State administration in the socio-cultural sphere briefly. Legal foundations and organization of management in the socio-cultural sphere

The main directions of state policy in the field of culture. Not without reason, by inviting an international delegation, the host side strives to show the most striking features of traditional culture, thereby attracting and endearing diplomatic guests. Understanding the importance of the development of culture, the state faces the main question of how to carry out the management process in the social and cultural sphere so as to ensure communicative ...

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Introduction……………………………………………………………….....p. 3

Chapter 1 Cultural sphere as an object of management and social development

1.1 The essence of the cultural sphere………………………………………..p. 5

1.2 Development of the cultural sphere…………………………………………p. 9

Chapter 2 Organization of State Administration in the Cultural Sphere

2.1 Structure of governing bodies in the sphere of culture………………..p. 13

2.2 The main directions of the state policy in the field of culture…………………………………………………………………….p. 17

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….p. 24

Bibliographic list……………………………………………..p. 26

Introduction.

Culture is a multi-valued social phenomenon related to the sphere of the country's spiritual life. Cultural values ​​represent the wealth and dignity of the state.

The cultural traditions laid down by our ancestors are an integral part of the country's prestige on the world stage. Not without reason, when inviting an international delegation, the host side strives to show the most striking features of traditional culture, thereby attracting and inviting diplomatic guests.

Culture as a complex social phenomenon is a value-normative mechanism of social interactions, which considers ensuring the integrity of society and social order to be its most important task. Consequently, culture can be called a mirror of society, which reflects the development and characteristics of the whole nation.

In support of the foregoing, we can cite the wording of the concept of “culture” set out in Article 2 of the Draft Federal Law “On Culture in the Russian Federation”: “culture is the totality of distinctive features, values, traditions and beliefs inherent in a society or social group, which are expressed in the way of life and art."

relevance of this topic is that Russia a welfare state and culture, being an important component in the social aspect of the growth and development of the country, requires a special state policy aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and development of a citizen in society.

Understanding the importance of the development of culture, the state faces the main question of how to carry out the management process in the social and cultural sphere in such a way as to ensure communicative reliability and protection of information about the cultural life of the country.

Assessing the state and degree of development of the research topic, it should be noted that a large number of scientists addressed the issues of management in the field of culture, as a result of which the literature on the issue under study is quite extensive.

Target this course work is the study and analysis of the organization of public administration in the field of culture.

In accordance with the goal, a number of tasks were identified.

1. define the essence of the cultural sphere
2. analyze the development of the cultural sphere
3. identify the specifics of state management of culture
4. characterize the organization of state management of culture

object research is the system of public administration.

Subject research is the organization of management in the field of culture and art.

Chapter 1 Cultural sphere as an object of management and social development

1. The essence of the cultural sphere

All branches of the social sphere, including culture, are of great importance in the development of social production, influencing the improvement and quality of life of citizens.

Considering the essence of the cultural sphere, first of all, it is necessary to analyze the concept of "culture".

Originally, the term "culture" originated in Roman culture as an agrarian skill as the cultivation and cultivation of the land. The most familiar to modern society is the cultivation and cultivation as upbringing and education. Thus, the essence of culture is moving into a new direction as a tool for the harmonious development of the personality, the search for ways to acquire one's human appearance.

Analyzing the sources of domestic humanitarian knowledge, it can be noted that for quite a long time there was no consideration of another meaning of culture, the sacred. Culture as a cult, veneration, first of all, of a religious orientation was an integral part of ancient civilizations. Worship of the gods, following certain customs, was considered the highest value of the worldview of that era. In the ancient world, the term "paideia" (other Greek.Παιδεία education, the formation of a child, upbringing, culture) embodies the unity of the multiple meanings of cultures. The concept that arose in the philosophy of the sophists in 5 BC became the subject of analysis by Isocrates and Xenophon and was developed by Plato in the dialogues "State" and "Laws". The essence of paideia according to Plato lies in the fact that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul is inseparable from the political program of worthy education of a citizen, which is the foundation of the state system. Thus, paideia becomes not only the meaning of politics, but also the meaning of the life of the soul of a citizen, which comes down to good upbringing, education, and therefore culture. Aristotle became a successor in the development of the concept in the treatise "Politics": according to the doctrine, the unification of people into a single state is possible only through its education, that is, through the introduction of certain moral mores, philosophy, laws. Aristotle considered paydeu education to be an important condition for happiness for every member of society. Summing up the analysis of this period, we can say that the ancient man, comparing himself with other peoples, was proud of his mind, feelings and ability to live not only according to natural and physiological laws, but also according to established moral standards. Despite the unstable political situation, when the foundations of citizenship recede before chaos, culture has developed a purely ataraxic character, thereby preserving its inner world.

Monotheistic cultures such as Christianity and Islam develop, on the basis of ataraxia, the ideals of the individual, immersed in his inner world, which is now declared to be derived from God. The theological concept says that even the weakest person becomes strong if he believes in the one God, thereby becoming an absolute person. Ideological trends brought the foundations of personalism into the cultural sphere. Now culture as cultivation presupposes the development of something more in man, created by the Divine Power. Accordingly, culture is the upbringing of the spiritual inexhaustibility of the individual.

The modern concept of "culture" sees its origins in the philosophy of the European Enlightenment, when there is an interest in the material, material beginning of culture. It was then that we can talk about the emergence of a whole cultural sphere as a subsystem of society. The postulate of I. Kant's philosophy is formed on the idea of ​​dividing the world of nature and the world of freedom, the human world of culture. A moral, and therefore cultural, person becomes a free person, he has the opportunity to determine the only correct way of life. For the first time, the highest material manifestation of culture in the form of art is defined. This is connected with the comprehensive development and growth of various types of arts, whose products today constitute the rich cultural heritage of European countries and Russia.

Today, the concept of "culture" refers to such a set of sectors of the national economy as the social sphere. Branches of the social sphere are of great importance in the modern world. And culture has a direct impact on the state of the spiritual potential of society. The development of culture as a branch of the national economy is characterized by such indicators as the number of professional theatres, circuses, museums, club-cultural institutions, the number of public libraries, and large-scale competitive projects.

The cultural sphere does not have certain cruel temporal or spatial limits. Its existence takes place entirely in partnership with other spheres of society: material production, political. Close family ties with the social sphere determine the main direction of the activity of culture as a holistic implementation, the result of which is a person.

Despite the friendly dependence of all spheres of society, the most significant changes in culture cannot always be explained by social and other reasons. For example, considering culturological scientific works, it has not yet been clearly possible to argue for the fact that culture did not stop developing even in the most critical periods of the era. It continued its development in the conditions of a slave-owning society, as well as during the years of totalitarian regimes and dictatorships.

Culture as a product of social life and practice has a huge impact on people. People not only create objects of the cultural sphere, but also acquire knowledge, thus studying and mastering their culture.

The cultural sphere is an original, ordered unity in its essence. The processes of functioning and development of the cultural sphere are largely determined by objective laws and are based on certain principles of managing culture and art. The human factor is undoubtedly a component of the cultural sphere. At the same time, the state of health of the population, its intellectual potential, the accumulation of its personal moral values ​​will be an assessment of the functioning of the sphere, and the place of a person in the structure of culture will be an indicator of the potential opportunities for its social reproduction.

Along with the creative aspect, the cultural sphere also considers aspects of the assimilation of culture. Thus, it becomes clear that the wider the scale of the created cultural values, the greater the volume of activity necessary for its development and inheritance, transmission to generations.

Society forms and regulates the forms and methods of transferring cultural values. In the course of history, not only the mastery of already acquired knowledge takes place, but also the further development, improvement and protection of the products of cultural activity.

The fundamental subject of culture is the personality, which reveals in itself all its manifestations. Man, of course, creates his own culture, but the formation of personality is the result of the cultural evolutionary stages of society. Thus, it turns out that culture creates a person under the "supervision" of society. The emotional behavior of an individual is formed in the process of his inculturation, that is, with involvement in the activities of the cultural sphere.

1.2 Development of the cultural sphere.

An analysis of modern scientific research in the field of the country's development shows that the growing market relations in the Russian Federation, as well as in all countries with a transit economy, require increased state participation in the development of the social sphere, of which culture is a part.

In the Concept of the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, a special role in the conditions of a qualitative transition on the path of innovation is determined by an effective cultural policy aimed at saving the nation, and mainly its cultural heritage. Also, the culture of the country, according to the Concept of Development of the Russian Federation, is a determining factor in the growth of human potential.

The designated strategic paradigm of cultural policy assumes that a single nation can gain socio-economic strength exclusively by integrating the population of the country on the basis of Russian culture through access to cultural values ​​for all subjects of the cultural sphere.

Tracing the development of the cultural sphere of the Russian Federation, it is worth mentioning some of the key issues identified in other official documents. The Concept of the Federal Target Program, called "Culture of Russia (2012-2016)" emphasizes that, while implementing the tasks of the previous target program, it was not possible to raise culture to the expected level, to expand the forms and scope of participation of state power and society in supporting the cultural sphere.

Assessing the development of the cultural sphere in Russia, it is worth noting its certain decline over the last time period as a participant in market relations. This is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, this is an inefficient spending of budgetary funds intended for the development of the cultural sphere. Secondly, the lack of identification of the main priority areas. In many respects, the development of the cultural sphere is also influenced by the existing imperfections in the regulatory framework in the field of state partnership, patronage and charity for culture.

At present, when the country has entered into the implementation of a new economic model, the development of cultural industries is characterized, first of all, by the transition from the traditional sphere of culture to the so-called cultural industry. Undoubtedly, such a process is dictated by a change in lifestyle due to innovative technologies, a sharp increase in intangible goods in the structure of consumption, which are, for example, media consumption.

Considering culture as a sphere of consumption in direct proportion to the economy, it should be noted that for the period 2002-2009. the number of theaters, libraries and museums, as well as cultural and leisure institutions did not decrease from the volume of the gross product, therefore, it is not possible to conclude that there is a statistical dependence on the economic state of the country. On the contrary, it turns out that the crisis of 2008-2009. practically did not play a certain negative role in the dynamics of the number of cultural and art institutions, as well as in the activity of their attendance, the only exception being cinemas. Thus, it turns out that the dynamics of the number of cultural institutions, respectively, and the development of the cultural sphere in Russia is determined by other reasons, independent of the growth of the economic factor. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the volume of state investments in the development of culture and art.

It is worth starting to trace the development of culture and the possibility of further improvement in the management of the cultural sphere from a rather extensive period from 1980-2009. The analysis of this period shows that the decrease in the total number of institutions and the percentage of attendance affected only institutions of smoking leisure and libraries. According to statistics in Russia for the period from 1990-2009. the total number of libraries of various kinds decreased by 24.7%, and the number of registered users - by 27%.

In the course of years of state reforms relating to culture and art, it is worth noting the growth in the number of professional theaters and the expansion of the museum complex of the Russian Federation. It is also gratifying to say that the number of registered museums is constantly increasing and maintaining a certain tempo level. So, for three years, from 2005 to 2009, the number of museums increased by 10%, which is expressed in 254 new units. First of all, the growth in the number affected local history museums, which, as of 2009, make up the majority of the museum complex in Russia. According to Rosstat, the leader in museum attendance is the Northwestern and Central Federal Districts. But, despite the positive dynamics and the growth of indicators and the efforts of the authorities, the general state of cultural institutions and, accordingly, the cultural sphere remains quite difficult.

The features of the modern development of the cultural sphere can be briefly characterized, firstly, by the change in the system of budget financing and the expansion of the scope of various federal targeted programs aimed at improving the cultural sector. Secondly, for the cultural sphere, the presence of developed competition in creative and especially entertainment industries, such as theater, circus, and musical art, has become predominantly new.

It should also be said that there is an uneven development of the cultural sphere throughout the country due to the colossally different socio-economic development of the regions. It is this fact that makes it impossible for organizations and cultural institutions to attract funds from large investors, unused financial resources of entities that represent small and medium-sized businesses of each subject of the country. And also complicated are the contractual procedures with individuals interested in sponsorship.

The combination of all of the above factors leads to a possible sharp drop in the competitiveness of individual branches of culture, to an inefficient distribution of state budget funds, and to a drop in the quality of goods on the market of culture and art.

Drawing a conclusion, we can say that at present the sphere of culture, to a lesser extent than other spheres, is included in the key priorities of state social policy, which leads to a reduction in budget investments in the development of production in the field of culture and art. Today, state investments are aimed only at ensuring the main and current activities of the cultural sphere, which are necessary to maintain the cultural heritage.In this case, it is difficult to talk about the full development of the cultural sphere. More reliable and more profitable for investors today will be state guarantees, which provide not only an obligation, but also a special property reliability.The innovative course of Russia's development in the field of culture and leisure remains in the future.

In this case, issues such as the methodological support for the interaction of the branches of culture and art with the economic and political life of countries, both in general and in individual subjects of the Russian Federation, begin to acquire growing importance. An important role, undoubtedly, is played by the national cultural policy of the state, which would put culture on the path of a prestigious branch of the socio-cultural sphere. Undoubtedly, the development of citizens' interest in the branches of culture will be an order of magnitude higher if the state can develop the necessary support, provide an opportunity to set foot on the path of innovation and integration with other sectors of the national economy.

Chapter 2 Organization of State Administration in the Sphere of Culture.

2.1 The structure of the governing bodies in the field of culture.

Management in the field of culture is carried out by the Government, the system of federal and other executive authorities. The government provides state support for culture and the preservation of the cultural heritage of national importance and the peoples of the Russian Federation.

Competence in certain areas of cultural management is exercised by such federal executive bodies as the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry for Press, Television and Mass Communications, the State Committee for Cinematography, and the Federal Archival Service. A certain number of managerial issues are decided by the unions of journalists, cinematographers, artists and other creative unions, acting in accordance with their charters.

Corresponding executive authorities are created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Most of the cultural objects are under their jurisdiction. In order to implement the Decree of the President of December 11, 1997 "On measures to improve public finances", dozens of cultural objects of federal subordination were transferred to the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation.

Also objects of management are various cultural institutions: libraries, houses and palaces of culture, clubs, cinemas, circuses, museums.

The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Regulations on it of the Government of June 6, 1997, is a federal executive body that conducts state policy in the field of culture, art, protection and use of historical and cultural heritage. The competence of the Ministry of Culture also includes the implementation of state regulation and coordination of the activities of other federal executive bodies in this area in cases established by federal laws, presidential decrees and government decrees.

The Ministry is a specially authorized state body for the protection of historical and cultural monuments, as well as a specially authorized body for state control over compliance with the established procedure for the export and import of cultural property into Russia and its territory, the sale of antiques, as well as the rules of foreign economic activity in relation to cultural property. The Ministry of Culture of Russia has territorial bodies for the preservation of cultural values.

It exercises its competence mainly in relation to objects of culture of federal significance, the organizational and legal status of which is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. An example is the Russian State Library or the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Moscow Kremlin".

The main tasks of the Ministry of Culture are:

Implementation of state policy in the field of culture, which provides the necessary conditions for the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to freedom of creativity, participation in cultural life and use of cultural institutions.

Assistance in the development of national cultures of the peoples of Russia.

Determination of goals and priorities in the development of certain types of cultural activities, professional art, museum and library business, folk art, education and science in the field of culture

Development and implementation, in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation, of systems of measures to prevent the illegal export and import of cultural property and the transfer of ownership of cultural property.

Implementation of state control over the export of cultural property from Russia, compliance with the established procedure for the sale of antiques

Management of activities of subordinate organizations.

The main legal sources in the management of culture are Federal laws, Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. So, for example, the Federal Law of December 29, 1994, which establishes the basic principles of the activities of libraries and guarantees the rights of a person and public associations for free access to information, familiarization with the values ​​of the national world culture and cultural, scientific and educational activity.

The federal law of May 26, 1996 defines the peculiarities of the situation of museums, of which there are more than 2.5 thousand in the country. They are created in the form of institutions that carry out cultural, educational and scientific functions of a non-commercial nature. The Decree of the Government of February 12, 1998 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, on the State Catalog of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, on Licensing the Activities of Museums in the Russian Federation” establishes the procedure and mechanism for accounting and preserving wealth held by museums.

State regulation in the field of archiving and control over the preservation, acquisition and use of the Archival Fund of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Federal Archival Service of Russia (Rosarchiv), in accordance with the Regulations on it, approved by the Government Decree of December 28, 1998.

The Rosarchive system includes federal state archives, scientific and other directly subordinate organizations, as well as archival management bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation and institutions subordinate to them.

The list of departments responsible for the development of the cultural industry includes the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Press (Roskompechat), the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography (Goskino of Russia), the Federal Service of Russia for Television and Radio Broadcasting (FSTR) and others.

The issues of support and development of the cultural sphere also affect the functions of other government bodies: the State Property Committee, the Central Bank, the prosecutor's office, the tax inspectorate and others.

Thus, the structure of government authorities in the field of culture is a clearly built hierarchy of departments that clearly delineate their competence. From the analysis of these departments, it follows that all components of the cultural industry are under the jurisdiction of special services and committees, which are regulated by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. There are also certain specialized federal services that provide management of certain branches of culture.

