The United States, which does not agree with Russia's actions during the Ukrainian crisis, has imposed sanctions on high-ranking Russian politicians. The restrictions include, in particular, a ban on entry into the United States and the blocking of assets and property. The list includes 11 people, including Federation Council Speaker Valentina Matvienko, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, presidential aide Vladislav Surkov, presidential adviser Sergei Glazyev, State Duma deputies Elena Mizulina and Leonid Slutsky, and senator Andrey Klishas. The United States also imposed sanctions against Crimean Prime Minister Sergei Aksyonov and Chairman of the Crimean Parliament Vladimir Konstantinov.
EU foreign ministers have agreed to impose sanctions on Russian and Ukrainian officials whom they consider guilty of "undermining the territorial integrity of Ukraine." The list of officials against whom the EU imposed sanctions included State Duma deputies Leonid Slutsky, Sergei Mironov, Sergei Zheleznyak, senators Andrei Klishas, Viktor Ozerov, Nikolai Ryzhkov, Vladimir Dzhabarov, Evgeny Bushmin, Alexander Totoonov, Oleg Panteleev, commanders of the southern and western the military districts of Colonel General Alexander Galkin and Colonel General Anatoly Sidorov, as well as the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral Alexander Vitko. Sanctions were also imposed on Prime Minister of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic Rustam Temirgaliev, Speaker of the State Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov, Vice Speaker of the State Council of Crimea Sergei Tsekov, Advisor to the Speaker of the State Council of Crimea Yuri Zherebtsov, Mayor of Sevastopol Alexei Chaly, head of the Crimean Service the security of Petr Zima and the former commander of the Ukrainian Navy, Rear Admiral Denys Berezovsky. There are 21 people on the list in total.
Canadian authorities have imposed economic sanctions and visa restrictions on 10 high-ranking representatives of Russia and Crimea. The list includes Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, Prime Minister of Crimea Sergei Aksenov, Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation Sergei Glazyev, Assistant to the Head of State Vladislav Surkov, Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko and Senator Andrei Klishas, as well as deputies Elena Mizulina and Leonid Slutsky and Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov.
The American list was supplemented with the names of 19 more Russian officials, parliamentarians and businessmen. The list includes presidential aide Andrei Fursenko, head of the presidential administration Sergei Ivanov and his first deputy Alexei Gromov, leader of the Just Russia party Sergei Mironov, State Duma speaker Sergei Naryshkin, head of the GRU Igor Sergun, head of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin and director of the Federal Drug Control Service Viktor Ivanov . Sanctions were also imposed on Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Sergei Zheleznyak and Presidential Affairs Manager Vladimir Kozhin, businessmen Yuri Kovalchuk, Arkady and Boris Rotenberg and Gennady Timchenko. In addition, the list includes members of the Federation Council Yevgeny Bushmin, Vladimir Dzhabarov, Viktor Ozerov, Oleg Panteleev, Nikolai Ryzhkov and Alexander Totoonov. Sanctions were also imposed against the bank JSC AB Rossiya. The US Treasury explained the inclusion of Russian businessmen in the sanctions list by the fact that they are all persons close to the President of Russia.
On March 21, EU leaders decided to move to the second level of sanctions against Russia "in view of the severity of the situation in Ukraine." The extended list includes 12 more citizens of Russia and Ukraine, including Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, presidential adviser Sergei Glazyev, Federation Council Chairman Valentina Matvienko. In addition, the list includes State Duma speaker Sergei Naryshkin, deputy Elena Mizulina, presidential aide Vladislav Surkov and general director of the Rossiya Segodnya international news agency Dmitry Kiselev. The list also includes Rear Admiral Alexander Nosatov, First Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Rear Admiral Valery Kulikov, Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Mikhail Malyshev, head of the Crimean Central Election Commission, Valery Medvedev, head of the Sevastopol Electoral Commission, and Lieutenant General Igor Turchenyuk, deputy head of the Southern Military District.
On March 21, Canada added 14 more Russian officials to its sanctions list in connection with the events in Ukraine, as well as Rossiya Bank.
Swiss authorities have restricted financial transactions for 33 Russian officials included in the EU sanctions list.
The United States imposed sanctions on the Crimean company Chernomorneftegaz and Crimean officials. Mayor of Sevastopol Alexei Chaly, First Deputy Prime Minister of Crimea Rustam Temirgaliyev, heads of the Crimean and Sevastopol electoral committees Mikhail Malyshev and Valery Medvedev, adviser to the speaker of the State Council of Crimea Yuriy Zherebtsov, ex-head of the Crimean department of the Security Service of Ukraine Petr Zima and a member of the Russian Federation Council from Crimea were subjected to sanctions Sergei Tsekov.
Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Norway and Ukraine joined the individual EU sanctions adopted on March 17 and extended on March 21.
On April 12, Canada imposed sanctions on the head of the election commission of Sevastopol, Valery Medvedev, and his colleague from the election commission of Crimea, Mikhail Malyshev, as well as on the oil and gas company Chernomorneftegaz.
On April 28, the US authorities again expanded the sanctions list to include seven more Russian citizens and 17 companies. White House press secretary Jay Carney explained this by saying that Russia "did nothing to comply with the Geneva obligations." Carney also accused Moscow of involvement in the violence in eastern Ukraine. The sanctions affected Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, the head of Rosneft Igor Sechin, and the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin. The list also includes presidential envoy to the CFD Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Yevgeny Murov, head of Rostec Sergey Chemezov and head of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexei Pushkov.
On the same day, April 28, the decision to expand the sanctions list was made by the European Union, and on April 29 the names of those on the list were published. The EU expanded the sanctions list by another 15 people. It included Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Valery Gerasimov, Chief of the GRU Igor Sergun, Permanent Representative of the President of Russia in Crimea Oleg Belaventsev, Head of the Ministry for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, State Duma Vice Speaker Lyudmila Shvetsova, State Duma Vice Speaker Sergei Neverov , Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergey Menyailo, Senator in the Federation Council from Crimea and Sevastopol Olga Kovatidi, representative of the Lugansk militia German Prokopiev, People's Governor of the Lugansk region Valery Bolotov, leaders of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Andrey Purgin and Denis Pushilin, Deputy Head of the Donbass People's Militia Sergey Tsyplakov, leader People's Defense of Donbass in Slavyansk Igor Strelkov.
The Canadian sanctions list includes State Duma deputies Vladimir Zhirinovsky and Alexei Pushkov, First Deputy Head of the Kremlin Administration Vyacheslav Volodin, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak, member of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexander Babakov, presidential envoy to the Crimean Federal District Oleg Belaventsev, head of the FSO Evgeny Murov , as well as the Rotenberg brothers. The list of companies includes Expobank and Rosenergobank.
Japan imposed additional sanctions against 23 government officials of the Russian Federation who could be involved in the violation of the sovereignty of Ukraine. The names of the officials were not released.
The Swiss authorities have expanded the list of persons subject to financial restrictions by 15 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.
The Prime Minister of Canada said that sanctions are being imposed against 16 Russian "subjects" and apply to the following Russian banks and legal entities: InvestCapitalBank, Sobinbank, Northern Sea Route Bank, Aquanika, LLC Avia Group, LLC Avia Nord Group, ZEST CJSC, Sakhatrans LLC, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Abros Investment Company LLC, Volga Group, Stroytransgaz Holding and its four subsidiaries.
