The peoples of Europe sought to revive the treasures and traditions lost due to endless extermination wars. Wars took people off the face of the earth, and the great things that people created. The idea of resurrecting the high civilization of the ancient world gave birth to philosophy, literature, music, the rise of the natural sciences and, above all, the flourishing of art. The era demanded strong, educated people who were not afraid of any work. It was in their midst that the emergence of those few geniuses who are called the "titans of the Renaissance" became possible. The ones we only call by their first names.
The Renaissance was primarily Italian. Therefore, it is not surprising that it was in Italy that art during this period reached its highest rise and flourishing. It is here that there are dozens of names of titans, geniuses, great and simply talented artists.
MUSIC LEONARDO.
What a lucky man! many will say about him. He was endowed with rare health, handsome, tall, blue-eyed. In his youth he wore blond curls, with a proud stature reminiscent of Donatella's St. George. He possessed unheard of and courageous strength, masculine prowess. He sang wonderfully, in front of the audience he composed melodies and poems. He played any musical instrument, moreover, he created them himself.
For the art of Leonardo da Vinci, contemporaries and descendants never found other definitions than "brilliant", "divine", "great". The same words apply to his scientific revelations: he invented a tank, an excavator, a helicopter, a submarine, a parachute, an automatic weapon, a diving helmet, an elevator, solved the most difficult problems of acoustics, botany, medicine, cosmography, created a project for a round theater, came up with a century earlier than Galileo, the clock pendulum, drew the current water skiing, developed the theory of mechanics.
What a lucky man! - many will say about him and begin to remember his beloved princes and kings, who were looking for acquaintances with him, spectacles and holidays that he invented as an artist, playwright, actor, architect, and had fun on them like a child.
However, was the indefatigable long-liver Leonardo happy, whose every day gave people and the world providence and insight? He foresaw the terrible fate of his creations: the destruction of the "Last Supper", the shooting of the monument to Francesca Sforza, low trade and vile theft of his diaries, workbooks. In total, only sixteen paintings have survived to this day. Few sculptures. But a lot of drawings, encoded drawings: like the heroes of modern science fiction, he changed the detail in his design, as if so that the other could not use it.
Leonardo da Vinci worked in different types and genres of art, but painting brought him the greatest fame.
One of Leonardo's earliest paintings is Madonna with a Flower or Benois Madonna. Already here the artist appears as a true innovator. He overcomes the boundaries of the traditional plot and gives the image a broader, universal meaning, which is maternal joy and love. In this work, many features of the artist's art were clearly manifested: a clear composition of figures and volume of forms, a desire for conciseness and generalization, and psychological expressiveness.
The painting “Madonna Litta” was a continuation of the started topic, where another feature of the artist’s work was clearly manifested – the play on contrasts. The theme was completed with the painting “Madonna in the Grotto”, which marks the ideal compositional solution, thanks to which the depicted figures of the Madonna, Christ and angels merge with the landscape into a single whole, endowed with calm balance and harmony.
One of the peaks of Leonardo's work is the Last Supper fresco in the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria Della Grazie. This work impresses not only with its overall composition, but also with its accuracy. Leonardo not only conveys the psychological state of the apostles, but does so at the moment when it reaches a critical point, turns into a psychological explosion and conflict. This explosion is caused by the words of Christ: "One of you will betray me." In this work, Leonardo made full use of the method of concrete juxtaposition of figures, thanks to which each character appears as a unique individuality and personality.
The second pinnacle of Leonard's work was the famous portrait of Mona Lisa, or "La Gioconda". This work laid the foundation for the genre of psychological portrait in European art. When creating it, the great master brilliantly used the entire arsenal of means of artistic expression: sharp contrasts and soft undertones, frozen immobility and general fluidity and variability, the subtlest psychological nuances and transitions. The whole genius of Leonardo lies in the amazingly lively look of Mona Lisa, her mysterious and enigmatic smile, mystical haze covering the landscape. This work is one of the rarest masterpieces of art.
