The British group Gorilaz became the first world-famous virtual musical group. The peak of her popularity came in the early 2000s.
virtual group
When the Gorilaz group first loudly announced itself with their single called "Clint Eastwood", no one knew who was hiding behind this sign. Both ordinary fans and dozens of music critics hopelessly shrugged their shoulders. Calculating the real creators of the project was not so easy.
The Gorilaz group became known not only for its music, but also for its animated videos on television. These videos featured fictitious members of the band - Stuart Pot, Murdoch Niccals, Noodle and Russell Hobbs. Until the creators of these characters revealed their personalities to the public, fans believed that the cartoon musicians had real prototypes.
Versions were put forward that four musicians from different parts of the world write music, and the Internet, which was gaining popularity at that time, was allegedly the means of their communication. The truth turned out to be different, but that didn't make it any less interesting and intriguing.
Albarn and Hewlett
The virtual group "Gorilaz" has two founding fathers. One of them is Damon Albarn. He is best known as the frontman of another British band, Blur. She was at the peak of popularity in the 90s, when the Britpop style experienced its heyday. Blur is one of the two pioneers of this genre. Over the years, Albarn's band has been arguing with Oasis for the title of leader of Britpop.
In the late 90s, Blur had a window on the road when Damon decided to start his own side project. In 1998, he met his Jamie Hewlett, a famous artist. In Europe, comics of his authorship were very popular. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the main composition of the Gorilaz group is two masters of their craft.
Albarn and Hewlett combined their talents (musical and artistic) in order to create something completely new at the intersection of these two arts. One was the designer who created the images of the fictitious group. The other wrote the music. In addition, at the beginning of their joint career, the friends collaborated with producer Dan Automator, with whom Albarn had previously worked.
At first, the songs of the Gorilaz group were released under a sign with a similar name (Gorilla). Later, friends decided to change the name of the team. The first songs were released on physical media by independent labels in the form of b-sides with a small circulation.
Musical genre
Albarn searched hard for a new sound that would be markedly different from what he performed in Blur. As a result, he gave the group's debut album a rare sound for that time. It was a modern and even innovative palette of genres. The songs showed influences (inherited from Blur), hip-hop and electronica. Collaboration with various producers and musicians (many performers were invited for duets, etc.) has borne fruit.
In some songs, Albarn managed to add a pinch of other genres. It was the Britpop he knew, as well as reggae, dub, psychedelic music and even punk rock. Several bright demo-recordings were liked by representatives of major labels. Finally, Parlophone and Virgin signed a contract with Gorilaz. Members of the group set about a full-fledged studio recording of their many developments.
"Clint Eastwood"
The debut album with the same name as the group - Gorillaz - was recorded over several months at the turn of 1999 and 2000. Albarn took on the mixer at several studios in west London and even Jamaica.
On March 5, 2001, the debut single "Clint Eastwood" was released. He was supposed to demonstrate to a wide audience what the Gorilaz group is like. The biography of its participants and an unexpected genre attracted the attention of the whole world.
The title of the song was a linguistic play on the name of the famous actor Clint Eastwood, who became a legend of Westerns in the second half of the 20th century. This reference was not accidental. One of the song's melodies is reminiscent of the film's theme song, The Good, the Bad, the Ugly. Clint Eastwood played the main role in this film.
Albern not only wrote the music, but also sang the chorus. The verses were recorded by a guest rapper. The song became the band's trademark, both in terms of music (a mixture of rock and hip-hop) and thanks to the video clip. For its animation and direction, another founding father of Gorilaz, Jamie Hewlett, was responsible.
revolutionary clip
The song "Clint Eastwood" became a phenomenon even before the release of the first album "Gorilas". Photos of the group (virtual ones) constantly appeared in all the world charts on television, in newspapers, etc. The amazing success is also explained by a bright and interesting clip. The video begins with the appearance of the group's logo on a black background, as well as a quote from the popular horror film of the 70s "Dawn of the Dead".
The Eastwood reference is revealed in several artistic devices in the song. First, the footage contains frequent close-up scenes. This is a favorite technique used by directors of spaghetti westerns. Also at the beginning of the clip, a scream is heard, which was already in the movie "The Good, the Bad, the Ugly."
