Characteristics of Stepan Kalashnikov written quotation plan. Analysis of the poem "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" (M

1. Reasons for Lermontov's appeal to the distant past.(“Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov” is associated with the 16th century, the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, but vividly echoes the time of Lermontov. It made contemporaries think about the fate and rights of the human person, about honor and dignity. After the defeat of the Decembrists, when the value of the human personality has fallen incredibly, the poem brought up loyalty to ideals, taught perseverance and courage in the fight against despotism.)
2. The composition of the poem.(The poem consists of three parts. The first introduces the tsar's guardsman Kiribeevich, conveys the atmosphere of the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In the second part, the author introduces the merchant Kalashnikov. In the third, both heroes meet in a duel that takes place in the presence of the tsar himself and in front of the people.)
3. Characteristics of Kiribeevich:
1. "A daring fighter, a violent fellow."(Kiribeevich is a royal oprichnik, he is a noble family, a boyar son. “And you are from the Skuratov family and you were raised by Malyutina’s family.”)
2. The ability to feel beauty and admire it.(The young guardsman is subdued by the beauty of Alena Dmitrievna, the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. The feeling of love makes him lonely and lost in the world of brute force. The ardor of character and youth lead to an inability to control his feelings, and the position of the royal guardsman leads to permissiveness, to a violation of moral standards.)
3. Kiribeevich - "crafty slave."(This is what Lermontov calls his hero. A brave warrior remains a slave before the tsar, who does not dare to tell him the truth that his beloved is a married woman. The harsh laws of Domostroy force him to cheat before the tsar and violate social norms).
4. Characteristics of the merchant Kalashnikov:
1. "... A young merchant, a stately fellow Stepan Paramonovich."
2. Kalashnikov is the son of his time.(Raised according to the laws of a harsh time, Kalashnikov feels like a full-fledged master in the house, demands order and obedience. Not knowing yet what happened to his wife, he threatens to lock her up “behind an iron lock, behind an oak door.”)
3. Stepan Paramonovich is a defender of the honor of his family.(Having learned about Kiribeevich's act, he decides to "fight to the death, to the last strength" with the offender. He goes to fight "for mother truth", as he understands it, for the honor of his family and family.)
5. The behavior of Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov during the battle.
   1. Kiribeevich's self-confidence.
   2. Courage and truthfulness of Kalashnikov.
   3. The moral superiority of the merchant.(The outcome of the duel was decided not by strength, but by Kalashnikov’s moral advantage, which the guardsman felt even before the battle began. Hearing the name of the merchant, Kiribeevich “turned pale in his face, like autumn snow,” because he understood his guilt before him and felt Kalashnikov’s determination to fight to the death.) material from the site
   4. The courage of Kalashnikov before the tsar and the nobility of the merchant.(Kalashnikov directly tells the tsar that he killed the oprichnik “of his own free will.” He does not tell him the reasons for his act, because he considers what happened to be his family’s business, he does not want to dishonor his wife’s name. But by his act, he showed that a person must defend honor and dignity under under any circumstances, even against the will of the king and at the cost of life itself.)
6. The meaning of the poem for contemporaries.(The poem was of great importance not only for the poet's contemporaries. It is also dear to the modern reader with the pathos of freedom, respect for a person, for his honor and dignity.)

Comparative characteristics main characters

"Songs about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov"

M.Yu. Lermontov.

In the lyrical epic work by M.Yu. Lermontov “Song about ...”, I met two heroes: Stepan Paramonovich and the royal guardsman Kiribeevich. To understand which side is the truth, it is necessary to compare these two heroes.

I'll start with the Kalashnikov. Stepan Paramonovich - “a young merchant”, “a handsome fellow”, “a daring fighter”, - this is what the author himself says about him. A beautiful wife, youth, prosperity - it would seem that his life was a success! But in one moment everything collapses!

In my opinion, in the situation that Kalashnikov found himself in, he behaved correctly and chose the right path. Of course, if he were a dishonest person, he would have met Kiribeevich on a dark night alone on the street and surreptitiously dealt him a mortal blow. But this would not be masculine and would hardly cleanse the honor of the family. Kalashnikov challenges him, his rival, to a fight in public, without fear, and in such a way that Kiribeevich "turned pale in the face, like autumn snow."

