Interesting facts from the biography of Dostoevsky briefly. Dostoevsky Fedor Mikhailovich: biography, family, creativity, interesting facts from life

Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born on November 11, 1821. 150 years after his death, he is the main literary brand of Russia in the world. On this occasion, MOIARUSSIA has chosen a number of interesting facts about the life and work of the writer.

Text: Igor Kuzmichev

Received three times less

Dostoevsky, although he was a superstar whose books were scattered like pies, in huge editions, received three times less than his colleagues in the shop. For a sheet he was paid 150 rubles, and Turgenev, for example, 500. And nothing could be done about it. Dostoevsky was constantly in need of money due to terrible debts and took up work without much bargaining. And the publishers, knowing his position, knocked down the fee - they say, he will sign anyway. At the same time, the writer himself assessed himself sensibly, as a best-selling author: “My name is worth a million,” he said. We know that the genius of Dostoevsky is worth more. Or rather, it simply has no price.

First wife and first betrayal

Dostoevsky's first wife was a certain Maria Isaeva. She suffered from tuberculosis and was the wife of a petty official who never parted with a bottle. At first, Dostoevsky and Isaeva were lovers, and when the official played the box, they got married. Happiness turned out to be short-lived: Maria, despite consumption, showed agility and started an affair with some loser named Vergunov. And openly twisted. And so they lived. Then Isaeva died, and Fedor Mikhailovich contacted the girl Appolinaria Suslova. She was twenty, he was forty. He became her first man, quite quickly Suslova took the writer into circulation, pushed him around and again openly cheated with a certain Salvador.

Constantly fighting for existence

Being in a constant deadline, Dostoevsky, as they say, drove the line, not having time to finalize the texts, to polish them. Therefore, his novels are full of length, confusion and banal phrases. The writer's widow later said that, unlike the "wealthy" Tolstoy, her husband was forced to think around the clock about how to get more money. “How many times has it happened over the last fourteen years of his life that two or three chapters have already been printed in the journal, the fourth was typed in the printing house, the fifth went by mail to the Russky Vestnik, and the rest were not yet written, but only conceived ...” - recalled by Anna Dostoevskaya.

Russian Marquis de Sade

Sex in the life of Dostoevsky, to put it mildly, was not the last place. “I am a debauchee,” he wrote, making full use of the services of prostitutes. Turgenev called his colleague "the Russian de Sade." Professionals are one thing, they put up with the desires of a strange client, but among ordinary women it was difficult for Dostoevsky to find a young lady who would not be afraid of his habits. The problem was solved by accident: being in the next deadline, the writer found himself in a situation where he had to write and submit a novel in 26 days. Otherwise - according to the idiotic contract signed by Fyodor Mikhailovich in an eclipse of the mind - he had to write all subsequent books for nine years in a row for free.

Stenographer Anna Snitkina

In short, Fyodor Mikhailovich was on the brink of an abyss. Friends advised him to take an assistant stenographer, so as not to waste time on paperwork, but simply to dictate. So 20-year-old Anna Snitkina appeared in his life. Dostoevsky frightened the modest girl at the first meeting. There was a reason - old, 45 years old, terrible (he called himself Quasimodo), sickly and impoverished. But in a month of joint work, Anna was imbued with this uncle, and he, in turn, decided: why not get married. Here they got married. Kind, quiet and submissive, the girl Snitkina turned out to be a godsend for Dostoevsky in every sense. She took her husband's needs for granted, was, so to speak, responsive.

Entering the taste and not meeting resistance, Dostoevsky extended his inclinations not only to the intimate sphere, but also to ordinary life. He made strict rules that Anna had to strictly observe. A terrible jealous man, he demanded from his wife to forget about dresses emphasizing the figure, not to wear makeup, not to laugh at men's jokes at all. The wife complied.

This sexism had one plus: the writer never cheated on his wife.

Anna Dostoevskaya became a real fighting friend for her husband. After the death of the writer, despite the quite standard age - 35 years - she decided that she would not marry again and would not look at men. And dedicate herself to her husband's legacy.

For all her meekness, Anna was not a helpless mouse. Born into a wealthy family, having the skills to handle money, she quickly realized that her husband was shamelessly robbed, and he, as they say, only clapped his ears. Then the devoted wife took management into her own hands. She hit publishers in the head, knocked out normal fees, established work with printing houses and began to conclude more or less worthy deals.

