Industrial society - what are its disadvantages and advantages? Origins and values ​​of industrial civilization.

The transition from a traditional society to an industrial one
Traditional society -
a society in which a person
does not think of himself outside of nature;
he is completely dominated
ancient traditions and customs.
industrial society -
a society in which
completed the creation process
large, technologically
developed industry.
Modernization - formation and development
industrial society (transition from traditional to
industrial society).

Three echelons of modernization
First echelon:
England, France.
Beginning - XVII century.
Influenced
natural,
internal causes and
economic
prerequisites.
Second tier:
Germany, Italy,
Austrian
empire, usa,
Russia.
Third tier:
countries of Latin
America, countries
Asia and Africa.
Beginning - XVIII century.,
completion - 2nd half.
19th century
At the head is
state. home
the goal is to catch up with the countries
first echelon.
Late 19th - early
20th century
Influenced
developed countries.
Internal
background
missing.
The pace is fast
forced.
Pace -
slow.
The pace is natural.

Economic sphere:
The main features of the industrial
Rapid development
societies
industry;
The predominance of industrial
production over agriculture;
High level
capital investments;
Communication of science, technology and
production.

The main features of an industrial society

Political sphere:
Consolidation of the principle
equality of citizens before
by law;
Recognition of democratic
individual rights and freedoms,
Development of civil
society.

The main features of an industrial society

Social sphere:
dominance
urban population
over rural;urbanization
high
social mobility;
destruction
estate privileges;
increase in the share of qualified
strata of the population.

The main features of an industrial society

Spiritual realm:
Rationalization of spiritual
life;
The growth of individualism;
Recognition of autonomy
individuals from the state
the most important social
value.

Migration processes

Urban growth is one of the features
industrial society.
This process accelerated in the nineteenth
V. The rapid growth of cities was
called:
overpopulation of the village
decline of small
small towns (fall
handicraft production,
moving
industrial centers).

Ratio of urban and rural
population in industrialized
countries.
England
City
Village
10%
France
City
Village
30%
70%
90%
For the first time in the history of the city began to dominate in
economic life.

Why migrants
left the old world and
went to New
Since the 20s of the 19th century, mass migration began
Europeans. Most of the emigrants went to the USA.

Emigrants from
Europe. 1860
Emigrants were a cheap labor force, according to
for the most difficult working conditions.

Social structure
nobles
Bourgeoisie
Large
Medium
small
Wed Class
workers
Qualified
Unskilled
Peasants
What new classes appear in society with
development of capitalist relations, and
which disappear?

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

landowner and
gypsies.
Classic in England
landlord and
peasant economy
disappeared in the 18th century
France destroys them
revolution, in the USA
didn't exist at all.
They are only saved in
second tier countries:
austrian empire,
German and Italian
states.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

In the 19th century aristocracy
had to do a lot
change your image
life: the old and
a new
aristocracy.
aristocrats were
large
landowners and
connected to each other
related
bonds.

Parliament session
in England, 19th century
Boys from aristocratic families were prepared for
politics. In the middle of the 19th century, 4/5 members of the House of Commons
in the English Parliament were landowners.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

Gradually
dominant
position of the aristocracy
goes into the past. Families
lose their wealth
many aristocrats
marry with
rich upstarts.
The new "high society".
This leads to a merger
aristocracy and
bourgeoisie.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

In the 19th century, at the head of a large
industry stood
representatives of the bourgeoisie
made millions.
Mayer Amschel
Rothschild.
They worked hard
were modest in
everyday life, but many of them
wanted to be part of
aristocracy. For example,
guinness brewer and banker
The Rothschilds became barons.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

Distinguished into the middle class
lawyers, teachers,
inventors, scientists,
doctors.
One of the main
signs
belonging to
the middle class was
sustainable
material
position.

Frigerio. Teacher. 19th century.
Middle class - people who disapproved of social
upheavals preferred reforms to revolutions.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

The working class is being formed, in the industrial
countries, it becomes heterogeneous.
Working class
"working
aristocracy"
Unskilled
workers

Children at the packaging factory.
Baltimore, Maryland, 1909.
Read about "factory" women and children.
Highlight their position.