The EU Foreign Affairs Council has included 13 more people on the list of EU sanctions against those responsible, in its opinion, for destabilizing the situation in Ukraine. The list includes the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin, the commander of the Airborne Forces Colonel-General of Russia Vladimir Shamanov and the head of the State Duma Committee on constitutional legislation and state building Vladimir Pligin. In addition, Crimean prosecutor Natalya Poklonskaya, Sevastopol prosecutor Igor Shevchenko, acting. Head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea Petr Yarosh, acting Head of the Sevastopol Migration Service Oleg Kozyur. The EU also decided to freeze the assets of two companies from Sevastopol and Crimea - Feodosia and Chernomorneftegaz.
Canadian authorities have announced additional sanctions against six Russian citizens and six Ukrainian supporters of federalization. The list of sanctions from the Russian side included: Chief of the Russian General Staff Valery Gerasimov, Commander of the Armed Forces of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic Igor Girkin (Strelkov), Acting Governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo, Vice Speakers of the State Duma Sergei Neverov and Lyudmila Shvetsova, Russian Minister for Crimean Affairs Oleg Savelyev, 1st member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from the executive branch of the Republic of Crimea Olga Kovatidi.
The Swiss authorities have expanded the list of persons subject to financial and visa restrictions by 13 people in response to the expanded list of the EU.
Montenegro, Iceland, Albania, Liechtenstein and Norway have joined the implementation of the new EU sanctions lists.
Australia has imposed financial sanctions against 50 Russians and 11 companies because of the situation in Ukraine. Earlier, in March, the Australian authorities announced imminent sanctions against 12 Russian and Ukrainian officials. The Australian government has decided to extend sanctions to 38 more individuals and impose restrictions on 11 companies. The names of those included in the "black lists" were not indicated then.
Regarding Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation Sergey Glazyev, Head of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, Senator Andrey Klishas, Speaker of the State Duma Sergey Naryshkin, Deputies Elena Mizulina and Alexei Pushkov, Deputy Prime Ministers Dmitry Rogozin and Dmitry Kozak, aides to the President of the Russian Federation Vladislav Surkov, Vladimir Kozhin and Andrey Fursenko, the head of the presidential administration of the Russian Federation Sergey Ivanov, the first deputy head of the Kremlin administration Vyacheslav Volodin and Alexei Gromov, acting. Head of Crimea Sergey Aksenov, businessmen Yuri Kovalchuk, Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, Gennady Timchenko, head of Russian Railways Vladimir Yakunin, as well as a number of leaders of the unrecognized DPR and LPR. The list also includes the Bank of Russia, InvestCapitalBank, SMP Bank, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Avia Group Nord LLC, Stroytransgaz Group, Volga Group, Chernomorneftegaz, as well as other companies and individuals.
Canada has imposed additional economic sanctions and a ban on entry into the country for 11 citizens of the Russian Federation.
Washington synchronized its sanctions list with the European one. The United States imposed visa and financial restrictions on the vice-speaker of the Russian State Duma Sergei Neverov, the federal minister for Crimean affairs Oleg Savelyev, and the prime minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk Republic Alexander Boroday, who were previously subject to EU sanctions. on the entire Donetsk and Lugansk republics and on the assistant to the President of Russia Igor Shchegolev. The US authorities have also imposed sanctions on a number of Russian defense and commodity companies. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey Concern, Uralvagonzavod, NPO Mashinostroeniya and several structures of Rostec: Kalashnikov Concerns (formerly Izhmash), Constellation, Radioelectronic Technologies (KRET), Bazalt and Konstruktorskoe instrumentation bureau. The largest Russian oil company Rosneft and Russia's largest independent gas producer Novatek, the oil terminal of Feodosiya, as well as the Russian development bank Vnesheconombank and one of the country's largest commercial banks Gazprombank were under sanctions. Sanctions against Russian banks do not involve freezing assets, but a ban on receiving US loans for more than 90 days.
At their summit on July 16, they limited themselves to agreeing to expand the criteria for sanctions and only by the end of July to draw up a list of companies and individuals, including Russian ones, that will fall under targeted restrictive measures of the European Union.
Canada, following the United States, included a number of Russian defense and raw materials companies and banks in its sanctions list. Sanctions fell, in particular, on Gazprombank, Vnesheconombank and Russia's second-largest gas producer Novatek. The Canadian prime minister explained that the sanctions involve the cessation of lending to energy companies and financial institutions that were blacklisted.
15 names and 18 entities have been added to the EU sanctions list. Among them are FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Russian Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov, Deputy Secretary of the Russian Security Council Rashid Nurgaliyev, Security Council member Boris Gryzlov, FSB officer Sergei Beseda and State Duma deputy Mikhail Degtyarev . Among the companies are Kerch Ferry, Sevastopol Commercial Sea Port, Kerch Commercial Sea Port, Universal-Avia State Enterprise, Nizhnyaya Oreanda Sanatorium, Azov Distillery, Massandra National Agricultural Association , agricultural firm "Magarach" and the factory of sparkling wines "New World".
The US Treasury announced the imposition of sanctions against the Bank of Moscow, VTB and Rosselkhozbank, as well as the United Shipbuilding Corporation of the Russian Federation.
The EU has introduced new economic sanctions against Russia. The European Union has restricted access to the EU capital markets for Russian state-owned banks. These are Sberbank, VTB, Gazprombank, Rosselkhozbank, and the state corporation Vnesheconombank, which are among the five largest credit institutions in the Russian Federation. , which cannot be exported for a number of projects in the Russian oil industry. It consists of 30 items, it includes, among other things, some types of pipes and drilling equipment. The restrictions included new contracts for the import and export of arms from the Russian Federation and for the sale of dual-use goods to Russia for the defense sector.
The sanctions list includes the Russian defense concern Almaz-Antey, the low-cost Dobrolet airline flying to Crimea, and the Russian National Commercial Bank. The list includes Alexei Gromov, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration of Russia, four Russian businessmen — Rossiya Bank shareholders Yuri Kovalchuk and Nikolai Shamalov, businessmen Arkady Rotenberg and Konstantin Malofeev, and two representatives of self-proclaimed people's republics in eastern Ukraine. Restrictions on investments in Crimea have been approved.
The Swiss government has expanded the sanctions list in connection with Russia's position on Ukraine and added 26 citizens of Russia and Ukraine and 18 companies to it. The list, in particular, includes: Prime Minister of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) Alexander Borodai, Director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev and Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov.
On the same day, it approved additional sanctions against 40 individuals and the Crimean companies Chernomorneftegaz and Feodosiya. Japan froze the assets of former President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, Acting Head of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov, Chairman of the State Council of the Republic Vladimir Konstantinov, former Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Crimea Rustam Temirgaliev, Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Denis Berezovsky, ex-Governor of Sevastopol Alexei Chaly, ex-head of the service security of Sevastopol Petr Zima, adviser to the speaker of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea Yuri Zherebtsov, senators from the Republic of Crimea Sergei Tsekov and Olga Kovitidi, head of the Republican Central Electoral Commission Mikhail Malyshev, head of the election commission of Sevastopol Valery Medvedev, governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo.