Wife's business acumen

The money went, however, they eventually went to cover all the same debts. But life got easier. Surprisingly, business acumen and rigidity did not affect the attitude towards a careless husband in any way - Anna gave everything she earned to him and never hinted that, they say, it would be nice to take up your mind and stop behaving irresponsibly. In short, the ideal-ideal wife - and knock out the money, and obey in bed.

Death due to a dropped pen.

Suffering from a lung disease, the writer, whom doctors categorically forbade any physical activity, while working, dropped his pen, leaned over it, and he immediately bled in his throat. Two days later Fyodor Mikhailovich was gone.

The writer was addicted to card games. Losing, he pawned everything that was in the house, from cups to his wife's earrings. Hell ended overnight when Dostoevsky realized that a little more, and his pregnant wife would die from the cold, as she had nothing to wear. Since then, Fedor Mikhailovich has not touched roulette and cards.

Dostoevsky was weak not only at card games, but also at the attention of the public. Thank God, during his lifetime he managed to know the taste of real glory. The readings that Fyodor Mikhailovich arranged attracted crowds - he was a real pop star of his time.

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1. In F. Dostoevsky's novel "Demons", the cynically haughty image of Stavrogin will become more understandable to you if you know one nuance. In the handwritten original of the novel, there is Stavrogin's confession about the rape of a nine-year-old girl, who then hanged herself. This fact has been removed from the printed edition.

2. Dostoevsky, who in the past was a member of Petrashevsky's revolutionary organization of lawless people, describes the members of this organization in the novel "Demons". Meaning revolutionaries by demons, Fyodor Mikhailovich directly writes about his former accomplices - it was "... an unnatural and anti-state society of thirteen people", speaks of them as "... bestial voluptuous society" and that they are "... not socialists, but swindlers ... ". For his truthful frankness about the revolutionaries, V.I. Lenin called F.M. Dostoevsky "the archaic Dostoevsky."

3. In 1859, Dostoevsky retired from the army "due to illness" and received permission to live in Tver. At the end of the year, he moved to St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines Vremya, then Epoch, combining a huge amount of editorial work with the author's work: he wrote journalistic and literary-critical articles, polemical notes, works of art. After the death of his brother, a huge amount of debts remained from the magazines, which Fedor Mikhailovich had to pay almost until the end of his life.

4. Fans of F. M. Dostoevsky's creativity know that the sin of parricide in The Brothers Karamazov lies with Ivan, but the reason for the crime is not clear. In the handwritten original of The Brothers Karamazov, the true cause of the crime is indicated. It turns out that Ivan's son killed F.P. Karamazov's father because his father raped the young Ivan with sodomy, in general, for pedophilia. This fact was not included in the printed editions.

5. Dostoevsky made extensive use of the real topography of St. Petersburg in describing the places in his novel Crime and Punishment. As the writer admitted, he compiled a description of the courtyard in which Raskolnikov hides things stolen from the pawnbroker's apartment from personal experience - when one day, walking around the city, Dostoevsky turned into a deserted courtyard in order to relieve himself.

6. His impressionability clearly went beyond the limits of the norm. When some street beauty said “no” to him, he fainted. And if she said yes, the result was often exactly the same.

7. To say that Fedor Mikhailovich had a heightened sexuality means to say almost nothing. This physiological property was so developed in him that, despite all efforts to hide it, it involuntarily broke out - in words, looks, actions. This, of course, was noticed by those around him and ridiculed him. Turgenev called him "the Russian Marquis de Sade". Unable to control the sensual fire, he resorted to the services of prostitutes. But many of them, having once tasted Dostoevsky's love, then refused his proposals: his love was too unusual, and, most importantly, painful.

8. Only one remedy could save from the abyss of debauchery: a beloved woman. And when such a thing appeared in his life, Dostoevsky was transformed. It was she, Anna, who was for him both an angel-savior, and an assistant, and that very sexual toy with which one could do everything without guilt and remorse. She was 20, he was 45. Anna was young and inexperienced, and did not see anything strange in those intimate relationships that her husband offered her. She took violence and pain for granted. Even if she didn't approve, or didn't like what he wanted, she didn't say no to him, and she didn't show her displeasure in any way. She once wrote: "I am ready to spend the rest of my life kneeling before him." She put his pleasure above all else. He was God to her.