Women's and child labor

Until the 70s of the 19th century
women were not equal
with men. In family
women obeyed
father or husband.
English
suffragette.
Women in the 80s
won the right
manage your
property and
keep the kids with you
in case of divorce.

Women's and child labor

famous suffragette in
England was Emmeline
Pankhorst, organized
Women's socio-political union.
Emancipation -
termination
restrictions
acquisition of rights and
responsibilities.

Homework

Paragraph 3, questions no.
1.2, job in the working
notebooks No. 4, p.12

Most sustainable in modern sociology is considered a typology based on the allocation of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

A traditional society (also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agrarian way of life, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by the customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the family and community will be the most important. Attempts of any social transformations, innovations are rejected. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is a well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim, studying the society of the Australian Aborigines.

A traditional society is characterized by a natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly by individuals, and not by officials or status persons), informal regulation of interactions (by the norms of the unwritten laws of religion and morality), connectedness of members by kinship relations (family type of organization). community), a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, the rule of elders).

Modern societies are distinguished by the following features: the role-based nature of interaction (expectations and behavior of people are determined by the social status and social functions of individuals); the developing deep division of labor (on a professional and qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system of regulation of relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); a complex system of social management (singling out the institution of management, special governing bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (separation of it from the system of government); the allocation of many social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of its members, distribution of benefits, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

An industrial society is a type of organization of social life that combines the freedom and interests of the individual with the general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by the flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s the concepts of a post-industrial (information) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by drastic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices is recognized as leading in society. An individual who has received the necessary education, who has access to the latest information, gets an advantageous chance of moving up the ladder of the social hierarchy. Creative work becomes the main goal of a person in society.

The negative side of the post-industrial society is the danger of strengthening social control on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole.

The life world of human society is increasingly subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism.

Culture, including traditional values, is destroyed under the influence of administrative control, which tends to standardize and unify social relations and social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of a post-industrial society:

• the transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
• • the rise and dominance of highly educated vocational specialists;
• · the main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
• control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technological innovations;
• decision-making based on the creation of intellectual technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter was brought to life by the needs of the information society that began to take shape. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, but information (intellectual): knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities of people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism has been developed in detail today, it has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. In the world, two main directions for assessing the future development of human society have been formed: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Ecopessimism predicts a total global catastrophe in 2030 due to increasing environmental pollution; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism paints a more rosy picture, assuming that scientific and technological progress will cope with all the difficulties in the development of society.