First record
Three weeks after the successful single, the debut album was released. Over the following weeks, the entire world musical press only discussed the phenomenon that the Gorilaz group represented. The formation of the team, the fictitious biography of the virtual participants and other interesting details were revealed much later. In 2006, an official biography called "Rise of the Ogre" was released, in which the founding fathers of the project described a fictitious story of the acquaintance of the four musicians of the group.
The album "Gorillaz" became a bestseller in 2000. It peaked at number three in the UK and number 14 in the US. To date, five million physical copies of the debut album have been sold in America. This is a significant result, especially when you consider that in the early 2000s, the music industry was in crisis caused by the advent of the Internet and available illegal ways to download content.
Film project and tour
Neither the soloist of the Gorilaz group, nor the chief designer expected the success that fell upon them. Within a few months after the release of the debut album, several more clips, documentaries, etc. appeared. Hollywood studios showed interest in the project. Jamie even met with several directors, but soon abandoned the idea of a feature film. He explained his decision by the fact that his vision of the group and creative plans were very different from Hollywood plans.
Gorillaz was a studio project. It was extremely difficult to organize live performances of the band. This was due to the large number of guest vocalists, animation, etc. Nevertheless, Albarn held several major concerts in his homeland and in the United States. About once every five years, a small tour was going to coincide with the release of the next album. During such tours, several shows were held.
Demon Days
In 2001, the band released a compilation containing the best tracks and remixes. After that, the Gorilaz group stopped its activities for a long time. The discography still consisted of only one studio album, and Elbarn remained silent about the further fate of the project.
And in May 2005, Demon Days was released. Albarn brought in completely new musicians and vocalists. Only he and his artist friend Hewlett remained from the composition of the first album. In the future, these two continued to release records, changing the invited contingent of musicians, remaining the same heart and engine of the project.
Gorillaz is the first, most famous and most successful virtual band. Here is the history of this unusual musical group, information about the real members of the Gorillaz group, as well as Gorillaz discography, Gorillaz pictures and other materials.
Virtual members of the Gorillaz band:
Vocalist, keyboardist
Bass player, founder of the band
Guitarist, backing vocals on some songs
Drummer and percussionist
History of Gorillaz
Of course, like any group, Gorillaz has its own story, but still, virtual groups are different from ordinary ones, so Gorillaz has not one story, but two.
The first of them can be read in detail in the biography Rise of the Ogre. The release date of the book in the United Kingdom is October 26, 2006, but it does not have an official translation into Russian, so it will have to be read in the author's language - English. There you can find out about all the events that happened with the virtual members of the group, starting with their acquaintance and ending with their performances in New York.
And here is the second story, however, it is a very long story.
phase one
When Gorillaz were still a young and green band, just breaking into the charts with their single Clint Eastwood, fans, along with batteries of critics, wondered: who is behind all this? There were many versions, among the most interesting was, for example, the story of real-life alter egos of cartoon characters who communicate via the Internet and write music online, although they have never really seen each other. But the most that neither is the truth - no less interesting. After all, Gorillaz is the fruit of a joint fantasy of two very unusual people. What is the real line-up of Gorillaz?
One of them - Damon Albarn, leader of the famous Britpop group Blur, which, unfortunately, is known only to a few in Russia, and even then mainly due to the rivalry that arose in the mid-90s between Blur and the Oasis group. Gorillaz's other "daddy" is an artist Jamie Hewlett, which in many reviews is presented exclusively as a co-author of the Tank Girl comic that thundered in European countries (again, which does not have a translation into Russian).
However, these are not their only achievements. Damon Albarn, in addition to Blur and Gorillaz, participated in such projects as Mali Music (2002), The Good, The Bad & The Queen (2006) and Monkey: Journey to the West (2007), released a solo album Democrazy (2003), he also contributed to soundtracks for films such as Trainspotting and 101 Reykjavik, and collaborated with many artists on their solo work (for example, Damon's vocals can be heard on Fatboy Slim's "Put It Back Together" ).
And Jamie Hewlett, since 1988, published Deadline magazine (in which Tank Girl appeared for the first time), participated in the design of nightclubs, is the author of many wonderful comics, some of which were filmed, and in 2006 the Design Museum in London recognized him designer of the year.