Head of the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea Petr Yarosh, head of the Sevastopol department of the FMS Oleg Kozhura, Crimean prosecutor Natalya Poklonskaya, Sevastopol prosecutor Igor Shevchenko. The sanctions list also included the commander of the self-defense forces of the proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic, Igor Strelkov (Girkin), the ataman of the All-Great Don Army, Nikolai Kozitsyn.
Canada has expanded its sanctions list against Russia to include 19 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as five Russian banks. Among the Russian banks included in the list: Bank of Moscow, Rosselkhozbank, Russian National Commercial Bank and VTB Bank. A number of Russian security officials fell under the Canadian sanctions, in particular FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov, Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service Mikhail Fradkov, member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Boris Gryzlov, Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, head of the 5th Directorate of the FSB Sergey Beseda, head of the border service of the FSB of the Russian Federation Vladimir Kulishov, deputy Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Rashid Nurgaliyev, and State Duma Deputy Mikhail Degtyarev. In addition, the list included the governor of the Krasnodar Territory Alexander Tkachev, the head of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov, presidential aide and former head of the Ministry of Communications Igor Shchegolev, Russian businessman Konstantin Malofeev and shareholder of Rossiya Bank Nikolai Shamalov. The list also includes Crimean Interior Minister Sergei Abisov, one of the leaders of the self-proclaimed DPR Pavel Gubarev, his wife, DPR Foreign Minister Ekaterina Gubareva, speaker of the DPR Supreme Council Boris Litvinov and an employee of the LPR press service Oksana Chigrina.
In addition, several Crimean companies were included in the list: the Kerch commercial port and the Kerch ferry crossing, as well as the Massandra winery, the Novy Svet winery, the commercial port of Sevastopol, the Magarach National Institute of Vine and Wine, the Universal- Avia". The list also includes the Russian airline Dobrolet and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law "On Sanctions", which provides for the possibility of imposing more than 20 types of sanctions against Russia, including the termination of the transit of energy resources. the law was signed by the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, on September 12 the law came into force.
On September 1, Australia imposed a ban on the supply of arms and equipment for the oil and gas sector to Russia, the access of Russian state-owned banks to the Australian capital market, investment in or trade with Crimea. was expanded to 63 individuals and 21 companies and organizations. In addition, Australia suspended the supply of uranium to Russia. March 31, 2015.
The European Union has published a new sanctions list. Rosneft, Transneft, Gazprom Neft fell under the EU sanctions. The EU has banned the supply of dual-use goods to nine companies in the Russian defense sector, in particular, the list includes Oboronprom, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), Uralvagonzavod, and the Kalashnikov Concern.
European companies to provide Russian partners with exploration and production services for deep sea and arctic oil, as well as for shale oil projects.
The European Union has tightened access to loans of a number of state-owned banks of the Russian Federation and reduced the term of loans.
The new sanctions list includes State Duma deputies Svetlana Zhurova, Nikolai Levichev, Igor Lebedev, Ivan Melnikov, Alexander Babakov.
The United States blocked the assets of five Russian defense companies accessible to American jurisdiction. The sanctions list includes Almaz-Antey (one of the world's largest manufacturers of air defense systems), the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (manufacturer of systems for combat aircraft and air defense systems), Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, Kalinin Machine-Building Plant, as well as a company designated as "Research and production center in Dolgoprudny".
On access to the capital market for 6 Russian banks. The sanctions affect Sberbank, VTB and its subsidiary Bank of Moscow, Gazprombank, Russian Agricultural Bank, Vnesheconombank.
New US sanctions limit cooperation with Russian oil companies, including Gazprom Neft, Lukoil and Rosneft. In addition, the list includes Gazprom, Surgutneftegaz, Transneft, Rostec.
Canada announced the expansion of the list of sanctions against Russia. The new sanctions list includes Sberbank and five defense enterprises of the Russian Federation: the Research and Production Center in Dolgoprudny, the M.I. Kalinin Machine-Building Plant (MZiK), the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, and the Research Institute of Instrumentation named after V. V. Tikhomirov" (NIIP) and JSC "Marine Research Institute of Radio Electronics "Altair" (JSC "MNIIRE "Altair"). The list of persons who were banned from entering Canada, as well as possible assets were frozen, included Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Yuri Sadovenko, Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Dmitry Bulgakov, First Deputy General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Nikolai Bogdanovsky and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces Oleg Salyukov.
EU candidate countries Montenegro, Iceland and Albania, as well as Liechtenstein, Norway, members of the European Economic Area and Ukraine, joined the EU sanctions package against Russia on September 12.
The European Union included in the sanctions list of candidates for the November 2 elections of heads and parliaments of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics and representatives of the leadership of the LPR and DPR. The organizations that fell under the sanctions were the public organizations of the DPR "Donetsk Republic" and "Free Donbass", from the LPR - "Peace to the Lugansk Region", "People's Union" and "Lugansk Economic Union". In total, the list includes 13 names and 5 public organizations. Those on the list are banned from entering the EU, and their assets in the EU are frozen.
The Japanese government has imposed sanctions on a number of individuals and organizations in the Donbass. In total, there are 26 people on the list, as well as 14 organizations.
US President Barack Obama has announced that he has signed a decree on new sanctions against Russia and the annexed Crimea. The decree prohibits new investments by US residents in the Crimean region of Ukraine, the import of goods, services, technologies to the US from Crimea, as well as the export, re-export, sale and supply of goods, services and technologies from the US or by persons residing in the US to the Crimean region. operating in Crimea, as well as financial institutions that directly or indirectly carry out transactions with Crimea.
Against 24 citizens of Russia and Ukraine, as well as a number of companies. Among those under sanctions is Konstantin Malofeev's Marshall Capital Partners fund. Also on the list of sanctions were a number of leaders of the Crimea and Donbass, as well as the biker organization Night Wolves.
Canada added 11 more citizens of the Russian Federation to the sanctions list. It included 10 parliamentarians, including Vladimir Vasiliev, Vice Speaker of the State Duma and head of the United Russia faction, deputies Leonid Kalashnikov (KPRF), Igor Lebedev (LDPR), Oleg Lebedev (LDPR), Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Nikolai Levichev (" A Just Russia"), First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Melnikov (KPRF), deputies Viktor Vodolatsky (United Russia), Svetlana Zhurova (United Russia) and Vladimir Nikitin (KPRF). In addition, the list includes Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Yuri Vorobyov, as well as the head of the representative office of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) in the Russian Federation Andrey Rodkin. Thus, the number of individuals who fell under Canadian sanctions has reached 77 people. The new package of sanctions also provides for restrictions on the export of technologies that are used in the oil and gas industries.
Against the economy and tourism industry of Crimea. In particular, ships providing cruise services are prohibited from entering the ports of Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta, Feodosia, Evpatoria, Chernomorsk and the port of Kamysh-Burun. In addition, the EU has expanded by more than six times the list of goods and technologies prohibited from deliveries to Crimea and for use in Crimea in the areas of transport, telecommunications, energy and exploration, extraction and production of oil, gas and minerals. More than 160 items were included in the list.
Due to US sanctions, two international payment systems - Visa and MasterCard - decided to suspend servicing Russian bank cards operating in Crimea.
