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Art as a form of spiritual culture. spiritual culture

Art as a form of spiritual culture. spiritual culture

11.04.2019

2.2. Art is a part of spiritual culture.

Another important type of spiritual production is art. By creating artistic images that, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be equated with scientific models, experimenting with them with the help of their own imagination, people can better know themselves and the world in which they live. With the help of art, artists, writers, sculptors often reproduce hidden, imperceptible, but very significant aspects of the surrounding reality.

Art is the highest form of aesthetic consciousness. It is a necessary element of social consciousness, ensuring its integrity, mobility, stability in the present and orientation to the future.

The subject of art is a person, his relationship with the outside world and other individuals, as well as the life of people in certain historical conditions. Art is conditioned by the world of nature and social relations that surround individuals.

Art as a cultural phenomenon is divided into a number of types, each of which has a specific language, its own sign system. Scientists distinguish the following types of arts.

1. Architecture (architecture) - an art form, which is a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for human life.

Architecture occupies a special place among other arts because it does not depict objects, but creates them. Architecture can be public, residential, urban planning, landscape gardening, industrial, restoration.

2. Painting - a kind of art, the works of which are a reflection of life on a certain surface with the help of color.

The socially transforming function of art is manifested in the fact that it, having an ideological and aesthetic impact on people, includes them in a directed and holistically oriented activity to transform society.

The consoling-compensatory function consists in restoring harmony in the sphere of the spirit, lost by a person in reality. With its harmony, art affects the inner harmony of the individual, contributes to the preservation and restoration of its mental balance.

The artistic-conceptual function is expressed in the property of art to analyze the state of the surrounding world.

The function of anticipation characterizes the ability of art to anticipate the future. Fantastic, utopian and socially predictive works of art are based on this ability.

The educational function of art reflects the role of art in the formation of a holistic human personality, feelings and thoughts of people.

The inspiring function is manifested in the impact of art on the subconscious of people, on the human psyche. In tense periods of history, it plays a leading role in the overall system of the functions of art.

The aesthetic function is the specific ability of art to form the aesthetic tastes and needs of a person, to awaken in the individual the desire and ability to create according to the laws of beauty.

The hedonistic function shows the special, spiritual nature of art, designed to give people pleasure. It is based on the idea of the inherent value of the individual and implements it, delivering to a person the disinterested joy of aesthetic pleasure.

Cognitive-heuristic function reflects the cognitive role of art and is expressed in its ability to reflect and master those aspects of life that are difficult for science.

The specificity of art as a form of artistic knowledge lies in the fact that, firstly, it is figurative and visual. The subject of art - the life of people - is extremely diverse and is reflected in art in all its diversity in the form of artistic images. The latter, being the result of fiction, nevertheless, are a reflection of reality and always bear the imprint of real-life objects, events and phenomena. The artistic image performs the same functions in art as the concept in science: with the help of it, the process of artistic generalization takes place, highlighting the essential features of cognizable objects. The created images constitute the cultural heritage of society and are capable, having become symbols of their time, to have a serious impact on public consciousness.

Secondly, artistic cognition is characterized by specific ways of reproducing the surrounding reality, as well as the means by which artistic images are created. In literature, such a means is the word, in painting - color, in music - sound, in sculpture - volumetric-spatial forms, etc.

Thirdly, a huge role in the process of knowing the world with the help of art is played by the imagination and fantasy of the cognizing subject. Artistic fiction allowed in art is completely unacceptable, for example, in the process of scientific knowledge.

Unlike various social sciences that study certain aspects of people's lives, art explores a person as a whole and, along with other cognitive activities, is a special form of cognition of the surrounding reality.

Art is included in an integral system of forms of social consciousness, which, along with it, includes the philosophy, politics, law, science, morality, and religion already discussed above. All of them realize their functions in a single cultural context that arises due to their interrelations.

2.3. Religion is a part of spiritual culture.

As for religion, as a type of spiritual production, the theories and ideas created with its help played an important role in the development of society, especially in the early, pre-scientific stages of its development, forming abstract thinking in people, the ability to isolate the general and the special in the world around. However, the spiritual values that arise within the framework of religious beliefs and the social ties that develop on their basis still play an important role in the life of many societies and individuals.

Any religion includes several essential elements. Among them: faith (religious feelings, moods, emotions), teaching (a systematized set of principles, ideas, concepts specially developed for a given religion), a religious cult (a set of actions that believers perform in order to worship the gods, i.e. rituals, prayers, sermons, etc.). Sufficiently developed religions also have their own organization - the church, which regulates the life of the religious community.