Damon and Jamie have known each other for many years, but the idea to create a joint project came to their minds when they lived together in a rented apartment on Westbourne Grove in 1998. Initially, the group's musical component, in addition to Albarn, was answered by Del tha Funkee Homosapien and producer Dan the Automator, with whom Damon had previously worked on the debut album Deltron 3030.
True, then the group was called Gorilla, and the first song they recorded, Ghost Train, ended up being just the B-side of the Rock the House single. But on the first album, many guest performers were also noted: Miho Hatori from Cibo Mato (Re-Hash and 19-2000), Tina Weymuth from Tom Tom Club (19-2000) and Ibrahim Ferrer from Buena Vista Social Club (Latin Simone (Que Pasa Contigo)), although the Gorillaz themselves have always remained the same.
The first release was Tomorrow Comes Today EP, released in 2000, but the real glory came to Gorillaz after the release of the first single Clint Eastwood March 5, 2001 It is this song that is still one of the most famous in the work of the group, it is in these proportions that many “connoisseurs” of the group consider mixed hip-hop, rock and electronic music to be something like “classic Gorillas”. The video for the song is a plot cartoon with the participation of the group, so beloved by both children and adult children, and even Clint Eastwood himself, according to rumors, approved the song about himself.
It was a success, followed by the self-titled album, which took 3rd place in the English charts and climbed to 14th place in the US. Many considered it to be something of a mockery of the modern music industry, others began to look for some secret meanings (and found it surprising), others simply listened to good music. The first album gave the world three more singles: 19-2000, Tomorrow Comes Today, and Rock the House (6th, 33rd and 18th place in the British hit parade, respectively). At the end of the year, together with rap artists from D12 and Terry Hall, Gorillaz recorded the song "911", dedicated to the September 11 attacks, and released G-sides, a compilation of b-sides from the Tomorrow Comes Today EP and the first three singles (released in Japan in December 2001, in the UK in February 2002).
In 2002, the band performed at the BRIT Awards, appearing in 3D animation on four big screens with rapper Phi Life Cypher. The band were nominated for six awards at the event, including Best British Group, Best British Album and Best British New Artist, but left the ceremony empty-handed.
In 2002, a collection of remixes was also released. Laika Come Home, critically acclaimed, and the band's first DVD Phase One: Celebrity Take Down, which included Gorillaz Bitez (small videos of the band), the humorous documentary Charts of Darkness (in which reporter Krishnan Guru-Murthy tries to track down Damon and Jamie after they are institutionalized), and an unfinished video on song 5/4 and more. The DVD menu replicates the band's website and depicts their Kong Studio (you can talk about the site itself for a long time and intoxicatingly, but it's much easier to visit once). There were rumors that the Gorillaz band was busy preparing a feature-length film, but as it turned out, this never came to fruition. As Jamie later admitted, he lost all interest in the project as soon as he began to meet with the studios and realized how different his vision of this film was from what the Hollywood bosses offered him.
phase two
And then there was a silence that almost made everyone believe that there is no life after the first album. And magazines vying with each other wrote that the best joke, told twice, becomes uninteresting. And they were almost believed: the band's official website was almost completely closed, and Mr. Elbarn very transparently hinted that a new album should not be expected.
But oh, this fickle man! The protracted silence was broken on December 8, 2004, when the band's official website was relaunched with a video clip. rock it(the first song recorded for the new album), and the name of the new producer was revealed: Danger Mouse, which Albarn took notice of after the release of the Gray Album. In this work, a young and talented performer crossed the White Album of The Beatles and Black Album of Jay-Z, it is likely that the new producer had to cope with the musical mixture created by Gorillaz. But fans didn't know what to expect.
In the end, as always, everything changed almost at the last moment: everyone was waiting for an album called We Are Happy Landfill in March 2005, but heard only in May and with a different name - Demon Days. Of the people originally involved in this project, only Albarn and Hewlett remained, and the list of guest performers expanded even more: among them were Nena Cherry, Martina Topley-Bird, Sean Ryder (Happy Mondays), Ike Turner, rap group De La Soul and actor Dennis Hopper. In general, the exact number of people who worked on the album is not known to anyone, except perhaps to Mr. Elbarn, and even then it is unlikely.