The head of EU diplomacy, Federica Mogherini, confirmed the extension of individual sanctions against Russia and Donbass militias until September 2015.
Published a list of individual sanctions against persons whom the EU considers responsible for the destabilization of the situation in Ukraine.
The list includes 19 people, including deputy commander of the DPR militia Eduard Basurin, Russian singer, State Duma deputy and native of Donbass Iosif Kobzon, State Duma deputy from the Communist Party Valery Rashkin, Deputy Defense Minister Anatoly Antonov, First Deputy Defense Minister Arkady Bakhin, and Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces RF Andrey Kartapolov.
The list also includes a number of representatives of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. In particular, LPR Minister of Justice Alexander Shubin, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the LPR Sergey Litvin, Commander-in-Chief of the "people's militia" of the LPR Sergey Ignatov, Finance Minister of the LPR Evgeny Manuilov, Minister of Economic Development of the LPR Olga Besedina, acting. Prosecutor General of the LPR Zaur Ismailov, Minister of Justice of the DPR Ekaterina Filippova, Minister of Revenue and Duties of the DPR Alexander Timofeev and Minister of Communications of the DPR Viktor Yatsenko.
The list also includes the Cossack National Guard, whose commander, Nikolai Kozitsyn, was already on the sanctions list, the Sparta battalion and its commander Arseniy Pavlov, the Somali battalion and its commander Mikhail Tolstykh, the Zarya battalion, the defendant’s Ghost brigade the sanctions list of Alexei Mozgovoy, the Oplot battalion, the Kalmius battalion and the Death battalion. The sanctions also affected the commanders of the militia units Pavel Dremov and Alexei Milchakov.
Announced the introduction of new sanctions against 37 individuals and 17 organizations from the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The blacklist of Canada from the Russian side included Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Anatoly Antonov and CEO of the Rostec corporation Sergey Chemezov, Russian biker Alexander Zaldostanov, deputy Valery Rashkin, singer and deputy Iosif Kobzon and journalist Dmitry Kiselev.
In addition, the list includes Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces Andrei Kartapolov, Rear Admiral Valery Kulikov, Major General Alexei Naumets, Rear Admiral Alexander Nosatov and Lieutenant General Igor Turchenyuk.
Sanctions were also imposed on the deputy commander of the headquarters of the militia of the DPR Eduard Basurin, the first deputy chairman of the People's Council of the LPR Vladislav Deinego, as well as other representatives of the self-proclaimed republics.
In addition, the list includes the Cossack National Guard, the Sparta battalion and its leader Arseniy Pavlov, nicknamed Motorola, the Somali battalion and its commander Mikhail Tolstykh, nicknamed Givi, the Zarya battalion, the Ghost brigade, the Oplot battalion , battalion "Kalmius", battalion "Death". The sanctions also affected the commander of the Rusich unit, Alexei Milchakov, nicknamed Fritz, the Minister of Defense of the LPR, Oleg Bugrov, and other representatives of the militia.
The state oil company Rosneft is included in Canada's sanctions list, and sanctions have also been imposed on the public movement Novorossiya.
Extended the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13660 of March 6, 2014. Thus, all rounds of sanctions against Russia imposed in 2014, including the latest economic sanctions against Crimea from December 2014, are extended for a year.
In addition to the EU sanctions of August 27, 2014 against Russia, it also enforced the restrictions adopted in December 2014 regarding the ban on trade operations with Crimea and Sevastopol. All foreign investments in the Crimea and Sevastopol are now prohibited, the previously existing ban on the export of certain products to this region has been expanded with new names. The sanctions legislation also added a list of 28 individuals and enterprises previously subject to EU sanctions with which Swiss entrepreneurs are prohibited from trading.
They introduced new sanctions against individuals and organizations involved, in their opinion, in the crisis in Ukraine. The list published by the US Treasury Department included, in particular, the Russian National Commercial Bank (RNKB), the Eurasian Youth Union, as well as 14 citizens of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Among them are former Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and Secretary of the DPR Security Council Alexander Khodakovsky.
The EU Council's decision to extend until September 15, 2015 individual EU sanctions on Ukraine against citizens and legal entities of the Russian Federation and Ukraine was published in the Official Journal of the EU. Sanctions imposed a year earlier were due to expire on March 15.
The list includes three citizens of the Russian Federation and 14 legal entities. The leaders of the Eurasian Youth Union Alexander Dugin, Pavel Kanishchev and Andrey Kovalenko were added to the list. In addition, the expansion of sanctions affected, in particular, the Marshall Capital Fund, the Night Wolves motorcycle club, Gazprom, Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegaz and Transneft.
The list published on the website of the Canadian government also includes: the Eurasian Youth Union, JSC Sirius (produces optoelectronics for military and civilian use), JSC Tula Arms Plant, PJSC United Aircraft Corporation, Khimkompozit company (produces materials for defense industry), arms manufacturer OAO High Precision Complexes, association Stankoinstrument (specializes in mechanical engineering) and OPK Oboronprom.
At the level of Foreign Ministers, he extended economic sanctions against the Russian Federation until January 31, 2016, approving the relevant amendments to the EU decision on sectoral restrictive measures against Russia.
They announced the expansion of sanctions. The list has grown by 11 individuals and 15 legal entities, including subsidiaries of VEB and Rosneft. The sanctions list has been expanded to 61 points with the justification "in connection with the events in Ukraine and activities in the Crimean region of Ukraine."
Among the legal entities that fell under the sanctions, there are Russian, Finnish, Cypriot companies. In particular, we are talking about the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant and the Izhmash concern; ports of Evpatoria, Feodosiya, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta; company "Kerch Ferry".
The Committee of Permanent Representatives of the EU Member States (Coreper) decided to extend until March 2016 individual sanctions against citizens of Russia and Ukraine, whom the EU considers responsible for undermining the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. As of September 2015, the EU sanctions list includes 150 people, including Russian officials and representatives of the LPR and DPR, as well as 37 legal entities.
President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko introduced sanctions against the Russian Federation for a period of one year. The sanctions list included 388 individuals and 105 legal entities, including citizens of 23 states. Ukrainian sanctions affected 28 Russian banks and 25 Russian airlines. Channel One, TV channels RTR-Planeta, Rossiya 24, NTV and three correspondents from the TASS news agency. In total, the sanctions also include seven bloggers from 17 countries, including from Russia, Kazakhstan, Germany, Israel, Spain, and Switzerland. Sanctions were also imposed on BBC journalists. The next day, given the significant public outcry and the strategic importance of relations with the European Union, Kyiv lifted sanctions on journalists from Britain, Germany and Spain.
The largest Russian carriers, including Aeroflot (with all its subsidiaries), Transaero, and Sibir, which is being rehabilitated. , all of them are partially or completely prohibited from transiting resources, flights and transportation through the territory of Ukraine.
The National Security and Defense Council (NSDC) of Ukraine has imposed sanctions against several charitable foundations from Russia. The list of organizations to which personal special economic and other restrictive measures are applied includes, in particular, charitable foundations: Ekaterina Gubareva, Global Initiatives, New Martyrs and Confessors of Christ, the Don’t Leave Our Own Foundation and the Interregional Public Organization for the Promotion of Conservation domestic traditions and cultural heritage "Veche". The Security Service of Ukraine accuses these charitable foundations of funding the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.