9. Acquaintance with the future wife Anna Snitkina fell on a very difficult period in the life of the writer. He pledged literally everything he could to moneylenders for a penny, even his wadded coat. And, nevertheless, urgent debts of several thousand rubles remained behind him. At that moment, Dostoevsky signed a fantastically enslaving contract with the publisher Strelovsky, according to which he had, firstly, to sell him all his already written works, and secondly, to write a new one by a certain date. The main point in the contract was an article according to which, in the event of a new novel not being submitted by the deadline, Strelovsky would publish whatever Dostoevsky wrote as he liked for nine years, and without remuneration.
Despite the bondage, the contract made it possible for Dostoevsky to pay off the most aggressive creditors and escape from the rest abroad. But after returning, it turned out that there was a month left before the delivery of a new novel of one and a half hundred pages, and Fyodor Mikhailovich had not written a single line. Friends suggested that he use the services of "literary blacks", but he refused. Then they advised him to invite at least a stenographer, who was the young Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. The novel "The Gambler" was written (or rather, dictated by Snitkina) in 26 days and submitted on time! Moreover, under circumstances, again extraordinary - Strelovsky specially left the city, and Dostoevsky had to leave the manuscript against receipt to the bailiff of the part where the publisher lived.
Dostoevsky, on the other hand, made a proposal to a young girl (she was then 20 years old, he was 45) and received consent.

10. The mother of Anna Grigorievna Snitkina was a respectable house owner and gave her daughter a dowry of many thousands in the form of money, utensils and a tenement house.

11. Anna Snitkina, already at a young age, led the life of a capitalist homeowner, and after her marriage to Fyodor Mikhailovich, she immediately took up his financial affairs.
First of all, she pacified the numerous creditors of the late brother Mikhail, explaining to them that it is better to receive for a long time and little by little than not to receive at all.
Then she turned her business eye to the publication of her husband's books and found, again, things completely wild. So, for the right to publish the most popular novel "Demons", Dostoevsky was offered 500 "copyright" rubles, moreover, with payment in installments over two years. At the same time, as it turned out, printing houses, subject to the well-known writer's name, willingly printed books with a deferred payment for six months. Printing paper could also be purchased in the same way.
It would seem that under such conditions it is very profitable to publish your books yourself. However, the daredevils soon burned out, as monopoly publishers, of course, quickly cut off their oxygen. But the 26-year-old young lady was too tough for them.
As a result, the "Demons" published by Anna Grigoryevna, instead of the "author's" 500 rubles offered by the publishers, brought the Dostoevsky family 4,000 rubles of net income. In the future, she not only independently published and sold her husband's books, but also engaged, as they would now say, in the wholesale trade of books by other authors, aimed at the regions.

To say that Fedor Mikhailovich got one of the best managers of his time for free is to say half the truth. After all, this manager also selflessly loved him, gave birth to children and patiently led the household for a penny (giving away thousands of hard-earned rubles to creditors). In addition, for all 14 years, married Anna Grigoryevna also worked for her husband as a stenographer for free.

12. In letters to Anna, Fyodor Mikhailovich was often not restrained and filled them with many erotic allusions: “I kiss you every minute in my dreams, all the time, passionately. I especially love what is said about: And this lovely object - he is delighted and intoxicated. This subject kisses every minute in all forms and intends to kiss all his life. Ah, how I kiss, how I kiss! Anka, don’t say that it’s rude, but what should I do, that’s me, I can’t be judged ... I kiss your toes, then your lips, then what “I am delighted and intoxicated with.” These words were written by him at the age of 57.

