hertz: one hertz (1 Hz) is equal to one oscillation per second. A person is able to hear sound in the range from 16 Hz to 20 thousand Hz (kHz) when vibrations are transmitted through the air. With age, hearing deteriorates and the sound range narrows. The upper limit of sounds heard by an adult is approximately 14 thousand Hz. In addition, a person hears an even narrower range of sounds most accurately and clearly: from about 16 to 4,200 Hz. Musical instruments also sound in this range.

Sound in music. Sound pitch.

Depending on the frequency of the sound, we distinguish between low and high sounds. In fact, any adjectives could be used here, for example, fat and skinny. However, the designation of sounds by height was not chosen by chance. It turns out that it is very convenient to draw musical sounds on paper. This is described on the "music notation" page.

The lower the frequency of the sound, the lower it seems. So, a sound with a frequency of 200 vibrations per second (200 Hz) seems low:

Higher frequency sounds sound high.
A sound with a frequency of 4000 vibrations per second (4000 Hz) seems high:

Pitch is one of the characteristics of sound in music. Each sound in music has its own pitch (frequency) and its own name. Sounds in music in height were selected empirically over the centuries. Different nations have different systems of musical sounds and their names. We will consider only the European system, which is the most common in the world and is used in Russia. The scale of the European system will be discussed on the next page, and now let's move on to another characteristic of the sound.

Sound in music. Sound duration.

Duration refers to the amount of time the sound lasts.

For example, a sound at 440 Hz for 6 seconds:

The same sound for 2 seconds:

I hope everything is clear with the duration. Let me clarify that in music, duration is not measured in seconds or minutes. Duration in music is measured in rhythmic units that can be expressed in counts, such as one, two, three, four. This is described in detail on the page about the tempo, meter and rhythm of music.

Sound in music. sound amplitude.

Amplitude is the range of vibration of a sound source (for example, a string). The greater the range of oscillations, the greater, they say, their amplitude. In direct proportion to the amplitude of the sound is its loudness - the greater the amplitude, the greater the volume. Less amplitude means less volume. In addition to the amplitude, the distance for the sound source affects the loudness - the closer the sound source, the (with the same amplitude) it sounds louder. The sound volume is also influenced by the peculiarity of human hearing - so with the same amplitude and distance to the sound source, the loudest sounds will be heard in the middle register.

Here are two examples, the same tone. Louder and Quieter:

The volume of sound is also influenced by such a factor as the type of oscillation. Vibrations can be damped (strike on a guitar string). In this case, along with the extinction of vibrations, the sound of the string will also die down. There may also be undamped vibrations - in this case, the vibrations are supported artificially, for example, by moving the bow along the string or by singing. For undamped oscillations, the volume can be changed (decreased, increased or left unchanged) depending on artistic goals and objectives.

Sound in music. Sound timbre.

All recent examples used sound from a sound generator at 440 Hz. This frequency in the examples was not chosen by chance. 440 Hz is the note frequency for the first octave. The octaves are described on the scale page, and here it is important to note the following - although the note for real musical instruments has the same frequency as it was set for the generator, but the note for la and the generator sound differently. Moreover, for different musical instruments, the note la does not sound exactly the same either. That is why we can accurately say which instrument sounds:

this is the sound generator:

and this is the piano:

this is the fiddle:

and this is a flute:

Why does the same note sound different, although the pitch is the same? The fact is that when a real musical instrument sounds, additional vibrations are superimposed on the main frequency of the note. When a string sounds, for example, several vibrations are generated at once:

the fundamental tone (loudest) over the entire length of the string, and
overtones - a series of vibrations in half, third, quarter, and so on strings. The amplitude (loudness) of the overtone vibrations decreases as the step of the "division" of the string increases.

In addition, the sounds of vibrations of parts of the body of a musical instrument are added to the main tone and overtones. All this gives the sound a special individual color, which is called the timbre of the sound. Timbre allows you to distinguish different musical instruments by ear.

Timbre is inherent in the sounds of not only musical instruments, but also in the human voice. Therefore, we can easily distinguish the voices of different people.

The human ear best perceives the loudest (fundamental) tone in a musical sound. Partial tones (overtones) are not perceived as separate sounds, they give the main sound a certain color, merging with it. The overtones that make up a complex sound are called harmonics or harmonic components. The volume distribution between the harmonics of different instruments is not always as linear as in theory. For example, in an oboe (wind musical instrument), the second harmonic is louder than the fundamental tone, and the third is louder than the second, and only in subsequent harmonics does the volume decrease.

On electronic musical instruments (synthesizers), by changing the ratio of harmonics in a complex sound, you can compose any volume of overtones and choose them so as to imitate the sound of any musical instruments. If you select the first, third and fifth harmonics, the clarinet will sound 🙂

So, we have considered the nature of sound in music and its characteristics: pitch, amplitude, duration and timbre.

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To learn how to play wind musical instruments, we recommend the Svirelka program, which can be obtained here.

What is sound? Sound is a vibration that affects any object, a living organism, including a human one.

In physics, such an experiment is known: sand is poured onto a sheet of iron and different sounds act on it - at the same time, the sand begins to take on various forms, each one has its own. Why? Yes, because each sound has its own unique features. They - then add up, as in a kaleidoscope, a variety of patterns. According to these features, we can distinguish one sound from another and, if necessary, recognize, determine, select from the entire sound variety the one that is important and necessary for us at the moment.

The ability to distinguish between these features, or, as teachers say, the properties of sound, is the basis for the development of musical abilities. What are the mysterious properties of sound?

First of all, let's divide all the sounds around us into two important groups: noise sounds (from the word "noise", "make noise") and musical sounds (from the word "music"). Any song, any piece of music, any melody is made up of musical sounds. Such sounds have a special name - melodic.

Please read the poem by E. Koroleva with the children.

All children in the world know:

Sounds are different.

Cranes farewell scream,

Aircraft loud murmur.

The rumble of cars in the yard,

Barking dog in a kennel

The sound of wheels and the noise of the machine,

Quiet breeze.

These are noise sounds.

There are only others:

Not rustling, not knocking -