It became known that the US Treasury has included FIDE President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov in its sanctions list on Syria. Of the individuals on the list, three more people are citizens of Syria and Cyprus. the list includes six companies in Syria, Cyprus and Russia, including the Russian Financial Alliance bank, which, according to the Ministry of Finance, is associated with Ilyumzhinov. Sanctions have been imposed for contacts with the Syrian government and state institutions that the US has declared illegal.
The US Treasury published a sanctions list of 34 individuals and organizations from Russia and Ukraine, which, according to the department, assisted Russia in interfering in the affairs of Ukraine. Subsidiaries and non-state pension funds of Sberbank and VTB, as well as Novikombank, the development company GALS-Development and the online payment service Yandex-Money were added to the list of sectoral sanctions. In addition, the Crimean wineries Novy Svet, Massandra and Magarach, as well as representatives of Kalashnikov and the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, were subject to sanctions.
Russian retaliatory sanctions
On March 20, 2014, in response to sanctions against a number of Russian officials and deputies of the Federal Assembly, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of officials and members of the US Congress who are denied entry into the Russian Federation. The list includes nine people.
On March 24, in response to Canadian sanctions, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a list of 13 Canadian officials, members of parliament and public figures of Canada who are denied entry to Russia.
The State Council of the Republic of Crimea published on the official website a list of persons whose stay is considered undesirable in the Republic of Crimea. The list includes 320 people, including leading Ukrainian politicians, deputies of the Verkhovna Rada. On April 1, this list was replenished with 10 names, among them - the former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko and the leader of the "Right Sector" Dmitry Yarosh.
The official representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Alexander Lukashevich, said that Moscow has taken retaliatory measures to expand the sanctions lists from the United States, the EU and Canada, they are in many ways mirrored. At the same time, Russia will not publish the names of specific individuals against whom it imposes sanctions in response to the sanctions lists of Western countries. According to the Foreign Ministry, the people on the "stop list" will find out that they are on the Russian "black list" when they cross the Russian border.
Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov imposed sanctions against US President Barack Obama, European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton and European Parliament President Martin Schulz. Kadyrov instructed to freeze their bank accounts and any assets, the listed politicians were banned from entering the Chechen Republic.
For a year, it restricted the import of a number of goods from countries that imposed sanctions against it.
On August 6, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the application of certain special economic measures to ensure security. The corresponding list includes beef, pork, fruits, poultry, cheeses and dairy products, nuts and other products. The List of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs, the country of origin of which is the United States of America, the countries of the European Union, Canada, Australia and the Kingdom of Norway, has been approved. Later, goods that, for one reason or another, are difficult for Russia to replace, were excluded from the list.
On August 11, the government of the Russian Federation limited government purchases of foreign light industry goods. According to the list of goods, foreign fabrics, outerwear and overalls, leather clothing, underwear, footwear, fur products and others are not allowed for purchases that are not related to the state defense order. The restriction does not apply to goods produced in the territory of Belarus and Kazakhstan and goods not produced in the Russian Federation.
Japanese Ambassador to the Russian Federation Chikahito Harada was handed a list of Japanese citizens who are restricted from entering Russia in response to Tokyo sanctions.
The Izvestia newspaper, citing sources in the Russian Foreign Ministry, reported that over 200 politicians and officials from the EU and the US are included in the list of foreign citizens who may be banned from entering the Russian Federation. This list is a mirror image of similar blacklists of the European Union and NATO countries. The first place in the number of such citizens is occupied by the United States - over 60 people. The list includes Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Caroline Atkinson, US Assistants Daniel Pfeiffer and Benjamin Rhodes, US Congress Majority Leader Harry Reid, Speaker of the US House of Representatives John Boehner, Senate Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Robert Menendez, Senators Mary Landrew, John McCain.
The EU Delegation in Moscow has received a list of citizens of EU countries who are banned from entering Russia. The document (as of May 26, 2015) contains 89 names, including about 20 current and 10 former members of the European Parliament, current and former heads of intelligence services in Britain and the Baltic Sea countries, a number of British, German, Polish and Estonian military leaders, and also deputy head of the Romanian state-owned company Transgaz. . The list includes representatives of 17 out of 27 EU countries. The fifth part of the list is occupied by representatives of Poland (18 names), followed by Britain (9), Sweden, Estonia (8 each), Germany, Lithuania (7 each), Latvia and Romania (5 each).
A decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin has been published on the extension for a year of special economic measures against the West, introduced by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 6, 2014. The response period has been extended from 6 August 2015 to 5 August 2016.
It extended the food embargo, introduced as a response to the sanctions, to Albania, Montenegro, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Ukraine, and the latter with a delay - the ban on the import of its products will come into force only if Kiev applies the economic part of the association agreement with the European Union.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
The imposition of anti-Russian sanctions by the West and retaliatory counter-sanctions from Moscow is a suitable occasion to take a closer look at history of economic sanctions and summarize the effectiveness of such measures. Economic sanctions in one form or another have been used by states as a means of political coercion for thousands of years.
Megarian psephism.
It dates back to at least 432 BC, when the Athenian statesman Pericles proposed, and the Assembly adopted, the so-called "Megarian psephism". It was a rather unusual decision. The official reason for the decree was the provision of asylum to Athenian slaves, as well as the murder of an Athenian herald by the inhabitants of the city of Megara. As punishment, Megarian merchants were forbidden to trade in the markets of Athens and in the ports of the Athenian-controlled maritime union. In other words, Megara psephism was something like a modern trade embargo. Sanctions of this kind, although already known in the ancient Near East, were never used in the Greek world, and the imposition of trade sanctions in times of peace was unheard of in both East and West.
The prohibition of Megara from trading with the prosperous Athenian power dealt a terrible blow to her economy and forced her to turn to her ally Sparta. The Spartans feared that now the Athenians, using the Megarian precedent, under any pretext would be able to close their ports to ships of other states in order to achieve compliance from this city. Together with other contradictions, this circumstance led to the beginning of a military conflict - the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). In its course, with the support of Persia, Sparta restored its fleet, depriving Athens of superiority at sea. Ultimately, after the defeat at sea, Athens announced its surrender.
Continental Association.
The US was the first modern nation to choose to use economic measures as a substitute for, not a prelude to, war.
In 1774, the First Continental Congress of the American Colonies developed the Continental Association, a document authorizing a trade boycott with Great Britain. A complete ban was introduced both on the purchase of English goods and the sale of American goods to the British. The Congress hoped, through the introduction of economic sanctions, to force Great Britain to change its policy towards the colonies and, in particular, to repeal the Inadmissible Acts (1774) adopted by the British Parliament.
The embargo turned out to be quite effective - trade with the UK collapsed sharply. However, contrary to the expectations of Congress, the Continental Association provoked Great Britain into imposing punitive sanctions on the "rebellious" colonies. The English Parliament passed a law forbidding the American colonies to trade with anyone other than England. The British fleet cut off foreign trade and paralyzed the oceanic fisheries of the colonies.
The embargo was soon lifted when Congress became convinced that America was being harmed far more in this way than Great Britain. After much debate, America's ports were opened to all countries except Great Britain, and Congress soon turned to the French for naval assistance to unblock American ports.