The song was the first single feel good inc., which became a real hit and got into the top 10 of 14 countries. The song was nominated for a Grammy in the Record of the Year category and was later published at number 308 on Pitchfork Media's list of the best songs of the 2000s (an online publication that specializes in music criticism, as well as news and interviews). As for the clip, it amazes with its realism. Now, when creating a video, along with animation, images of real people involved in recording songs are also used. It was a new level not only in music, but also in the implementation of the very ideas of a virtual band.
The album Demon Days was released on May 11, 2005 in Japan, and on May 23 in the UK, debuting at number one on the UK Albums Chart, but in just seven weeks it landed at number 29. True, as soon as the video for the next single, DARE, began to play on all music channels, including MTV, the album quickly returned to the top 10.
Two more singles were released from the album: Dirty Harry And Kids with Guns/El Manana, who achieved good positions in the charts, and the group also donated their non-album track Hong Kong to a charity compilation Help: A Day in the Life, which was released on September 10, 2005 and collected compositions from artists such as Coldplay, Razorlight, Keane, Kaiser Chiefs and Radiohead.
In 2007-2008, the Gorillaz group planned to go on a world tour using huge holographic screens, but later this idea was abandoned, as each show was too expensive. Therefore, in the field of live performances, the Gorillas limited themselves to appearing at the MTV Awards on November 3, 2005, as well as at the Grammy Awards on February 8, 2006, where they performed with Madonna, and the BRIT Awards 2006, where they performed with Bootie Brown and the San Fernandez Children's Choir, and one of a series of concerts at the Manchester Opera (which took place from 1 to 5 November 2005) was subsequently released on DVD.
On October 30, 2006, the second DVD appeared Phase Two: Slowboat to Hades, October 31 - illustrated autobiography Rise of the Ogre, November 19 collection of b-sides and remixes D-sides. It all looked like a farewell to the fans, leaving at the peak of fame. The final chord was a documentary about the band Bananaz, which told about everything that fans have been wondering about for so long.
Phase Three
The release of the third album of the group Gorillaz called plastic beach took place on March 8, 2010, although it appeared on the network much earlier. Many fans were perplexed: after such a triumph of the last album, they were waiting for the second Demon Days, but got something completely different. The changes that have taken place musically - much less guitar, drums and Damon's vocals than on previous albums - the creators easily explained with the help of their cartoon characters.
Allegedly, Murdoch began creating his album without the participation of other members of the group, but then he realized that he could not do without them, and, having stolen 2D, forced him to take part in the recording. The fate of Noodle remained unknown after El Manana (in the video she crashed on a floating island), and the android created from her DNA owned the instrument much worse than a talented guitarist.
As for the real participants, nothing has changed here. More precisely, on the contrary, as always, the composition of the participants has completely changed: many talented musicians of various kinds worked on the album - Snoop Dogg, Lou Reed, Mos Def, Bobby Womack, Graff Rhys, Mark E. Smith, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Kano, Bashy, De La Soul, Little Dragon and even the Lebanese National Oriental Arabic Music Orchestra.
The Gorillas' third album reached No. 2 in both the UK and US charts, and the first single from it, Stylo, was released on January 26, 2010 (the toughest nut Bruce Willis starred in the Stylo video, which madly surprised everyone, and the drawn band members appeared in the form of 3D volumetric figures).
On April 18, 2010, the band performed as a headliner at the Coachella Music Festival.
Two more singles are also planned for release. Superfast Jellyfish And On Melancholy Hill.
Murdoch recently gave an interview to NME magazine, and answered one of the journalist's questions that he did not consider The Strokes' "This is it" album the best album of the decade, but he was quite able to record a couple more Gorillaz albums before 2020 to win this title in the next decade .
And later, Damon Albarn said that, while working on Plastic Beach, he recorded so much material that he could well create a couple of follow-up albums, if, of course, he had enough time and energy for this. Well, let's wait a bit, shall we? Mr. Albarn knows how to surprise.
Trill has always listened with great interest to young musicians, and now we want to provide a platform for young journalists - those who will soon discover a new generation of talented artists for us. Today, in our blog, sixteen-year-old Alisa Korneeva talks about how the virtual quartet Gorillaz was formed, blurring the line between the artist's bold fantasy and reality.
In an age where computers replace live instruments, drum machines replace drums, and even vocals are synthesized, it's no surprise that virtual performers are also emerging. The first and brightest stars among those are Gorillaz - the project of the British Jamie Hewlett and Blur lead singer Damon Albarn.