Industrial society is a type of social development based on an accelerating change in the natural environment, forms of social relations and the person himself. The rapid development of industrial society is due not only to the expansion of the sphere of human life, the emergence industrial production, but also a restructuring of its very foundations, a radical change in traditionalist values ​​and life meanings. If in a traditional society any innovations were disguised as tradition, then an industrial society proclaims the value of the new, not fettered by the regulating tradition. This contributed to the development of social productive forces unprecedented in history.
Industrial society is characterized by the rapid development of technology based on the introduction of scientific ideas into social production. If the traditional society managed with relatively simple tools, arranged according to the principle of a composite object with a geometric fit of individual parts (block, lever, wagon), then industrial society is characterized by technical devices based on force interactions (steam engines, machine tools, internal combustion engines, etc.). d.). The emergence of large industrial enterprises, equipped with sophisticated technology, formed a social demand for a competent worker, and therefore contributed to the development of a mass education system. The development of the railway network not only significantly increased economic and cultural exchange, but also required the introduction of a single standard time. The impact of technology on all aspects of the life of an industrial society is so great that it is often called technogenic civilization.
The development of technology not only expands the sphere of man's domination over nature, but also changes the place of man in the system of social production. Living labor gradually loses power and motor functions and increases control and information. In the second half of the XX century. such technical systems appear (automated enterprises, spacecraft control systems, nuclear power plants), the operation of which requires not only virtuoso production skills, but also fundamental professional training based on the latest achievements of science. Science becomes not only the most important area of ​​spiritual culture, but also a direct productive force.
Technological progress contributed to the rise of the productive forces of society and an unprecedented improvement in the quality of human life. The development of commodity production not only led to the saturation of the market with essential products, but also created new needs unknown to traditional society (synthetic medicines, computers, modern means of communication and transport, etc.). The quality of housing, food and medical care has noticeably improved, and the average life expectancy has increased. The powerful development of technology has noticeably changed not only the objective environment of human habitation, but also his entire daily life. If the patriarchal-stagnant turn of life in the traditionalist consciousness was symbolized by the "wheel of times", i.e., the idea of ​​an eternal return to normal, the dynamism of technogenic civilization gave rise to the image of axial historical time, which was written by the German philosopher K. Jaspers. "Time-arrow" becomes a symbol of not only technical, but also social progress i.e., ideas about the progressive development of society from barbarism and savagery to civilization and the further buildup of civilizational achievements.
Technological progress has given rise to profound changes in the cultural meanings of nature, society and man himself, introduced new values ​​and life meanings into the public consciousness. The traditionalist idea of ​​life-giving nature in the public consciousness of industrial society is replaced by the idea of ​​an ordered "system of nature" governed by natural laws. Such representations are reflected in the metaphor of the world as a clock mechanism, the individual parts of which are connected by a rigid cause-and-effect interaction. Knowledge of the world was identified with its reproduction in the forms of human activity. The religious "disenchantment" of the world (M. Weber) was accompanied by a large-scale secularization of public consciousness, i.e., the replacement of a religious worldview and upbringing with a secular one. K. Marx's definition of nature as "the inorganic body of man" illustrates the destruction of traditionalist ideas about the organic unity of man and nature: the perception of nature as a deified source of life is being replaced by the concept of the habitat as a pantry of an inexhaustible supply of industrial raw materials. The pathos of the Promethean will of the new European man, the assertion of his strength and power meant the assertion of limitless transformative possibilities in relation to nature. Conquest, subjugation, transformation become key metaphors for the new industrial culture. “We cannot wait for favors from nature” - this is the motto of not only a process engineer, but also a selectionist botanist.
Unlike a traditional society, in an industrial society the dominant type of social connection is based not on extra-economic, but on economic coercion to work. Capitalist wage labor is characterized by a social partnership of two legally equal parties: an entrepreneur who owns the means of production (premises, equipment, raw materials), and an employee who has only his own labor force (physical ability to work, production skills, education). Unlike the owner of the means of production, the hired worker, yesterday's peasant, driven from the land by need, has no means of subsistence. Therefore, the formal (legal) equality of the parties in practice turns out to be actual inequality, economic coercion to work on the terms of the employer. But in a civilizational sense, the abolition of personal dependence and the transition to social contract on the basis of a legal contract - a noticeable step forward in the assertion of human rights, the formation of civil society. The rupture of relations of personal dependence and clan and tribal affiliation creates conditions for social mobility, i.e., the ability of a person to move from one social group (class) to another. An industrial society gives a person one of the highest civilizational values ​​- personal freedom. A free man becomes the master of his own destiny.
Social relations, invisible threads of the social fabric, in an industrial society take the form of commodity-money exchange (by activities, products of labor, services, etc.). This gives rise to the illusion that it is not people who dominate each other, connected by a historically certain type of social relations, but "money rules the world." Only a deep study of society can dispel this illusion and show that this or that form of labor exploitation is based on a historically defined type of social production and the corresponding property and distribution relations.
If social relations in a traditional society are called directly public, then industrial modernity is characterized by indirect (money, goods, institutions) social ties of people who do not personally know each other - social partners. Describing medieval cities, M. Weber noted that urban dwellings are located much closer than in rural areas, but unlike fellow villagers, urban neighbors do not necessarily know each other. Intermediaries in relations between people in an industrial society are social institutions, and above all the state represented by law enforcement agencies, courts, prosecutors, as well as socialization institutions (schools, universities, etc.) and individual employment (state enterprises). Institutionally mediated social ties give rise to the attitude of people towards each other as carriers social role(judge, boss, teacher, doctor, shop assistant, bus driver, etc.). And each person plays not one, but many social roles, acting both as an actor and as the author of his own life.
The period of industrialization is characterized by mass migration of the rural population to cities that can provide a higher standard of living. The characteristic features of a Western European medieval city were formed as early as the 16th-17th centuries. The city is distinguished from rural settlements by a fortified territory (“burg”), as well as elected bodies of city self-government. Unlike the rural population with a strict division into masters and subjects, the townspeople are formally equal in rights, regardless of their social origin, personal merits and wealth. Industrial corporations defended the rights of their members in the city court, including in the face of the former owner. In many countries, the verdict of the city court was final and not subject to appeal by the royal court. The saying “City air makes you free” has survived to this day. However, with the rise of centralized states, the administration of justice is increasingly concentrated in the hands of the supreme power. The monopolization and regulation of violence by the state helps to reduce the overall level of unauthorized violence in society. The development of legal consciousness and legal institutions that equalize the strong and the weak, the noble and the rootless, the rich and the poor in the face of the law, that is, the formation rule of law, not only an essential condition for the development of industrial capitalism, but also the most important civilizational achievement of mankind.

