Artistic materials in painting. Artistic techniques

13:30 20.02.2014

Drawing does not require any special complex devices. Which of us did not make the simplest drawings on an ordinary piece of paper in childhood with felt-tip pens, pencils, or even an ordinary fountain pen. But if we are talking about skill, ways of artistic expression, transmission of movement, implementation of creative ideas, then we cannot do without the use of art materials and knowledge of how to work with them.

The most widespread and accessible materials are colored or graphite pencils, ink, felt-tip pens, colored crayons, charcoal, sanguine, pastels, watercolors. Let us consider in more detail each of these artistic materials and the technique of working with them.

graphite pencil

It is used both in teaching drawing and already experienced artists. A pleasant gray tone, a slight sheen combined with the possibility of correction with an eraser. The pencil allows you to perform both linear, line drawings, and tone-painting. The advantage of graphite is that it adheres well to paper. Different effects can be achieved by choosing how artistic material, different grades of paper for pencil work.

Colored pencils have similar properties. It is especially possible to distinguish from them watercolor pencils, which are smeared with water, thus creating special effects.

drawing charcoal

It has been used by artists since ancient times. Allows you to perform portraits, landscapes, subject compositions and still lifes. It has a rich black color with a wide range of tonal transitions. The shape of the charcoal makes it possible to draw lines of various thicknesses. The side surface can quickly paint over a large area of ​​the sheet. Charcoal is also easy to wash off. When drawing with charcoal, such art materials like cardboard, canvas, wall, paper, as well as various surfaces. Depending on the tasks of the artist, the basis of the drawing, the shape and method of sharpening the drawing coals are selected. With a special shading, a cloth or a hand, you can rub the coal. Drawings made with charcoal are fixed with hairspray or a special fixative.

felt-tip pens

They require work with a confident, firm hand, as they are not erased. Give smooth beautiful lines. They vary in thickness and colors. They are mainly used for decorative or design purposes, but they can also be used for landscapes and sketches from nature.

Sanguina

It is a reddish brown chalk. Produced in the form of square and round sticks. Allows you to draw on cardboard, paper, canvas. With it, you can draw a line, stroke or make a shading. When drawing, it is often combined with others art materials. Due to the complexity of use, it is not recommended for beginners to work. In the technique of sanguine, such masters of the past as Rubens, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Michelangelo, Chardin, Titian created their works.

pen drawing

It requires the firmness of the hand and the clarity of the eye, since it cannot be erased later. The thickness of the line is controlled by pressure, but at the same time it is necessary to ensure that the pen does not scratch the paper. Feathers differ in the material from which they are made. Goose or reeds give a more lively line, while steel ones give a clearer line. It is optimal to use smooth coated paper for drawing with a pen, then the mistakes made can be corrected with a sharp blade. Also, choosing paper of different tone, you can achieve the impression of picturesqueness of the picture.

brush painting

Use as art material brushes allows you to perform very thin drawings, as well as widely tinted planes, use the effect of modeling with a stroke. Brushes are used for drawing with ink, watercolor, oil paints, gouache, grisaille.

pastel crayons

The pastel technique is distinguished by fragility and tenderness in color. When working, the technique of a stroke or wide pasty strokes is used. Unusual effects are also achieved by rubbing color into color, which gives the pattern a special softness, accuracy of tonal transitions. A rough surface holds the pastel better, so it is preferable to use velvet paper or specially sanded cardboard for work. It also requires fixing the pastels and careful storage of the drawing.

In addition to those described, there are a great many types of needlework (for example, embroidery kits) and each of them has its own expressive properties and features. Therefore, anyone who is interested in drawing will find something for themselves, in accordance with their preferences.

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Introduction

This work can be used in introductory lessons in the subjects of the art cycle, as a rule, these are the first introductory lessons in the 1st quarter of the academic year, as well as when changing assignments and performance materials. It can be used in the last lessons of the 4th quarter to get acquainted with new materials for the next academic year, as well as materials used in the open air. It is convenient to use in working with parents, both at parent-teacher meetings and individually.

1. Materials 1-4 class(Presentation)

1.1. Drawing materials

Pastel (classical)

It is a multi-colored soft crayons, pressed in the form of sticks. Pastel got its name from the Italian word "a pastello", which in the 16th century called the technique of drawing with a black pencil tinted with red sanguine or other colored pencils. It is made from a powder of very finely grated colorful pigments with the addition of binders (adhesives) and bleaching agents. Thinning agents are introduced to obtain different shades of color in terms of saturation and lightness. A good quality pastel should lay down easily on paper, not scratch or slide on it, and rub easily. According to the experience of good quality pastel "Koh-i-noor" or "Faber-Castell". The required number of colors in the set is 18-24.