13. Anna Grigorievna remained faithful to her husband until her end. In the year of his death, she was only 35 years old, but she considered her womanly life ended and devoted herself to serving his name. She published a complete collection of his works, collected his letters and notes, forced her friends to write his biography, founded the Dostoevsky school in Staraya Russa, and wrote memoirs herself. In 1918, in the last year of her life, the then-novice composer Sergei Prokofiev came to Anna Grigorievna and asked him to make some kind of recording in his album, “dedicated to the sun”. She wrote: “The sun of my life is Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Anna Dostoevskaya ... "

14. Dostoevsky was incredibly jealous. Attacks of jealousy seized him suddenly, sometimes arising out of the blue. He could suddenly come home and start rummaging through cabinets, looking under all the beds. Or, for no reason at all, he will become jealous of a neighbor - a weak old man.
Any trifle could serve as a reason for an outbreak of jealousy. For example, if the wife looked at such and such for too long, or smiled too broadly at such and such.
Dostoevsky will work out a set of rules for his second wife, Anna Snitkina, which, at his request, she will continue to adhere to in the future: do not walk in tight dresses, do not smile at men, do not laugh in conversation with them, do not paint lips, do not line your eyes ... Indeed, from now on Anna Grigorievna will behave with men with extreme restraint and dryness.

15. In 1873, Dostoevsky began editing the newspaper-magazine Grazhdanin, where he did not limit himself to editorial work, deciding to publish his own journalistic, memoir, literary-critical essays, feuilletons, and stories. This variegation was “bathed” by the unity of the intonation and views of the author, who maintains a constant dialogue with the reader. This is how the "Diary of a Writer" began to be created, to which Dostoevsky devoted a lot of effort in recent years, turning it into a report on the impressions of the most important phenomena of social and political life and outlining his political, religious, and aesthetic convictions on its pages.
The Writer's Diary was a huge success and prompted many people to enter into correspondence with its author. In fact, it was the first live magazine.

On October 30 (November 11 according to the new style), 1821, the most famous Russian writer, F. M. Dostoevsky, was born. The childhood of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky passed in a large family that belonged to the noble class. He was the second of seven children. The father of the family, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, worked in a hospital for the poor. Mother - Maria Fedorovna Dostoevskaya (maiden name - Nechaeva) came from a merchant family. When Fedor was 16 years old, his mother suddenly dies. The father is forced to send his eldest sons to the boarding house of K. F. Kostomarov. From that moment on, the brothers Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoevsky settled in St. Petersburg.

The life and work of the writer by date

1837

This date in the biography of Dostoevsky was very difficult. The mother dies, Pushkin dies in a duel, whose work in the fate of both brothers plays a very important role at that time. In the same year, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky moved to St. Petersburg, and entered the military engineering school. Two years later, the writer's father is killed by serfs. In 1843, the author takes on the translation and publication of Balzac's work, Eugene Grandet.

During his studies, Dostoevsky often read works by both foreign poets - Homer, Corneille, Balzac, Hugo, Goethe, Hoffmann, Schiller, Shakespeare, Byron, and Russian - Derzhavin, Lermontov, Gogol and, of course, Pushkin.

1844

This year can be considered the beginning of numerous stages of Dostoevsky's work. It was in this year that Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote his first work - "Poor People" (1844-1845), which immediately brings fame to the author after the release. Dostoevsky's novel "Poor People" was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. However, if the content of the novel "Poor People" was well received by the public, then the very next work stumbles upon misunderstanding. The story "The Double" (1845-1846) evokes absolutely no emotions, and is even criticized.

In January-February 1846, Dostoevsky met Ivan Goncharov in the literary salon of the critic N. A. Maikov.

1849

December 22, 1849 - a turning point in life Dostoevsky, because this year he is sentenced to death. The author is brought to trial in the "Petrashevsky case", and on December 22 the court passes a death sentence. Much appears in a new light for the writer, but at the last moment, just before the execution, the sentence is changed to a softer one - hard labor. Dostoevsky tries to put almost all his feelings into Prince Myshkin's monologue from the novel The Idiot.

By the way, Grigoriev, also sentenced to death, cannot withstand the psychological stress, and goes crazy.

1850 - 1854

During this period, Dostoevsky's work dies down due to the fact that the writer is serving a sentence in exile in Omsk. Immediately after serving his term, in 1854, Dostoevsky was sent to the seventh line Siberian battalion as an ordinary soldier. Here he meets Chokan Valikhanov (a famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer) and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva (wife of a former official on special assignments), with whom he begins an affair.

1857

After the death of Maria Dmitrievna's husband, Dostoevsky marries her. During his stay in hard labor and during military service, the writer greatly changes his worldview. Dostoevsky's early work was not subject to any dogmas or rigid ideals; after the events that have taken place, the author becomes extremely devout, and acquires his life ideal - Christ. In 1859, Dostoevsky, together with his wife and adopted son Pavel, left the place of his service - the city of Semipalatinsk, and moved to St. Petersburg. He continues to be monitored unofficially.

