The adjective name is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, therefore, before answering the question of how the adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.
The term "adjective" appeared in the Russian language a long time ago, and it was formed from the Latin word adjectivum, which means "addition" in translation. That is why the lexical meaning of the word "adjective" should be considered "a name that is attached to a noun."
In general, the adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object. The lexical meaning in this case is expressed with the help of inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - a definition, in especially difficult cases they are a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective: three in one
Speaking about the adjective, three understandings of this term should be noted. According to the first, adjectives proper, pronouns-adjectives, participles and ordinal numbers should be attributed to this part of speech. The lexical meaning of these words (an attribute of an object) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called the broad understanding of the adjective.
There is a formal position of a moderate type, in which only adjectives proper and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the XX century, until it gave way to a broad understanding actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.
With a narrow understanding of the name of the adjective, only adjectives proper are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the features by which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the analysis of the adjective is carried out today.
How does the adjective change?
The adjective has a number of morphological categories, with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech, the adjective ending is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.
Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, while when the word passes into the plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified by using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that the adjective is used with and at the end it is not possible to get complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective name plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.
Short and long forms of adjectives
Most adjectives have short and long forms. During the existence of the Old Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms enjoyed priority, now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.
Adjectives in the full form are most often placed before the noun, in which case they play the role of a definition in the sentence. If the full adjective is behind the noun, it is most often the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.
Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If the sentence contains a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.
Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)
Some qualitative adjectives have retained their short form; these are the remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary signs that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular sign.
The short form is formed using the bases of full adjectives, to which generic endings should be added. In the formation of short masculine adjectives, the alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with zero sound may appear, this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives that are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only by gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.
Ranks of adjectives
To understand how the adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color features, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon referred to in the sentence.
Relative adjectives differ in that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. With the help of them, the relation to persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers is indicated. Lexical meaning is conveyed with the help of special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in the narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two features - a suffix and an individual belonging to a person or object.
How to analyze an adjective?
Morphological parsing of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both the school level and the university level, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional trouble. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.
In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, the belonging of the word form to a part of speech, categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it and a semantic question. Next, you need to specify all the lexico-grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For quality adjectives, you will need to specify comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Further, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective is consistent with the number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Unstressed adjective endings
Quite often, a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a number of questions (which? which? which? which? what?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-s”, “-s”, “-s”, “-s”, in most forms they put a soft sign before the end: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine. If the adjective was formed from the name of any month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
How is an adjective learned?
Previously, the period when the adjective name began to be studied (Grade 3) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. The adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - the noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To find out how the adjective changes, you need to make every effort in the classroom and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large number of scientific literature and find the answer to his question. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.
In the university format, the adjective is studied much deeper, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student to repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.
Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language acquires expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its attribute and belonging. They ask him the questions “what? which? which? what?”, and it also answers the questions “whose? whose? whose? whose?"
The secret is depending
In a sentence, the adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that is in the question is the same as that of the adjective.
What to Consider
Changing adjectives in cases depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And there are two things to remember here. First, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in the singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.
masculine, feminine and neuter
Let's take the phrase "noun + adjective in the singular" and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different genders. The gender of an adjective is always the same as the noun to which it refers.
- Masculine adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y. Here is an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
- Graduation adj. in the feminine: -aya, -ya. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious, summer.
- Graduation adj. in the middle gender: -oh, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) Tall, perennial.
Endings of adjectives in different numbers
Adjectives change freely in numbers. In the singular, they designate a sign of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “what, what, what?” For example: a smart question, a wide road, a gentle sun, a cheerful team, a large crowd, a noisy crowd.
In names, adjectives denote a variety of objects, answering the question “what?” For example: high hopes, small disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.
Spelling of unstressed endings in adjectives
To determine this point, you can act on a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.
If the question is “what?”, you need to check if the ending is under stress. If yes, then we write -th, if not, then we write -th (th).
If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then at the end you should write -y
If only questions can be asked from a noun to an adjective, then the same ending that sounds in the question should be written (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let us consider the last statement in more detail.