Pastel (oil based)

It is a multi-colored soft crayons, pressed in the form of sticks. Unlike classic pastels, the binder of colorful pigments is a wax-oil base. Does not smudge, applied with strokes. According to the experience of good quality pastel "Faber-Castell" in a set of 18-24 colors. Fixer for oil pastels is not required.

Pastel paper. Fixer (Fixative)

To work for the school year, both warm and cold shades may be required. Sheet size for work 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2. Since pastel (classical) contains a large amount of fillers and a small amount of binder, the bonding of pastel particles between themselves and paper is mainly mechanical. All this makes pastel work vulnerable to mechanical touch, moisture, and this requires a fixative for soft graphic materials. Can be used as a fixative of the paint layer hairspray in aerosol packaging.

Ink. Mascara brushes

You will need black ink, for the academic year 1-2 bottles of 50 ml. Brushes for working with ink are round in cross section made of column hair or squirrels thin - No. 2-3, medium - No. 6-8, thick - No. 9-10.

White paper "Whatman", for the academic year you will need 10 sheets of 60x80 cm. The teacher cuts the required paper format for work, in accordance with the task and objectives of the lesson, by himself.

Gray paper. PVA glue, colored paper, scissors

It is intended for certain tasks related to the acquaintance of students with the concepts of "aerial perspective", tonal gradations, lightness, etc. There should be at least 7 shades from light gray to black. You can use pastel paper (sheets 50x65 cm in size, density 160 g / m2), you can choose shades from Oracal self-adhesive paper. PVA glue (if the paper is not self-adhesive), scissors ( with rounded ends).

Felt pens, markers

Main characteristics: should write for a long time, and allow you to draw lines from 1mm to 5mm thick. Color set 12-24.

Colored watercolor pencils

Required quantity 18-24 pcs. in a set. The choice is determined by the quality of application to the surface of the paper. Unlike ordinary colored pencils, watercolor pencils fit better on paper, the work done with watercolor pencils is brighter and more expressive. An obligatory addition to a set of pencils is a sharpener.

graphite pencils

In grades 1-4 they act as auxiliary material. Softness requirement "TM", "M". Only not in a plastic base, it is difficult to sharpen with a sharpener. An elementary school student may not be able to cope.

1.2. Painting materials

Gouache

The word "gouache" in translation from Italian means "wet", "water paint". Gouache is prepared on a relatively small amount of a binder with a high concentration of pigment (powder), so it is opaque even with a small thickness of the paint layer. Due to the opacity of the paint layer, gouache allows the artist to make adjustments to the work. Water is used as a diluent for gouache paints. Gouache paints in finished form should have the following qualities:

• the consistency of "liquid sour cream";
• easy to take with a brush and leave it, lie down on the paper in an even layer, without clots, lumps, stripes and spots;
• after application undiluted with water, cover the underlying paint layer;
• after drying, do not stain, do not wear out and do not crack;
• during storage in vials do not thicken for a long time.

Gouache should be stored in tightly closed jars.

Required colors in the set:

• white;
• cadmium yellow medium;
• scarlet;
• kraplak red;
• ultramarine or cobalt blue;
• iron blue

Additionally, it is necessary to purchase jars of "white" and "yellow", since these paints in children run out first when working.

Gouache work should be stored in folders. It is not recommended to roll such works because of the fragility of the paint layer.

You will need brushes that are round in cross section, made of hair column or squirrels: thin - No. 2-3, medium - No. 6-8, thick - No. 9-10. The brushes are flat in cross section, made of column hair or squirrels, synthetic ones can be used: thin - No. 2-3; medium - No. 6-8; thick - No. 9-10. It is desirable to store the brushes in a special case, fixed inside it, then the pile will not change its shape. Brushes thrown at random, with an undried bristle, very often look like a broom.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

A palette is a small, thin rectangular or oval board on which the artist mixes paints while working. You need a white plastic palette measuring 30x40 cm, with small cup-shaped indentations along the edges. It is not recommended to use paper as a palette, since paper, when soaked from water, gives a pile, and gouache binders are absorbed into the paper palette, as a result of which only pigment gets on the drawing, which crumbles when the work dries.