1860 - 1866

Together with his brother Mikhail, he works in the Vremya magazine, then in the Epoch magazine. During the same period, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote Notes from the Dead House, Notes from the Underground, Humiliated and Insulted, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions. In 1864, brother Mikhail and Dostoyevsky's wife died. He often loses at roulette, gets into debt. Money runs out very quickly and the writer is going through a difficult period. At this time, Dostoevsky composes the novel Crime and Punishment, which he writes one chapter at a time, and immediately sends it to a magazine set. In order not to lose the rights to his own works (in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky), Fedor Mikhailovich is forced to write the novel The Gambler. However, for this he does not have enough strength, and he is forced to hire a stenographer, Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. By the way, The Gambler was written in exactly 21 days in 1866. In 1867, already Snitkina-Dostoevskaya accompanies the writer abroad, where he goes so as not to lose all the money received for the novel Crime and Punishment. The wife keeps a diary about their joint trip, and helps to arrange his financial well-being, putting all economic issues on her shoulders.

Last years of life. Death and legacy

This last period in Dostoevsky's life passes very fruitful for his work. From this year on, Dostoevsky and his wife settled in the city of Staraya Russa, located in the Novgorod province. In the same year, Dostoevsky wrote the novel "Demons". A year later, the "Diary of a Writer" appeared, in 1875 - the novel "Teenager", 1876 - the story "A Meek One". In 1878, a significant event took place in the life of Dostoevsky, Emperor Alexander II invites him to his place and introduces him to his family. During the last two years of his life (1879-1880), the writer created one of his best and most important works - the novel The Brothers Karamazov.
On January 28 (new style - February 9), 1881, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky dies due to a sharp exacerbation of emphysema. This happened after the scandal with the writer's sister, Vera Mikhailovna, who asked her brother to renounce the inheritance - the estate inherited from Aunt A.F. Kumanina.
The eventful biography of Fyodor Dostoevsky shows that the author received recognition during his lifetime. However, his works received the greatest success after his death. Even the great Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only author-psychologist who became, in part, his teacher. The Dostoevsky Museum was opened in St. Petersburg in the house where the writer's apartment was located. Analysis of Dostoevsky's works has been carried out by many critical writers. As a result, Fedor Mikhailovich was recognized as one of the greatest Russian writers-philosophers who touched on the most pressing issues of life.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• Vladimir Ilyich Lenin called Dostoevsky "archish" because of his attitude towards "lawless" revolutionaries. It was them that Fyodor Mikhailovich portrayed in his famous novel "Demons", calling them demons and scammers.
• During a short stay in Tobolsk, on the way to hard labor in Omsk, Dostoevsky was presented with the Gospel. All the time in exile he read this book and did not part with it until the end of his life.
• The life of the writer was overshadowed by the constant lack of money, illness, caring for a large family and growing debts. Fyodor Dostoevsky spent most of his life writing on credit, that is, against an advance payment from the publisher. In such conditions, the writer did not always have enough time to study and hone his works.
• Dostoevsky was very fond of Petersburg, which he showed in many of his works. Sometimes there are even exact descriptions of the places of this city. So, for example, in his novel Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov hid the murder weapon in one of the courtyards that really exists in St. Petersburg.

Role and place in literature

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a significant personality not only in Russian, but also in world literature. The great thinker of the 19th century left behind many amazing works. He was an innovator in the direction of Russian realism, but few people recognized his merits in this area during his lifetime. And only the next generation recognized Fyodor Dostoevsky as one of the best novelists in the world. During his short, difficult life, the writer managed to create a magnificent creative legacy and influence the work of other writers, among whom were Nobel Prize winners.

Origin and early years

F.M. Dostoevsky was born on November 11 (October 30, according to the old style), 1821 in the Russian Empire (Moscow). The early years of the future writer were spent in a large family of noble origin. Many researchers claim that among the ancestors of Dostoevsky were such personalities as the Tatar Aslan-Chelebi-Murza and his son, nicknamed Wide Mouth, from whom the Rtishchev family descended. Boyar Danila Rtishchev deserves special attention, who received the Dostoev estate for his service to the sovereign.