Changing adjective names by case
Now let's get acquainted with the features of the declension of adjectives in cases. This information will help you figure out how to determine the case of an adjective in each case.
First group
These are singular adjectives that are feminine. They lean like this:
- Nominative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -ya, -ya.
- Genitive case: plums (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Dative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Accusative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -yu, -yu.
- Instrumental case: plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Prepositional case: about a plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.
Second group
These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They lean like this:
- Nominative case: ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y.
- Genitive case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
- Dative case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
- To determine the ending of an adjective in the accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question "what?". Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives with an inanimate noun: -oy, -y, -y. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case, the question “whom?” should be asked to it. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what?) Strict, loving. Endings of adjectives with an animated noun: -th, -his.
- Instrumental case: with a ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Prepositional case: about the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.
Third group
These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bend like this.
- Nominative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oh, -ee.
- Genitive case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
- Dative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
- Accusative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -her.
- Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Prepositional case: about the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.
We see here that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which this adjective depends.
Fourth group
These are adjectives that are in the plural. Let's say the following about them:
- Nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Adjective endings: -s, -s.
- Genitive case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
- Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Accusative case: adjectives related to inanimate nouns are declined according to the principle of the nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Endings: -s, -s. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what?) Cheerful, close. Endings: -s, -ih.
- Instrumental case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -s, -s.
- Prepositional case: about flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
Note that in this group adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), prepositional cases.
Determining the case of an adjective: a sequence of actions
- Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
- Let's highlight the ending.
- Determine the gender and number of the adjective.
- Let's choose which of the four groups described above the given word belongs to.
- Let's determine the case of the adjective at the end.
- If in doubt, let's pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question to it and determine the case of the adjective from it, since it has the same ending.
If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and an adjective dependent on it) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If the noun in the sentence acts as a subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.
We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not difficult at all.
Let's open the secret of endings -s, ie. To do this, you need to determine what sound the stem of the adjective ends with. A stem is a part of a word without an ending.
Roads are happy, sad,
Now near, now far,
Both light and torn,
Winding, mountainous.(S. Mikhalkov)
(Tornye means smooth, even)
In words funny, sad, torny, winding, mountainous the base ends with a solid sound l, n, T.
In words near, far, light stem ends in a soft consonant n", To" .
If the stem of an adjective ends in a hard sound, the ending is written: ы.
If the base ends in a soft sound, the ending is different: ie.
There are exceptions. Find them in riddles.
Fresh, green in the garden in summer, and salted in a barrel in winter.(Cucumbers)
When she looks into the garden
The grapes will become transparent
Big apples are redder
And late pears are tastier.(Autumn) (I. Kulskaya)
Fresh, large, green, salty - the base ends in a solid consonant, but write zhi-shi with the letter I, so the ending is written -e.
Late - the stem ends in a soft consonant, the ending is -e. Another spelling is an unpronounceable consonant sound, a test word to be late.
Let's choose adjectives and write them down by following the commands of nouns.
Paradise birds.
Feathers of birds ..., .... , …., ….. In form they are…. : some - ..., others - .... with tassels on the wings, others - .... Legs …. and ...., because they live in trees. …. birds!
Information desk: yellow, orange, green, black, unusual, wide, narrow, fluffy, strong, tenacious, fabulous. (See Fig. 2)
Paradise birds.
Bird feathers (what?) Yellow, orange, green, black. They are (what?) Unusual in shape: some are wide, others are narrow with tassels on the wings, others are fluffy. Legs (what?) Strong and tenacious, because they live in trees. Fairy birds!
People, admiring the beauty of birds of paradise, are often surprised by their croaking. And there is nothing surprising: these birds are close relatives of our common crow.
What nouns can be used with an adjective delicious?
vermicelli
orange
Delicious oranges, zucchini, sweets, cucumbers, pies, salads.
The nouns from the first column do not change in numbers. Nouns bread, butter, milk, jam, chocolate, vermicelli have the singular form.
Jokers.