2.2 The main directions of state policy in the field of culture.

The most important areas of cultural activity are defined in the adopted Federal Law of October 9, 1992 No. N 3612 I "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture":

Identification, study, protection, restoration and use of historical and cultural monuments;

Fiction, cinematography, stage, plastic, musical art;

Architecture and design, other types and genres of art; artistic folk arts and crafts, folk culture in its manifestations such as languages, dialects and dialects, folklore, customs and rituals, historical toponyms;

Amateur (amateur) artistic creativity, museum work and collecting;

Book publishing and librarianship; archive business; TV; radio and other audiovisual means in terms of the creation and dissemination of cultural property;

Aesthetic education, art education, pedagogical activity in this area.

IN Article 1 of the Federal Law of October 9, 1992 "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture" also identifies the state's priority tasks in the cultural sphere:

Ensuring and protecting the constitutional right of citizens of the Russian Federation to cultural activities;

Creation of legal guarantees for the free cultural activities of associations of citizens, peoples and other ethnic communities of the Russian Federation;

Determination of the principles and legal norms of relations between subjects of cultural activity;

Determination of the principles of state cultural policy, legal norms of state support for culture and guarantees of state non-interference in creative processes. 1

Analyzing the tasks outlined in the 1990s, it is necessary to note the fact that culture is considered by the state as an independent industry that has no connection, for example, with the economy and politics of the country. From the list of tasks it can be seen that the state policy in the cultural sphere is aimed only at the preservation of cultural monuments and ethnic characteristics. The primary task is not the innovative development of culture and the process of integration with other sectors of the national economy.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 “On the Mass Media”, Federal Laws of December 1, 1995 “On State Support for the Mass Media and Book Publishing of the Russian Federation”, of August 22, 1996 are of the greatest importance for management in the field of culture. "On the state support of the cinematography of the Russian Federation", dated April 15, 1998 "On cultural property transferred to the USSR as a result of the Second World War and located on the territory of the Russian Federation", Government Decree of March 25, 1999 "On state support theatrical art in the Russian Federation” and other regulatory legal acts.

Considering the above legal sources, it is possible to determine the primary and long-term goals of the cultural policy of the Russian Federation. So, the priorities are:

Development of a legal framework that meets the new realities, which includes incentive tax incentives for investors in the field of culture;

The operation of means for ensuring the safety and security of state cultural values, as well as the possibility of creative work and the realization of the right to a “free profession”;

Establishment of measures strengthening the responsibility for crimes against the cultural heritage of the country.

Long-term goals are determined, firstly, by the formation of the ideological and moral foundations of a democratic legal state, and secondly, by creating conditions for the development and reproduction of the creative potential of society, as well as the formation of an undistorted historical consciousness and the creation of a country's cultural space.

And again, when analyzing the main legal documents that include the main goals of cultural policy, it is clear that the state guidelines are conservative. Nevertheless, the goals and objectives presented in the documents of the 1990s are being successfully implemented in modern society.

Of particular interest is the proposal of the Ministry of Culture on the implementation of the main directions of state policy for the development of the sphere of culture and mass communications in the Russian Federation, agreed by the Government of the Russian Federation of June 1, 2006 No. MF-P44-2462. The document presents a plan of state policy in the development of the sphere of culture until 2015, aimed at preserving and developing culture, ensuring social stability, economic growth and national security of the state.

According to the Ministry of Culture, the preservation and development of a single cultural and information space in Russia is due to the heterogeneity of providing the population with the services of cultural organizations due to the geographical features of the country and a number of other economic factors. Thus, according to the Ministry of Culture in this document, the situation gives rise to social inequality in the creative development of children and youth, the social rehabilitation of people with disabilities and, in general, has a negative impact on the social well-being of the population. 2

Based on this position, the Ministry of Culture proposes to develop standards for the provision of the population with cultural organizations, taking into account the new administrative division. To do this, it is necessary to develop a range of public services in the field of culture and model standards, industry infrastructure, including in the countryside and in small towns, which should provide for the optimization of the existing network of cultural organizations. Optimization is mainly determined by the creation of multifunctional institutions social and cultural centers, cultural and sports complexes, as well as mobile service systems such as car clubs, bibliobuses.

Undoubtedly, by optimizing the organizational networks of culture, the state will be able to bring culture much faster and more efficiently to the path of new development - innovative. It is possible that the situation with the shortage of the federal budget for improving the conditions of cultural institutions, in particular, in the countryside, will be resolved.

The question of improving the system of material incentives for specialists in the field of culture and art is raised as a tool for realizing the set goal. In many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, targeted programs have been adopted to support young professionals working in the field of culture. An example is the Decree of the Government of the Kurgan region of October 14, 2013 "Development of the culture of the Trans-Urals for 2014-2020."

The technical re-equipment of cultural objects is also important. For these purposes, the Ministry of Culture proposes to develop in-kind and financial standards for the resource provision of the cultural sphere.

Based on these provisions, given that the main resource for creating conditions for the provision of services in the field of culture and the guarantee of their provision is the activities of cultural and art institutions, it is necessary to take measures aimed at modernizing the network of these institutions. The Ministry of Culture solves this issue by proposing the need to adopt legal acts that fix the guarantees and conditions for providing the population with the services of a cultural organization, including club-type institutions, museums, and children's art schools. Undoubtedly, the adoption of legal acts to guarantee the conditions for providing the population with cultural organization services is relevant in the current situation. Provisions on the provision of cultural education and leisure in the country, fixed by normative acts, will be able to raise the status of the cultural sector among the population as a whole.

The quality of services in the field of culture, which largely depends on young professionals, remains an open question. Development of measures to attract talented youth to work in the industry, which, according to the Ministry of Culture, will expand the range and improve the quality of services in the field of culture, as well as accelerate the introduction of innovative methods of work. The main task in the proposal of the Ministry of Culture is the modernization of the system for advanced training of specialists and the development of standards for personnel requirements. These tasks, according to the author of the work, are very difficult to implement due to insufficient funding for cultural workers and the general non-prestigious status of professions related to the provision of services in the cultural sphere. First of all, in order to improve the quality of services and train professionals, the state needs to create the best conditions for attracting young professionals who are ready to work productively.

The second part of the proposal of the Ministry of Culture on policy in the field of culture is devoted to the preservation and development of the multinational cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. The main aspects on this issue are reduced to the improvement of legislation on objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia, the settlement of the legal status of especially valuable monuments of history and culture. Of particular relevance in connection with the need to form an integrated approach to the conservation of specially protected areas is the development of a state strategy for the formation of a system of places of interest, historical and cultural reserves in the Russian Federation.

Summing up the analysis of the targets of the cultural policy of the state, it is worth noting that the course chosen in the 90s XX century, is relevant in the modern setting. The main goals are still the preservation and support of the historical and cultural component of public life. In particular, it should be noted that the state provides support in the improvement of creative projects, provides support in the form of a system of state grants. An important role is also assigned to the material base of vocational education institutions: the modernization of premises, the provision of special equipment for efficient work, and the provision of the necessary professional tools.

I would especially like to cancel the fact that, based on the proposal of the Ministry of Culture, one can talk about the gradual orientation of the cultural sector to the market by introducing modern forms of management, creating conditions for adapting the cultural sector and mass communications to market conditions, stimulating an increase in the share of private financing, including the use of the mechanism partnership, development of patronage and charity. The issue of Russia's integration into the world cultural process is discussed through the preparation and implementation of international projects in the field of culture, contributing to the growth of the prestige of Russian culture.

Conclusion.

Considering culture as a branch of the social sphere, it must be remembered that the main subjects are man and society. Therefore, the organization of public administration in this area should be formed taking into account the peculiarities of public relations.

Having outlined the main targets, the state cultural policy should, first of all, meet the needs of all sectors of the national economy.

Today one can observe that culture is becoming a powerful lever for the socio-economic development of the country. The wealth of resources, both natural and human, creates a very solid ground for Russia to enter a competitive international market through cultural integration. The ideological role of culture remains relevant at the present time: the preservation of historical documents, monuments, the education of the younger generation with true knowledge of the history of their country will always be the highest goal of cultural policy.

The developed state structure of management in the field of culture, represented by the Ministry, committees and services, creates all the conditions for achieving the main goals of cultural policy. Management strategy and tactics in the field of culture is very complex due to the ambiguity of culture itself and the multi-level structure of it.

It is also worth noting that, unfortunately, the most acute issue is still the issue of financing the cultural sphere. The author of the work believes that the problem of the shortage of the federal budget can be somewhat mitigated by dividing the financial functions of socio-cultural policy between government investments and charitable, commercial sectors.

At the same time, the social significance of culture is growing, and at the time of the crisis of existence, it is aggravated, as the need of society for a stabilizing factor of development, which is culture, increases. The activities of the state, which makes a significant contribution to determining the ways of the cultural development of society as a whole and attracting appropriate resources, today is the most important prerequisite for the development of Russian culture.

Bibliographic list.

Regulations

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., Legal Literature, 1993
2. Law of the Russian Federation dated 09.10. 1992 N 3612-1 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture".
3. Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 1994 N 79-FZ "On librarianship".
4. Law of the Russian Federation of May 26, 1996 N 54-FZ "On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and Museums in the Russian Federation".
5. Law of the Russian Federation of August 22, 1996 No. N 126-FZ "On State Support for Cinematography of the Russian Federation" (as amended on May 5, 2014).
6. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 12, 1993 No. N 1904 "On additional measures of state support for culture and art in the Russian Federation" (as amended on June 7, 2013).
7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. N 1010 "On measures to strengthen state support for culture and art in the Russian Federation".
8. Decree of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.97 No. N 1189-2 GD "On the draft federal law "On creative workers and creative unions".
9. Decree of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1997 No. N 2069-GD "On the draft federal law "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation)"
10. The main directions of the state policy for the development of the sphere of culture and mass communications in the Russian Federation until 2015 and the action plan for implementation dated June 1, 2006 MF-P44

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8. Rumyantsev A.M. Social and economic problems of our time:. 2nd ed., M.: Nauka, 2011. - 441 p.
9. sunik B.V. Material and technical base and provision of cultural institutions. Moscow: Sov.Russia, 1880. - 52 p.
10. Tikhomirov Yu.A. State studies: problems and prospects. - Soviet state and law, M. 1984, No. 6, - 87 p.
11. Chirkin, V.E. State and municipal management: textbook / V.E. Chirkin. M.: Jurist, 2013. 320 p.
12. Shabailov IN AND. Legal regulation of socio-cultural activities. Minsk: Science and Technology, 2001. 183 p.
13. Organizational and managerial innovations in the field of culture. - M., NIIK, 2011. - 43-47 p.
14. Orlova Z.A. Social policy in the sphere of culture. //

"Landmarks of cultural policy" -1995, - No. 5. - 19 p.

1. Sorochkin B.Yu. and others. Financing culture in the new economic conditions.// "Landmarks of cultural policy" - 2005, - No. 1. - 3-11 p.
2. Shishkin S.V. Economics and management in the field of culture: the search for new models. - M., NIIK, 2012. - 23 p.
3. Economics and management of culture.// Express-inform.- Ways of restructuring the management system in the field of culture at the territorial level. - 2000, - No. 5. - 12 p.
4. Onufrienko GV Models of cultural policy in market conditions. (Results of scientific information research). // Material base of the sphere of culture: experience in solving managerial, scientific and technical problems. - Nauchn. - inform. Sat., - 2006.-11 p.
5. www. heritage.ru
6. www. mkrf.ru

1 Federal Law of October 9, 1992 N 33612 I "Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture"

2 The main directions of state policy for the development of the sphere of culture and mass communications in the Russian Federation until 2015 and an action plan for their implementation

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Public service in the Russian Federation has deep historical traditions; there is continuity in the legislative regulation of the public service throughout its existence.

At the same time, the trends in the development of the civil service in the Russian Federation are contradictory. On the one hand, the current development of legislation testifies to the expansion of the scope of public service, an increase in the circle of civil servants. Thus, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 3, 1997 No. 981 "On Approval of the Lists of Public Positions in the Federal Public Service", a large number of positions in various state bodies are classified as public positions in the federal public service. On the other hand, the developed draft concept of administrative reform assumes a completely new look at the very concept of "civil servant". According to the authors of the concept, a civil servant is a person who has the right to make binding decisions, endowed with authority. A significant reduction in the number of civil servants is expected, which "will really raise the prestige of this profession and support it purely financially."

The concept of "socio-cultural sphere" traditionally covers the following areas: education, science, culture, health care, physical culture and sports, labor and social development.

Currently, transformations in the social sphere are aimed at solving the following priority tasks: creating the necessary conditions for ensuring universal accessibility and acceptable quality of basic social benefits (primarily medical care and general education); increasing the protection of socially vulnerable households that do not have the opportunity to solve social problems on their own and need state support; creation of economic conditions for the able-bodied population, allowing citizens to provide a higher level of social consumption at the expense of their own income; formation of legal and organizational foundations for the development of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere, creating the possibility of the most complete mobilization of funds from the population and enterprises, the effective use of these funds, and on this basis ensuring high quality and the possibility of a wide choice of social benefits and services provided by the population.

The consistent implementation of a policy based on the resources and opportunities actually available to the state implies a transition to a redistribution of social spending in favor of the most vulnerable groups of the population while reducing social transfers to wealthy families. Only in this case, an active social policy will act not as a constraint, but as a catalyst for economic growth.

In accordance with Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to education. The general availability and free of charge of pre-school, basic general and secondary vocational education in state or municipal educational institutions and enterprises is guaranteed. Everyone has the right, on a competitive basis, to receive higher education free of charge at a state or municipal educational institution and at an enterprise. Basic general education is free. Education should be understood as a purposeful process of training and education in the interests of the individual, society and the state, which is associated with the passage by the student of educational levels determined by the state.

The current reform in the field of education is aimed at ensuring an increase in spending on education and a significant increase in their efficiency, creating conditions for attracting funds from extrabudgetary sources to the field of education. In the field of higher education for the transitional period, it is planned to introduce a competitive procedure for the distribution of the state order for the training of specialists and financing of investment projects of universities, regardless of their organizational and legal form. A special status of educational organizations will be established instead of the existing status of state institutions, a transition will be made to the contractual basis of financial relations between educational organizations and the state, and the principle of targeted granting of scholarships will be introduced. In order to increase the efficiency of public spending on education, measures are gradually being implemented aimed at restructuring the budget network, including the reorganization of vocational education institutions by integrating them with higher education institutions and creating university complexes.

It is planned to make a transition to a transparent system of financing general education, provide financial support to the regions for the development of education, and form an independent system of certification and quality control of education. It is planned to adopt regulatory legal acts establishing the possibility of financing at the expense of parents, other extrabudgetary sources of teaching additional subjects and providing additional educational services in secondary schools that are not included in the financial support standards.

The education system in Russia is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, including a combination of various educational institutions; executive authorities that manage education, as well as generally recognized educational standards, teaching methods, programs, etc.

The federal executive body pursuing state policy and exercising management in the field of education, scientific and scientific and technical activities of institutions of secondary and higher professional education, scientific and other organizations of the education system, training and certification of scientific and scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification, as well as coordinating in accordance with the established procedure, the activity in this area of ​​other federal executive bodies is the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education of Russia). The main tasks of the Ministry of Education of Russia are: implementation of the state policy in the field of education, providing the necessary conditions for the implementation of the constitutional right of Russian citizens to receive education and meet the needs of the state and society in skilled workers; development of a system for managing and coordinating research and development work in educational institutions and organizations of the education system; implementation of the state personnel policy in the field of education and scientific activities in the education system; development and approval of federal requirements for the content of education; creation of a system for evaluating the activities of educational institutions; improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism for the functioning of the education system; implementation of informatization in the field of education; ensuring the legal regulation of relations in the field of education, scientific activities in the education system and certification of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification; organization and development of international cooperation in the field of education, participation in the formation of a single educational space of the CIS member states; organization of state certification of scientists and specialists of scientific organizations and scientific departments of higher educational institutions.

Higher and postgraduate professional education, being an integral part of the education system, is characterized by relative organizational isolation. Citizens of the Russian Federation are guaranteed to receive on a competitive basis free higher and postgraduate professional education in state, municipal higher educational institutions within the limits of state educational standards, if a citizen receives education of this level for the first time, as well as the freedom to choose the form of obtaining higher and postgraduate professional education, educational institution and direction training (specialty). Restrictions on the rights of citizens to receive higher and postgraduate professional education can only be established by law to the extent necessary to protect the morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of others, to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state. Federal Law No. 125-FZ of August 22, 1996 “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” establishes the principles, system, and organizational and legal foundations of higher and postgraduate professional education in the Russian Federation. The most important component of public administration in the socio-cultural sphere is management in the field of science and technology. The Russian Federation pursues a unified state policy in the field of science and management of federal scientific institutions.