Despite the failure of economic sanctions, most members of Congress remained convinced that the United States could skillfully use economic leverage. They remembered that the British repealed the Stamp Act (1765) and the Townshend Act (1767), partly in response to a boycott of their goods.
Continental system.
History of economic sanctions knows many cases when the trade embargo is used as a method of resolving disputes between the great powers. For example, during the Napoleonic Wars, in response to a British naval blockade, Napoleon instituted a wide-ranging embargo known as the Continental System.
In November 1806, Napoleon issued the Decree of Berlin forbidding his allies and newly conquered countries from trading with the British. The emperor believed that as a result of an embargo on trade with European countries under his control, Britain would accelerate inflation and increase its debt burden, which would undermine its military power.
The embargo prompted British merchants to look for new markets and smuggle into mainland Europe. The exclusively land customs authorities of Napoleon could not stop the British smugglers, especially since they acted with the connivance of local authorities. Although British exports to the Continent fell, nevertheless, trade with the rest of the world increased significantly, making up for most of the losses.
At the same time, the blockade had a negative impact on France itself. Shipbuilding and related industries such as rope making have declined. Other industries dependent on foreign markets, such as the production of linen materials, were also affected. Due to export restrictions and loss of profits, many businesses were closed. The south of France, especially the port cities of Marseille and Bordeaux, as well as the city of La Rochelle, suffered great losses from the reduction in trade. In addition, the prices of basic foodstuffs have risen in much of continental Europe.
The damage caused by the sanctions to the trade and industry of France itself forced Napoleon to resort to a system of issuing licenses for the right to purchase prohibited goods, which significantly weakened the effect of the embargo. This indicates that economic sanctions have harmed their own economy more than the English one.
Peaceful blockades.
History of economic sanctions The 19th century was marked by numerous "peaceful blockades" - measures involving the deployment of naval forces by a country or a coalition of countries to prevent trade relations with certain ports or coastal areas of states with which these countries were not at war.
While most naval blockades are associated with military conflicts, over time, peaceful blockades have become a coercive tool designed to pressure recalcitrant states to repay their debts, pay reparations, and resolve other international disputes. Such blockades, as a rule, were initiated by states whose forces militarily greatly outnumbered those of the isolated countries.
The first recorded peaceful blockade dates back to 1827, when, during the period of the Greek national liberation struggle for independence from Turkey, Great Britain, France and Russia deployed a fleet off the Greek coast to prevent the supply of weapons and reinforcements to the Turkish and Egyptian military fighting in Greece.
Although none of the three Great Powers was at war with Turkey, and although their fleets were ordered to avoid armed confrontation, the allied admirals apparently decided to force the battle with the Turkish fleet. After the Egyptian corvette opened fire, the blocking forces returned fire without declaring war. The battle of Navarino ended four hours later with the complete defeat of the entire Turkish-Egyptian fleet and the loss of 7,000 men. The Allies did not lose a single ship and less than 200 people were killed. Thus, the first peaceful blockade ended not entirely peacefully.
From 1827 until the outbreak of the First World War, peaceful blockades were established more than 20 times. They were generally carried out by strong European states against weak European states and the developing countries of Latin America and Asia. It is obvious that the great powers found a convenient weapon that they considered cost-effective.
Economic sanctions of the League of Nations.
Formal legal discussion of the legality of peaceful blockades, or economic sanctions in general, did not take place until the early twentieth century and the establishment of the League of Nations and later the UN. If we talk about the League of Nations, the right to apply sanctions is primarily stipulated in Article 16 of the Charter of the League. This article prescribes the introduction of collective economic and military action against a state that has resorted to war in violation of the Charter of the League, requiring the settlement of disputes by peaceful means.
Under the auspices of the League of Nations, collective sanctions were imposed four times: in 1921 against Yugoslavia, in 1925 against Greece, in 1932-1935. against Paraguay and Bolivia due to the Chaco War and the most unsuccessful, initiated by Great Britain against Italy in 1935-1936. after the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. In the latter case, the sanctions proved ineffective as other European countries refused to adhere to the restrictions imposed by the League.
UN Economic Sanctions.
After the Second World War, the UN was created to replace the League of Nations, whose powers to impose and enforce sanctions, including with the use of armed forces, are enshrined in Chapter VII of the Charter of this organization and resolution 378 (V) of 1950 - Unity for Peace.
During the Cold War period from 1946 to 1990, UN sanctions were applied only twice - against Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. While the 1990s became a new era in . Indeed, one can count at least 15 cases of imposition of sanctions against, for example, Iraq, the former Yugoslavia, Libya, Haiti, Somalia and Liberia, the UNITA faction in Angola, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.
A striking example of the ineffectiveness of economic sanctions are the actions of the West against Iraq. After the annexation of Kuwait in 1990, Iraq was blocked from supplying oil, which provided at least 60% of the country's GDP. Despite the drop in living standards, food shortages, and a sharp devaluation of the national currency, Hussein's regime only strengthened and was increasingly supported by the population. For this reason, Washington decided to resort to forceful actions.
Economic sanctions of the USSR.
The USSR during the period of its history also used the mechanism of economic sanctions. In 1923-1927. a ban is introduced on the import of goods from Switzerland in response to the murder of a Soviet diplomat. In 1930-1933 The US and a number of other countries introduced protectionist measures against Soviet exports. As countermeasures, it was ordered to minimize the placement of orders and purchases in these countries, stop using the transport services of these countries, and impose restrictions on transit.
In 1980, the government of Margaret Thatcher introduced a series of measures aimed at curtailing British-Soviet relations in various directions. The USSR responded by reducing the placement of orders in the UK and reorienting them to other countries. Under pressure from British business circles, fearful of losing their positions in the Soviet market, in 1981 Great Britain took steps to improve bilateral relations.
Conclusion.
Summarizing lessons history of economic sanctions, the negative impact on the economies of countries affected by them cannot be denied. However, political goals are achieved only in very rare cases. The countries subjected to sanctions successfully adapt to new conditions over time.
At the same time, countries that impose sanctions often suffer significant losses themselves, losing their positions to competitors from countries that did not support the sanctions. At the same time, the authorities have to hide in every possible way the adverse consequences for their own economy.
The results of the sanctions are often so obscure that some experts believe that these measures are implemented only so that the government can tell its voters - "we are doing something."
Large-scale international sanctions have been repeatedly imposed against a number of states. Currently, sanctions - international or unilateral - apply to 24 states of the world. Experience shows, however, that states that were subject to sanctions almost always found a way to minimize their damage or use them to their advantage.
The longest sanctions
International sanctions against South Africa were introduced by the UN in 1962 in connection with the regime of racial segregation operating in the country - apartheid. From the very beginning, the effectiveness of the sanctions was limited: in the conditions of the Cold War, the West considered South Africa as a natural ally in the fight against Soviet attempts to increase its influence in Africa, in addition, South Africa remained a major supplier of strategically important goods - uranium, gold and diamonds. Characteristic in this sense was the oil embargo imposed by the OPEC countries. Its effectiveness was zero for many years: one of the largest oil producers - Iran - continued to deliver. Only in 1979, after the victory of the Islamic revolution, Iran stopped selling oil to South Africa. The withdrawal of American and European companies from the South African market was nothing more than a formality. Many of the companies that left South Africa continued to trade with South Africa through their branches in third countries, and the authorities of the United States and a number of European countries did not actually take any measures to combat this. South African goods continued to enter the world market through major traders such as Marc Rich & Co. (now Glencore Xtrata). Trade went mainly through Asian countries, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well as through formally independent countries, Lesotho and Swaziland, which were under the de facto control of South Africa.