Everyone who saw the Gioconda brought from the Louvre in Moscow remembers the minutes of their complete deafness near this small canvas, the tension of all the best in oneself. Gioconda seemed to be a "Martian", a representative of the unknown - it must be the future, and not the past of the human tribe, the embodiment of harmony, which the world has not tired of and will never get tired of dreaming about.
There is much more to be said about him. Surprised that this is not fiction or fantasy. Here, for example, we can recall how he proposed to move the Cathedral of San Giovanni - such work amazes us, the inhabitants of the twentieth century.
Leonardo said: “A good artist must be able to paint two main things: a person and a representation of his soul. Or is it said about "Columbine" from the St. Petersburg Hermitage? Some researchers call it, and not the Louvre canvas, "La Gioconda".
The boy Nardo, that was his name in Vinci: the illegitimate son of a notary clerk, who considered birds and horses to be the best creatures on Earth. Beloved by all and lonely, bending steel swords and drawing hanged men. Invented a bridge across the Bosphorus and an ideal city, more beautiful than those of Corbusier and Niemeyer. Singing in a soft baritone voice and making the Mona Lisa smile. In one of the last notebooks, this lucky man wrote: "It seemed to me that I was learning to live, but I was learning to die." However, he then summed it up: "A life well lived is a long life."
Is it possible to disagree with Leonardo?
SANDRO BOTTICELLI.
Sandro Botticelli was born in Florence in 1445 in the family of a leather tanner.
The first original work by Botticelli is considered to be The Adoration of the Magi (circa 1740), where the main property of his original manner, dreaminess and subtle poetry, has already fully affected. He was gifted with an innate sense of poetry, but a clear touch of contemplative sadness shone through him literally in everything. Even Saint Sebastian, tormented by the arrows of his tormentors, looks at him thoughtfully and detachedly.
In the late 1470s, Botticelli became close to the circle of the actual ruler of Florence, Lorenzo Medici, nicknamed the Magnificent. In the luxurious gardens of Lorenzo, a society of people gathered, probably the most enlightened and talented in Florence. There were philosophers, poets, musicians. An atmosphere of admiration for beauty reigned, and not only the beauty of art, but also the beauty of life was valued. Antiquity, perceived, however, through the prism of later philosophical layers, was considered the prototype of ideal art and ideal life. Without a doubt, under the influence of this atmosphere, the first large painting by Botticelli "Primavera (Spring)" was created. This is a dreamlike, refined, marvelously beautiful allegory of the eternal cycle, the constant renewal of nature. It is permeated by the most complex and whimsical musical rhythm. The figure of Flora, decorated with flowers, dancing graces in the Garden of Eden, were images of beauty that had not yet been seen at that time and therefore made a particularly captivating impression. The young Botticelli immediately took a prominent place among the masters of his time.
It was the high reputation of the young painter that secured him an order for biblical frescoes for the Vatican Sistine Chapel, which he created in the early 1480s in Rome. He painted "Scenes from the Life of Moses", "The Punishment of Korah, Dathan and Aviron", showing amazing compositional skill. The classical calmness of the ancient buildings, against which Botticelli unfolded the action, contrasts sharply with the dramatic rhythm of the depicted characters and passions; the movement of human bodies is complex, intricate, saturated with explosive power; one gets the impression of shaking harmony, defenselessness of the visible world before the rapid onslaught of time and human will. The frescoes of the Sistine Chapel for the first time expressed the deep anxiety that lived in the soul of Botticelli, which grew stronger over time. The amazing talent of Botticelli as a portrait painter was reflected in these frescoes: each of the many painted faces is completely original, unique and unforgettable ...
In the 1480s, returning to Florence, Botticelli continued to work tirelessly, but the serene clarity of the "Examples" was already far behind. In the middle of the decade he wrote his famous The Birth of Venus. Researchers note in the later works of the master a moralism, a religious exaltation that was unusual for him before.