Even at school, we all learn not only what industrialization is, but also about the features of an industrial society, its characteristic features. We propose to find out what its advantages and disadvantages are, how it differs from the post-industrial one, and whether there is a crisis of an industrial society.

What is an industrial society?

An industrial society is a society formed in the process of industrialization, where machine production and the achievements of technical and scientific progress are applied. It can be based on an industry with very flexible dynamic structures, where the division of labor is characteristic, as well as the growth of its productivity, high competition and the accelerated development of entrepreneurship, a significant level of urbanization, and an increase in the quality of life.

Signs of an industrial society

The following features of an industrial society are distinguished:

1. The rapid growth of agricultural and industrial production.
2. Development of communication means.
3. The emergence of print media and other media.
4. Expanding opportunities for education.
5. Complete urbanization.
6. The rise of monopolies.
7. The division of labor on an international scale.
8. A significant increase in the vertical differentiation of the population.

Industrial society in philosophy

Encyclopedic dictionaries say that an industrial society in philosophy is a concept introduced by A. Saint-Simon in order to define a social system where industrial production is the main type of economic activity. O. Comte and G. Spencer are considered to be the founders of the theory of industrial society. Theorists of industrial society are sure that there is such an opportunity to build a universal model of the history of society. At the same time, Western society can be a prototype of such a model.

Industrial society in sociology

Experts openly say what industrial society means in this area. This concept can be called a product of modern social science. Researchers in this field begin their expositions of social science from ancient Greece. Thanks to such obtained data, they pave the way from ancient philosophy to a new social science. Famous thinkers Aristotle, Plato, Tacitus and Cicero dealt with such social phenomena. They often expressed their opinion about the possible and real forms of society, trying to find the laws of social development.

What is the difference between a post-industrial society and an industrial one?

To know what are the differences between an industrial society and a post-industrial one, it is important to understand their features. Thus, an industrial society has the following features:

1. Development of the economy by increasing the pace of exploitation of not only natural, but also human resources.
2. Thanks to the increase in machine-building and chemical enterprises, the development of industry is ensured.
3. Society focuses on production and consumption. The world's masterpieces of culture and art are replacing base mass culture.

As for the post-industrial society, it has the following differences from the industrial one:

1. Information, knowledge and intelligence are at the basis of the wealth of society.
2. Production is focused on the needs of the consumer and the quality of the products offered to him.
3. Technological processes built on an intellectual basis are the main management tool.
4. The quality of life is getting better.
5. Social prevail over material.

Pros and cons of an industrial society

Even a child understands the disadvantages and advantages of an industrial society. So, among the advantages of such a society:

1. Rapid pace of economic development.
2. Increasing industrial development.
3. Socio-historical progress.
4. Product quality improvement.
5. The emergence of international trade
6. Honesty, decency and diligence as the main values ​​in society.

Among the disadvantages of an industrial society:

1. Exploitation of natural resources to the detriment of the ecology of the environment.
2. Uneven growth and development of the economy.
3. Decrease in jobs.

Advantages of an industrial society

Many historians argue that the transition to an industrial society allowed humanity to take a major step towards the technological process. Among the advantages of such a society:

1. Improving the quality of products offered to potential consumers.
2. International trade.
3. Technological and historical progress.
4. Increasing the pace of economic development.
5. Industry development.