The situation began to change only along with political changes in the world: the Cold War gradually subsided, and pressure from public opinion on Western governments and international companies made trade with South Africa less and less worth the candle. It was from this moment that the South African economy began to seriously experience the impact of sanctions. Suffice it to say that direct losses from reduced investment in the country amounted to $11 billion between 1985 and 1990. An additional factor of influence was the opening of the market of neighboring Zimbabwe, also a major center of the mining industry.
Political pressure, coupled with the sudden onset of sanctions, eventually forced the South African authorities to abandon the policy of apartheid and hold non-racial general elections in 1994.
Most catastrophic sanctions
American sanctions against Iran were introduced immediately after the victory of the Islamic revolution in 1979. Sanctions were constantly expanded by the US authorities, and after the start of Iran's nuclear program, the EU, Canada, Australia and other countries joined them.
As in the case of South Africa, sanctions against Iran have never been truly international and comprehensive. Iran still has quite a few solvent partners, primarily India, China, Turkey and Russia. Iranian oil has never disappeared from the world market and the country continues to play an important role in OPEC. Nevertheless, restrictions on the activities of Iranian banks in the world have led to the fact that Iran is forced to enter into contracts for the supply of oil in the buyer's national currency - this is the case with India, which obtained Iran's consent to pay for oil in rupees. Moreover, more and more often Iran enters into barter agreements (in the case of Thailand - oil in exchange for consumer goods). Attempts to obtain payment for oil in gold are not always successful, however, such contracts exist with Turkey and China. Nevertheless, the consequences of the sanctions were a significant increase in inflation (in 2011 it was 16.5%, and in 2012 it already exceeded 20%) and a reduction in the country's foreign exchange reserves (if in 2011 they amounted to about $ 100 billion, then by the middle 2013 - only $80 billion). However, even this was not the most terrible for Iran. The ban on the supply of technology and equipment has led to a paradoxical situation: Iran, one of the largest suppliers of crude oil, is forced to actively purchase refined products from abroad and, having the second largest natural gas reserves in the world (10% of the world), is a net importer of natural gas. gas. The country does not have the technologies and funds to reconstruct the existing oil refining and gas production capacities, and even more so, there are no funds and technologies for the construction of new facilities.
The ban on the supply of equipment and technologies turned out to have one more aspect. Sanctions are called the direct cause of numerous civil and military aircraft crashes in the country. Iran not only cannot purchase new aircraft, but the sanctions prohibit the supply of spare parts and components, as well as the receipt of aircraft maintenance. As the head of the state airline Iran Air, Davud Keshavarzian, admitted, "sanctions do not allow Iran to purchase aircraft, even though only 10% of components are made in the United States."
The most corrupt sanctions
In 1990, in response to an attempt Iraq to capture Kuwait, Iraqi oil was completely removed from the world market. The UN adopted a total ban on trade in Iraqi oil. At the same time, all the assets of Iraqi individuals and legal entities in the world were frozen. The country at one point found itself without funds, and without a single serious source of income. Such comprehensive sanctions also turned out to have a weak side: Saddam Hussein's regime began to actively exploit the factor of a serious and sharp decline in living standards in the country. As a result, in 1995, the UN Security Council created the Oil-for-Food program, which allowed Iraqis to sell some of their oil on the world market in exchange for food and medicine. In fact, the program became one of the largest corruption schemes in history, as it allowed the Iraqi authorities to choose their own oil buyers. The Iraqi side used this right to pay bribes to prominent international politicians and businessmen. The scheme worked simply: the bribed person received a contract to buy Iraqi oil, and then resold it on the open market, keeping a commission (usually between 15 and 50 cents per barrel). Part of the commission was then returned to the Iraqi authorities. In 2004, the Iraqi newspaper Al-Mada published a list of those who, it claimed, received contracts under the oil-for-food program. Among them were European, American and Russian politicians, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of India (he had to resign), the Minister of the Interior of France, the Russian Orthodox Church, and finally the permanent head of the Oil for Food program, a career Lebanese UN diplomat Benon Sevan, who earned on this, according to some reports, $ 3.5 million.
However, the corruption scheme did not stop at oil contracts. The Iraqi authorities also chose the suppliers of goods that were purchased by the UN staff with the proceeds from the sale of oil. Suppliers were selected based on their willingness to pay bribes to representatives of the Iraqi regime. Not surprisingly, according to the Program's Corruption Inquiry Commission - chaired by former Fed chief Paul Volcker - much of the program's food was unfit for human consumption. One of the supplier companies, American Ingersoll Rand, was fined $2.5 million by the US Securities and Exchange Commission in 2007 for bribing Iraqi authorities. According to expert estimates, over the entire period of the program, Saddam Hussein directly earned up to $4 billion on it.
Kirill Sarkhanyants, Nikolai Zubov
Sanctions against other countries have been around for hundreds of years. States have always tried to influence their neighbors using indirect methods of influence. But history shows that sanctions have often only exacerbated the problems they were designed to solve.
The first known example of the use of economic sanctions was recorded in ancient Greece. In 423 BC, Athens, which dominated Hellas, banned merchants from the Megara region from visiting its ports and markets. This led to the beginning of the bloody Peloponnesian Wars. In the era of empires, the imposition of sanctions was explained by mercantile reasons: the powers tried to suppress international trade and accumulate as much money as possible for the treasury.
For example, countries that traded with China periodically imposed bans on wearing silk clothes in order to undermine the economy and reduce the influence of the Celestial Empire.
Fighting Great Britain, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte established a "continental blockade", forbidding European countries occupied by or dependent on France from purchasing British goods.
The use of such political methods has led to many conflicts and wars. Gradually, the point of view prevailed in the world, according to which free trade is beneficial to everyone - both sellers and buyers.
The strategy of applying trade sanctions against unfriendly states was first developed and put into practice by the then superpower - the British Empire - in the late 19th century. In 1888, the population of Great Britain was only 2% of the world's population, but this country accounted for 54% of all manufactured goods circulating in the world. This record figure has never been surpassed by anyone.
Trade sanctions have been one of the most frequently used tools by the UK to put pressure on other states. The British philosopher Thomas Huxley in 1890 wrote down the idea that became a kind of ideological justification for all trade wars: “Our people are a people of buyers. Buyers want to buy the best goods at the best prices. The inhabitants of other states also want the same thing. If their rulers prevent us from selling goods to them, then 5 or 6 million Englishmen will very soon have no means of subsistence. Therefore we must protect our stores from the goods that such states offer us and strive to influence their rulers. "
However, the First World War revived the spirit of isolationism. According to American researcher John Smith, director of the Institute for Economic Democracy, one of the reasons for the outbreak of the First and Second World Wars was the trade conflicts that constantly arose between the richest and most powerful countries in the world.
For example, the need for Great Britain and France to enter the war with Germany (1914) was justified by the then politicians as the need to "protect national trade interests against German expansion."