Fedor was born the second of seven children.

Father - Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, a doctor in a hospital for the poor.

Mother - Maria Fedorovna Dostoevskaya (nee Nechaeva), daughter of the merchant Nechaev, who went bankrupt after the invasion of Napoleon. She died when Fedor was 16 years old.

The writer later recalled his family in such a way that he came "from a Russian and pious family." From childhood, children were accustomed to prayer. Patriarchal customs were observed in the house: the whole daily routine was correlated with the father's work in the hospital.

With special warmth, little Dostoevsky treated his nanny Alena Frolovna, who took care of all the children of the family, instilled in them a love for folk art.

Education

Fedor's parents sought to give a good education to their children. They were taught to read from an early age. In their house, poems by famous poets were often recited, which had a positive effect on the development of children.

In 1834, Fedor and his brother Mikhail went to study at L.I. Chermak, the full course of study in which was three years. While studying at the boarding school, Dostoevsky was remembered by many classmates as a serious blond boy. He liked to read books and communicate with older people. Especially the young Fedor singled out the teacher Bilevich, who, however, was loved by almost all the students. He was an educated person who knew how to present material to students in an interesting way. In addition, he was engaged in his own literary activities, and his example was able to inspire Dostoevsky so that he also decided to become a writer.

At the age of 16, Dostoevsky was forced, at the behest of his father, to enter the Main Engineering School, although he dreamed only of literature. Studying here did not bring him joy. And only reading favorite books cheered up.

Creation

Dostoevsky made his first literary attempts while still studying at the school. His first dramas were Mary Stuart and Boris Godunov. However, the youthful works of the writer have not been preserved.

In 1844, Dostoevsky completed work on the first translation into Russian of Honore de Balzac's novel Eugene Grandet. It was published in the journal Repertoire and Pantheon.

In 1845, the young writer completes his first novel, Poor People. After the distribution of this work, Dostoevsky is recognized as a writer and accepted into Belinsky's circle. But his next work, The Double, was severely criticized. Fyodor Dostoevsky was not always understood by the authorities, which once ended for him in exile.

In the work of an already mature writer, a critical attitude towards bourgeois-liberal values ​​dominates.

Major works

The writer worked on the novel "Crime and Punishment" from 1865 to 1866. An extended version of the work was published in the Russkiy Vestnik magazine. The main theme of the novel is the hero's theory of extraordinary and ordinary people.

The novel "Idiot" Dostoevsky created during the years 1867-1869, while abroad. This is a rather complex novel about an excellent man. However, his good aims cannot make anyone happy in the ossified bourgeois society. Moreover, he becomes an object of ridicule for everyone.

The Brothers Karamazov is a novel that marked the end of the writer's grandiose literary activity. The author planned to write a sequel to The History of the Great Sinner, but fate decided otherwise.

Last years

The novel "The Brothers Karamazov" finally convinced critics and readers of Dostoevsky's extraordinary talent. He was seen as a teacher. Even Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to contribute to the upbringing of his sons.

But in recent years, Dostoevsky began to be overcome by illness. He still tried to continue writing, but all his plans remained unfinished. However, he was still able to surprise everyone with a heartfelt speech in honor of Pushkin on the day the monument was opened.

Chronological table

Interesting facts from the writer's life

• Fyodor Dostoevsky's father worked for a long time as a doctor and was able to acquire a whole village.
• When the young Fyodor left his job in the specialty received at the engineering school, he began to earn his living only by literary work.
• Fyodor Dostoevsky managed to survive his own execution. It was formal, and instead the writer was sent to hard labor.
• The second marriage of Dostoevsky was late and the age difference with his wife was about 25 years.

Museum of Fyodor Dostoevsky

There are eight museums in the world dedicated to the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. Only one is located in Kazakhstan, the rest - in Russia.

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821 - 1881) - Great Russian writer, publicist and philosopher. He made a huge contribution to Russian literature. We all know his famous works, such as "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot", "The Brothers Karamazov", etc. In this article we will try to show you the most interesting facts about Fyodor Mikhailovich.

1. In F. Dostoevsky's novel "Demons", the cynically haughty image of Stavrogin will become more understandable to you if you know one nuance. In the handwritten original of the novel, there is Stavrogin's confession about the rape of a nine-year-old girl, who then hanged herself. This fact has been removed from the printed edition.