Perhaps more significant than late painting, Botticelli's drawings of the 90s are illustrations for Dante's Divine Comedy. He painted with obvious and undisguised delight; the visions of the great poet are lovingly and carefully conveyed by the perfection of the proportions of numerous figures, the thoughtful organization of space, the inexhaustible resourcefulness in the search for visual equivalents of the poetic word...
Despite any mental storms and crises, Botticelli until the very end (he died in 1510) remained a great artist, the master of his art. This is clearly evidenced by the noble modeling of the face in the "Portrait of a Young Man", the expressive characterization of the model, leaving no doubt about her high human dignity, the master's solid drawing and his benevolent look.
Revival, or Renaissance - a historical milestone in European culture. This is a fateful stage in the development of world civilization, which replaced the denseness and obscurantism of the Middle Ages and preceded the emergence of the cultural values of the New Time. Anthropocentrism is inherent in the heritage of the Renaissance - in other words, an orientation towards Man, his life and work. Distancing itself from church dogmas and plots, art acquires a secular character, and the name of the era refers to the revival of ancient motifs in art.
The Renaissance, whose roots originated in Italy, is usually divided into three stages: early ("quattrocento"), high and later. Consider the features of the creativity of the great masters who worked in those ancient, but significant times.
First of all, it should be noted that the creators of the Renaissance were not only engaged in "pure" fine art, but also proved to be talented researchers and pioneers. For example, an architect from Florence named Filippo Brunelleschi described a set of rules for constructing linear perspective. The laws formulated by him made it possible to depict the three-dimensional world on canvas with accuracy. Along with the embodiment of progressive ideas in painting, its very ideological content has also changed - the heroes of the paintings have become more "earthly", with pronounced personal qualities and characters. This even applied to works on topics related to religion.
The outstanding names of the Quattrocento period (second half of the 15th century) - Botticelli, Masaccio, Masolino, Gozzoli and others - have rightfully secured a place of honor in the treasury of world culture.
During the period of the High Renaissance (the first half of the 16th century), the entire ideological and creative potential of artists is fully revealed. A characteristic feature of this time is the reference of art to the era of antiquity. Artists, however, do not blindly copy ancient subjects, but rather use them to create and develop their own unique styles. Thanks to this, fine art acquires consistency and rigor, yielding to a certain frivolity of the previous period. Architecture, sculpture and painting of this time harmoniously complemented each other. Buildings, frescoes, paintings, created in the High period of the Renaissance, are true masterpieces. The names of universally recognized geniuses shine: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Santi, Michelangelo Buonarroti.
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The personality of Leonardo da Vinci deserves special attention. They say about him that he is a man far ahead of his time. An artist, an architect, an engineer, an inventor - this is not a complete list of the incarnations of this multifaceted personality.
Leonardo da Vinci is known to the modern man in the street, first of all, as a painter. His most famous work is the Mona Lisa. On her example, the viewer can appreciate the innovation of the author's technique: thanks to the unique courage and looseness of thinking, Leonardo developed fundamentally new ways of "revitalizing" the image.
Using the phenomenon of light scattering, he achieved a decrease in the contrast of minor details, which raised the realism of the image to a new level. The master paid remarkable attention to the anatomical accuracy of the embodiment of the body in painting and graphics - the proportions of the "ideal" figure are fixed in the "Vitruvian Man".
The second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries are usually called the Late Renaissance. This period was characterized by very diverse cultural and creative trends, so it is difficult to judge it unambiguously. The religious trends of southern Europe, embodied in the Counter-Reformation, led to an abstraction from the glorification of the beauty of man and ancient ideals. The contradiction of such sentiments with the established ideology of the Renaissance led to the emergence of Florentine mannerism. Painting in this style is characterized by a far-fetched color palette and broken lines. The Venetian masters of that time - Titian and Palladio - formed their own directions of development, which had few points of contact with the manifestations of the crisis in art.
In addition to the Italian Renaissance, attention should be paid to the Northern Renaissance. Artists who lived north of the Alps were less influenced by ancient art. In their work, the influence of the Gothic can be traced, which has survived until the onset of the Baroque era. The great figures of the Northern Renaissance are Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter Brueghel the Elder.