The most significant relations between the subjects of scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities, public authorities and consumers of scientific and (or) scientific and technical products (works and services) are regulated by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ “On Science and state scientific and technical policy”.

The functions of state administration in the field of science and technology are assigned to the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia). The Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia is a federal executive body that develops and implements the state industrial, scientific, technical and innovation policy, determines ways and methods for its effective regulation, ensuring socio-economic progress and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, as well as coordinating the activities of other federal bodies in this area executive power.

In this area, the Russian Agency for Patents and Trademarks (Rospatent) exercises its powers. Rospatent is a federal executive body that performs executive, control, licensing, regulatory and organizational functions in the field of protection of industrial property objects (inventions, industrial designs, utility models, trademarks, service marks, appellations of origin of goods), legal protection of computer programs , databases and topologies of integrated circuits, as well as in the field of copyright and related rights on improving legislation, international cooperation and interaction with public organizations of an interdepartmental nature, with the exception of issues of suppressing violations of these rights.

The highest scientific institution in Russia is the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), which consists of departments, regional departments, research centers. Branch academies of sciences and an extensive network of branch and departmental research institutes, design bureaus, etc. also operate in Russia.

A new form of organization of science that has appeared in recent years is the State Scientific Centers of the Russian Federation (SSC). SRCs are created on the basis of existing academic and departmental research, research and production institutions and higher educational institutions in order to create favorable conditions for the preservation of leading world-class scientific schools in the Russian Federation, the development of the country's scientific potential in the field of fundamental and applied research and the training of highly qualified scientific personnel .

The Russian Agency for Control Systems (RASU) is a federal executive body that performs executive, control, licensing, regulatory and other functions in the field of radio electronics and control systems, including research, development, production, modernization and disposal of special control systems and radio electronic complexes, missile defense systems, missile attack warning and control of outer space, systems and means of air defense and electronic warfare, radar equipment, means of state identification, air traffic control, navigation and landing, general and special communications, encryption technology, telecommunications, information and computing systems, software, radio-electronic equipment, electronic equipment and its components, radio-measuring equipment for military and civil purposes.

State management in the field of culture involves the regulation of cultural activities - measures for the preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values. The field of culture includes fiction, cinematography, protection and use of cultural and antiquity monuments, painting and music, sculpture, architecture, museum work, collecting, book publishing and librarianship, archiving, etc. The legal basis for management in this area is the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture of October 9, 1992, as well as other regulatory legal acts.

The development of culture is one of the priority tasks of the Russian Government, which intends to reform organizational and economic mechanisms, create favorable conditions for attracting funds from extrabudgetary sources to the sphere of culture. Among the main activities in this direction will be the following: preparation of amendments and additions to the legislation; creation of an all-Russian system for monitoring the state and use of historical and cultural monuments, items of museum, library and archival funds and a film fund; development of a financial and economic mechanism aimed at the consistent introduction of program-targeted, contract and investment methods of financing institutions and workers in the field of culture.

Powers in the field of cultural management are exercised by numerous subjects of administrative law. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Culture of Russia) is a federal executive body that conducts state policy in the field of culture, art, protection and use of historical and cultural heritage, as well as carries out state regulation and coordination of the activities of other federal executive bodies in this area. The main tasks of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation are: implementation of the state policy in the field of culture, providing the necessary conditions for the exercise of the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to freedom of creativity, participation in cultural life and use of cultural institutions, access to cultural values ​​and aimed at preserving historical and cultural heritage; promoting the development of national cultures of the peoples of the Russian Federation; determination of goals and priorities in the development of certain types of cultural activities, professional art, museum and library business, folk art, education and science in the field of culture; development and implementation, in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation, of a system of measures to prevent the illegal export and import of cultural property and the transfer of ownership of cultural property; implementation of state control over the export of cultural property from the Russian Federation, compliance with the established procedure for the sale of antiques, as well as compliance with the rules of foreign economic activity in relation to cultural property, etc.

Health management is aimed at realizing the constitutional right of everyone to health care and medical care. At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 establishes that medical care in state and municipal health care institutions is provided to citizens free of charge at the expense of the relevant budget, insurance premiums, and other revenues (Article 41). The legal basis of public administration in this area is the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1 (as amended and supplemented), the Law of the RSFSR dated June 21, 1991 "On health insurance of citizens in RSFSR”, as well as other regulatory legal acts.

Health protection of citizens is a set of political, economic, legal, social, cultural, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long-term active life, providing him with medical care. in case of loss of health. The main principles of protecting the health of citizens are: observance of the rights of a person and a citizen in the field of health protection and the provision of state guarantees related to these rights; priority of preventive measures in the field of protecting the health of citizens; availability of medical and social assistance; social protection of citizens in case of loss of health; responsibility of public authorities and administration, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, officials for ensuring the rights of citizens in the field of health protection.

In the coming years, the Russian Federation will have to solve the problem of ensuring full financing of the Program of State Guarantees of Free Medical Care, including the cost of equipment depreciation and capital repairs of buildings and structures. This will require optimizing the structure of medical services, improving the regulatory framework, including the development of minimum social standards for providing the population with medicines, as well as improving the efficiency of the organizational and financial mechanisms of the healthcare system.

The most important priority measure in the field of health care is the development of a federal law on medical and social insurance. Its adoption will lay the legal foundations for ensuring universal accessibility and improving the quality of health care services within the framework of the unified system of medical and social insurance, and will also make it possible to complete the transition to the per capita financing principle, achieve the full implementation of the Program of State Guarantees for the Provision of Free Medical Care to the Population and introduce effective control mechanisms. for temporary disability benefits.

The introduction of new organizational and financial mechanisms also implies ensuring economic independence and increasing the diversity of organizational and legal forms of medical organizations, the transition to uniform methods of payment for medical care, increasing the effectiveness of mechanisms for coordinating health care management, as well as clarifying the relevant supervisory powers at the federal and regional levels, licensing procedures and regulation of the activities of insurers.

The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Health of Russia) is the federal executive body pursuing the state policy and exercising management in the field of health care, as well as coordinating the activities of other federal executive bodies in this area within its powers. The main tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia are: development, within its competence, of the foundations of state policy in the field of health care, including the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, development and implementation of federal targeted programs for the development of health care, disease prevention, medical care, providing the population with medicines, medical equipment and medical products; organization of medical care to the population; implementation of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision; sanitary and hygienic regulation, coordination and regulation of public health issues in connection with the impact on a person of unfavorable factors of his habitat and living conditions; maternal, paternal and child health care; disability prevention and medical rehabilitation of disabled people and a number of others.

Directly providing medical care to citizens and ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is carried out by sanitary and outpatient institutions, which differ in systems (state, municipal and private), by types (therapeutic and preventive, pharmacy, sanitary and preventive, forensic).

The state ensures the development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation, supports the physical culture (physical culture and sports) and the Olympic movement in Russia. The legal, organizational, economic and social foundations of the activities of physical culture and sports organizations, the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation and the Olympic movement in Russia are determined by the Federal Law of April 29, 1999 No. 80-FZ “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation ". In accordance with the named Federal Law, physical culture is defined as an integral part of culture, an area of ​​social activity, which is a combination of spiritual and material values ​​created and used by society for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health and improving his physical activity; sport is an integral part of physical culture, historically formed in the form of competitive activity and special practice of preparing a person for competitions.

At present, special attention is supposed to be paid to the development of mass physical culture, sports and tourism, including children's and youth sports, extracurricular forms of physical education and sports, an increase in the number of available (without preliminary selection) competitions in mass sports for all age groups of the population. It is necessary to implement programs for the development of physical culture and sports among the disabled, orphans, and "difficult" teenagers. In addition, it is also planned to focus on programs aimed at overcoming drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits. A number of activities will be aimed at: creating an all-Russian system for monitoring, evaluating and predicting the state of physical health of the population; development of a financial and economic mechanism aimed at the consistent introduction of program-target, contract and investment methods of financing organizations and institutions that receive budgetary funds, as well as highly qualified athletes; attracting funds from extrabudgetary sources to the sphere of physical culture and sports.

The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism is a federal executive body that carries out intersectoral coordination and functional regulation in the field of physical culture and sports, as well as develops and implements measures to develop the health resort sector, sports and health tourism.

Management in the field of labor and social development provides for coordinated targeted activities aimed at protecting labor and health of people, establishing a guaranteed minimum wage, providing state support for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled and elderly citizens, developing a system of social services, establishing state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.

At present, reforms in the field of social support for the population will be based on the principle of targeted provision of social assistance only to those persons whose actual income or consumption is below the subsistence level. Budget subsidies to producers of goods and services, as well as socially unjustified benefits and payments provided to various categories of citizens, will be gradually reduced, a number of benefits to various categories of citizens will be converted into cash. It is planned to significantly expand the powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in determining priorities in the provision of social assistance, to take measures to improve the mechanism for financing the monthly child allowance.

In the field of pensions and insurance, it is planned to implement measures to improve the financial stability of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, to switch to a mechanism for increasing pensions based on a combination of indexation for inflation and wages. It is envisaged to prepare draft laws that ensure a gradual transition to funded financing of pensions, including early retirement, accounting for savings on individual accounts in the state pension insurance system, as well as the preparation of one of the basic laws that determines the types of pensions and the conditions for their provision for state pension insurance.

The priority task is to reform labor legislation in order to increase the mobility of the labor force, reduce latent processes in the labor market, and ensure a stable balance of interests of workers, employers and the state. The effectiveness of individual and collective contractual relations at the enterprise level will be increased.

It is planned to continue the course towards raising the minimum wage, developing collective labor relations with the participation of trade unions, including promoting the formation of voluntary associations of employers, developing effective institutions and mechanisms that ensure the implementation of individual and collective labor contracts and the effective settlement of individual and collective labor disputes. Effective mechanisms will be introduced for profiling the unemployed and clarifying the conditions and procedure for paying unemployment benefits, as well as implementing measures in the field of active employment of the population.

It is planned to reform the state support for the socio-economic development of the regions of the North, as well as to take measures in the field of migration policy.

The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Labor of Russia) is a federal executive body that conducts state policy and manages in the field of labor, employment and social protection of the population, as well as coordinating the activities in these areas of other federal executive bodies and executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation . The main tasks of the Ministry of Labor of Russia are: the development of proposals and the implementation of the main directions and priorities of the state social policy to solve complex problems of social development, population, improve the standard of living and incomes of the population, develop social insurance, human resources, improve the system of remuneration and social partnership, organize pension provision and social services, improvement of working conditions and labor protection, ensuring effective employment of the population and social guarantees, social protection of the family, women, children, elderly citizens and veterans, disabled people, citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families, formation and development civil service, improvement of legislation on labor, employment and social protection of the population, implementation of international cooperation in the established field of activity and provision of international humanitarian assistance.

In accordance with the Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ “On State Social Assistance”, state social assistance is the provision of social benefits, subsidies, compensations, necessary goods.

Mandatory social insurance has become a part of the state system of social protection of the population, the specifics of which are insurance of working citizens against a possible change in material and (or) social status carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 No. 165-FZ “On the Basics of Compulsory Social Insurance including circumstances beyond their control. Compulsory social insurance is a system of legal, economic and organizational measures created by the state aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social status of working citizens, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories of citizens due to their recognition as unemployed, labor injury or occupational disease, disability, illness, injury, pregnancy and childbirth, loss of a breadwinner, as well as the onset of old age, the need to receive medical care, sanatorium treatment and the onset of other social insurance risks established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, subject to compulsory social insurance.

Problem 59.

The citizen Livada E.M. was a birthday, which he and his friends celebrated at home in his apartment the next day, the neighbors of Livada E.M. wrote a statement addressed to the district police officer, the content of which boiled down to the fact that on the night of November 15-16, 2006. In the apartment of Livad E.M. The music was loud and made it difficult to sleep. E.M. Livad did not react to the request of the neighbors to reduce the sound. In connection with this, they asked to apply administrative measures to this citizen.

The district police officer Simonov came to the citizen Livada E.M. and seized a Japanese-made Sony tape recorder. At the same time, he paid the latter an amount of 1000 rubles.

1. Analyze the composition of this offense.

2. Are the actions of the district police officer Simonov of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation lawful?

3. How gr. Livoda E.M., can he appeal against the actions of the district police officer Simonov?

4. Which of the persons specified in the law has the right to impose an administrative penalty - the seizure of an object that is an instrument for committing an offense?

5. Qualify the composition of this offense under Art. Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation

1. Citizen Livada E.M. committed an offense against the neighbors, he did not let them sleep at night, this is an administrative offense. In this case, the neighbors did the right thing by writing a statement against him, they also have the right to apply to the court for compensation for non-pecuniary damage to citizen Livad E.M. There was also an administrative offense on the part of the district police officer, he did not have permission to seize the instrument of the offense, and even more so, the fact that he gave the citizen Livada 1000 rubles is also not provided for in the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

2. The actions of the district police officer Simonov were not lawful, he did not have the right to take away someone else's property, he had to come to the citizen Livada E.M. and report that a complaint has been received against him from neighbors, and an administrative offense is attached to him.

3. Citizen Livada E. M. has the right to file an application with the court, based on the fact that the district police officer Simonov illegally confiscated his own property from him, that is, the district police officer Simonov appropriated someone else's property, extracting his own benefit, using his powers, causing him ( gr Livada E.M.) material and moral damage.

4. In our particular case, none of the above persons had the right to seize their own property. Such a case could have been, if on that night from November 15 to November 16, 2006, the neighbors would have called the police, and the policeman would have given the first warning to Mr. Livada E.M., if the warnings c. Livada E.M. would not have reacted, then the second policeman could have seized the weapon of the offense, and this would have been legal.