2. Dostoevsky, who in the past was a member of Petrashevsky's revolutionary organization of lawless people, describes the members of this organization in the novel "Demons". Meaning revolutionaries by demons, Fyodor Mikhailovich directly writes about his former accomplices - it was "... an unnatural and anti-state society of thirteen people", speaks of them as "... bestial voluptuous society" and that they are "... not socialists, but swindlers ... ". For his truthful frankness about the revolutionaries, V.I. Lenin called F.M. Dostoevsky "the archaic Dostoevsky."

3. In 1859, Dostoevsky retired from the army "due to illness" and received permission to live in Tver. At the end of the year, he moved to St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines Vremya, then Epoch, combining a huge amount of editorial work with the author's work: he wrote journalistic and literary-critical articles, polemical notes, works of art. After the death of his brother, a huge amount of debts remained from the magazines, which Fedor Mikhailovich had to pay almost until the end of his life.

4. Fans of F. M. Dostoevsky's work know that the sin of parricide in The Brothers Karamazov lies with Ivan, but the reason for the crime is not clear. In the handwritten original of The Brothers Karamazov, the true cause of the crime is indicated. It turns out that Ivan's son killed F.P. Karamazov's father because his father raped the young Ivan with sodomy, in general, for pedophilia. This fact was not included in the printed editions.

5. Dostoevsky made extensive use of the real topography of St. Petersburg in describing the places in his novel Crime and Punishment. As the writer admitted, he compiled a description of the courtyard in which Raskolnikov hides things stolen from the pawnbroker's apartment from personal experience - when one day, walking around the city, Dostoevsky turned into a deserted courtyard in order to relieve himself.

6. His impressionability clearly went beyond the norm. When some street beauty said “no” to him, he fainted. And if she said yes, the result was often exactly the same.

7. To say that Fyodor Mikhailovich possessed increased sexuality means to say almost nothing. This physiological property was so developed in him that, despite all efforts to hide it, it involuntarily broke out - in words, looks, actions. This, of course, was noticed by those around him and ridiculed him. Turgenev called him "the Russian Marquis de Sade". Unable to control the sensual fire, he resorted to the services of prostitutes. But many of them, having once tasted Dostoevsky's love, then refused his proposals: his love was too unusual, and, most importantly, painful.

8. Only one remedy could save him from the abyss of debauchery: a beloved woman. And when such a thing appeared in his life, Dostoevsky was transformed. It was she, Anna, who was for him both an angel-savior, and an assistant, and that very sexual toy with which one could do everything without guilt and remorse. She was 20, he was 45. Anna was young and inexperienced, and did not see anything strange in those intimate relationships that her husband offered her. She took violence and pain for granted. Even if she didn't approve, or didn't like what he wanted, she didn't say no to him, and didn't show her displeasure in any way. She once wrote: "I'm ready to spend the rest of my life kneeling before him". She put his pleasure above all else. He was God to her...

9. Acquaintance with the future wife Anna Snitkina fell on a very difficult period in the life of the writer. He pawned literally everything he could to usurers for a penny, even his wadded coat, and, nevertheless, urgent debts of several thousand rubles remained behind him. At that moment, Dostoevsky signed a fantastically enslaving contract with the publisher Strelovsky, according to which he had, firstly, to sell him all his already written works, and secondly, to write a new one by a certain date. The main clause in the contract was an article according to which, in the event of a new novel not being submitted by the deadline, Strelovsky would publish as he pleased for nine years whatever Dostoevsky wrote, and without remuneration.

Despite the bondage, the contract made it possible for Dostoevsky to pay off the most aggressive creditors and escape from the rest abroad. But after returning, it turned out that there was a month left before the delivery of a new novel of one and a half hundred pages, and Fyodor Mikhailovich had not written a single line. Friends suggested that he use the services of "literary blacks", but he refused. Then they advised him to invite at least a stenographer, who was the young Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. The novel "The Gambler" was written (or rather, dictated by Snitkina) in 26 days and submitted on time! Moreover, under circumstances, again extraordinary - Strelovsky specially left the city, and Dostoevsky had to leave the manuscript against receipt to the bailiff of the part where the publisher lived.