The cultural heritage of the great Renaissance artists is priceless. The name of each of them is tremulously and carefully preserved in the memory of mankind, since the one who wore it was a unique diamond with many facets.
The first forerunners of Renaissance art appeared in Italy in the 14th century. Artists of this time, Pietro Cavallini (1259-1344), Simone Martini (1284-1344) and (primarily) Giotto
(1267-1337), when creating paintings of traditional religious subjects, they began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make images more realistic and lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.
The term is used to refer to their work. Proto-Renaissance (1300s - "Trecento")
.
Giotto di Bondone
(c. 1267-1337) - Italian painter and architect of the Proto-Renaissance era. One of the key figures in the history of Western art. Having overcome the Byzantine icon-painting tradition, he became the true founder of the Italian school of painting, developed a completely new approach to depicting space. Giotto's works were inspired by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo.
Early Renaissance (1400s - "Quattrocento").
At the beginning of the 15th century Filippo Brunelleschi
(1377-1446), Florentine scholar and architect.
Brunelleschi wanted to make the perception of the terms and theaters reconstructed by him more visual and tried to create geometrically perspective pictures from his plans for a certain point of view. In these searches, direct perspective.
This allowed the artists to get perfect images of three-dimensional space on a flat canvas of the picture.
_________Another important step towards the Renaissance was the emergence of non-religious, secular art. Portrait and landscape established themselves as independent genres. Even religious subjects acquired a different interpretation - Renaissance artists began to consider their characters as heroes with pronounced individual traits and human motivation for actions.
The most famous artists of this period are Masaccio (1401-1428), Masolino (1383-1440), Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1497), Piero Della Francesco (1420-1492), Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516), Antonello da Messina (1430-1479), Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449-1494), Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515).
Masaccio
(1401-1428) - the famous Italian painter, the largest master of the Florentine school, the reformer of painting of the Quattrocento era.
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| Fresco. Miracle with the stater. |
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| Painting. crucifixion. |
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| Fresco. History of the Queen of Sheba. Church of San Francesco in Arezzo |
Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.
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| Spring. |
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| Birth of Venus. |
High Renaissance ("Cinquecento").
The highest flowering of Renaissance art came for the first quarter of the 16th century.
Works Sansovino (1486-1570), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Rafael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Giorgione (1476-1510), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489-1534) constitute the golden fund of European art.
Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci (Florence) (1452-1519) - Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, naturalist), inventor, writer.
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| self-portrait |
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| Lady with an ermine. 1490. Czartoryski Museum, Krakow |
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| Mona Lisa (1503-1505/1506) |
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| Madonna Litta. 1490-1491. Hermitage Museum. |
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| Madonna Benois (Madonna with a flower). 1478-1480 |
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| Madonna with a Carnation. 1478 |
During his life, Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings on anatomy, but did not publish his work. Making an autopsy of the bodies of people and animals, he accurately conveyed the structure of the skeleton and internal organs, including small details. According to professor of clinical anatomy Peter Abrams, da Vinci's scientific work was 300 years ahead of its time and in many ways surpassed the famous Grey's Anatomy.
List of inventions, both real and attributed to him:
parachute, toolescovo castle,bicycle, tankh, llight portable bridges for the army, pprojector, toatapult, robot, dvohlenz telescope.
Later, these innovations were developed Rafael Santi (1483-1520) - a great painter, graphic artist and architect, a representative of the Umbrian school.
| Self-portrait. 1483 |
Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni(1475-1564) - Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.
Paintings and sculptures by Michelangelo Buonarotti are full of heroic pathos and, at the same time, a tragic sense of the crisis of humanism. His paintings glorify the strength and power of man, the beauty of his body, while emphasizing his loneliness in the world.
The genius of Michelangelo left an imprint not only on the art of the Renaissance, but also on all further world culture. His activities are mainly associated with two Italian cities - Florence and Rome.
However, the artist was able to realize his most grandiose plans precisely in painting, where he acted as a true innovator of color and form.