The cultural and educational function is one of the most important internal functions of the state.
Its implementation includes the creation and maintenance of favorable conditions and opportunities for each citizen to receive an education that meets the standard accepted in the state.
The importance of this function is due to the fact that at present, without education, the active participation of citizens in public life, in production, in all spheres of state activity is unthinkable.
Education is a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state.
Getting an education is understood as the achievement and confirmation by students of a certain educational level (educational qualification), which is certified by an appropriate document.
The right to education is one of the fundamental and inalienable constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current legislation, the following types of education are guaranteed as public and free of charge: preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general and primary vocational, and on a competitive basis - secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education in state and municipal educational institutions, if the citizen receives education of this level for the first time. Basic general education is compulsory.
Education management is an executive and administrative activity of the competent authorities aimed at the direct implementation of state policy in the field of education.
The legal basis for management in the field of education is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992 "On Education" (as amended by the Federal Law of January 13, 1996), the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 22, 1996 "On higher and postgraduate vocational education", other laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education, regulations on education management bodies, charters of educational institutions and other acts of local, local values. Education in the Russian Federation is also carried out in accordance with the norms of international law.
General issues of education are assigned by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. Local self-government bodies also have certain competence in this area.
In accordance with this, a system of education management bodies is being built, which includes:
1. State bodies, which in turn are subdivided
on the:
a) federal educational authorities;
b) departmental educational authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects;
c) educational authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2. Municipal authorities.
State education management bodies are created by the decision of the relevant executive authority in agreement with the relevant legislative (representative) body of state power. Municipal educational authorities can be created by decision of the relevant local self-government bodies.
The main task of all educational authorities is to ensure the Federal Program for the Development of Education, state educational standards and the functioning of the education system at the level of state standards.
The Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation is a federal executive body specially created to manage education on a national scale. As a main task, it is designed to ensure the implementation of state policy in this area.
The main tasks and functions of this ministry are: formation of a strategy for all types of education, determination of its content; development and control over the implementation of components of state educational standards in the field of education, assistance in the development of national and regional components of state standards; harmonization of normative acts of ministries and departments in the field of education; training of specialists in pedagogical secondary, higher and postgraduate education in the relevant educational institutions; development of lists of professions, areas and specialties for which vocational education and training is carried out; creation of a unified assessment system and state assessment of the quality of the educational process in educational institutions; establishing the procedure for licensing, attestation and accreditation of educational institutions; development of the material and technical and experimental and production base of the educational process and scientific research; organization and development of international cooperation in the field of education, etc.
The education management bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are very numerous and differ significantly in their status and organizational forms of management. In the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, these are ministries or committees, in other subjects - departments, main departments, departments or departments of education.
A characteristic feature of the legal status of these bodies is that in the respective territory they are the only specialized bodies that comprehensively implement the state policy in the field of education.
Municipal education authorities implement the state policy of this area in the territories where local self-government is exercised. The competence of these bodies is derived from the competence of self-government bodies in the field of education.
In accordance with the current legislation, the exclusive competence of local governments in the field of education includes:
planning, organization, regulation and control of the activities of local (municipal) educational authorities, educational institutions;
formation of local budgets in terms of expenditures on education and relevant funds for the development of education;
providing citizens residing in the respective territories with the opportunity to choose a general education institution;
creation, reorganization and liquidation of municipal educational institutions;
creation and liquidation of municipal educational authorities and self-governing school districts, determination of their structure and powers;
appointment and dismissal, in agreement with the state education authorities, heads of local education authorities;
appointment of heads of municipal educational institutions (unless otherwise provided by the model regulations on educational institutions of the relevant types and types or by a decision of a local government body);
use of state and municipal educational institutions, cultural and sports facilities in the interests of education:
establishment of additional taxes and benefits that stimulate the development of education, etc.
Educational activities are carried out in educational institutions, which, in accordance with the Law on Education, are institutions that carry out the educational process, i.e. implementing one or several educational programs and (or) providing the content and education of students and pupils.
Educational institutions are legal entities.
According to their organizational and legal forms, they can be state, municipal and non-state (private, institutions of public and religious organizations, associations).
The effect of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education applies to all educational institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and subordination.
The law on education provides for the following types of educational institutions: preschool; general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education); primary professional, secondary professional, higher professional and postgraduate professional education; additional adult education; special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities; additional education; for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives); additional education for children.
According to the listed types, types of educational institutions are distinguished:
general education - primary, basic, secondary schools, including those with in-depth study of subjects, gymnasium lyceums;
primary vocational education - vocational schools; professional lyceums - centers of continuing professional education; training and course combines (points); training and production centers, technical schools, evening (shift) and other educational institutions of this level;
secondary specialized education - technical schools (colleges, schools); colleges; technical schools-enterprises (institutions);
higher professional education - universities, academies, institutes, colleges.
The administrative and legal status of state and municipal educational institutions is determined by the model regulations on educational institutions of the appropriate types and types, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, and the charters of these educational institutions developed on their basis.
A special role here belongs to such important elements of the education system as state educational standards and successive educational programs of various levels and directions.
State educational standards include federal and national-regional components.
The federal components of the state educational standards determine: a) the mandatory minimum content of the main compulsory programs; b) the maximum amount of teaching load of students; c) requirements for the level of training of graduates. Federal components of state educational standards can be supplemented by national-regional ones.
Educational standards are established by authorized executive authorities in relation to the types of educational institutions and are mandatory for institutions that carry out educational activities in the relevant direction (specialty).
They serve as the basis for an objective assessment of the level of education and qualifications of graduates, regardless of the forms of education.
Educational programs implemented in the Russian Federation determine the content of education of a certain level and focus.
They are divided into general education and professional, each of which, in turn, is divided into basic and additional.
An important role in the implementation of a unified state policy is played by licensing, accreditation and attestation of educational institutions.
Licensing is the issuance of a document (license) confirming the right to carry out educational activities.
The license is issued by the state education management body or, on its behalf, by the local government body at the location of the educational institution based on the conclusion of the expert commission. It can be issued only if the conditions for the implementation of the educational process (the state of the material and technical base of compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, staffing with the necessary personnel, etc.) are met by educational institutions and established state and local requirements. The license fixes the relevant control standards, the maximum number of students or pupils, as well as the period of its validity.
Accreditation is a procedure for recognizing the state status (type and form) of an educational institution, carried out on the basis of a survey of its characteristics according to the classification criteria established by the relevant model regulations on educational institutions.
State accreditation is carried out by authorized education authorities (with the participation of interested ministries and departments) based on the application of the educational institution and the conclusion on its certification.
Based on its positive results, a certificate of state accreditation is issued, confirming the right and ability of this educational institution to carry out its activities at an officially recognized level.
From the moment such a certificate is received, an educational institution acquires a number of rights, including the issuance of a state-recognized education document to its graduates, the use of a seal depicting the state emblem of the Russian Federation, and inclusion in the centralized state financing scheme.
Certification allows you to establish the compliance of the content, level and quality of training of graduates of educational institutions with the requirements of state educational standards.
The condition for certification of an educational institution is the positive results of the final certification of at least half of its graduates over the past three years.
Attestation of an educational institution, as a rule, is carried out once every five years by the state attestation service or other bodies on its behalf. A special procedure is provided for the certification of educational institutions of certain types: preschool; special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities; orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives).
The importance of attestation also lies in the fact that, as a result, an educational institution may be deprived of state accreditation.
Management of state and municipal educational institutions is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the charter of the educational institution.
Thus, the Model Regulation on a State Higher Educational Institution establishes that the general management of a higher educational institution is carried out by an academic council headed by a rector.
Early elections of the academic council are held at the request of at least half of its members, as well as in cases stipulated by the charter of the university.
The procedure for choosing the first composition of the academic council is determined by the general meeting (conference) of teachers, researchers and representatives of other categories of workers and students.
Representatives of all categories of employees and students of universities, public organizations can be elected to the Academic Council.
The direct management of the activities of a state university is carried out by the rector, who holds this position in the manner determined by the charter of the university in accordance with the Law on Education.
The rector, within the limits of his authority, issues orders and instructions that are obligatory for all employees and students of the university.
The scale of the university's activities determines its structure, the main elements of which are faculties, departments, other divisions and services (academic department, secretariat, personnel department, etc.). Depending on the structure of the university and in accordance with the charter, academic councils can also be created in its individual divisions (faculties, departments, etc.).
The activities of the faculty are managed by the dean of the faculty, who is elected by the academic council of the university from among persons with an academic degree or title, in the manner determined by the charter of the university.
The department is the main link of the university, directly carrying out educational, teaching and methodological and research work. It is headed by the head of the department.
Departments play a leading role in carrying out educational work with students.
Science as an element of social consciousness and a specific type of creative social activity, knowing the diversity of the surrounding reality, generates not only new concepts, ideas, but also forms the theoretical and methodological basis for the transformation of social practice.
The complication of the problems of social development, the increasing interconnections and interdependence of social phenomena caused fundamental changes in the nature of cognitive activity: processes of differentiation and integration of sciences, convergence of natural and technical sciences with the humanities sciences, and as a result of interpenetration, complementarity of various branches of scientific knowledge it became possible to solve problems comprehensively, to obtain qualitatively new results.
According to paragraph "e" Art. 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, general issues of science are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, but the Federation pursues a unified state policy in the field of scientific and technical progress, the practical use of the achievements of science and technology, and manages state scientific institutions of federal significance.
The Federal Assembly - the Parliament of the Russian Federation (Article 94 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) determines the economic basis for a unified state policy in the field of science development and without fail considers legislative acts relating to the federal budget, federal taxes, financial regulation (Article 106 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
Direct implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified state policy in the field of science is ensured by the Government of the Russian Federation (paragraph "c" of Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), which, as a body of general competence, implements the relevant articles of the federal budget, controls the implementation of state programs to support science, and coordinates the work branch federal executive bodies in the field of science, approves the Regulations on these bodies, determines their duties and rights.
Intersectoral science management bodies in their activities are guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" as amended by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" dated January 13, 1996 Federal Law No. 12-FZ "On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education" dated August 22, 1996 No. 124-FZ, "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ and others -legislative acts of the Russian Federation, decrees and resolutions of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as Regulations on science management bodies approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Intersectoral management of science is entrusted to the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology, which, as a federal executive body, ensures the formation and practical implementation of the state scientific and technical policy, the implementation of measures to preserve and develop the scientific and technical potential of Russia.
The main tasks of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology are:
analysis of the development of science and technology;
organization of scientific and technical forecasting, selection and evaluation of priority areas for the development of science and technology. development and application of organizational and economic mechanisms for the implementation of selected priorities;
development of state scientific and technical programs and projects, methodological guidance for the preparation of regional and intersectoral scientific and technical programs, as well as proposals for the legal support of the development of science and technology, state policy in the field of scientific and innovative activities, social protection of scientists:
formation of an information structure in the field of science and technology, which ensures the collection, systematization, processing of scientific and technical information and its transfer to interested institutions, organizations and specialists throughout the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Articles 7, 39, 41), the state protects the labor and health of people; provides support for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood of disabled and elderly citizens; develops a system of social services, establishes state pensions, allowances and other guarantees of social protection; encourages activities that promote human health, the development of physical culture and sports, environmental and sanitary and epidemiological well-being.
Health care, physical culture and sports, tourism and social protection of citizens are the most important branches of public administration in the socio-cultural sphere.
Protection of people's health (in the broad, general social sense) is a set of political, economic, legal, social, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long-term active life providing him with medical care in case of loss of health.
At the same time, the state guarantees the protection of the health of every citizen in accordance with domestic legislation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.
The protection of the health of citizens in the narrow sense consists in the adoption of medical measures for the prevention of diseases, the provision of medical care, and the maintenance of an optimal state of public hygiene and sanitation.
The implementation of these measures is carried out by an independent system of specialized institutions and bodies, for which the protection of the health of citizens is their main purpose and main activity.
The management of the activities of these institutions and bodies forms an independent branch of public administration in the socio-cultural sphere - health care.
Coordination of health issues is a joint responsibility of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. A detailed distribution of competence on these issues between the Russian Federation, its subjects and local governments is carried out in accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens.
Social protection of citizens is one of the most important functions of the state.
That is why the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7) proclaims the Russian Federation a social state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. The activity of the state in the practical implementation of this policy takes place within the framework of an independent branch of the management of the socio-cultural sphere, called "social protection of citizens".
The main forms and at the same time constitutional guarantees of social protection of citizens are: labor protection and health of people; guaranteed minimum wage; state support for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly; development and functioning of the system of social services; establishment and payment of state pensions and various social benefits.
These forms, as well as the activities of the state in their implementation, constitute the content of the management of social protection of citizens.
The general management of the considered branches of the socio-cultural sphere is carried out by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation.
Thus, the President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, determining the main directions of the internal policy of the state, issues appropriate decrees that regulate public relations in the field of healthcare, physical culture and sports, tourism and social protection of citizens. The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the socio-cultural sphere; develops and approves federal programs for the development of health care, physical culture, sports, tourism and social security; takes measures for their practical implementation; carries out legal regulation of related issues and much more.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens establish a complex and heterogeneous, from an organizational and legal point of view, a healthcare system, in which, in turn, state, municipal and private systems (or rather, subsystems) of healthcare are distinguished as independent elements.
The state healthcare system covers the healthcare management bodies of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, as well as state-owned medical and preventive institutions, pharmaceutical enterprises, pharmacies and other institutions that carry out relevant activities in the industry in question.
The municipal health care system is made up of municipal health authorities and municipally owned institutions and enterprises, basically similar to those included in the public health system.
The private healthcare system includes medical and preventive and pharmacies, the property of which is privately owned, as well as persons engaged in private medical and pharmaceutical activities.
The direct state management of health care is entrusted to a system of specialized executive authorities, which is formed by: the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; the relevant ministries of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation; health management bodies of other subjects of the Federation - departments, committees, main departments, departments, departments, etc.
The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Health of Russia) is a federal executive body designed to ensure the implementation of state health policy on a national scale.
The main tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia are: development of the foundations of state policy, targeted and state scientific and technical programs for the development of health care, disease prevention, medical care, providing the population with medicines and medical products; control over the quality of medical care provided to the population, medical and pharmaceutical products; organization of licensing and certification of medical and pharmaceutical activities; development of norms and standards in the field of healthcare and control over their observance; ensuring sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological well-being of the population, etc.
The main tasks of this ministry are: development and implementation of federal and sectoral programs on labor, employment and social protection of the population; development within its competence of social norms, norms and standards; organization of state pension provision; creation and development of the state system of social services for the population, assistance in the creation and development of municipal, private and other services providing social services to the population; organization of social support for families, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, senior citizens and veterans; participation in the settlement of issues related to licensed activities in the field of social services for the population; ensuring control over the correct and uniform application of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of labor and social protection, etc.
The Federal Migration Service of Russia plays an important role in the implementation of the state policy for the social protection of citizens.
Its competence includes: development of draft federal and migration programs and ensuring their implementation; distribution of funds allocated from the federal budget for solving migration problems; organizing the reception and temporary accommodation of refugees and internally displaced persons on the territory of the Russian Federation; assisting them in settling in their main place of residence, protecting the rights of migrants; preparation of a proposal to improve legislation in the field of migration, control over its observance, etc.
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1995 "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation", social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social - legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism plays an important role in the implementation of state policy in the protection of public health. In accordance with the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on physical culture and sports, other legislative and by-laws, the competence of this federal executive body covers: the development and implementation of targeted federal state programs for the development of physical culture, sports and tourism; development of state standards for financing physical culture, sports and tourism; direct financing of the activities of subordinate enterprises, institutions and organizations of physical culture, sports and tourism of federal significance;
An important role in ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is played by the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which is the activity of bodies and sanitary institutions aimed at preventing diseases in people by preventing, detecting and suppressing violations of the sanitary legislation of the Russian Federation.
The content of sanitary and epidemiological supervision includes: observation, assessment and forecasting of public health in connection with the state of the environment; identifying the causes and conditions of infectious and mass non-communicable diseases; development of mandatory proposals for the implementation of measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population; control over the implementation of hygienic and anti-epidemic measures, compliance with sanitary legislation by organizations and citizens; suppression of sanitary offenses and bringing to justice those who committed them; maintaining state records of infectious, occupational and mass infectious diseases and poisoning of the population in connection with the adverse impact on human health of environmental factors, as well as sanitary statistics.
This type of state supervision is carried out by a system of bodies and institutions of sanitary and epidemiological supervision subordinate to the Ministry of Health of Russia in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, cities, regions, as well as in water and air transport.
A variation of this state supervision is departmental sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which is carried out by individual ministries and departments in relation to objects under their jurisdiction.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees every citizen the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to cultural property.
Under culture in the broad sense of the word, it is customary to understand the socio-cultural image of society - the state of science, art, education, educational work, etc. in it. The content of culture is made up of cultural values: moral and aesthetic ideals, norms and patterns of behavior; languages, dialects and dialects; national traditions and customs; folklore, arts and crafts; works of culture and art; buildings, structures, objects and technologies having historical and cultural significance; historically and culturally unique territories, objects, etc.
At the same time, this branch, which is uniform in content, is divided into sub-branches of culture: art (fiction, cinematography, stage, plastic, musical, architecture and its other types and genres); artistic folk arts and crafts, folklore, customs and rituals; amateur artistic creativity; museum business and collecting; book publishing and librarianship; television and radio broadcasting; aesthetic education, art education, pedagogical activity in this area.
Federal executive authorities directly finance cultural organizations under federal jurisdiction, create and maintain a Code of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Russian Federation, coordinate foreign policy in the field of cultural cooperation, regulate the export and import of cultural property, etc. Thus, the Government of the Russian Federation develops federal state programs for the preservation and development of culture, exercises control over the implementation by federal executive bodies of state policy in the field of cultural development, provides support for the development of culture and the preservation of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of national importance, organizes the identification, accounting and protection of cultural monuments, ensures accessibility for citizens of cultural activities and cultural values, etc.
The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation participate in determining the republican and territorial cultural policy, form territorial and other bodies of state regulation of cultural activities and cultural organizations of the corresponding subordination, create funds for the development of culture, establish local taxes and fees for the purposes of cultural development, carry out measures international cultural ties, etc.
The current legislation obliges the bodies of state power and administration of the Russian Federation and its subjects to take into account cultural aspects in all state programs of economic, environmental, social and national development.
Thus, the management of culture is the executive and administrative activity of the competent state bodies in order to implement the state's policy in the field of cultural development, the practical implementation of the cultural and educational function of the state.
The legal foundations for managing this industry are: the Law of the Russian Federation of October 9, 1992 "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture", legislative acts of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, other legal acts of state bodies adopted on the management of culture.
The culture management bodies form a single system, which includes: the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the ministries of culture of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, and the corresponding culture management bodies of other subjects of the federation; The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Press, the Federal Service of Russia for Television and Radio Broadcasting and their respective governing bodies of the subjects of the Federation.
The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Culture of Russia) is the federal executive body that implements the state policy in the field of culture. Its main tasks are: creating conditions for the preservation and development of the culture of all peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation; implementation of the state policy in the field of protection and promotion of the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian Federation; coordination of international cultural relations: providing state support for professional art, etc.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography (Goskino) is a federal executive body that regulates and coordinates intersectoral activities on the development and implementation of state policy in the field of cinematography.
Cinematography is a field of culture and art, which includes a set of professional, creative, industrial, scientific, technical and educational activities aimed at creating and using works of cinematography (films, filmstories).
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 28, 1996 "On State Support for the Cinematography of the Russian Federation", cinematography is an integral part of culture and art, which must be preserved and developed with the support of the state.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Cinematography operates on the basis of the Regulations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on January 6, 1993, in accordance with which the following main tasks are assigned to it: development and implementation of federal programs in the field of cinematography, including the improvement of film services for the population; promoting the development of international relations in this area. At the same time, Goskino should contribute to the creation and coordination of the activities of associations, councils, other organizations and associations designed to promote the development of Russian cinematography.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Press (Goskompechat) is the most important link in the system of government bodies for managing culture, which implements state policy in its sub-sector, covering periodicals, book publishing, printing and book distribution.
The main tasks of the State Press Committee are: development of measures aimed at the implementation of state policy in the subordinate sub-sector; ensuring the protection of freedom of speech and the independence of the press; development and participation in the implementation of federal publishing programs for the release of literature; creating conditions for the organization and functioning of federal, interregional, regional, local publishing houses, newspapers and magazines; organization of international cooperation in the field of periodicals, book publishing, printing and book trade.
The State Printing Committee is in charge of state publishing houses, printing enterprises, wholesale book trade enterprises. The Department of Mass Media functions within the structure of this committee.
Federal Service of Russia for Television and Radio Broadcasting
(FSTR) is designed to ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of television and radio broadcasting and to control the technical quality of broadcasting.
It operates on the basis of a regulation approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on May 7, 1994.
In accordance with it, the main tasks and functions of the FSTR are: development of long-term programs and plans for the development of television and radio broadcasting in the Russian Federation; promotion of entrepreneurial activities in the field of television and radio broadcasting; development of measures aimed at the implementation of state policy in the field of television and radio broadcasting, as well as the implementation of measures for the development, operation, standardization and certification of the technical base of television and radio broadcasting; registration and licensing of state and non-state television and radio broadcasting organizations; coordination of the activities of all-Russian and regional television and radio organizations; management of subordinate organizations, enterprises and institutions; monitoring the fulfillment by television and radio organizations of obligations under licenses, etc.
Broadcasting licenses are issued by the Federal Commission for Television and Radio Broadcasting and its territorial commissions. This commission develops the state policy in the field of licensing radio and television broadcasting and implements it directly. and through territorial commissions for television and radio broadcasting. Training tasks Answer/Solution In one of the autonomies of the Russian Federation there were mass riots caused by a conflict between the indigenous population and refugees, incl. from the Caucasus.
Unfortunately, the actions of the indigenous people received the actual support of the local administration, which made several decisions that aggravated the conflict. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, a state of emergency was introduced in the region, with the creation of a temporary administration. The head of this administration, taking into account the situation and powers, issued a decree on the temporary suspension of the activities of the regional administration, direct subordination to the head of the temporary administration of all executive bodies and city and district administrations.
By a separate order, the mayor of the city was removed from office, the head of state enterprises and organizations was forbidden to dismiss workers at their own request for the entire period of the state of emergency.
Give a legal analysis of the case.
At the airport there was a hijacking of the plane with passengers.
Police officers Mikhailov and Stozharov stopped the Zhiguli driver Senkin, who was ordered to take them to the service.
The driver refused, explaining the refusal by the need to travel by personal transport to his mother-in-law and in the other direction.
Then Mikhailov, who has a driver's license, removed Senkin from control and the three of them went to the airport,
Evaluate the actions of the participants in the situation. Are there grounds for Senkin to file a complaint with the court?
A pretty lady called a police squad on the phone with the aim of placing her husband in a medical sobering-up station, as he arranged a "drunk brawl" in the apartment.
The outfit complied with the request, but the husband filed a complaint against both his wife and the policemen.
Give a legal analysis of the situation.