Dostoevsky, on the other hand, made a proposal to a young girl (she was then 20 years old, he was 45) and received consent.

10. The mother of Anna Grigorievna Snitkina (second wife) was a respectable house owner and gave her daughter a dowry of many thousands in the form of money, utensils and an apartment building.

11. Anna Snitkina, already at a young age, led the life of a capitalist homeowner, and after her marriage to Fyodor Mikhailovich, she immediately took up his financial affairs.

First of all, she pacified the numerous creditors of the late brother Mikhail, explaining to them that it is better to receive for a long time and little by little than not to receive at all.

Then she turned her business eye to the publication of her husband's books and found, again, things completely wild. So, for the right to publish the most popular novel "Demons", Dostoevsky was offered 500 "copyright" rubles, moreover, with payment in installments over two years. At the same time, as it turned out, printing houses, subject to the well-known writer's name, willingly printed books with a deferred payment for six months. Printing paper could also be purchased in the same way.

It would seem that under such conditions it is very profitable to publish your books yourself. However, the daredevils soon burned out, as monopoly publishers, of course, quickly cut off their oxygen. But the 26-year-old young lady was too tough for them.

As a result, the "Demons" published by Anna Grigoryevna, instead of the "author's" 500 rubles offered by the publishers, brought the Dostoevsky family 4,000 rubles of net income. In the future, she not only independently published and sold her husband's books, but also engaged, as they would now say, in the wholesale trade of books by other authors, aimed at the regions.

To say that Fedor Mikhailovich got one of the best managers of his time for free is to say half the truth. After all, this manager also selflessly loved him, gave birth to children and patiently led the household for a penny (giving away thousands of hard-earned rubles to creditors). In addition, for all 14 years, married Anna Grigoryevna also worked for her husband as a stenographer for free.

12. In letters to Anna, Fyodor Mikhailovich was often not restrained and filled them with many erotic allusions: “I kiss you every minute in my dreams all the way, every minute passionately. I especially love what is said about: And this lovely object - he is delighted and intoxicated. This subject kisses every minute in all forms and intends to kiss all his life. Ah, how I kiss, how I kiss! Anka, don’t say that it’s rude, but what should I do, that’s me, I can’t be judged ... I kiss your toes, then your lips, then what “I am delighted and intoxicated with.” These words were written by him at the age of 57.

13. Anna Grigorievna remained faithful to her husband to the end. In the year of his death, she was only 35 years old, but she considered her womanly life ended and devoted herself to serving his name. She published a complete collection of his works, collected his letters and notes, forced her friends to write his biography, founded the Dostoevsky school in Staraya Russa, and wrote memoirs herself. In 1918, in the last year of her life, the then-novice composer Sergei Prokofiev came to Anna Grigorievna and asked him to make some kind of recording in his album, “dedicated to the sun”. She wrote: “The sun of my life is Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Anna Dostoevskaya ... "

14. Dostoevsky was incredibly jealous. Attacks of jealousy seized him suddenly, sometimes arising out of the blue. He could suddenly return home for an hour - and start rummaging through cabinets and looking under all the beds! Or, for no reason at all, he will become jealous of a neighbor - a weak old man.

Any trifle could serve as a reason for an outbreak of jealousy. For example: if the wife looked at such and such for too long, or - she smiled too broadly at such and such!

Dostoevsky will develop a set of rules for his second wife, Anna Snitkina, which she, at his request, will continue to adhere to in the future: do not walk in tight dresses, do not smile at men, do not laugh in conversation with them, do not paint lips, do not line your eyes ... Indeed, with From now on, Anna Grigoryevna will behave with men with extreme restraint and dryness.

15. In 1873, Dostoevsky began editing the newspaper-magazine Grazhdanin, where he did not limit himself to editorial work, deciding to publish his own journalistic, memoir, literary-critical essays, feuilletons, and stories. This variegation was “bathed” by the unity of the intonation and views of the author, who maintains a constant dialogue with the reader. This is how the "Diary of a Writer" began to be created, to which Dostoevsky devoted a lot of effort in recent years, turning it into a report on the impressions of the most important phenomena of social and political life and outlining his political, religious, and aesthetic convictions on its pages.

The Writer's Diary was a huge success and prompted many people to enter into correspondence with its author. In fact, it was the first live magazine.