By order of Pope Julius II, he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), representing the biblical story from the creation of the world to the flood and including more than 300 figures. In 1534-1541, in the same Sistine Chapel for Pope Paul III, he performed the grandiose, dramatic fresco The Last Judgment.
Sistine Chapel 3D.
The work of Giorgione and Titian is distinguished by an interest in the landscape, the poeticization of the plot. Both artists achieved great skill in the art of portraiture, with the help of which they conveyed the character and rich inner world of their characters.
Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco ( Giorgione) (1476 / 147-1510) - Italian artist, representative of the Venetian school of painting.
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| Sleeping Venus. 1510 |
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| Judith. 1504 |
Titian painted pictures on biblical and mythological subjects, he became famous as a portrait painter. He was commissioned by kings and popes, cardinals, dukes and princes. Titian was not even thirty years old when he was recognized as the best painter in Venice.
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| Self-portrait. 1567 |
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| Venus Urbinskaya. 1538 |
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| Portrait of Tommaso Mosti. 1520 |
Late Renaissance.
After the sack of Rome by imperial troops in 1527, the Italian Renaissance entered a period of crisis. Already in the work of the late Raphael, a new artistic line is outlined, called mannerism.
This era is characterized by overstretched and broken lines, elongated or even deformed figures, often naked, tension and unnatural poses, unusual or bizarre effects associated with size, lighting or perspective, the use of a caustic chromatic scale, overloaded composition, etc. The first masters mannerism Parmigianino
, Pontormo
, Bronzino-
lived and worked at the court of the dukes of the Medici house in Florence. Later, Mannerist fashion spread throughout Italy and beyond.
Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola
(Parmigianino
- "inhabitant of Parma") (1503-1540,) Italian artist and engraver, representative of mannerism.
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| Self-portrait. 1540 |
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| Portrait of a woman. 1530. |
Pontormo (1494-1557) - Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school, one of the founders of mannerism.
Mannerism was replaced by art in the 1590s baroque (transitional figures - Tintoretto And El Greco ).
Jacopo Robusti, better known as Tintoretto (1518 or 1519-1594) - painter of the Venetian school of the late Renaissance.
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| The Last Supper. 1592-1594. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice. |
El Greco ("Greek" Domenikos Theotokopoulos ) (1541-1614) - Spanish artist. By origin - a Greek, a native of the island of Crete.
El Greco had no contemporary followers, and his genius was rediscovered almost 300 years after his death.
El Greco studied in the workshop of Titian, but, however, his painting technique differs significantly from that of his teacher. The works of El Greco are characterized by speed and expressiveness of execution, which bring them closer to modern painting.
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| Christ on the cross. OK. 1577. Private collection. |
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| Trinity. 1579 Prado. |
Italy is a country that has always been famous for its artists. The great masters who once lived in Italy glorified art throughout the world. We can say for sure that if it were not for the Italian artists, sculptors and architects, the world would look very different today. The most significant in Italian art, of course, is considered. Italy in the Renaissance or Renaissance reached an unprecedented rise and prosperity. Talented artists, sculptors, inventors, real geniuses who appeared in those days are still known to every schoolchild. Their art, creativity, ideas, developments today are considered classics, the core on which world art and culture are built.
One of the most famous geniuses of the Italian Renaissance, of course, is the great Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519). Da Vinci was so gifted that he achieved great success in many areas of activity, including the visual arts and science. Another famous artist who is a recognized master is Sandro Botticelli(1445-1510). Botticelli's paintings are a real gift to mankind. Today, his dense are in the most famous museums in the world and are truly priceless. No less famous than Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli is Rafael Santi(1483-1520), who lived for 38 years, and during this time managed to create a whole layer of stunning painting, which became one of the brightest examples of the Early Renaissance. Another great genius of the Italian Renaissance is no doubt Michelangelo Buonarroti(1475-1564). In addition to painting, Michelangelo was engaged in sculpture, architecture and poetry, and achieved great results in these arts. The statue of Michelangelo called "David" is considered an unsurpassed masterpiece, an example of the highest achievement of the art of sculpture.