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Chapter II. Socio-cultural

activities and management
Issues related to social systems, social activities, social relations and, in general, the social life of a person and society are deeply and comprehensively presented in scientific and educational literature. For example, social activity reflects the types and nature of the functioning of a person and social groups in society; it is not a direct productive activity, but is a process of socially transforming actions of people, improving social relations.

Let's take another example - socialization. At first glance, this concept has no cultural meanings, it is also a social process, but its essence lies in the assimilation and further development of social and cultural experience by a person, which is embodied in labor skills, knowledge, norms, values, traditions passed down from generation to generation. .

On the one hand, socialization is the process of including a person in the system of social relations, which is the subject of the social sphere, on the other hand, the inclusion of a person in the system of social relations involves the formation of norms and values ​​in him that determine his cultural status, the level of his social consciousness, social activity, the need for creativity and the development of their abilities.

Consequently, the category "socialization" is determined by the dichotomy "social - cultural", in other words, the inclusion of a person in the system of public (social) relations and is not only a social, but a socio-cultural process that takes place in the family, school, special educational institutions, labor collectives, public organizations, cultural and leisure institutions, among friends, acquaintances, etc.

The interaction of these sociocultural institutions forms a sociocultural reality in which cultural processes take place with the direct participation of cultural institutions, public cultural organizations, artistic and creative teams and groups, informal associations, which allows us to conclude that there are various forms and types of cultural processes in cultural life. They proceed thanks to the internal potential of the society itself and with the help of an extensive network of catalysts, in the form of a variety of socio-cultural subjects.

The totality of these facts indicates the presence of an extensive network of components that affect the individual in terms of its cultural development and socialization in society and the presence in the social shell of society of a certain socio-cultural system.
§ 1. Conditions for the formation of domestic management
If today we pay attention to preferences, tastes, patterns of behavior, cultural values, then it is easy to see that social consciousness is decomposed according to the principle of dichotomy (dividing into two) "public - private".

Polish sociologists quite convincingly reveal this problem in relation to their country, but, with the exception of some national differences, this is applicable to Russian reality.

Polish sociologist Miroslava Marodi (Sociology Studio) compiled a list of opposite motivations in people's behavior, which we present below with some cuts and additions.

1. People have different attitudes towards work. The sloppiness, lack of diligence, laxity typical of working in state-owned enterprises is in stark contrast to the discipline, accuracy and full dedication of those who work in the private sector, work for themselves.

2 Helplessness, inability to make decisions, the desire to relieve oneself of responsibility, the desire for selfish gain, which dominate public institutions, enterprises, administrative offices, etc., give way to self-confidence, initiative, the desire for innovation, readiness for risk.

3. Neglect of state or public property contrasts sharply with the care and protection of private property. Dirt, disorder and vandalism reign in the yards and on the landings, and inside the apartments - comfort, cleanliness, carefully thought-out interior. One has only to look at the facade of the building and the surrounding area to distinguish a state enterprise from a private workshop, a state store from a private one.

4. Passivity, conformism, subordination and mediocrity in state and public roles clearly do not coincide with the desire for success, self-realization, personal achievements in private life. The first leads to fatalism, a sense of hopelessness in public affairs, the formation of a "wait and see" attitude.

5. People do not trust the media, and at the same time, they are naively ready to believe gossip, rumors, all kinds of prophecies that reach them through unofficial channels.

6. Official authorities, both in the highest echelons of power and at the local level, are most often denied. Their actions are regarded as collusion, lies and cynicism, or, at best, as stupidity and incompetence. As for private connections and relationships, they are clearly idealized.

Examples from the extensive sociological literature testify to the fact that delimitation in social consciousness is also reflected in the real behavior of people. In our society, there is a significant difference between what people say and what they actually do.

The gap between word and deed, declarative statements and real behavior is characteristic not only of ordinary people, but also of figures. Both those and others often use double vocabulary, in public practice and in private conversations.

Some people, including activists, are even able to refuse and ridicule their public statements. The opposition of public and private life gives rise to the desire to deceive the state, to look for loopholes from raising prices and taxes, to open a business with the expectation of quick profit, but not for long-term investments. Using the popular expression "grab and run", many try to achieve their personal goals "in spite of" and not "thanks" to the system. And those who manage to outwit the system are respected in their environment and, moreover, they are envied.

The reason for this behavior is the conviction that this is a kind of revenge on the authorities who deceive their citizens, and a kind of compensation for the losses suffered before from the state. Another behavioral model is characterized by the refusal of people and especially actors to make responsible decisions, limiting them in ways that cannot be accounted for (by phone, without protocol, orally).

Suffice it to recall the anonymity of the orders for the forceful suppression of the democratic demonstrations of the people in Tbilisi, the military assault on the television center in Vilnius. For many decades, the emerging philosophy of equality, fair distribution according to the principle "from each according to his ability - to each according to his needs" in the new conditions gave rise to a steady rejection of any unusual achievement by another person, too much success, profit, prosperity. This rejection of someone else's success breeds opposition, even if someone else's success does not diminish one's own chances.

The specific features of the domestic reality outlined above are largely due to the nature and mentality of the Russian person, the motivation of his activity creates significant difficulties in the country's entry into market relations.

Nevertheless, the transition of Russian society from a planned economy to a market economy reveals significant changes in the ideas, social and economic orientations, as well as the forms of behavior of various groups and strata of the population. private property

Formation of private property consciousness It can be said that the implementation of economic reforms in Russia would be impossible

If not for the appearance of new types of people in different strata of the population, new economic behavior and activities.

In contrast, groups of opponents of the reforms, oriented to past experience and style of activity, have taken shape. Between these polar groups was the bulk of the population, which, ultimately, decided the fate of reforms in favor of market relations.

Under these conditions, the task of including the bulk of the population in real transformations in the economy, management, raising social status, determining prospects for growth and advancement, adaptation, and raising the educational and cultural level has become the most urgent.

The difficulties of the country's entry into the market are, of course, significant. By their own admission, the authors and promoters of the economic reforms started with "shock therapy", the population is not yet able to fully accept and put into practice liberal ideas, to take advantage of the economic freedom that market relations open up.

Different points of view are expressed regarding the "slippage" of economic reforms: insufficient culture and cleanliness in their affairs of businessmen and entrepreneurs; a large number of criminal communities; outdated management practices. But most importantly, the unsuitability of the bulk of the population, unable to take advantage of the provided benefits of the free market.

Here it is necessary to elaborate on this, the main question. Underestimation of the peculiarities of the social and professional composition of the population, its life and work preferences, value orientations in the course of a rapid (revolutionary) economic and social turn to market relations led to the fact that market relations in a certain way came into conflict with national tradition, culture and social relations.

Illusions about the possibility of a quick mechanical transfer of Western experience to Russian soil are caused by the absolutization of the Western concept of the development of economic relations, proposed at the dawn of capitalism by Adam Smith, according to which a person was considered easily controlled, selfish, striving only for wealth and profit, whose interests and goals can be easily manipulated. .

This type of personality or "economic man", aimed only at money, profit, greed, could not and cannot quickly fit into the system of social, economic, human relations of the bulk of Russian society.

The past decade of reforms has shown that, in its purest form, the Western type of motivation for activity in Russia runs into a contradiction in the Russian mentality. Most likely, in the sphere of labor and social relations, market structures are developing on Russian soil, demonstrating entrepreneurial charity, social support, and social partnership.

This type of labor, socio-economic relations in society is called paternalism(paternity). This direction of development of the market system in Russia is vigorously declared by power structures at all levels, but the statements of intent of "big" and "small" leaders are most often not implemented, although the illusions of caring for the bulk of the population, which has not yet been able to fit into the new real conditions of life and labor relations give rise to hopes and expectations.

Thus, the tightening and pragmatization of relations and management in the economy, the social sphere, the criminalization of economic activity in energy-intensive and service sectors, and mercantilization (over-thrift, self-interest, bargaining) in life relations, by and large, have not yet affected the deep foundations of the Russian mentality, which in economic relations is slowly retreating from communal psychology, and does not "lose its head" from the American or Western European pragmatic, individualistic liberal approach.

The formation of market relations

At the same time, precedents of adventuristic or "Chicago" capitalism have been developed in Russia, freeing the subject of activity from the need for creative, rational management and moral and ethical responsibility for the nature and consequences of their activity.

Both of these trends in the development of the Russian market appear to be extremely polarized. On the one hand, society has matured a willingness to get out of uncertainty, from a protracted restructuring of the socio-economic and political system, at the beginning of which inflation is artificially suppressed, empty stores, motivation for productive activity is practically destroyed, on the other hand, recovery after shock reforms gradually adapted some part population to market conditions, another, smaller part led to significant benefits, but the majority of the population at the same time lost their social status and life orientations. Without imposing any specific recipes on the reader, the common sense and logic of the development of the world economic system and the peculiar conditions for the development of market relations in Russia point to a special way to overcome the economic lag behind the West, not by breaking the historically established personality stereotype, but on the basis of the originality of his type of motivation. activities, common sense and respect for one's own people, leadership reform management. There are many examples in the world when the preservation of national traditions in the country does not prevent a breakthrough into a post-industrial society (Japan, South Korea, China).

Studies conducted in Russia in recent years by various social institutions, which we use to assess attitudes towards economic reform, to various forms of ownership, assess the economic situation of enterprises, business entities, their adaptation to market relations, make it possible to trace the dynamics of the economic state and, especially , activity motivations, behavior that a modern Russian manager or management specialist faces.

Attitude towards reforms: tendencies of social

differentiations

population

Changes in the social, economic and political life of the country could not but affect attitudes towards reform, consciousness and behavior, assessments of the prospects for their own lives and activities of different segments of the population. The adherence to the very idea of ​​the need to reform the economy has been preserved and even increased in almost all categories of society. At the end of the 90s, 66.4% (15.4% more than at the beginning of the reforms) of people believe that market reforms are necessary.

At the same time, the number of opponents of reforms increased to 26.5% (by 9.5%), but mainly due to those who in the initial period did not have an opinion or evaded assessments (33.8%). By the end of the 1990s, only 6.2% could not clearly express their attitude towards the reforms.

It is important to note that the largest number of reformers live in medium and large cities (75.5%), but the most significant changes have occurred among rural residents. At the beginning of the reforms, 43.4% of the villagers did not have their own opinion on this issue, but subsequently the majority of those who were undecided moved to the camp of supporters of reforms, which increased in the village to 63.1%, while opponents were in the minority - 28.6%.

The most actively supporting the reforms are the able-bodied villagers employed in agricultural production, ordinary workers, but the leaders were very skeptical about economic reforms.

A high commitment to reforms remains among young people, among people with incomplete and higher education, among management workers it approaches 90%, among the industrial intelligentsia - more than 80%. Naturally, 100% of entrepreneurs and businessmen, the very birth of which only became possible thanks to the reform, are its supporters.

So, the positive attitude of the population of the country to the transformations in the economy and the social sphere is not only preserved, but also increasing. It is associated with the opened opportunities to meet individual needs, change the financial situation, social status.

Free business international contacts, liberalization of trade, investments, permitted circulation of financial flows, including foreign exchange, helped some part of the population not only maintain, but also improve their standard of living.

Another part of the population (large) is adapting to market reforms due to the fading of the initial euphoria, illusions about the rapid and massive growth of well-being (we will immediately become like in the developed countries of the West), which were associated with the market.

Another category of the population felt positive changes due to the increase in jobs in the market sector of the economy, trade and services, the increase in the status and value of their labor, feeling the difference in income in the public and private sectors. The level of assessments of market transformations is especially high among management workers in various areas of management.

At the same time, the market economy has not yet been able to adequately protect the most vulnerable and economically weak groups of the population, which include pensioners, the disabled, families with many children, etc. Significant social losses for this category of the population are associated with low pensions (below the subsistence level), unguaranteed social benefits, and the lack of an effective state system of care for the poor.

Formation of a domestic entrepreneur

In general, it can be stated that the values ​​of market transformations, even in a difficult transition period for the population, have an attractive force and receive the support of the most advanced social groups with a favorable attitude of the majority of the population.

The reality is that the manager of socio-cultural activities should see the constant and intense interaction of objective and subjective social, economic and personal factors that are filled with life orientations, goals and values ​​of a person, his expectations, hopes, assessment of himself and his position in the social world, activity motivations.

Without going into details of the socio-economic, motivational and behavioral changes in society that took place during the years of perestroika, let us single out at the “output”, although intermediate (the market has not yet fully formed), but already significant results:

A new state was formed with its own organs of social organization, with a new elite that did not have the levers of the past command management;

There was a liberalization of the economy, prices were released;

Privatization and denationalization of property have been carried out, as a result of which there has been a sharp property stratification of society;

A new subject of economic relations has appeared - an entrepreneur, with an innovative form of behavior and thinking, focused on deepening reforms.

The role and importance of the subject of activity in the conditions of radical changes in society, gradually emerging from the characteristics of unregulated development processes into the area of ​​predictable liberal market and state regulated activity, is increasing excessively.

In the conditions of market relations, the most energetic and business entities, thanks to persistent and purposeful activities, risking their own initial financial investments, created individual or corporate private structures, the organizational form of activity and management of which at the initial stage was reduced to a complete combination of the functions of the owner and employee in one person. .

The development and consolidation of business structures soon required a functional differentiation of roles: the owner-manager (owner-manager) and the executor (employee).

The transition from a planned to a liberal economy has greatly complicated the objects of the production, service and socio-cultural spheres of the public and private sectors, which also led to the complication of functions that ensure activity and management in these areas.

Now the state and its structures, the oligarchs, who own controlling stakes in the largest sectors of the economy, really act as owners. Both those and others hire managers, entrusting them with the management of the activities of the relevant sectors of the economy and areas of activity.

Consequently, the subject of activity, having risen to the level of a manager in the public or private sector of the country's economy, regardless of the hierarchical status occupied in a market economy, becomes an increasingly influential figure, on which not only the quality of management, but also the efficiency of a particular structure largely depends , her future.