Gorillaz appeared in the late nineties, and the first album was released in 2001. The members of the group, according to the creators of the project, are the same people as you and I, only they live in a different reality - on the other side of the screen, and their world is something unimaginable. In the Gorillaz universe there are flying islands, rapper demons that inhabit people, cyborgs, phantoms, aliens and much, much more. And the group's music is appropriate: it does not have a specific style, each song is a mix of elements of hip-hop, grunge, rap, alternative rock, electronica, dubstep - in other words, balanced chaos.
The group consists of three guys and a girl: bassist Murdoch Niccals, keyboardist and soloist 2D or Stuart Pot, drummer Russell Hobbs and Noodle, backing vocalist and guitarist. They are not just computer models, but personalities: each has a unique biography, character, interests. And the name of the four, apparently, can be explained by the characteristic features of the heroes of the artist Hewlett: prominent lower jaws and hands reaching to the knees, which is especially noticeable on the posters.
The story of Gorillaz begins with Murdoch Niccals crashing his car into a music store window, injuring one of the shop assistants, Stu Pot. The guy falls into a coma and loses one eye, and Nikkals is sentenced to corrective labor and caring for the victim. Shortly before the expiration of the sentence, Murdoch decides on a bet to make a sharp U-turn in the car, while an unbelted Stuart is sitting in the front seat. When the stunt is performed, the poor man is thrown through the windshield and loses his other eye and memory, while the bassist leaves the scene of the crime in a hurry.
After some time, Nikkals meets Russell, an aspiring rapper, and takes him into his group as a drummer. The team lacks a keyboard player, and here Murdoch recalls a guy from a music store, who, of course, has golden hands. Finds him and convinces him to join the team. Stuart gets a new nickname 2D (because he has no eyes and is missing a pair of front teeth).
At the initial stage, the group was called Gorilla, and instead of Noodle, another girl named Paula Cracker played in it - a friend of 2D, with her the team managed to record only one track - "Ghost Train". Russell soon found out that she was secretly dating Murdoch, and she had to leave the band. A week later, a large FedEx package arrived at the studio, which revealed a little girl who knew only one word in English - noodle. She was destined to take the vacant position.
Through the clips and the band's official website, the story of Gorillaz begins and continues to this day. And although all the characters have matured noticeably, they are still of great interest. Their albums do not linger on the shelves, the tracks are heard on the radio, and in Instagram drawings from the new, fourth "phase" are already beginning to be published. The band will be back with a new album in 2017 and it will be something absolutely amazing...
History of creation
The "fathers" of Gorillaz were the frontman of the British band Blur Damon Albarn and the talented artist Jamie Hewlett. Their first meeting took place in 1990 during a Blur interview with Deadline magazine in which Hewlett published his comics. The artist became friends with the musicians and even started dating the ex-girlfriend of the band's guitarist. 
In 1997, Albarn and Hewlett rented an apartment together in London. The idea of creating a virtual musical project was born by friends while watching the MTV channel. They were not satisfied with the proposed content, they wanted to do something special. By that time, Albarn had accumulated a large amount of musical material that did not fall under the Blur format. Therefore, it was decided to come up with a virtual group with which he could anonymously realize his creative ideas.
Hewlett took up the idea with enthusiasm, and soon a team of four drawn characters was born, each with their own biography.
Biographies of virtual members
The group's frontman is Murdoc Nichols, who is also the main anti-hero. Brazen, impudent, self-confident and having a habit of expressing to people in the face everything that he thinks of them. Previously engaged in robbery, carjacking, arson and other illegal activities, and also worked as a seller, tinker and even was a Christmas Santa. At the same time, he was a passionate fan of Black Sabbath and Ozzy Osbourne and dreamed of his own band all his life. 
Keyboardist 2D (aka Stuart Pot) before joining the band worked as an ordinary salesman in a musical instrument store and dreamed of becoming a regional manager. When the boy was eleven years old, he fell from a tree upside down and lost all his hair. True, after a while they grew back, but acquired a strange blue color.
But the series of misfortunes Stu did not end there. Thanks to Murdoc, who, with a gang of accomplices, decided to rob his store in order to get tools for his group, the guy lost his left eye. The gangsters' car drove into the window at high speed, the fragments hit Stu right in the face. For this offense, Murdoch was sentenced to long-term community service and forcibly assigned to the needy Stewart.