In my eyes, based on the "Songs ..", Stepan Paramonovich appears as a brave, caring, fair, hardworking and intelligent person. And the fact that he acted more noble than his rival characterizes him both as a decent person and as a person with self-esteem.

For me, a man of the 21st century, the behavior of Kalashnikov and his wife is not entirely clear. Indeed, equality reigns in today's families, and Kalashnikov's behavior is, as it were, written off from a work of that time called Domostroy.

It seems to me that Stepan Paramonovich's steadfastness and perseverance were able, at least after his death, to cleanse his family of disgrace. And, despite his public execution, a good reputation was preserved among the people, and even the harpists composed songs about him.

It was Kiribeevich's turn. Not only in character and actions, but also in his position in society and appearance, he is very different from Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov. Kiribeevich is a young oprichnik, a favorite of the tsar. In this regard, he developed such character traits as vanity, excessive ambition, waywardness and arrogance. And this immediately repels readers from this hero. In appearance, he is in no way inferior to his rival Kalashnikov. Such epithets as “Bold fighter”, “violent fellow” draw in our imagination a young man of a stately, heroic physique.

Kiribeevich is rather selfish, and in his love for Alena Dmitrievna he thinks only of himself. But this character also has its charms. Courage, courage, fearlessness, steadfastness together make the impression of the "young guardsman" as a courageous person. Although, if we put all the positive and negative qualities of this hero on the scales, then, in my opinion, the negative ones will also be difficult.

A person who has dishonored someone's family simply cannot be a positive hero. I think that if this oprichnik is capable of loving like that, he will be able to embark on the path of correction, but only the person to whom he has feelings can change it.

I hope I have sufficiently revealed the inner world of these characters. Like most people who have read this work, I am on the side of Kalashnikov. And you will probably agree with me.

Chueva, Elena Grade 7. branch of MBOU Sosnovskaya secondary school No. 1 in the village of Rabochiy, Tambov region

Composition

Lermontov's poem is a song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, about his beloved guardsman and about a brave merchant, about Kalashnikov. How does Lermontov describe the merchant Kalashnikov?

Behind the counter sits a young merchant,
Stately fellow Stepan Paramonovich.

Merchant Stepan Paramonovich is one of the main characters of M. Lermontov's poem "The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ...", one can even call him the main image in the poem, since he plays a positive role.

Here he sits at the counter and “lays out silk goods”, “he lures guests with an affectionate speech, counts gold, silver.” And as soon as “Vespers is rung in the holy churches”, so “Stepan Paramonovich locks his shop with an oak door ...” and goes home to his young wife and children.

Only at the very beginning of the description of the merchant Kalashnikov we already see that "an unkind day was set for him." So far, this is expressed only in the fact that “the rich walk past the bar, they don’t look into his shop,” and when he comes home, he sees that something is wrong in the house: “his young wife does not meet him, the oak table is not covered with a white tablecloth, but a candle in front of the image is barely warm.

And when Stepan Paramonovich asks his worker what is being done at home, he finds out that his wife, Alena Dmitrievna, has not yet returned from Vespers.

Upon the return of his wife, he will not recognize her, he will not understand what has happened to her: “... in front of him stands a young wife, herself pale, bare-haired, her fair-haired braids plaited with snow and hoarfrost are sprinkled, her eyes look like crazy; mouth whispering words incomprehensible. When his wife told him that he had “dishonored her, shamed” the “evil oprichnik Tsar Kiribeevich”, the daring merchant Kalashnikov could not stand the insult - he called his younger brothers and told them that tomorrow he would challenge his offender to a fistfight and fight with him to death, and he asked them, if they beat him, to go out to fight instead of him "for the holy truth-mother."

The image of the merchant Kalashnikov amazes us with his fortitude. This is the defender of the Russian land, the defender of his family, the truth.

Lermontov contrasts in his work the merchant Kalashnikov with the guardsman Kiribeevich. He shows the merchant not only as a "daring fighter", but also as a fighter for a just cause. His image is the image of a Russian hero: “his falcon eyes burn”, “he straightens his mighty shoulders”, “pulls on his combat gloves”.