Questions for self-examination

1. What are the reasons for the slow adaptation of some people to a market economy?

2. Describe the positive changes in attitude to entrepreneurship in Russia.

3. What are the prerequisites that determine the formation of an entrepreneur as a new subject of economic relations?
§ 2. The nature of socio-cultural management

In this paragraph, we will talk about the characteristic features of socio-cultural management, but first we will dwell on some issues that characterize an active person (personality of a manager). First of all, we will consider these issues on the basis of foreign experience in the development of management, which, in the course of a long history, has developed sustainable, traditional management models and continues to look for new approaches, solutions and methods that are adequate to the changing socio-economic conditions of life.

Today, there is little doubt that rational, efficient production, accompanied by the desire for profit and based on private property and individual entrepreneurial efforts, is the central principle of the modern economic system.

First of all, let's answer one important semantic question: Is management different from management? Most experts and scientists agree that management is a kind of management, but differs from it in that it is more applied and specific. Its utilitarian orientation is manifested in processes that ensure the integration and most efficient use of material and human resources in order to achieve goals.

The formation of management

Management is one of the most important areas for ensuring the life of an organization, but it largely depends on the qualifications, professionalism, and psychological qualities of managers. This causes a reasonable high attention of specialists to the analysis of the place and role of managers in the process of ensuring the effectiveness of the organization.

The role of the manager in the activities of the organization should be considered as a direct, personified expression of the management process, as its most important structural part.

The study of the theory and practice of socio-cultural management, those forms, methods and management systems that are rapidly developing in Russian reality, will not be effective if we do not turn to the history and mechanisms of their formation.

Without detailing the historical facts and events of the formation and development of management as such, we note two fundamentally important provisions:

1) in each specific type of activity, be it industrial production, trade, household services, social, socio-cultural spheres, culture, etc., management has its own characteristics and specific features;

2) the nature and type of management are associated with the mentality of people of different eras, with systems of religious beliefs, with forms of government and types of legislation, types of industrial relations.

The first written documents, revealing the forms of labor organization, go into a deep history. The organization of labor in medieval Christian monasteries, in the workshops of a medieval European artisan, work and life in the household of Ancient Greece is described in Xenophon's Domostroy, Medieval Russia's Domostroy, the political organization of society and its management system - in the "Laws" and " State" by Plato, in the work "On the City of God" by Aurelius Augustine, in the work "The Sovereign" by Nicolo Machiavelli.

In modern educational and scientific literature, in particular, "Social Management". M., MGSI, 1998; Elfinesh H.E. "Social regulation of cultural processes (historical tradition and modernity)": Abstract of the thesis. dis. on sois. uch. step, Ph.D. cultural studies. M., 2001 and others, the management development process is often grouped into certain stages, which are called "revolutions in management". There are five such "revolutions". The periodization of "revolutions in management" sets a certain formal scheme that is convenient to use for a brief analysis of the genesis of management as a whole.

However, the fixation of a certain historical and economic fact, although the first of its kind (even the oldest known to us), but purely local in its influence (even within the framework of an entire state), which are the descriptions in the above-mentioned works, can hardly be called revolutions. .

Another thing is when a certain phenomenon is fixed in society, which becomes a turning point for all of humanity or a region of the Earth, such as, say, the emergence of Christianity in the history of religion, the birth of capitalism, social, political and economic transformations, the revolutionary nature of which is confirmed by radical transformations.

Thus, the ascent of management from its first manifestations in the ancient world to the modern level can be viewed as certain stages, the evolutionary accumulation of signs of management, consistent with the nature of socio-political and industrial relations.

first stage as the beginning of the emergence of management can be associated with the civilization of Ancient Egypt and, to a greater extent, with the clergy (beginning of the 3rd millennium BC). In many cultures of the Ancient World, separate human sacrifices are known, associated with special requests to the gods - when laying temples, palaces and fortresses, in cases of natural disasters, etc.

As a gift in primitive society and in the Ancient World, people who were ritually killed could be used, and later material values ​​\u200b\u200bthat were irretrievably destroyed in fire, water, broken, buried in the ground could be used. This procedure of presenting gifts to the gods could not bring any wealth to the temples and priests.

Not being some kind of "economic entities", the priests, nevertheless, performed a number of managerial functions, which were determined by the status of intermediaries between people and gods. Interpreting to people the causes of various kinds of misfortunes as divine punishment, and unusual natural phenomena as signs and messages of the gods, the priests had the opportunity to manipulate public consciousness, directing people's activities in the direction they needed, to regulate the norms of social life and the rules of behavior.

This activity was characterized more as "socio-political" management than as "economic". But the priests were not the only leaders, since along with the religious, there was also secular power, in the person of emperors, kings, leaders, who often performed religious functions, posing as vicegerents of the gods. And under secular rulers, the priests served as advisers, teachers, but not as economic leaders.

The beginning of the active economic activity of the priests is associated with the strengthening of temples and their transformation into large economic entities. The transformation of Christian monasteries and churches into owners of huge land plots and farms in the Middle Ages brought the priests to the rank of economic leaders, who began to manage the activities of other priests (lower in rank), the work of slaves, supervised the peasants who worked on temple lands, artisans of temple workshops.

Temples played a huge role in the economic management of states; firm measures of weight, distance, volume, interest rates on loans and interest-free loans were established in their economic activities. We can say that the economic activity of the temples became the progenitor of the first functionaries-managers, in essence, the ancestors of the current managers.

The second stage of the accumulation of signs of management is associated with the emergence of secular options for management and the emergence of the first formal systems for organizing and regulating relations between people. This is due, for example, to the publication of the "Code of King Hammurabi" (beginning of the second millennium BC), the laws of the "12 tables" in Ancient Rome (III century BC), the laws of Solon in Athens and the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta (I century BC), etc.

And if the "Code of King Hammurabi", which consisted of 285 laws, basically still pointed out the duties of people to gods and temples and divided society into "noble people", "free commoners" and "slaves", fixed social inequality between people, then in later periods, "written laws became formally binding on everyone, but for other ethnic groups in the same countries," unwritten laws "were also in force."

Thus, in most ancient and medieval civilizations, at certain stages of development, codes of "written laws" appear, which served as the main formally recognized form of organization and regulation of relations in society.

The third stage of managerial innovations dates back to the 6th-5th millennium BC. and is associated with the activities of the king of New Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II, who introduces production control systems in textile factories and granaries by labeling products.

Approximately in these time frames in Ancient Rome, Egypt, the system of territorial administration and the administrative organization of the Roman Catholic Church is being introduced, with the allocation of administrative and economic districts, military administrative districts headed by satraps (governors) and military leaders.

With the birth of capitalism, the beginning of industrial revolutions, the emergence of hired managers as a special layer of managers who are not owners, the fourth stage of the formation of management in the 17th-17th centuries is connected. They collected taxes, built temples and palaces, monitored the condition of roads, irrigation facilities, oversaw the work of peasants on royal and state lands, workshops, but now this type of workers is beginning to form into an independent caste of managers, indispensable in large private and state farms, primarily agricultural.

This was also typical for Russia, when the owners of large estates, plants and factories were by no means always engaged in economic activities themselves and, living in the country's major cultural centers, hired managers to manage all economic and production affairs.

The fifth stage, which can be called "revolution", is characterized by the rapid development of equity, industrial, banking and corporate capital. An administrative worker appears in the field of management, who exercises control over the activities of people in production in the interests of private and state property. The owner, due to the scale of production, is no longer able to perform managerial functions and is forced to transfer them to hired managers.

Thus, the origins of management originate in religious and cult relations and economic, organized forms of people's activity.

Social, economic-production, commodity-money relations constitute the natural basis of management, which in the process of civilization development gradually acquires the features of social, economic, administrative, economic, socio-cultural and other types of management.

The most clear and scientifically based ideas about management as a profession based on the achievements of interdisciplinary sciences and practice were formulated at the beginning of the 20th century in the concepts of "scientific management" by F. Taylor, "ideal bureaucracy" by M. Weber, "science of administration" by A. Fayol, who proposed a model of rigid rationalism in management. However, rationalism in management, with all its achievements, turned out to be far from the only, and in many cases not the best method of management.

Already in the 30s of the same century, the limited rationalism of management in science and practice gives way to another direction - behavioral, which includes psychological, social, cultural factors as new management mechanisms, which is called "human relations", "human factor".

Deepening and expanding the personalized role functions of management makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of management both in individual organizations and in more complex social systems. In foreign management, in connection with this, a special term has appeared "management by bestsellers", that is, "management by goals"or" variance control".

Specificity of socio-cultural management

Socio-cultural activity refers, as you know, to the non-productive sphere, that is, it does not produce material products that form the national economic potential of the country, but it produces a special type of product that has a consumer property.

The non-production sphere, according to the state classifier "Industries of the national economy", introduced in 1992, includes activities in the field of: culture and art, education, health care, physical culture and social security, science and scientific support, public associations, housing and communal services , non-production types of consumer services, management, finance, credit, insurance, pension provision.

It is easy to see that socio-cultural activities included in the non-productive sphere are only a part of it, since such areas of activity as, for example, housing and communal services, consumer services, finance and credit, are difficult to correlate with socio-cultural activities.

Non-material production in socio-cultural activities, most likely, can be represented as "spiritual production" or the production of cultural, spiritual and social values ​​and products.

But these values ​​and products are not only intangible, some of them relate to material values ​​and products, just as culture itself carries spiritual intangible principles (knowledge, intelligence, morality, aesthetics, worldview, ways and forms of communication between people, etc.). .d.) and material (monuments of history and culture, paintings, sculpture, masterpieces of writing, museum valuables, etc.).

The basis of material and spiritual cultures, which are in organic unity, is, of course, the development of material production. However, the material values ​​of culture do not directly relate to the economic category of material products that form, as noted, the country's economy, but represent the highest value - the cultural and national heritage of society.

Spiritual and material products of culture have characteristic value-emotional qualities, thanks to which the cultural, spiritual needs of people are formed and satisfied.

Economic and political transformations in the country, the emergence of private property and market relations have pushed enterprises and organizations to commercial activities.

Commercialization also affected the socio-cultural sphere. In 1995, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the Law "On non-profit organizations". Non-profit organizations include: state organizations, municipal institutions, public and religious organizations, consumer societies, foundations, etc.

At the same time, the status of non-profit socio-cultural organizations in the market economy is confirmed under the condition of their activities for the following purposes: social, cultural, charitable, educational, scientific, meeting spiritual needs, developing physical culture and sports, health protection, management, etc. Naturally, all the subjects included in the socio-cultural system received the status of a non-profit organization.

At the same time, non-profit organizations, including those in the socio-cultural sphere, are allowed to engage in entrepreneurial activities, but only within the framework of the goals for which they were created. In addition, the income received by these organizations from paid activities has a strictly regulated nature of use. In this case, one should not confuse such economic categories as income and profit.

Income is a source of funds to improve the efficiency of the institution and is fully directed to ensure the development of the types of activities predetermined by the goals of the non-profit organization and cannot be classified as profit and distributed among the employees of the institution.

For example, the income of a higher educational institution, received from the paid education of students, is directed exclusively to the development of the educational and material base, the provision of educational, methodological and scientific literature, the involvement of highly qualified teachers, the acquisition of electronic learning tools, in other words, to improve the entire educational process and increase it. efficiency. The income of the club institution is used to strengthen the material and technical base, purchase stage costumes and props, musical instruments, technical equipment, etc.

Income from paid activities is fully reinvested in the development of the organization's targets. Profit how the economic category is a converted form of surplus value and can be used at the discretion of the organization. Income of non-profit organizations is taxed no more than the taxes of a state enterprise.

But, as soon as a certain amount of funds appears in the "profit" column in the accounting report of this non-profit organization to the tax authorities, it will immediately be subject to tax sanctions applicable to commercial structures, and sanctions prohibiting the implementation of commercial activities by a non-profit organization.

Hence, this organization will either be forced to re-register into the status of a commercial organization and go beyond the status of a socio-cultural organization, or to self-liquidate.

Entrepreneurial activity of non-profit organizations, therefore, is only half a permitted good. The income received can only be used for the benefit of the organization itself.

But the direct organizers and initiators of entrepreneurial activity are actually separated from the income of entrepreneurial activity. Their salaries are still calculated in the size of the state tariff scale of the position they hold, sometimes with a small additional payment from non-budgetary funds.

The truncation of entrepreneurial activity in terms of the use of earned funds does not contribute to the retention of personnel, low wages, poor material conditions for cultural workers reinforce the generally low social status and prestige of this profession.

The mechanism of entrepreneurial activity in the socio-cultural sphere does not work at full strength, market relations and entrepreneurial activity in this area exclude the personal interest of employees in expanding paid activities and obtaining more income.

Management mechanisms in the socio-cultural sphere are divided into disparate fragments of planning, control, reports. The lack of a coherent system of management mechanisms, the lack of coordination of tasks, the lack of a target setting and guaranteed wages, the amount of which would correspond to the labor contribution of each individual employee, significantly hinder the development of normal market relations and the necessary management mechanisms.
Questions for self-examination

1. Outline the main periods of evolutionary accumulation of signs of management.

2- What is the specificity of socio-cultural management?

3. Non-commercial nature of the socio-cultural sphere.

4. Specificity of entrepreneurial activity of non-profit organizations.
§3. Sociocultural management as a component of cultural policy
Optimization of the management of socio-cultural activities is updated by the fact that in the new state, which is Russia today, a new attitude to socio-cultural activities and culture in general, which is determined by state policy, is just beginning to form.

Politics as a philosophical category in the literal sense (Greek Politike) of the word is the art of government. The sphere of politics includes issues of the state structure, determining the forms, tasks, content of the state's activities, governing the country, and managing socio-political processes. Politics also expresses the relations between nations and states.

Political ideas and their corresponding institutions are the expression of the economic system of the state. But political ideas, politics are not a passive reflection of the economy, their transforming power lies in the exact reflection of the development of the material life of society. In one case, politics can hinder the progressive development of society, in the other, on the contrary, contribute to this.

A policy that relies on the support of the majority of the population and, of course, meets the fundamental interests of the people is promising. Politics can acquire a scientifically substantiated character only if it is based on knowledge of the laws of social development and uses them in the interests of society.

The policy of the state, as you know, extends to all spheres of human life in society, and, of course, it cannot but cover such an important area as culture.

Culture and politics

The role of the state in the development of culture in all periods of history has been great. It could not be otherwise, since culture covers a huge spectrum of the spiritual life of society, through which not only cultural-creative, spiritual ideas were passed, but also political ideology (in certain historical periods with different intensities), political ideas, often leading to destructive phenomena in the culture itself.

Culture has always been of interest to politics and politicians, it has been and is a powerful means of solving political issues. It is no coincidence that during the period of election campaigns for local, federal authorities, the president, culture (content, forms, methods, authority of cultural figures) has always been used as a tool to give authority, weight and significance to one or another candidate.

It goes without saying that the development of culture, the maintenance of the spiritual health of the nation, the state (to a greater or lesser extent) keeps or tries to keep in its hands, pursuing a state cultural policy.

Cultural policy, as an integral part or link in the chain of state policy, is included in the system of worldviews, theories and ideas about the ways of developing the economic, social, and spiritual life of society that exist in a particular society.

Cultural policy, as a rule, always strives to correspond to the level of the country's socio-economic development, its goals and objectives are mediated by the priority settings of the state.

The state carries out the implementation of cultural policy through a system of social institutions that reproduce, by their own forms, methods and means, cultural, educational, creative and moral activities that correspond to the social and value guidelines of the state.

Cultural policy can be viewed as a system of relations "culture and society", "culture and power", "culture and management". A retrospective look at the development of national culture and statehood shows that cultural policy should not be attributed only to the pre-October, post-October (1917), Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Its origins, the formation of management institutions as a manifestation of cultural policy, have deeper historical roots than is commonly believed.

An analysis of many historical and cultural materials shows that the origins of Russian culture, which was regarded as "intellectual and moral education," were spiritual organizations represented primarily by the Russian Orthodox Church, the royal court and private individuals.

The formation and development of state bodies was accompanied by the creation of cultural management institutions and the development of administration.

Zemstvo institutions - provincial, city, county councils, as well as public organizations and individuals, were directly involved in local cultural issues.

Cultural institutions in the localities enjoyed complete independence, including in finding financial resources, but, however, the central departments approved the charters of cultural institutions, and in the course of their subsequent activities exercised censorship control over them.

Thus, the content of the activities of the first cultural institutions in Russia fell under state control, the state pursued its cultural policy through them.

Although the care for the organization, welfare and development of local cultural institutions and various societies lay entirely on them, the exercise of their right to self-government was combined with a duty to report to state bodies.

Thus, the cultural policy of the state in the 19th and early 20th centuries was quite definite and purposeful. Despite the strict regulation of the activities of state and public cultural institutions, social movements and creative unions, the main types of cultural institutions, the concepts of cultural and creative activity, which were developed in the 20th century, were formed in the country.

So, despite numerous difficulties and problems in the development of national culture, thanks to the cultural policy of the Russian state in the country in the 19th century, an extensive network of cultural institutions was created that contributed to the increase in education and enlightenment of the people, a developed network of social movements was created in support of culture, a huge the number of masterpieces of culture and art, literature, art, theater, libraries, clubs, art and music schools, etc. developed. All this spiritual and material potential of culture was created thanks to the cultural policy of the state.