In addition to the artists mentioned above, the greatest artists of Italy of the Renaissance were such masters as Antonello da Messina, Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Paolo Veronese, Jacopo Tintoretto, Domenico Fetti, Bernardo Strozzi, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Francesco Guardi and others. . All of them were a prime example of the delightful Venetian school of painting. The Florentine school of Italian painting includes such artists as: Masaccio, Andrea del Verrocchio, Paolo Uccello, Andrea del Castagno, Benozzo Gozzoli, Sandro Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Filippo Lippi, Piero di Cosimo, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Fra Bartolommeo, Andrea del Sarto.
To list all the artists who worked during the Renaissance, as well as during the late Renaissance, and centuries later, who became known to the whole world and glorified the art of painting, developed the basic principles and laws that underlie all types and genres of fine arts, perhaps it will take several volumes to write, but this list is enough to understand that the Great Italian Artists are the very art that we know, that we love and that we will appreciate forever!
Paintings by great Italian artists
Andrea Mantegna - Fresco in the Camera degli Sposi
Giorgione - Three Philosophers
Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa
Nicolas Poussin - The Magnanimity of Scipio
Paolo Veronese - Battle of Lepanto
The Renaissance or Renaissance gave us many great works of art. It was a favorable period for the development of creativity. The names of many great artists are associated with the Renaissance. Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo Da Vinci, Giotto, Titian, Correggio - this is only a small part of the names of the creators of that time.
This period is associated with the emergence of new styles and painting. The approach to depicting the human body has become almost scientific. Artists strive for reality - they work out every detail. People and events in the paintings of that time look extremely realistic.
Historians distinguish several periods in the development of painting during the Renaissance.
Gothic - 1200s. Popular style at court. He was distinguished by pomposity, pretentiousness, excessive colorfulness. Used as paints. The paintings were the subjects of which were altar plots. The most famous representatives of this trend are Italian artists Vittore Carpaccio, Sandro Botticelli.
Sandro Botticelli
Proto-Renaissance - 1300s. At this time, there is a restructuring of morals in painting. Religious themes fade into the background, and secular is gaining more and more popularity. The painting takes the place of the icon. People are depicted more realistically, facial expressions and gestures become important for artists. A new genre of fine art appears -. Representatives of this time are Giotto, Pietro Lorenzetti, Pietro Cavallini.
Early Renaissance - 1400s. The rise of non-religious painting. Even the faces on the icons become more alive - they acquire human features. Artists of earlier periods tried to paint landscapes, but they served only as an addition, as a background to the main image. During the Early Renaissance becomes an independent genre. The portrait continues to develop. Scientists discover the law of linear perspective, and artists build their paintings on this basis. On their canvases you can see the correct three-dimensional space. The prominent representatives of this period are Masaccio, Piero Della Francesco, Giovanni Bellini, Andrea Mantegna.
High Renaissance - Golden Age. The horizons of artists are becoming even wider - their interests extend into the space of the Cosmos, they consider man as the center of the universe.
At this time, the "titans" of the Renaissance appear - Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, Raphael Santi and others. These are people whose interests were not limited to painting. Their knowledge extended much further. The most prominent representative was Leonardo Da Vinci, who was not only a great painter, but also a scientist, sculptor, playwright. He created fantastic techniques in painting, such as "smuffato" - the illusion of haze, which was used to create the famous "La Gioconda".
Leonardo Da Vinci
Late Renaissance- the fading of the Renaissance (mid-1500s - late 1600s). This time is associated with changes, a religious crisis. The heyday ends, the lines on the canvases become more nervous, individualism leaves. The image of the paintings is increasingly becoming a crowd. Talented works of that time belong to the pen of Paolo Veronese, Jacopo Tinoretto.
Paolo Veronese
Italy gave the world the most talented artists of the Renaissance, they are the most mentioned in the history of painting. Meanwhile, in other countries during this period, painting also developed, and influenced the development of this art. The painting of other countries during this period is called the Northern Renaissance.