In all the actions and actions of the merchant, it is clear that he is fighting for a just cause. Here, going out to battle, he “bowed first to the terrible tsar, after the white Kremlin and to the holy churches, and then to all the Russian people,” and he says to his offender that “he lived according to the law of the Lord: he did not dishonor someone else's wife, did not rob at night dark, did not hide from the light of heaven ... "

That is why the oprichnik of the tsar, who disgraced the merchant’s wife, “turned pale in his face, like an autumn leaf.”

Merchant Kalashnikov is not just a brave and courageous person, he is strong in his spirit and therefore wins.

And Stepan Paramonovich thought:

What is destined to be, will come true;
I will stand for the truth until the last day!

And having defeated the guardsman, a faithful servant of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, he is not afraid to answer to him that he killed him “by free will”, he just killed him for that, he cannot tell the king so as not to subject his honor and his wife to reproach.

So he goes to the chopping block for his honesty, courage. And the fact that "he kept the answer in good conscience" pleased even the king. But the king could not let him go just like that, because his best guardsman, his faithful servant, was killed. That is why they are preparing an ax for the merchant, and the tsar granted his young wife and children from the treasury, ordered his brothers to trade "without a tax, duty-free."

The image of the merchant Stepan Paramonovich is the image of a strong, courageous man, a “daring fighter”, a “young merchant”, honest and steadfast in his rightness. Therefore, a song about him was composed, and people do not forget his grave:

An old man will pass - cross himself,
A good fellow will pass - he will sit down,
A girl will pass - she will grieve,
And the harpists will pass - they will sing a song.

Other writings on this work

Kalashnikov Stepan Paramonovich

A SONG ABOUT Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young oprichnik and a daring merchant Kalashnikov
Poem (1838)

Kalashnikov Stepan Paramonovich - a merchant, the keeper of tribal foundations and the honor of the family. The name "Kalashnikov" is borrowed from a song about Mastryuk Temryukovich (in the versions recorded by P.V. Kireevsky, the Kulashnikov children, the Kalashnikov brothers, the Kalashnikovs are mentioned). The plot, perhaps, was inspired by the story of the official Myasoed-Vistula, whose wife was dishonored by guardsmen (“History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin).

K.'s private life is distinct and measured; everything is predetermined. The constancy of the way of life reflects the stability of psychology. Any change in external life means a catastrophe, is perceived as misfortune and grief, portends trouble. Not without reason, having come “to his high house”, K. “marvels”: “The young wife does not meet him, / The oak table is not covered with a white tablecloth, / And the candle in front of the image is barely warm.”

And although social differences have already penetrated into consciousness (K. throws a reproach to his wife: “You were already walking, you were feasting, / Tea, with sons everything is boyar! ..”, and Ivan the Terrible asks K .: “Or knocked you down on a fist battle / On the Moscow River, the son of a merchant? general order and tribal relations still prevail. K., as the head of the family, is responsible for his wife, little children, and brothers. He is obliged to stand up for the honor of his wife, for personal honor and the honor of the family. His brothers are also obedient. Seducing his wife K;, Kiribeevich offends not just a private egg, merchant K., but the entire Christian people, because K. is the bearer of family, tribal foundations, the existing social order. It is the defense of the people's, patriarchal-tribal principles of life that makes K. an epic hero, gives his offense a national scale, and K.'s determination to take revenge on the offender appears as a nationwide protest, sanctified by the sanction of popular opinion.

Therefore, the battle of K. takes place in full view of all of Moscow, of all honest people. The emotional expression of a deadly duel, its uncompromisingness, a predetermined outcome and, at the same time, the height of the moral idea defended by K., is the solemn description of the capital before the battle (“Over the great Moscow, golden-domed ...”). The duel itself is also given a symbolic meaning. The ritual of traditional fisticuffs - from preparation to completion - is extremely important in the context of the artistic meaning of "Songs ...". A funny fistfight, where brave brave men measured their strength, has been turned into an ideological confrontation between the old way of life and its self-will that destroys it. The form of duel, legalized by folk custom, where force fights honestly with force, is based on a fair law: “Whoever beats someone, the king will reward him, / And whoever is beaten, God will forgive him!” Before the battle, K. addresses the entire Orthodox world: “He first bowed to the terrible tsar, / After the white Kremlin and the holy churches, / And then to all the Russian people.”