The global economic depression of the 1920s and especially the 1930s led many countries to raise customs tariffs and lower import quotas. This was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of World War II. For example, Japan's entry into World War II was preceded by its trade conflicts with European countries.
It is curious that after the start of hostilities by Japan, the United States, which had not yet participated in the war, imposed sanctions on the supply of petroleum products to Japan. Japan, practically deprived of its own sources of oil, considered this an act of economic aggression, which decisively influenced the strategic choice of the "Land of the Rising Sun". In 1941, the Japanese attacked the United States, not the USSR, whose main forces were fighting the German Nazis.
After the Second World War, Western countries decided that cooperation would help all participants in the world economy more than isolation, especially since the main enemy, the USSR, actually pursued an isolationist policy. In the late 1940s-1950s, international trade began to gain momentum again, in addition, international structures were created for the first time to regulate trade relations and fight isolationism. This radically changed the world economy.
According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, in 1913, before the outbreak of the First World War, the share of exports in the total gross national product (GDP) of the countries of Western Europe was 8.8% (the countries of this region accounted for more than 60% of world exports) . In 1950, it amounted to 8.8% (41% of world exports), and by 1973 it had reached 18.7% (respectively, almost 46%). Now it is about 42%.
For comparison, for the Russian Empire in 1913 this figure was 2.5% (4.1% of world exports). For the USSR in 1950 - 2.1% (5%), in 1973 it rose to a modest 6.2% (7.5% of world exports).
However, the institution of economic sanctions has not disappeared. Sanctions are applied by international organizations, political blocs, individual countries. Sometimes sanctions cause enormous damage.
For example, on October 20, 1973, the Arab oil-exporting countries imposed an embargo on the supply of petroleum products to the United States. The move was taken in protest of American support for Israel. As a result, world oil prices have increased several times. In 1974-1975, the countries of North America and Western Europe entered a period of severe economic crisis. Most of all, from a strategic perspective, the Arab states themselves suffered.
After the "oil attack", the West radically changed its energy policy: cars - the main consumers of oil - became more economical, importing countries began to actively look for alternative sources of oil, and research organizations received huge funds to search for other sources of energy that could replace oil. In addition, the embargo of 1973 permanently worsened relations between the Arab states and the West and deprived them of access to investment and technology for several years.
american whip
Sanctions are becoming an increasingly popular instrument of US foreign policy. The United States has become much more likely to impose sanctions since the end of the Cold War. Thus, in the period from 1918 to 1992 (84 years), the United States applied sanctions 54 times. While after 1993 to 2002 (9 years) they used this tool 61 times.
There are many reasons why the US imposes sanctions. The main reasons now are the support of one state or another for terrorism, the illegal trade in drugs and diamonds, human rights violations, the illegal trade in weapons and military technologies, the illegal creation of weapons of mass destruction, and so on. At the same time, sanctions do not always affect all aspects of trade. For example, the US has imposed a number of financial sanctions against the Gambia and Burundi, but has not banned trade with them.
As of 1997 (more recent statistics of this kind are not available), 42% of the world's population lived in states that were subject to various kinds of US sanctions. According to the US Congressional Research Service, this year the US supported 197 different types of international sanctions: these could be sanctions on the supply of certain countries with weapons, technologies, on the purchase of goods produced in these countries, and so on.
In the 1990s, the US Congress tried several times to change the procedure for imposing economic sanctions in order to make it more difficult and to exclude the possibility of its free use by the US administration. In those same years, the United States made a fundamental decision that food and medical supplies could not be the subject of sanctions.
At the same time, the institution of sanctions is highly appreciated by representatives of both major US parties. For example, congressmen belonging to the Democratic Party in the 1980s actively insisted on the need for sanctions against South Africa. In the 1990s, the Republicans persistently tried to impose sanctions on states where Christians were persecuted.
As studies by the International Investment Organization have shown, even the local governments of the United States have joined this process. More than 25 US cities have imposed sanctions against other countries: Myanmar (Burma), Nigeria, China, Indonesia and Cuba are the most affected. While these kinds of sanctions may seem pointless, many experts believe that the threat of sanctions from metropolitan areas such as New York and Los Angeles against Swiss financial structures forced Swiss bankers to admit the financial claims of Holocaust victims and declassify information about contributions made by the Nazis. .
TASS-DOSIER. On September 25, 2018, the US Department of Commerce announced a decision to impose sanctions on 12 Russian companies that, from the point of view of Washington, act contrary to the interests of the national security of the United States. Aerocomposite, Divetechnoservice, Research and Production Enterprise (NPP) Gamma, Research Institute Vector, Nilco Group (Nilco Group), Obninsk Research and Production Enterprise Tekhnologiya were blacklisted. , research and production enterprise of underwater technologies "Okeanos", design bureau "Aviadvigatel", group of companies "Infotex", companies "Cyrus Systems", Scientific and Production Corporation "Systems of Precision Instrumentation" and Voronezh Research Institute "Vega". For all these organizations, the so-called presumption of refusal to export American dual-use products to them will now apply. Reasons for the restrictions include facilitating "the activities of malicious Russian actors in cyberspace", "supplying equipment and providing support to the Russian Navy", and "supporting the Russian military aerospace industry". The sanctions are expected to come into effect on 26 September.
On August 2, 2017, US President Donald Trump signed the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA), which consolidated the restrictive measures against Russia (as well as Iran and North Korea) adopted by previous administrations, and introduced additional ones. Thus, in the Russian part of this document, the demands to punish the Russian Federation for actions in Crimea and Donbass were supplemented with accusations of human rights violations “in the occupied territory”, supplying weapons to the Syrian government, undermining US cybersecurity, interference in the 2016 American elections, corruption and other The law provides for the freezing of assets and complicating the process of obtaining loans by Russian enterprises, and also extends sanctions to individuals and legal entities of third countries cooperating with companies from Russia or investing in projects with Russian participation of more than 33% (these measures apply to projects in any country in the world, issued after January 29, 2018). In addition, the law deprived the American president of the right to soften and lift sanctions without the approval of Congress (previously they were introduced, adjusted and removed by presidential decrees).
In January 2018, in addition to the law (which entered into force on January 29), a list was published, which received the name "Kremlin" in the media. Members of the Russian government were included in it, including Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, the leadership of the presidential administration, heads of a number of state corporations and state banks, as well as businessmen whose fortune, according to American sources, is $ 1 billion or more - a total of 210 people. They are not subject to any restrictions or prohibitions, but being included in this list may become the basis for the possible imposition of sanctions in the future.
On September 13, 2018, Donald Trump signed an executive order to automatically impose sanctions on foreign individuals and companies found to interfere in the 2018 midterm congressional elections, and on September 20, an executive order to tighten enforcement of the U.S. sanctions regime against Russia over with "aggression in Ukraine".
The first sanctions lists were published in October and December 2017 and came into force with the CAATSA law. Then there were lists compiled on the basis of various articles of this law in connection with allegations of a threat to US national security, interference in US elections, cyber attacks, and so on. In particular, they include the Kalashnikov and Izhmash concerns, the MiG corporation, the Sukhoi and Russian Helicopters companies, the defense enterprises Novator Experimental Design Bureau. Blacklisted