The change in the socio-political structure of Russian society, the economic and economic policy of the state has also changed the guidelines for cultural policy.

In an effort to achieve quick and effective results in the transformation of culture, the state cultural policy was carried out in a differentiated way. Particular attention was paid to the culture of the village.

Today, the negative consequences of the "cultural revolution", the dispossession of the peasantry, the "re-education" and "reforging" of the Russian peasant, the struggle against small-ownership psychology, pressure on the traditional peasant way of life, way of life, peasant spiritual values, and his religiosity are known.

In essence, the whole huge mechanism of ideological and cultural-educational influence was aimed at the formation of an executor of commands from higher authorities. At the same time, it was forgotten that the restructuring of human consciousness is a complex, contradictory and lengthy process.

In the post-war period, one of the main tasks of cultural construction was the restoration of a network of cultural institutions. The essence of cultural policy in working with the population is revealed, for example, in the "Regulations on the village club"1, developed in 1946 by the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

It regulates the work of cultural and educational institutions as: clarification of current political events, political and scientific and educational propaganda, advice on economics and law, all-round assistance to political self-education, organization of cultural recreation, development of amateur art.

Based on this, we can conclude that the propaganda of political and scientific knowledge, the education of political activity, political literacy, and ideological stability were put in the first place in the activities of club institutions.

Such a cultural policy aimed at the formation of a "new man" subjugated not only the content of the activities of cultural and educational institutions, but also the media, the repertoire of theaters, the ideology of concert programs, literature and art.

The "merits" of the cultural policy of this period include concern for the "purity" of the ideals concentrated in the well-known party resolutions "On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad", "On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it", "On the film "Bolshaya life" etc.

A characteristic feature of these documents was the desire to impose on society their own ideas and views on literature and art.

Cultural policy begins to change with the debunking of the cult of personality and the emergence of some democratic freedoms. In culture, they meant a turn from the principles of coercion to persuasion, voluntariness, and consciousness.

The goals and objectives of cultural policy have shifted towards the mobilization of people to achieve higher production rates and the widespread promotion of economic knowledge.

As a result of the increased educational and professional level of people, many ceased to be just objects in the cultural process and themselves showed their abilities in cultural activities, which contributed to the development of artistic and technical creativity.

The structure of creative teams, the content of their activities approached more lively and mass forms, and aesthetic trends appeared.

A noticeable revival in the creative life of the country, including rural amateur groups, came when the internal political situation in the country changed. The creative teams of many leading theaters began to look for ways to get closer to the life of the people, to establish contacts with rural workers.

The help of professional city theaters, which traveled to the most remote rural areas, brought great benefits to rural amateur artists, both in terms of improving their professional skills and the ideological and artistic level of the work being done.

Departure of professional artists with performances and concerts also contributed to the development of artistic taste and the best human traits among rural viewers, many of them for the first time got the opportunity to watch real artists.

The main feature of the cultural policy of the state in the consumption of cultural and spiritual values ​​was their availability. Where cultural services for the population were well organized - a library with its own collection of books, a club with a set of cultural programs and amateur art groups were provided freely, only you had to buy a ticket to watch a movie and a concert of professional artists.

There were complex problems: the absence or lack of cultural institutions, especially in the countryside, hindered the development of culture.

It is impossible not to see that, despite the considerable lag behind the city in terms of the level of cultural services, the network of rural cultural institutions as a whole in the country was already sufficient for those who wished to be able to study in a club, use the services of a library or cinema; the level and content of the work of cultural institutions could not be high due to their constant limited funds, weak material base.

But at the same time, the criterion of equal accessibility worked as such a mechanism in culture, which required targeting an audience not even of the middle, but of the lower level.

On the one hand, the principle of residual allocation of funds for cultural construction was affirmed, which predetermined the systematic lag in the cultural level of the population; on the other hand, it was required that works of culture and art correspond to this level.

Built on formal schemes, the so-called "sectoral" models of cultural policy reproduced the uniformity of the functioning of cultural patterns and developed technologies for their achievement.

Thus, the orientation (in the 60-70s) towards "leveling the cultural level of various groups gave rise to a universal model of the functioning of art, the main advantages of which were "accessibility" and "ease of perception". As a result, the indicators of "mass" and "artistic" became mutually exclusive .

Utopian ideologemes of "equal distribution of cultural goods" (the well-known models of "optimal rations" of consumption of "cultural trends" and other developments of cultural programs) can also be attributed to such cultural orientations.

The adoption of these samples of "dosed" culture was seen as a "growth dynamics" of the cultural level of the population, thus confirming the idea of ​​authoritarian power that culture can be "managed".

However, one should not categorically deny the achievements in the development of culture in the Soviet period in the field of education, education, science, art, folk art, although it should be recognized that the cultural policy of this period was far from optimal.

Landmarks of cultural policy

An analysis of cultural policy in different periods of Russian history shows that it appears to be a historical phenomenon.

But besides the fact that it undergoes changes at temporary historical stages, cultural policy, at the same time, is also variable, that is, it is built taking into account the historical traditions of territories and regions.

Cultural policy always comes into contact with specific types of culture, which not only replace each other, but can also exist simultaneously in different periods, as well as as a dominant and a secondary one within the framework of one socio-cultural system.

Domestic and foreign researchers pay great attention to issues of cultural policy, interpreting its meaning and content in different ways. Some people reduce the cultural policy of the state mainly to the financing of culture, the economic support of culture, for example, they consider it as a comprehensive government program to support culture and art, the humanities through the distribution of subsidies, as the regulation of cultural processes through a system of tax benefits.

Cultural policy is not independent, but financially it is completely dependent on the state.

Other scientists see cultural policy as a procedural body for developing goals and building a mechanism for their implementation. Attention should be paid to the documents adopted by the UN Congress, in particular, to the program of this organization "World Decade of Culture" (1987-1997), which contains the following provisions that define the functions, rights and responsibilities of states in the field of cultural policy:

No international and national social development programs lead to success if they do not take into account the needs of the cultural development of peoples and do not include cultural aspects;

Any uniform, unified world models of cultural development are impossible, because they ignore the cultural identity of peoples, threaten their national and cultural identity and for this reason are deformed or consciously rejected by them;

The preservation and use of cultural heritage, the creation of conditions for the familiarization of all citizens with cultural values ​​or other cultural activities and conditions for the free activity of "creative workers" is the same area of ​​responsibility of any state as the provision of decent living conditions, health care, conservation of the natural environment, national safety.

Cultural policy should be understood as an activity that ensures: forecasting and designing the main trends of cultural processes in society, creating political and economic conditions for the formation and development of self-regulating and self-developing cultural institutions based on the creative needs of public organizations and individuals, state guarantees for the protection of culture from the negative effects of the elements of market relations, the introduction of new scientific technologies in cultural activities, the creation of a system of guarantees for the participation of the entire population in cultural processes.

Under the conditions of the new socio-political system, cultural policy cannot adequately meet the tasks of the state, therefore, the content of cultural policy changes taking into account the new subjects and objects that fill it.

The presence of a plurality of subjects of cultural policy, actually existing and actively operating along with state subjects, is becoming a reality of today, and their coordinated interaction among themselves on the basis of partnership and contractual relations creates conditions for the development of collective subjects of cultural policy.

An important aspect of cultural policy is the system of mechanisms for the implementation and implementation of its goals and objectives. The central problem here is the principle of centralized management of culture, when mainly departments, the state apparatus act as a subject of cultural policy. The indestructible "sectoral" principle of approaches to the development of culture destroys the foundations of culture.

In the modern model of cultural policy, culture is represented only through those phenomena that, in purely administrative logic, are attributed specifically to culture.

If culture is assigned to the "branch" of culture, and education - to the "branch" of education, then, consequently, education is not culture, since it belongs to another ministry.

At its core, the existing model of cultural policy is normative; it considers culture as a final, complete whole, as a culture for achieving external indicative goals. In it, culture is represented by the sum of entities that are strictly isolated on the basis of subject matter: art, philharmonic society, club, library, literature, park, folk art, folklore, amateur performances, etc.

Following this, a logically natural desire arises to infinitely multiply the corresponding administrative divisions of management. Which, by the way, is happening both at the level of related ministries and in the Ministry of Culture itself, represented by its central departments and departments.

Because of this, the bureaucratic model of culture management is represented by organizing and controlling functionaries representing culture through the functioning of cultural institutions.

Moreover, a heated discussion about the functions of the state in the management of culture, which flared up in the early 1990s, boiled down to issues of limiting the role and rights of the state in this area. Things have come to the point that in recent years, voices have begun to be heard more and more often in various government, public and scientific circles that culture cannot be controlled at all.

In fact, we should not talk about the direct management of the creative, spiritual processes of creators, cultural figures who create creations, cultural samples and cultural values, and the processes of mastering them by the individual.

We can talk about a thin specific area of ​​​​support and creation of the necessary conditions for spiritual, creative activity, and about the management of socio-cultural activities, where the spiritual and material foundations of culture are broadcast, replicated, restored, developed, in other words, management extends to the sector of the socio-cultural process, which includes production and consumption.

Thus, the historical experience of the development of national culture teaches that the following dominants form the basis of cultural policy: cultural policy as an expression of socio-political the system of any society exists as a systemic attribute of the national policy; the degree of liberalism or authoritarianism of cultural policy is subordinated to the level of development of democratic principles and freedoms in society; cultural policy has well-established standard mechanisms for the implementation of its cultural priorities and values; social and value orientations of the cultural policy of the state are formed by the norms, values ​​and ideals of a particular society; the essence of the cultural policy of the state lies not so much in financing cultural institutions, strengthening the material base of cultural objects, but in social value orientations, readiness to provide opportunities for the cultural self-development of the individual, the development of social movements and formations in the field of culture.
Questions for self-examination

1. Cultural policy as part of state policy

2. Mechanisms for the implementation of the cultural policy of the state in its historical retrospective.

3. Departmental approach to the implementation of the goals and objectives of cultural policy.

4. The functions of the state in the management of the social sphere.
§ 4. Sociocultural activity as an object of management
In market conditions, socio-cultural activities become even more variable. Commercial, entrepreneurial activities are rapidly developing, new types of private institutions of socio-cultural service with nightclubs, casinos, entertainment, information, cultural and leisure centers, etc., diverse organizational, legal and economic opportunities for the development of socio-cultural models of activity have opened up.

Management of socio-cultural activities Speaking in economic terms, supply and demand ultimately stimulates, and sometimes hinders the creation and development of cultural products, which explains the nature of changes in the management of socio-cultural activities.

Consequently, the management of socio-cultural activities is the management of the socio-economic conditions of cultural activities, the conditions for the creation and consumption of cultural values.

Such conditions can be direct - material, freedom of creativity, moral incentives, and indirect - the budget of free time, the development of means of communication, the level of education of creators and consumers.

Modern managerial culture should be built on the principles of "openness" of the cultural system, the transition from vertical power ties in its management to horizontal voluntary public management methods.

Actually, the term "management" harmonizes little with the concepts of "spirituality", "cultural values", "norms", "ideals", that is, those categories that make up the essence of culture.

So, it is possible to manage enterprises producing musical instruments, car clubs, theatrical costumes, amusement park equipment, etc., collectives of cultural institutions.

The bodies that ensure the implementation of the cultural policy of the state can create conditions for the development of culture, ensure the activities of cultural institutions economically, financially, methodically, technologically, and thus manage the development of culture, but managing spiritual and material culture is inherently absurd.

Sociocultural activity management is a conscious activity of state institutions to regulate subject-object relations in all their diversity in order to achieve certain sociocultural goals.

The specific features of the management of socio-cultural processes are that management is concentrated on the mechanisms for regulating socio-cultural activities in accordance with the norms and principles, goals and objectives of cultural policy, including the regulation of financial, legal, organizational and managerial, personnel and other processes of functioning and development of socio-cultural activities .

The wisdom of public administration of the socio-cultural sphere in the post-Soviet society can be manifested in the optimal convergence of traditional and innovative approaches in the development of culture, which are: focusing on the new, taking into account tradition; using tradition as a precondition for modernization; secular organization of socio-cultural life, which does not exclude the significance of religion and mythology in the spiritual sphere;

The value of the selected personality, and, at the same time, the use of existing forms of collectivity;

A combination of ideological and instrumental values;

The democratic nature of power, recognizing authorities in politics;

The combination of the psychological characteristics of a person of traditional and modern society;

Effective use of science in the implementation of traditional value socio-cultural orientations of a person.

The implementation of this will lead to the conclusion that that in modern Russian society there is an active process of acculturation - socio-cultural changes, the interaction of traditional and modern culture as a result of socio-economic transformations, the modernization of society, which is the basis of the country's socio-cultural development.

Models management

Analysis of the model of socio-cultural management of the period of democratic transformations shows that the state, represented by the bodies of culture management, has not departed from the previous schemes of cultural policy based on utopian figures and other similar indicators of cultural planning, from the departmental paradigm representing culture as a "sectoral" system.

The optimal model for managing socio-cultural activities should not bypass the content of culture itself, the composition of its values, it is not enough just to state and recognize the "plurality of cultures", but at the same time declare the inability to ensure the development and support of this "plurality", leaving out of attention the traditional aspects of culture and not giving priority to what is useful for the development of a national multinational culture,

The optimal model of cultural policy cannot allow a simplified approach to the content of culture, reducing it only to designation in purely sectoral categories: a set of regulators for the arts, education, heritage funds, upbringing; interaction between federal, regional and local management structures; legislative and financial regulators; procedures for developing concepts, programs, software technologies.

This approach can be called instrumental (technological), but it should not dominate the content side of socio-cultural activity, its value orientations.

A worthy place in the priorities of the state's cultural policy should be occupied by cultural institutions attended by numerous groups of the population - clubs, houses of culture, museums, theaters, philharmonic societies, art schools and art schools, libraries and other cultural institutions associated with folk traditions, rituals, customs.

At the same time, a culture that has the status of "classical" should be returned to society, it must occupy a monopoly position and, as an "official" culture, disseminate and develop the diversity of cultural patterns and forms of existence of domestic culture.

Possible ways of further development of culture can be found by solving a number of conceptual managerial problems.

1) The role of the state in the field of culture should be based, first of all, on the recognition of the plurality of subjects of cultural policy. It is necessary to create a system of collective subjects of cultural development, within which conditions for coordinated interaction would be formed on the basis of partnership and contractual relations, including representatives of various formations, creative workers, potential sponsors, and cultural institutions. This will make it possible to move from the vertically linear principles of managing culture to the principles of self-development.

2) A new management philosophy can be based on the attitude in the field of culture as an "open system", its successful development will largely depend on the ability to adapt to a new socio-economic situation. Under these conditions, institutions and management systems of the industry should be aimed at identifying new problems and developing new solutions.

The openness of culture presupposes the presence of socio-cultural guidelines for choosing directions for the cultural development of society. The development of culture and the spiritual renewal of society will be scientifically based in the presence of: long-term projects and forecasts of the main trends in cultural processes; conditions for the development of self-regulating systems of cultural institutions; systems of state guarantees for the protection of the cultural sector and employees of cultural institutions from the negative impacts of market relations; technical equipment of the industry.

3) Renewal of management functions, transition to "partnership" relations, designing situations of close interaction is predetermined by the "diversity" of culture, diversity and equality of subjects of cultural activity.

The basic principle of the new cultural policy is from management to a system of regulation.

With the creation of a system of collective subjects of culture regulation, the real influence of the culturally active population on the formation of state cultural policy is expanding. The rigid type of administrative management is replaced by "coalition management of cultural processes based on the dialogue of the people with the state.

4) With the emergence of a new social and state mechanism, the formation of a management model creates the prerequisites for changing the type of management and the structure of the functions of managing culture with an increase in the functions of advanced management over operational dispatch; perspective development of the sphere of culture; regional differentiation of cultural policy, support for local structures of socio-cultural activities; development of national-territorial cultural communities, communities, clubs, communities, etc.

5) In our opinion, the following can be considered as the main guidelines for public and state administration in the field of social protection of cultural workers themselves: the development and adoption of packages of legal and tax regulations that enable society, enterprises, organizations to profitably invest in culture and use other material possibilities; rejection of the principle of costly financing of the construction of cultural institutions, especially in regions where already existing "capacities" remain poorly developed; development and implementation of socio-cultural projects of museum, club, library, concert, exhibition, park and other forms based on modern technologies of cultural activity; adoption of a special legislative document for the protection of the rights of culture and cultural workers.

Thus, socio-cultural activity is amenable to management and regulation, in the role of which are federal, regional (subjects of the federation) and district cultural management bodies, ensuring the implementation of the cultural policy of the state.

At the same time, sociocultural activity is a special type of activity, the essence of which is determined by the human factor, interpersonal communications, the nature of the interaction of people as subjects of sociocultural relations.

The structure of state management of culture, in general, has changed little over many decades. There are still the same federal bodies for managing culture represented by the Ministry of Culture, regional bodies represented by committees for culture and art, municipal departments and departments of culture.