However, the nationwide cause, for which K is ready to fight, takes the form of a personal protest. K. does not go to the king, the guardian of order and traditions, in order to achieve justice, but takes personal responsibility. A person no longer trusts royal power, but to a certain extent opposes himself to it, not seeing in the king the guarantor of folk customs and Christian law. More than that: defending the old foundations, K. simultaneously commits a crime, because it turns an amusing battle into revenge. The motives driving K. are high, but his act puts K. outside the ancestral law honored by him.. In order to protect age-old customs, a person must break them.

K. embodies the image of an avenging hero fighting for justice, and - and this is typical for Lermontov - it is the individual who takes upon himself the right to defend the people's truth. The deepening of the popular, democratic beginning is connected with overcoming the canon of the Byronic poem: a “simple” person was chosen as an avenging hero. Modern problems are immersed in history, and history is recreated from the standpoint of the present. Feeling the relevance of the "Song ...", its plot was compared with the real events of those years: with Pushkin's family tragedy and the story of the abduction of the wife of a Moscow merchant by a hussar.

All characteristics in alphabetical order:

M. Yu. Lermontov often thought about justice, honor and loyalty on a national scale. But under the tsar there was censorship, so the author cheated and expressed criticism of the existing system in the historical narrative. So “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” is an innovative work in which the poet skillfully hides the true meaning behind historical details. But first things first.

After graduating from the Guards School, the writer goes to Tsarskoye Selo. There he begins work on the poem. It was then that Lermontov formed his own point of view about life in Russia. He recognizes the undeniable virtues of his people, and blames the authorities for their troubles, which are not able to fairly judge. By that time, the poet himself had suffered from the heavy hand of the tsar: he was sent into exile for a poem dedicated to the death of Pushkin.

Initially, the poem "The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov" was published anonymously in 1838, in the "Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid". In 1840, the work was included in the collection Poems of M. Lermontov.

Genre and direction

The book belongs to the genre of romantic national-historical poem.

The proximity of the work to folklore legends (“good fellow”, “cheese earth”, etc.) indicates that it was written in the direction of romanticism. Other components of this literary movement are also obvious: the conflict of the individual with society and the tragic ending.

The meaning of the name

The poem is stylized as a Russian epic, or rather, as an ancient genre of "story". The author plunges us into the atmosphere of a bygone antiquity from the first line, giving the title an old flavor. In the Middle Ages, it was customary to reveal the content of the book already in the titles, no one thought to intrigue the reader.

Lermontov gave just such a name to the work, so that the public immediately understood the hint of its essence and content, plunging into the tradition of ancient times.

essence

Actions take place in the era of the reign of Ivan IV. A young merchant named Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov in an honest fist fight kills his offender - the royal guardsman, Kiribeevich, who dishonored his family. The main events of the book are reflected.

This is a romantic poem, where each hero is the bearer of some kind of romantic passion. Kalashnikov - honor, Kiribeevich - passions, Ivan IV - authority and despotism of government. All of them are in opposition, and this struggle can be resolved only by the death of one of them. Here's what the piece says.