Far away ... times in Rus' lived merrily ... people are funny people. Holidays, folk ... festivities could not do without these people. Buffoons staged puppet shows right on the streets. Friendly ... gangs could be seen in villages and cities. The mercenaries carried balls of various colors ... and boxes of carnage ..., next to them were mummers ... goats and bears on chains. The musicians carried their musical instruments.(According to I. Nikitina)
What times? distant, th, what kind of people? funny, th, festivities what? folk, th, representations what? puppet, th, gangs (these are noisy crowds) what? friendly, th, what kind of balls? multi-colored, th, boxes what? carved, th, what kind of goats? mummers, th, what instruments? musical.
Matryoshka.
Matryoshka is a (wooden) doll. (Russian) craftsmen endowed nesting dolls with beauty. Matryoshka has a (ruddy) face, (blue) eyes, (scarlet) lips, (sable) eyebrows. The (smart) shawl and (bright) dress complete the beauty of the toy. (Russian) matryoshka is the (best) gift.
What is the doll (she)? wooden, unit, w.w.
What are the masters? Russians, pl.
What is the person(s)? ruddy, single, cf.
What are the eyes? blue, pl.
What sponges? scarlet, pl.
Eyebrows what? sable, pl.
Shawl (she) what? elegant, singular, female
What is the dress (it)? bright, singular, cf.
Matryoshka (she) what? Russian, singular, female
What gift (is it)? best, singular, m.
Matryoshka.
Matryoshka is a wooden doll. Russian craftsmen endowed nesting dolls with beauty. Matryoshka has a ruddy face, blue eyes, scarlet lips, sable eyebrows. An elegant shawl and bright dress complement the beauty of the toy. Russian matryoshka is the best gift.
Put the adjectives in the correct form. Determine the number of adjectives and gender in the singular.
Tundra in summer.
The summer tundra is multicolored. On the melt water is motley ... birds. There are bright flowers on the bumps. Lazily lie full ... deer. Their branching ... horns at a golden sunset are like a fabulous ... bone forest. And all around is endless ... silence.(According to N. Sladkov)
Tundra in summer.
The summer (what?) tundra is multicolored (zh.r.s.ch.). There are colorful (what?) birds (plural) on the melt water. There are bright (what?) flowers on the bumps (pl.). Well-fed (what?) deer lie lazily (plural). Their branched (what?) horns (pl.) at the golden sunset are like a fabulous (what?) bone forest (m.s.s.). And around the endless (what?) Silence. (zh.r.s.ch.) (According to N. Sladkov)
In the lesson, you learned that an adjective in the plural always has the same command - which ones? The adjective, obeying this command, is used in the plural. For adjectives in the plural, the gender does not differ, since the endings are always the same: -s or ie.
- M.S.Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- TV Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
- Insert letters. Guess how the words are combined. Find the "extra" combination of words.
fast ... rivers
far ... mountains
fragrant ... lilies of the valley
mighty ... pines
rare ... forest
autumn ... mushrooms
- Write the phrases in the plural.
Friendly team - …
Friendly family - …
Friendly link...
City Park - …
Town Square - …
The city building is…
- Solve spelling problems in the endings of adjectives.
Chuck and Huck walk.
The children walked to the spring along a narrow ... path. A cold blue sky shone above them. How fabulous ... castles, rose to the sky high ... cliffs. In frost... the silence sharply chirped curious ... magpies. Among the cedar branches, gray ... brisk ... squirrels jumped.
Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples for fixing the material.
What are the forms of adjectives?
In Russian, full and short forms of adjectives are distinguished. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of a qualitative adjective:
- Full adjectives- attributive, inflected forms (change by gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences, they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
- Short adjectives- predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, do not decline by cases), differ in book value. In sentences, as a rule, they act as a nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.
Full and short adjectives are studied at school in grade 5.
Types of ratios of full and short forms of adjectives
Not all words of this part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. According to the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:
- Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the basis of the adjective -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - cute, strong - strong).
- Adjectives that have only the full form. These include - adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming animal colors (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (foreign, former).
- Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, happy).
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