However, the nature and functions of vertical management have changed significantly, they have become less rigid and more liberal, as mentioned above. This led to a change in the internal structure of the Ministry of Culture, its departments

Offices and departments, as well as to change functions.

The structure of the governing bodies of the Ministry

The modern structure of departments of the ministry is both a vertically subordinated hierarchy and an interacting system of departments. The ministry is headed by a general manager (minister) hired for the civil service by the Government of the Russian Federation.

His immediate associates are: two first deputies, a secretary of state, with the rank of deputy minister, four deputy ministers, six advisers to the minister and an assistant minister. The structure of the Ministry of Culture includes the following departments:

State regulation and development of cinematography with departments of the state register and resources, financial and economic analysis and forecasting, state organizations and property relations, technical policy;

State support for the arts and the development of folk art with departments for supporting the creativity of masters of art and individual projects, support and coordination of all-Russian and international creative programs and projects, public relations, support and coordination of the activities of state art organizations;

State support of cinematography with departments for the formation of creative programs, support for the production of national films, promotion of national films;

On the preservation of cultural property with departments of expertise and control over the export and import of cultural property, licensing and control over the sale of antiques, organizational and analytical department, department of displaced cultural property;

Science, education and development of socio-cultural infrastructure with departments of education, science, ethno-cultural programs, economic analysis and education financing, for work with government bodies in federal districts and subjects of the federation, cultural and regional cooperation;

Economic and investment policy, in the structure of which there are a consolidated economic department, a consolidated financial department, departments for financing programs, investments, extra-budgetary sources, labor and wages;

Case management with office work department; - management of international cooperation with departments of the CIS, cultural cooperation, cooperation in the field of cinematography;

Department of accounting and audits with departments for control and audit work, reporting on budgetary institutions, reporting on self-supporting institutions and enterprises;

Department of Libraries;

Human Resources and Awards Department;

Department of Museums;

Department (Inspection) for the Protection of Immovable Monuments of History and Culture;

Special department;

Maintenance department;

Legal department.

Services for ensuring the activities of the Ministry of Culture, organizations of federal jurisdiction:

State Unitary Enterprise Main Information and Computing Center (GUP GIVTs), which includes the department of statistics, the Internet class of the ministry, the reference and information fund, the teletype room, the computer maintenance group, and operational printing;

Office for buildings and structures (HOZU) with the department of operation and logistics, security services, service.

Organizations of federal jurisdiction work under the patronage of the Ministry of Culture:

International Cultural Center of Festivals and Competitions;

State theater-tour and festival center;

Republican inspection for control over the safe operation of attractions and labor protection;

Russian State Academic Chamber "Vivaldi Orchestra";

Russian State Theater Agency;

Russian state concert company "Sodruzhestvo";

Library;

Art Salon at the International Art Fund.

It is easy to see that in the structural subdivisions of the ministry, the very names of departments, departments and divisions predetermine a significant liberalization of managerial functions that manifest regulation, support, development, coordination, investment, promotion, preservation and other similar relationships with the bodies of culture of the regions, in culture and socio-cultural activities.

The activities of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Ministries of Culture of the republics, the committees for the culture of territories and regions, departments, departments of culture of the districts are supplemented by leadership from the legislative and executive authorities, both at the federal and regional levels, which develop the legal framework and determine the strategy of socio-cultural activities.
Questions for self-examination
1. Traditional and innovative approaches in the development of culture.

2. Worldview and technological aspects of managing socio-cultural activities.

3. What are the modern conceptual management problems?

4. Structure of federal culture management bodies.

§ 5. Socio-cultural activity as a self-governing process
The subjective nature of sociocultural activity is determined, first of all, by the content of this activity, and it is completely connected with the sociocultural activity of people, cultural creativity, meaningful sociocultural activities, leisure, etc., but this process itself is fundamentally sociocultural.

Socio-cultural activity by its nature is a system of subject-object relations, which is manifested in bilateral relations, in mutually directed processes of activity; where the socio-cultural system and its elements (organizations) are a kind of product of human activity and the person himself.

Having such a connection sociocultural activity acts informactivities to stimulate and revitalize people's activities.

In other words, socio-cultural activity is an activity for the implementation of activities

Manager as a subject of management
Like culture, sociocultural activity is a self-developing system. The socio-cultural system functions due to the activities of its constituent institutions, while the activities of the latter are conditioned by human activities. The intensity of the impact of the system of institutions and a person provides one or another level of sociocultural activity

The degree of development of the socio-cultural system depends on two major factors: (optimal in content and intensity) management and regulation by external actors; the level of development of the subject - object relations within the system itself and its institutions.

The subject of cultural policy, as noted, are. management bodies (federal, regional, district) of cultural institutions, personnel - managers, cultural specialists working in socio-cultural bodies and institutions at all levels.

The diverse nature of the activities of managers and specialists in different levels of socio-cultural bodies and institutions makes it possible to consider managers, cultural specialists as aggregate subjects of socio-cultural policy and as a specific subject, taking into account its qualification characteristics, determined by the nature of subject activity.

The manager of socio-cultural activities as an aggregate subject of socio-cultural processes plays an important role in the activities of professional and amateur culture-forming organizations and institutions.

At the same time, he acts in two roles: as a regulator and organizer, adviser and prompter in sociocultural self-organization, self-development and self-expression of a person in various forms of sociocultural creativity; as a carrier of cultural and valuable reference samples, the creator and translator of these samples, cultural forms and values ​​that make up the content of socio-cultural processes.

In this sense, a professionally trained manager of socio-cultural activities acts as an organizer of creative activity in culture and as a creator of its values.

The manager often combines these functional roles (due to the lack of diversified specialists), but in other cases, these functions are performed by different specialists with a specific qualification.

Here it is necessary to dwell on one significant explanation concerning the relationship between the manager as a subject of the sociocultural process, on the one hand, and the personality of the person entering into these relationships, on the other hand.

So, the subject-manager and the person (visitor, participant)
- participant in the cultural process. It was previously established that
society is a collective subject of sociocultural
processes, cultural policy, but adjusted state
authorities (subjects

Consequently, the individual as a component of this society must also be the subject of the cultural process. But in this case, a natural question arises: who is the object of cultural processes and do they exist? In this fundamentally important issue, the truth should be sought in the depths of the cultural process itself, where people interact with each other, and the nature of these interactions often has a different color.

If society, as a subject of cultural policy, feels a certain corrective influence of state power structures, then it can be assumed that society in this relationship with the state acts as an object, and, consequently, a public person in certain
relationships with the subjects of culture takes the status of an object.

The polyactivity of the relationship between the subject and the object

Being both an object and a subject of cultural policy, society acts as a self-organizing and self-developing socio-cultural a system continuously adapting to changing conditions of existence (first of all, by changing its cultural and value orientations, which in many respects stimulate changes in utilitarian social needs, determined not least by considerations of social prestige, fashion, values, etc.).

Methodological, functional, prognostic, axiological and other categories should be identified in the system "manager of sociocultural activity as a subject of sociocultural processes".

It is also necessary to consider the types, types, forms, results, specific features and characteristics of the activities of the manager-subject in the institution of culture and the individual - a participant in the cultural process, but not separately, but in interaction at the empirical-socio-cultural level.

Here it is necessary to turn to one of the key problems, which has not yet received an adequate solution. This is a dilemma: who is the personality in the sociocultural process - the subject, the object, or, in different situations, both in turn

By the nature of their activities, Palaces and Houses of Culture, clubs, libraries, etc., are constantly in contact with significant masses of the population, that is, those socio-cultural institutions that provide everyday socio-cultural, leisure, creative activities.

The work of mass cultural institutions over the past few decades has been carried out according to the principle of the subject-object theoretical model, where the specialist of the cultural institution acted as the subject, and the visitor, listener, participant in the cultural process acted as the object.

In this model, a person is presented not as a subject reproducing and realizing his own needs and aspirations in the cultural process and, moreover, as a subject of the cultural-historical process, but as an object of influence and influence.

The subject-object model of relationships in the cultural activities of cultural institutions is quite stable in modern practice, even in the context of the expansion of democratic freedoms, the elimination of prohibitions and checks.

Some researchers believe that the first task of restructuring the theory of socio-cultural activity is the rejection of the subject-object model and the transition to a fundamentally different - subject-subject - theoretical model of organizing the cultural activities of the population.

In this model, the person himself is the subject of organizing his own leisure. Employees of institutions that carry out cultural processes are also subjects, but of a different kind.

Through their activities, they create the most favorable conditions (psychological, pedagogical, organizational, financial, economic, regulatory, etc.) necessary for the development of creativity, socio-cultural, leisure activity of people. Thus, one of the noticeable contradictions in the activities of mass cultural institutions is the discrepancy in the ratio of "sociocultural institution - personality."

The rationale for the transition to the subject-subject model of interaction in mass cultural institutions can be the classical definition of K. Marx, which indicates that in society and nature there is a "universal process of processing nature by people and the process of processing people by people." In fact, cultural institutions are created by people for themselves, to realize their cultural needs and needs.

The interaction of people with each other, "processing people by people" in the process of mastering culture, artistic creativity, art in the democratic cultural environment of the club, determine their status as "subject-subject".

However, in the club as a social institution, there is another cumulative subject - the manager. Its subjective status presupposes a certain interaction with subjects-personalities and, in fact, the nature of this interaction, depending on the types of activities of a cultural institution, builds, in our opinion, the systems "subject-subject", "subject-object", "subject-object- subject".

Thus, the nature of the relationship of the club audience, visitors to each other and their relationship with cultural specialists is quite complex, but it is determined, first of all, by the nature of the ongoing cultural process. The club as a mass cultural institution is by its nature a unique phenomenon.

Socio-cultural processes in a cultural institution are of a dual nature: on the one hand, its activity is institutional, because each club institution is either state or departmental, or, more rarely, trade union, which implies a certain vertical subordination and manageability; on the other hand, the club acts as a social organization, the main function of which is to create conditions for the cultural and creative self-development of the individual.

This natural duality of mass institutions of culture contains many distortions and deformations, more often associated with excessive or absolute formalization of cultural processes or the absence of any controllability in them.

The definition of clear boundaries in the activities of cultural institutions, in our opinion, is hampered by the fact that, due to the ambivalence of culture, the presence in it of multi-valued and multi-level meanings, contents, types and forms incorporates a whole range of various social functions in which a special regulation of socio-cultural processes.

Subject-object relations, regardless of their hierarchy, presuppose a certain mode of activity, determined by the external vertical and horizontal relationships of a cultural institution that ensure its life and internal horizontal relationships that determine the state of the interpersonal intergroup "climate". Due to the versatile nature of interrelations and relationships, the activities of a cultural institution are systemic in nature.

Specialists and scientists from different positions consider the essence of the organization of the activities of institutions. However, almost all of them stand on the positions of a rigid model of organizing the activities of cultural institutions, in which there is practically no room for socio-cultural self-organization, because all activities are based on a socially normative vertical scheme.

Organization of the activities of socio-cultural institutions

Of the variety of interpretations and definitions of the term "organization of activity" one can give preference to the definition, where "organization" is presented as a system of interrelated elements - subjects, objects, orderliness and activities.

However, this definition is of a general nature and does not reflect the essence of any particular process, especially the activities of cultural institutions and forms of its organization.

Thus the concept "organization of activities"cultural decision is a process of realizationpurposes using such means and methods of culturalpolicies that comply with the principles of socio-cultural self-organization and socio-normative identification of the individual in the context of socio-cultural activities.

The phenomenon of duality in the activities of socio-cultural institutions is not their "invention", it is based on the variety of approaches in defining the concept of culture itself, where the researchers' points of view are concentrated on two variants of culture.

One group of scientists interprets it as a technology, a way of human activity, others - as a personal aspect of human existence, in which there are "essential human powers", "creativity", "spiritual wealth".

Despite the outward opposition of approaches - "technological" and "personal" one cannot but see in them the similarity and the presence of points of contact, which suggests that culture is a complex and multifaceted social phenomenon.

The "technological" aspect of culture associated with the "processing of nature by people" can most likely be correlated with the social and normative function of cultural institutions, and the "personal" as "the processing of people by people" - with the function of the socio-cultural self-organization of the individual.

Of course, such a comparison is of a relative, approximate nature, but, nevertheless, such a dependence, in our opinion, exists.

The desired trend in the development of "two cultures" is the convergence of "technological" culture (as a way of human activity) with personal humanized culture, the formation of the subject and object of social-normative (technological) cultural activity of high spiritual and intellectual potential.

Thus, the functions of mass cultural institutions can be represented by two large blocks that characterize the main directions of their activities:

The functions of socio-cultural self-organization - the development of interest in the whole diversity of human culture, spiritual and intellectual enrichment, overcoming national, confessional, socio-political alienation; development of spiritual and value potential, production of humanitarian knowledge as a rational component of humanitarian culture; formation of a scientific worldview, value orientations, assessments and norms; development of artistic and creative activity, preservation and development of traditional folk cultures, historical memory

Social and normative functions - integration, unification of people, the formation of social normative social deeds and actions, the development of a communicative culture, education and upbringing, the development of social and social activity, the system of social and value orientations of a person.

So, the functions of socio-cultural institutions, covering the types of activities associated with the socio-cultural self-organization of the individual, develop mainly in the model of subject-subject relations, in which the cultural specialist as a subject is excluded from the system of relationships of this model.

Its functions are deployed towards the object - a cultural institution, through which the specialist creates the conditions for the interaction of subjects.

In other words, a cultural specialist as a subject participates in the cultural process indirectly, influencing only the object of culture, in which the cultural self-organization of subjects-personalities is carried out.

Functions associated with social normative activities develop in a model of subject-object relations, where a person "consumes" culture: he is engaged in artistic creativity groups, studies in creative studios, classes, etc.

In this case, a cultural specialist acts as a teacher, director, leader, that is, as a subject, and the personality already acts as an object of influence.

The functioning of mass cultural institutions is a unique and inimitable field of activity, which is distinguished both by a wide variety of connections with reality and by the particular complexity of the relationship between the components of its internal structure. The artistic-creative and "human-creative" principles that arise here take on very subtle and complex forms.

In addition, the individual and collective nature of communication in the process of activity, which predetermines, in combination with great spiritual and intellectual tension and a high, as a rule, emotional tone of work, the need for deep personal contacts between a specialist and his subject, forms a generalized idea of ​​the uniqueness of the activity of a sociocultural activity manager.

Thus, sociocultural activity is controlled by subjects, represented by federal, regional, district governments, and acts as an object of management.

At the same time, as a self-regulating system, as a product and result of people's activities, sociocultural activity acts as a subject of management, both within the entire sociocultural system and social institutions.
Questions for self-examination

1. 
   Expand the content and meaning of the provision "sociocultural activity - there is an activity for the organization of activities."
2. 
   Why is the personality the subject of the socio-cultural process?
3. 
   Expand the dual nature of socio-cultural processes6 manageability and self-organization.
4. 
   What is the need for organizing the activities of cultural institutions?

1. The system of organs and organization of state. education department.

2. The system of bodies and organization of state administration in the field of social protection of the population.

1. The state management of the education system is carried out by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the federal subjects of general and special competence:

1) Government of the Russian Federation, art. 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (p. c, k)

2) Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

a) develops and approves national standards, exemplary plans and curricula.

b) exercise control over the implementation of federal legislation in the field of education.

c) finance universities and other educational institutions of federal significance.

d) issues normative legal acts within its competence, etc.

3) Other federal executive bodies in charge of higher and special educational institutions of vocational education.

(Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Social Development of the Russian Federation, etc.)

4) executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as bodies of industry competence (Main Department of Education)

5) local self-government bodies - for the implementation of the rights of citizens to receive basic general education.

The law of the Russian Federation "On Education" is in force, as amended on 13.01.96.

The legal status of the university is determined by the Federal Law of August 22, 1996 "On higher and postgraduate professional education."

Universities are independent in the selection and placement of personnel, the implementation of educational and scientific work and other activities in accordance with the charter of the university. The management of the university is carried out by the rector's office by secret ballot headed by the rector. A rector elected at a general meeting by secret ballot for a period of up to 5 years and approved by the relevant education authority. The rector is the chairman of the academic council of the university, whose members are also elected. The academic council is entrusted with the general management of the higher educational institution.

Other educational institutions (secondary specialized educational institutions, schools) must be registered by the founder with the relevant state body. They must be licensed to operate their business. The state status of a state institution is given by accreditation, which confirms its right to issue state documents to graduates. The management of a state institution is carried out by its head, who is elected by the collective or appointed by the founder. In the management of educational institutions, the one-man command of the head is combined with such forms of self-government as the council of an educational institution, the teachers' council, etc.

2. Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Labor)

It heads the system of executive authorities in charge of issues of social protection of the population at the state or regional level.

Management of the municipal system of social services is carried out by local governments. This ministry heads the federal state employment service and the service for the settlement of collective labor disputes, manages the federal labor inspectorate, the republican federal fund for social support of the population, the inspection of non-state pension funds, etc.