1.3. Composition materials

colored paper

You will need paper of a wide range of shades. You can buy sets of paper from different manufacturers, each manufacturer has its own color scale, as a result there will be a large selection of shades of each color. Self-adhesive paper will also come in handy.

Palette see paragraph 1.2.

Brushes see point 1.2.

Gouache, see paragraph 1.2.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

2. Materials 5-9 class(Presentation)

2.1 Drawing materials

graphite pencils

In grades 5-9 they act as the leading graphic material. Softness requirement: "T" ("H"), "F", "TM" ("HB"), "M" ("B"). Only not in a plastic base, it is difficult to sharpen. Pencils are sharpened with a clerical knife 1 cm. Graphite is sharpened, 2 cm a wooden case is sharpened. Eraser for erasing is selected according to the criterion: the more gum remains on the paper during the erasing process, the higher its quality. An important addition is the soft eraser "Klyachka", which is easily kneaded in the hands, designed to remove an excess layer of graphite from the surface of the paper. Method of application: the eraser is rolled over the surface of the paper or lightly pressed against those parts of the picture that lighten up: the graphite sticks to the nag and is held by it after it is taken away from the paper.

Pastel (classical) see point 1.1.

Pastel (oil based) see point 1.1.

Pastel paper. Fixer (Fixative) see point 1.1.

To work for the school year, both warm and cold shades may be required. Sheet size for work 50x65 cm, density 160 g/m2. Additionally, some jobs will require the color "Vanilla" or "CREMA". Since pastel (classical) contains a large amount of fillers and a small amount of binder, the bonding of pastel particles between themselves and paper is mainly mechanical. All this makes pastel work vulnerable to mechanical touch, moisture, and this requires a fixative for soft graphic materials. Can be used as a fixative of the paint layer hairspray in aerosol packaging.

Gray paper. PVA glue, scissors, see paragraph 1.1.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

Tablet with clip format A-4

A pack of paper for office equipment format A-4

Sepia pastel pencils, dark brown

Pastel pencils are pastels in a wooden frame, they are a soft graphic material on a par with classic pastels, they are shaded over the surface, just like classic pastels: with a finger or blending. The work done with pastel pencils must be fixed with a fixative for soft graphic materials. Can be used as a fixative of the paint layer hairspray in aerosol packaging.

Pastel pencils color: white, gray, black. See paragraph above

rastushka

Cylindrical stick with pointed ends in the shape of a cone. On sale it is found from tightly twisted thin wrapping paper or felt of different diameters in cross section. It is used for shading and obtaining subtle colorful or tonal nuances in the work.

Ink. Mascara brushes see point 1.1.

Felt pens, markers, see point 1.1.

Colored watercolor pencils, see point 1.1.

2.2. Painting materials

Palette see paragraph 1.2.

Brushes see point 1.2.

Gouache, see paragraph 1.2.

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

2.3. Composition materials

Paper see paragraph 1.1.

Pastel paper. Fixer (Fixative) see point 2.1.

Colored paper see point 1.3.

Felt pens, markers, see point 1.1.

Gouache, see paragraph 1.2.

Palette see paragraph 1.2.

Brushes see point 1.2.

Pastel (classical) see point 1.1.

Pastel (oil based) see point 1.1.

Graphite pencils see point 2.1

3. Materials for arts and crafts(Presentation)

3.1. Materials used in arts and crafts lessons in grade 5(embroidery with floss threads and weaving "CHI")

EMBROIDERY WITH THREADS OF MOULINE

There is an opinion that there is a desire to do some kind of work, I would like to see its final result, that is, a finished work that struck you with beauty and sophistication. Therefore, the presentation with which our introductory lessons and parent-teacher meetings begin clearly demonstrates what the stages of our work will ultimately lead to. And if your peer has completed it before you, then your hands themselves are drawn to such rainbow floss threads and all kinds of interesting devices.

A feature of the work in the material is that all of them are made according to the students' own sketches. And therefore, the work at the DPI lessons can be divided into several stages - this is the collection of materials for the implementation of sketches of future work, the implementation of a sketch series, the preparation of devices and materials for embroidery, and work in the material.

Materials needed to make embroidery sketches:

• Materials for making sketches of future work, these are student works made in the open air, art postcards, reproductions of artists' works.
• A-4 paper.
• Folder with files for sketches and collected material.
• Eraser.