Cons of an industrial society

Despite all the advantages, the theory of industrial society has its drawbacks. Among the disadvantages of such a society:

1. Aggressive exploitation of natural resources. Even schoolchildren know how the overexploitation of environmental resources can threaten the environment.
2. Uneven development of economic growth.
3. Decrease in jobs.

The role of science in an industrial society

Science is of great importance in an industrial society. Among its main functions here are both cultural, ideological, and production, social management. Thanks to these functions, it is possible to characterize it in detail and meaningfully not only as a cognitive-cognitive phenomenon, but also to reveal its sociocultural nature, to fix the role and significance of science in the dynamics and functioning of modern society. In general, an industrial society cannot be imagined without scientific progress.

Values ​​of an industrial society

Researchers say that the core values ​​of an industrial society are freedom. The industrial system itself is often referred to only as the space of a person's personal freedom. Freedom is often worshiped and even sworn allegiance, and it is also fought for and defended. In its name, restrictions and sacrifices are made. It promotes development, is the basis of personal initiatives, creative impulses, innovative enterprises and undertakings.

Main categories: industrial society; public and private life; rationalism, individualism, polystylism; values ​​of industrial society: work, money, freedom, family; sociocultural groups, education as a sociocultural institution, level of culture.

Industrial society: main characteristics.

industrial society is the end product of modernization. It acquires a systemic certainty when new institutions are fixed in the models of people's behavior that correspond to their nature and functions. In this case, industrial society is capable of reproduction in time and space.

Consider the institutional components of an industrial society.

industrial society, as can be seen even from its name, relies on machine production. This means that the products of the industry make up a large part of the country's gross domestic product, the main economic unit is the factory operating for the market, with a rational organization of labor and the appropriate discipline of all personnel. The main economic institution is the firm.

Industrial society is market-oriented in its economic content, which implies not only a developed monetary economy, but also the institutionalization of entrepreneurial activity.

An industrial society is an economic society. The economy becomes the main subsystem of society, which determines the activities of all other institutions. The economic principle (the amount and nature of income) determines the social differences between people, builds a new social hierarchy in which the measure of a person's social position (status in society) is money. Other social parameters of a person (occupation, education, even origin) have an economic equivalent.

Industrial society is supralocal. Production, economic, political ties unite the population into one whole, regardless of the place of residence. The market system involves the constant exchange of information, people, products between territories. The same institutions function according to a single rational scheme in any part of the country. The political form of industrial society is nation state liberal type.

The industrial society is urbanized. The main type of settlement is the city - not only because the majority of the inhabitants live in it, but also because the urban lifestyle dominates the whole society, incl. and in its rural part (K. Marx).

Industrial society is differentiated. Each of its subsystems: economic, political develops autonomously in accordance with its own rhythms and norms. In an industrial society, there is a clear dividing line between the public and private (private) spheres of human activity.

An industrial society is a conflict-dynamic society. The nature of conflicts is mainly economic. It concerns the redistribution of income, changes in the social status of certain social groups. Conflict includes resistance to the system; dominance and discipline, both in the factory and in society as a whole.

Dahrendorf R., Dahrendorf R. (b.1929) - German sociologist and political scientist, author of famous books on the social structure of society and social conflict. The main works of D. have not been translated into Russian.

Rational conflict resolution leads to the evolution of society (R. Dahrendorf). So, the reproduction of an industrial society, thanks to conflicts, is realized in the form of development, i.e. has internal dynamics.

Turin A., Touraine A. (b. 1925) - French sociologist, researcher of labor relations in production.

Industrial society is relatively young. It developed in Europe 2-3 (thirty) generations ago. At the same time, in a number of countries it is developing into a post-industrial society, in which the university is called upon to become the main social institution; defining technologies - intellectual; the central subsystem of society - cultural (D. Bell, A. Touraine).

Naturally, the proposed characteristics of an industrial society describe its theoretical model, which does not coincide with the specific historical realities of different peoples, since. they necessarily contain traces of a traditionalist and even archaic past, the functioning of pre-industrial institutions.

We need a theoretical model in order to understand the dominant features of industrial culture.