Gorillaz - Clint Eastwood
But his guardianship brought the guy only new troubles. During an unsuccessful drift, an unbelted Stu Pot flew through the windshield of Murdoch's car and lost his remaining eye. In addition, he received a head injury, as a result of which he discovered the talent of a keyboardist and the ability to think in extraterrestrial categories.
For a full-fledged group, there was not enough drummer, and soon Russell Fobs appeared in the team. As a child, Russell was possessed by the devil, for which he was expelled from school. After spending four years in a coma, with the help of several exorcisms, he nevertheless got rid of the obsession and soon became interested in street hip-hop. But a few years later, all his musician friends were shot in a street brawl, and he alone survived. The souls of dead friends moved into his body, thanks to which he received unique musical abilities. True, since then his eyes have been covered with a white veil.
The first guitarist in the group was the girl 2D. Murdoc seduced her and then kicked her out of the group. Her place was taken by the Japanese Noodle (which translates as "noodles"), who was delivered to the studio in a food container at the announcement of the recruitment of guitarists. The miniature girl, in addition to her unique musical talent, was fluent in karate techniques and suffered from amnesia. After some time, her memory was restored thanks to the phrase "Ocean Bacon" accidentally heard, in which a secret cipher was programmed.
A rider was even prescribed for the group, which included 48 cans of strong beer, a huge plate of sandwiches, hemp, spider liver, goat dung and ground snake bones.
Having gathered all the participants into a single team, the fathers-creators thought about the name. Without much thought, Albarn and Hewlett named their brainchild Gorilla, since both were born in the year of the Monkey. Over time, the letter Z was added to the name - "for greater coolness."
Creative achievements and worldwide success
In 2001, the band released their debut album Gorillaz, which made a splash in the music world. The record of an unknown band sold seven million copies and immediately hit the pages of the Guinness Book of Records as the most successful virtual project. 
To record the disc, Hewitt gathered a variety of musicians whose names remained unknown to the public for a long time. This further fueled the interest of fans who were eager to find out who was hiding behind the images of cartoon characters.
Gorillaz
From record to record, the composition changed, but this did not affect the quality of the musical product. Hewitt only welcomed collaborations with other artists who were also interested in participating in such an original project. Each track of the album was accompanied by a video sequence, which described a specific story, traced in detail and carrying a deep meaning.
Gorillaz
In 2005, the band's second album "Demon Days" was released - and again a resounding success! In support of him, the band went on a world tour for the first time. At the first concerts, the musicians hid behind screens with animation, showing the audience only their shadows. Later, hologram images began to be used, but this turned out to be an expensive pleasure, and such expensive special effects began to be resorted to only at large-scale shows and award ceremonies.
Albarn and Hewitt are big fans of zombies and vampires, which could not but be reflected in their work. They are also fans of Chinese theater, and in 2006 worked on an adaptation of the opera Monkey: Journey To The West. Hewitt was in charge of costumes and sets, Albarn was in charge of the musical part. Two years later, they were invited to prepare for the Beijing Olympics and created one of the most impressive commercials in the history of the Games.
Gorillaz - Feel Good Inc.
The band has several documentaries about the recording of the albums "Demon Days" and "Plastic Beach", which are made with great professionalism and look at the same breath.
In 2017, after a long break, the group made itself known again by releasing the album "Humans". Initially, it was decided to call it "Transformerz" in tune with the track of the same name, but Albarn's daughter rightly reasoned that in this case the record would be associated with films. 
Discography
- Gorillaz (2001)
- Demon Days (2005)
- Plastic Beach (2010)
- The Fall (2011)
- Humans (2017)
- The Now Now (2018)
Gorillaz now
In 2018, the group delighted fans with their next album, The Now Now, which is noticeably different from the previous ones. There were changes both in the musical style of the group (it became more "summer"), and in its composition. Still, Murdoch, who had thundered into prison, was replaced by the no less sinister Ace, the members of the group began to give interviews and participate in television shows, and ultra-modern “motion capture” technologies began to be used at concerts. 
Rapper Snoop Dogg worked on the recording of the track "Hollywood" with the musicians. All this clearly indicates that the creators of the group are not going to give up their positions and will repeatedly please their fans with their talent and creativity.