Materials needed for embroidery (work in the material):

To copy an embroidery sketch onto fabric, use: a special marker, chalk, a simple pencil, carbon paper.

Various fabrics were used as the base fabric: crepe - satin, velvet, cotton, silk with a pronounced texture and plain dyed, linen:

For training exercises, we need a hoop. This is a special device for fixing the fabric in a taut state and protecting the fabric from contraction. The hoops are made of wood, plastic, metal and various shapes - round, oval, square. For us, their diameter is important, it is desirable that it be at least 25 - 30 cm.

We carry out works on a stretcher of A-4 format. The subframe is a rectangular fixture made of wooden blocks. On the stretcher, the fabric is fixed with buttons.

In the works, floss threads are used, these are high quality threads, they have a pleasant sheen and sufficient strength. We select the color in accordance with the completed sketch.

Embroidery needles should have an oval wide eye so that the thread in several additions (three or six, depending on what we are embroidering - a tree trunk, or a flower stalk) easily passes into the eye and does not fray during work. Numbers 3-5.

Medium length scissors with curved ends are considered universal in work.

And a prerequisite for successful work is the observance of all the rules of safe work in the classroom and during preparation for them. All devices and tools must be stored and used properly, in compliance with all rules.

WEAVING "CHI"

Historical reference. "CHI" is one of the oldest types of weaving. Chiy - a mat woven from stalks of chiy grass (hence the name) or reeds. Weaving has long been common among the peoples of Central Asia, the Kazakhs. Skillfully woven mats were widely used to decorate the walls of the yurt. In the household of the Kazakhs, dairy products were dried on them, wool was laid out and sorted, wool was wrapped in it in the process of felting, they also served as a screen to delimit the living space of the yurt. Patterned mats were wrapped around the base of the yurt to decorate the walls and keep the heat inside the dwelling.

In the past, chi was also widely used in the visual arts among the peoples of Central Asia. An integral part of the Kyrgyz folk art are mats made from chiy stems braided with colored wool. Chiy is a tall stiff steppe grass, the stems of which are used to make mats with or without a pattern. Chia products are widely used in the daily life of the rural population. A chiy mat is placed in the wind as a barrier near the hearth. It is spread under felt carpets, protecting them from dampness and spoilage. A chiy mat encircles the entire yurt, insulates and decorates it.

At present, the chii technique has been preserved in the national and modern fine arts. Craftswomen choose a sketch and mark up the elements of the pattern. Then each stem is separately braided with wool of various colors, and interconnected.

Of considerable interest is the technique of weaving for us. Having studied the technology and techniques of weaving, students are happy to work in the "CHI" weaving technique, creating decorative compositions for decorating the interior. Before starting to work in the material, they independently develop sketches on a modular grid, thinking through the given topics, color combinations. Then choose the necessary materials and fixtures.

Materials necessary for making sketches of weaving "CHI"

• Folder with files for sketches.
• Artistic postcards, reproductions of artists' works.
• A-4 paper. A checkered student notebook is used as a modular sketch grid.
• Simple pencils of softness "TM", "M".
• Colored pencils, the number of colors in the set 18-24.
• Eraser.

Materials, tools and devices for performing work in the "CHI" technique

• Muline threads are ordinary and melange, these are high quality threads, they have a pleasant sheen and sufficient strength. We select the color of the threads in accordance with the completed sketch
• Modules - wooden slats, rectangular section 0.4x0.8 cm., We calculate the number according to the sketch made on the modular grid.
• Glue stick for fixing the modules on cardboard and for decorating the work.
• Small sharp scissors for cutting threads.
• Cardboard for fixing modules. Cardboard format A-4
• Frame for work.

In the process of work, it is imperative to comply with all safety rules. All materials, fixtures and tools must be stored and used properly, in compliance with all rules.

3.2. Materials for arts and crafts lessons in grade 6 (patchwork)

PATCHWORK

This is a special style of sewing from pieces of fabric, which develops artistic taste and skill, cultivates patience, accustoms to accuracy. Patchwork technique is a fairly popular type of needlework, because. does not require large material costs and suggests the possibility of using the contents of "grandmother's chests". For patchwork, you can use any fabric, both new and used. Patchwork sewing is a kind of needlework in which, according to the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn from multi-colored and variegated pieces of fabric with a certain pattern. In the process of work, a canvas is created with a new color scheme, pattern, and sometimes texture. Patchwork quilted things were inherited and served for many years.