Main characters and their characteristics

1. Merchant Stepan Kalashnikov. Personifies in the poem the type of a real Russian person. His personal dignity is a manifestation of the moral foundations of the Russian people that have been developing for centuries. It organically combines simplicity, cordiality and respect for others, with true Russian heroism and nobility. Revenge for Alena Dmitrievna is not only the protection of personal honor, but also the upholding of the rights of the entire Kalashnikov family. It is no coincidence that he convenes the brothers and asks them to take revenge on the enemy after his death. The open challenge that he throws to the closest royal oprichnik automatically sentences him to death. Kalashnikov is aware of what the royal reward will be, but is not afraid of death. His only request is to take care of his family. Kalashnikov, despite the shameful fate, remains a hero in the memory of the people.
2. Ivan groznyj. This is a dual figure in Lermontov. His greatness, breadth of nature combine cruelty and despotism. Ivan IV is convinced that both the souls and thoughts of his subordinates are in his power. He executes Kalashnikov simply because he refused to reveal to the tsar the real reason for the murder. It is the king, whose memory is so bloody and terrible, who becomes the culprit of monstrous injustice. He, without suspecting, gives his beloved servant permission to harass a married lady. He does all this with a broad gesture of his hand, without thinking or caring about the fate of his subjects. He dismissively gives free rein to his watchdogs, not paying attention to the possible consequences.
3. Kiribeevich. The personality is original, bright and strong. He is obsessed with one passion - love for Alena Dmitrievna. Incapable of any compromises, he is ready for anything for this passion. The moral inferiority of Kiribeevich is largely due to his service. The peculiarity of his social position leads to the fact that his will turns into self-will, and love - into arbitrariness and violence. This crafty slave not only disgraced Alena Dmitrievna in front of the evil neighbors, but also deceived his king, hiding from him that his beloved was married in the church.

Topics and issues

1. The main theme is honor. Kalashnikov knew what fate awaited him in the future after the battle, but he considered it his moral duty to protect the dignity of his family. He could not and did not want to live in disgrace and allow the royal servants to abuse his wife.
2. Lermontov also raises the problem of permissive power. Kiribeevich was an oprichnik under the tsar, so he will not get anything for harassing someone's wife, because the tsar will believe in his innocence, and what does he care about the fate of some merchant's wife? He would rather amuse his warrior and watch the fight while enjoying the bloody spectacle.
3. Love Theme. People do not see boundaries, do not see any barriers because of love and passion. So Kiribeevich, despite the fact that Alena Dmitrievna was married, began to show signs of attention to her, and later completely crossed the line. The other side of love is the behavior of a spouse who cares about the reputation of the family. He sacrifices himself, but before his death he provides his wife with everything necessary for a good life. And the heroine herself is faithful to Stepan, she loves him with all her heart.
4. Moral issues expressed in the behavior of the king. He rules unwisely, allowing arbitrary desires to take precedence over the interests of the state and the people. Why execute a strong man who defeated his best fighter? It will obviously come in handy if a serious enemy threatens the Russian land. Such people are the backbone of the country. But the ruler does not care, he puts his petty interests above human destinies and even the fatherland itself.
5. The theme of freedom. Stepan Kalashnikov is a free person who does not give up even under the tsarist yoke. Despite the slavish position of people in Rus', he openly rebels against everyone, deciding to defend his right to the inviolability and honor of his family.
6. The problem of injustice. Ivan IV, announcing the rules of battle, then himself does not follow them when he executes Kalashnikov, because he is the lord, and apparently he is allowed to do so.

the main idea

The main idea is the need to protect honor and dignity in any situation, and it does not play a role here, at the cost of one's life or in any other way. You need to fight for your freedom, otherwise there will always be someone who will be able to take it away. Tyranny always finds support in slavery, and if people begin to rebel against despotism, then it will fall under the blows of independence. This appeal directly related to the era of Lermontov himself: he calls on fellow citizens to stop tolerating the arbitrariness of the authorities and to oppose the autocracy as fearlessly as the main characters of the poem.

The meaning of Kalashnikov's act is clear: he understands that his inaction will be perceived as capitulation. The enemy will not retreat, and complaining to the king will hardly change anything. He cannot put his family at risk and decides that he must make a sacrifice, if only to get out of the situation with honor, providing for his wife and children. In fact, he had no other choice. But Lermontov was critical of his contemporaries and thought they needed a moral lesson from the past. This is how, and not otherwise, it is necessary to respond to arbitrariness - this is the author's position. The rebellion of the individual against the system is the way out of the vicious circle of tyranny.

What does it teach?

The moral of the poem is this: even if everything in life goes against you, you need to defend your point of view and seek justice, otherwise you will be deprived of everything that is dear to your heart.

The writer also talks about love and loyalty to his loved ones and about their protection - no matter what it will be, spiritual or physical, you need to shield your family from trouble in time.

The conclusion is simple: the world needs justice, but only a few daredevils can achieve it, so do not wait for nationwide justice that came out of nowhere. We need to take the right thing into our own hands, without this our world will be a mess.

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