The history of patchwork technology has about 3000 thousand years. Despite the antiquity of the roots, it is becoming more and more popular every year. If earlier patchwork was a favorite hobby of thrifty housewives, now it is a fashionable design trend. Today, products made in this style are very relevant. This is not only clothes, shoes and accessories, but even furniture and all kinds of interior items. Particularly beautiful works - impressive in their variety and originality of materials, shapes, structures and color combinations - are usually hung on the walls like paintings or carpets.

The purpose of our classes is to show that patchwork is not only a craft, but a full-fledged creative work, in which, first of all, its aesthetic aspect is valued. The presentation presents the works made at the lessons of arts and crafts.

Materials needed to make sketches.

• Analogues of works made in the technique of patchwork.
• Folder with files for sketches.
• A-4 paper.
• Simple pencils of softness "TM", "M".
• Rulers and squares.
• Colored pencils, the number of colors in the set 18-24.
• Eraser.

Materials, tools and devices for performing work in the material.

• Cotton and silk fabrics of various textures, cords, braid, lace. Almost all fabrics can be used in patchwork. But it is easier for beginners to work with cotton fabrics, they are more pliable in work, these are chintz, satin, linen. Fabrics are plain and with small patterns. The size of the fabric pieces is approximately A-4 size.
• Interlining (flizofix) - is a thin non-woven cushioning material with a one-sided adhesive coating, which gives strength to fabrics and prevents shedding. It will take 1 meter, the color is white.
• Iron with steamer.
• Tools for marking on fabric - special markers, crayons, pencils, plastic rulers and squares.
• Hand sewing needles with a sharp tip for stitching details, embroidery needles with an oval wide eye, tailor's pins.
• Bobbin threads of different colors and floss threads. We select the color in accordance with the completed sketch.
• Sharp scissors for cutting the details of the patchwork composition. For convenience, it is useful to have several pairs of scissors.

Bibliography

1. Magazines "Artistic Council" No. 48 2006, No. 1 2003
2. "All about color technique", Art spring, 2002.
3. Odnoralov N.V. "Materials, tools and equipment in the fine arts", M., ed. "Enlightenment", 1988
4. Yashukhin A.P. Painting: a textbook for students of pedagogical schools in the specialty No. 2003 "Teaching drawing and depicting arts." - M.: Enlightenment, 1985
5. Trouble G.V. Painting: A textbook for students of pedagogical institutes in the specialty No. 2109 "Drawing, fine arts and labor." - M: Enlightenment, 1986
6. Bazanova M.D. "Plein Air". - M. "Fine Arts" 1994
7. Anna Chudnovskaya. "Stylish bags from beach to glamorous." M. Eksmo. 2006
8. Margarita Maksimova. "Design ideas for home and garden" - M. Eksmo. 2006
9. "Wonderful Moments" The first Russian magazine on patchwork. №1 - 4. 2007
10. Marina Kuzmina. "Fabric accessories" NIOLA - PRESS 1998
11. Alice Westcheit. "Cozy home".- M.BMI AO 2001
12. Dyumina G.B. "Beads" - AST Astrel. M., 2001
13. Dyumina G.B. "Figures from beads" - AST Astrel. M., 2000
14. Lyndina Y. Biser. Technique "Brick stitch". Culture and traditions. - Yaroslavl. 2001.
15. Makhmutova H. Brief information on color science.-M., 1976
16. Izmailov Ch. "Psychology of color vision" - M., 1998
17. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Kuznetsov.
18. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940

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In drawing, the most common material is graphite pencil. However, in addition to it, many other, very diverse materials can be used - ink, sanguine, charcoal, pastel, sauce, chalk, etc.

All art materials have different characteristics peculiarities that distinguish them from each other in terms of application possibilities. By the way, if such a beginning of artistic creativity still seems difficult to you, then you can try coloring by numbers http://homeartshop.ru/, which help to fill your hand. Well, each of the materials has a set of properties inherent only to it (color, degree of hardness, transparency, etc.), which directly depend on the method of manufacture and the dyes included in its composition - pigments and a binder (glue and special impurities ). Graphic materials can be either black and gray (black ink, watercolor, sanguine, markers, felt-tip pens) of predominantly mineral origin, both natural and artificially prepared.

It is very important for a novice draftsman to learn how to try on various materials, to have an idea about their properties, to know the features and capabilities of each of them.

The system of means and methods of working with graphic materials, with the help of which a visual image is realized on paper, is drawing technique. Its main aspects: the organization of the workplace, the choice of materials and methods of working with a pencil and eraser, paint and brush; options for drawing all kinds of lines, shading, coloring, etc. Knowledge of techniques and means, as well as the ability to apply them, makes it possible to realistically depict what they see, expressively narrate about it.

Mastering the technique of drawing allows you to develop an eye and a sense of hand, and at the same time cultivates the habit of self-control. You should be able to correctly use artistic material. For example, when drawing with a pencil, you should not rub the drawing with your finger, as this makes the drawing dirty and inexpressive. For a lead pencil, clear, sharp and chased drawings will be advantageous. When working with charcoal, sauce, sanguine, rubbing allows you to achieve all sorts of nuances. The right choice of materials and methods of work helps to better and more convincingly express the form on the plane.

There are a large number of techniques for working with a pencil, pastel, sanguine, charcoal and other materials. is possible only in the process of long and hard work. Each type of technology has specific features. And you need to know what methods of work are suitable for any material, what can be achieved with sanguine, charcoal, pencil, pastel, how to achieve different effects with the same material.

Graphic materials It is customary to divide into “dry” and “wet” (diluted with water). The use of various materials and techniques opens up unexpected possibilities for the artist in conveying the texture of the object, its character, and one's own attitude towards it. It is very useful to work on a charcoal drawing. Charcoal allows you to generally start and finish the drawing, because it has a large tonal range - from light light gray gradations to the deepest black velvet tones. At the same time, with certain skills, charcoal allows fine drawing of details. So, in a drawing with the help of charcoal, you can very effectively combine a thorough manner with a wide one.

Extremely useful work on the drawing in washing technique. Washing is called watercolor work in one color on wet (ink, sauce, watercolor). When working in this technique for a long time, it is advisable to first apply the main construction of the drawing with light strokes of a pencil. Then, starting from the lightest places, gradually load the drawing, increasing the tone. But this technique can also be used very successfully in quick sketches with a single brush without the initial pencil drawing. Such work develops the ability to see the general form, a sense of tone, to select the right moments from life, which is very important for serious creative work.

In the process, it is very useful to alternate between different techniques. Long-term drawings should be diluted with quick sketches, pencil technique with washing or charcoal technique, which develops the speed of drawing, a sense of space, as well as artistic taste.

More details on each of the art materials in the following articles. Subscribe to updates.

Creative success to you!

PASTEL

Pastel (from Latin pasta - dough) is one of the oldest artistic materials used in graphics and painting. It has vibrant colors and a velvety texture. Artists of the 16th century, including Leonardo da Vinci, called the method of drawing with a black Italian pencil and red sanguine "a pastello" at the same time, from which the pastel got its name.

There are three main types of pastels:

Dry pastel

Ultra soft pastel

Contains 35% more pigment than soft pastels. It looks like shadows, comes in small jars, mixes perfectly, which allows you to achieve the most accurate color reproduction. It is applied with special applicators with microporous sponge nozzles.

PANPASTEL

soft pastel

Contains more pigment and less binder. Because of this composition, soft pastels crumble easily, but are ideal for shading or wide strokes.

pastel pencils

Outwardly, they resemble ordinary pencils, with the only difference being that they have a pastel core. They are mainly used for working out small details.

oil pastel

Contains pigment with mineral oil. Colors are less matte. Works created with oil pastels are easier to store, colors do not smear and do not require additional fixation. Soft varieties of oil pastels can be blended with your fingers, and hard varieties can be blended with a solvent, special or for oil paints. It must be borne in mind that some types of thinner can make the pastel more faded, and linseed oil, on the contrary, will give shine.

wax pastel

Also known as watercolor. It contains wax and water-soluble components, which is why the drawing created by watercolor pastels, when interacting with water, looks more like a drawing with watercolors.

Read more about pastels in the article: Pastel

PASTEL PAPER

To draw with pastels, you need paper with a special textured surface that will hold the pigment. Usually pastel paper is colored, its tone is selected individually for each drawing. It should be taken into account the fact that on white paper, light shades of pastels do not look as pure as on tinted ones, but saturated pastel colors, such as blues, greens, reds, look more juicy.

In addition to texture and color, it is also important to consider the density of the paper: the pastel drawing technique often requires shading with fingers or tools, which means that sometimes the pigment will have to be rubbed with a force that can wrinkle very thin paper. In addition, the higher the density, the higher the moisture resistance of the paper.

Paper is produced in various formats: in separate sheets, in rolls, albums and gluing (notebooks with an adhesive side along one edge).

Read more about pastel paper in the article: Pastel paper

Before starting work, the sheet must be fixed on tablet. For this it is better to use masking tape which can then be easily removed.

For better storage of drawings made in the pastel technique, you can place the image under glass in a frame, after laying the drawing on a passe-partout.

Fixatives

To preserve dry pastel drawings, many use special fixative varnishes in aerosol cans. The most famous producers are Royal Talens and Koh-i-Noor. To fix the pastel, you need two or three layers.

In addition to special fixatives, you can try to fix the pattern with regular hairspray. The disadvantage of this method is that when exposed to ordinary varnish on pastel, some colors may change, become darker.

A novice artist needs to know well the materials with which he will deal when drawing, master the technique of working with them and constantly study their properties. This knowledge will help to avoid many mistakes that are inevitable for a young artist who does not yet have sufficient experience.

Pencil

The first thing every beginner tries to draw is this. But in order to use all the properties that a pencil has that are useful for an artist, it is necessary to acquire some knowledge. The artist can make the pencil an obedient tool in his hands, extract from it all the richness of its color possibilities, or use it only for sketches.

Drawing pencils come in different hardness and different shades. Hard pencils are used most often in drawing, while in drawing it is preferable to use soft or medium hard pencils, which give great opportunities for color transitions and various shades.

The best pencils are made from graphite (a type of crystalline carbon). Graphite drawing pencils are usually produced under the numbers: 1st - the softest, 2nd - medium and 3rd - hard.

The highest grade of drawing pencils has fourteen hardness numbers: from 1 to 6H - hard, from 1 to 6B - soft and 1-2 - medium.

Of soft pencils, “negro” is good - a soft, very black pencil with a pleasant velvety tone. Pencils of varying degrees of softness are quite suitable for educational work.

For pencil sketches, you can use any kind of paper in white or other light shades; for long and serious drawings, you need paper with a high degree of roughness (Whatman paper, semi-paper paper, "Alexandrian" paper).

Coal

Most often used for quick sketches, although it can also be used for long, finished drawings. In addition, charcoal is usually applied to the initial contours of figures and objects for a picture executed with oil paints. Coal is prepared from birch sticks.

You can also make your own charcoal. To do this, fill an empty tin can with even, smooth birch sticks, close the lid tightly, cover the jar with clay or putty and put it in the oven for several hours on hot coals left after the firebox.

Charcoal is convenient for many because it is easily brushed off paper and allows for numerous corrections in the drawing. This property of charcoal makes it indispensable in initial quick sketches and sketches.

Charcoal can only be used on rough paper, as it does not adhere to smooth paper and crumbles.

For primary sketches with charcoal, you can take any paper, up to low-quality wrapping paper. For a long drawing with charcoal, you need good rough paper (Whatman paper, Alexandrian paper, etc.).

The disadvantage of coal is that it is shaken off the paper at the slightest shock, and requires special fastening for long-term storage.

The simplest "old-fashioned" way of fixing is to spray with liquid milk, in which a small amount of sugar is dissolved (a quarter of a spoon of granulated sugar is half a glass of milk). When fixing, the drawing is placed horizontally on the table and not sprayed too much, otherwise large drops of liquid can ruin the drawing. After the paper dries, the fixing should be repeated again.

Sanguina

You can also use sanguine for drawing. - This is a rather soft pencil, with a thicker core, usually brownish-red in color, without a wooden frame.

ink

In addition to pencil and charcoal, ink is also used for sketches and drawings, but working with ink requires great accuracy and confidence in the drawing, since the drawing made with ink is difficult to correct (ink is not erased or washed off).

One-color watercolor (monochrome monotype)

The material for the drawing can also serve as, during the work of which the artist does not set himself the task of conveying the color variety of the reality surrounding him, limiting himself to conveying the shape, volume, relative lightness and character of the depicted.

Pastels

This is painting with dry paints prepared in the form of pencils that do not have a wooden frame. Dry ink is rubbed into the rough surface of the paper. To work with pastels, a large selection of pencils of various tones and halftones is required, since the ability to mix one color with another, as well as with white in pastels, is extremely limited. You can work with pastels not only on rough paper, but also on a canvas specially primed for pastels, which must be pasted on a board or cardboard to avoid shaking.