The functions of religion were most briefly and aphoristically defined by Z. Freud, who wrote: “The gods retain their threefold task: they neutralize the horror of nature, reconcile with the formidable fate, which appears primarily in the form of death, and reward for the suffering and deprivation imposed on a person by life in cultural community." For many people, religion plays the role of a worldview, a ready-made system of views, principles, ideals, explaining the structure of the world and determining the place of a person in it. Religious norms are one of the powerful social regulators. Through a whole system of values, they regulate the public and private life of a person. Many millions find consolation, comfort, and hope in faith. Religion allows you to compensate for the shortcomings of imperfect reality, promising the "Kingdom of God", reconciles with earthly evil. Given the inability of science to explain many natural phenomena, religion offers its own answers to painful questions. Often religion contributes to the unification of nations, the formation of united states.

2.4. spiritual culture

The word cultura comes from the Latin verb colo, which means "to cultivate", "to cultivate the soil". Initially, the word culture denoted the process of humanization of nature as a habitat. However, gradually, like many other words of the language, it changed its meaning.

In the modern language, the concept of culture is used mainly in two meanings - "broad" and "narrow".

In a narrow sense, when speaking of culture, they usually mean those areas of creative activity that are associated with art.

In a broad sense, the culture of society is usually called the totality of forms and results of human activity, entrenched in social practice and transmitted from generation to generation with the help of certain sign systems (linguistic and non-linguistic), as well as through learning and imitation.

Material culture is understood as technology, production experience, as well as those material values that in their totality constitute an artificial human environment. Subspecies of material and cultural phenomena are:

1) natural objects that have undergone some human impact and have changed their original form (the cut of a primitive man);

2) artificial-natural objects that retain their natural form, but exist in a way that is not found in natural conditions (Japanese rock garden);

3) synthetic-natural objects, i.e. such objects that are synthesized from naturally occurring materials (plastics);

4) social and cultural facilities, the construction of which involves the use of natural and artificial materials (highways);

5) social and material objects serving the society in the industrial sphere (computers, machines).

Spiritual culture can be classified in the same way as material culture, that is, on the basis of the degree of creative and transformative activity of the person who created it. Based on this criterion, the following subspecies of spiritual culture are distinguished:

1) works of monumental art that have a material form that the artist gave to natural or artificial materials (sculpture, architectural objects);

2) theatrical art (theatrical images);

3) a work of fine art (painting, graphics);

4) musical art (musical images);

5) various forms of social consciousness (ideological theories, philosophical, aesthetic, moral and other knowledge, scientific concepts and hypotheses, etc.);

6) socio-psychological phenomena (public opinion, ideals, values, social habits and customs, etc.).

The relative independence of the material and spiritual spheres of social life in relation to each other sometimes leads to an overestimation of the role and place of the material culture of society and an underestimation of its spiritual culture. In contrast to this approach, the concept of the sociocultural sphere of social life has become increasingly widespread in sociology in recent years.

The sociocultural sphere is understood as the leading sphere of the development of society, accumulating the experience of previous generations and ensuring social stability over a fairly long historical period.

Scientists single out the following functions of this sphere:

a) translational (transfer of social values from the past to the present, and from the present to the future);

b) selection (assessment and classification of inherited values, determination of their place and role in solving the problems of society at this stage);

c) innovative (updating social values and norms).

The social values and norms accumulated by Russian society in the 20th century are now being seriously revised. In this regard, we can note a number of positive and negative processes taking place in the socio-cultural sphere.

CONCLUSION

Despite various assessments of the influence of culture on people's lives, almost all thinkers recognized that:

1) spiritual culture plays an important role in the life of society, being a means of accumulation, storage and transmission of the experience accumulated by mankind;

2) that culture is a special human form of being, which has its own spatial and temporal boundaries;

3) culture is one of the most important characteristics of life, both of an individual and of a particular society as a whole.

Traditionally, culture is usually divided into material and spiritual.

Spiritual culture usually includes science, art, religion, morality, politics and law. Speaking of spiritual culture, one should distinguish between its form, which is material, and its content, which is ideal. The form characterizes what the phenomena of this type of culture are embodied in, and the content characterizes what they mean for the individual and society.

Spiritual activity is performed for the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, that is, the need of people in the creation and development of spiritual values. The most important among them is the need for moral perfection, for satisfying the sense of beauty, for the essential knowledge of the surrounding world. Spiritual values act in the form of ideas of good and evil, justice and injustice, beautiful and ugly, etc. The forms of spiritual development of the surrounding world include philosophical, aesthetic, religious, moral consciousness. Science also belongs to the forms of social consciousness. The system of spiritual values is an integral element of spiritual culture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bolshakov V.P., Novitskaya L.F. Features of culture in its historical development (from origin to the Renaissance): Textbook. - Veliky Novgorod: NovGU im. Yaroslav the Wise, 2000.

Introduction to cultural studies. Course of lectures / Ed. Yu.N. Corned beef , E.G. Sokolova . SPb., 2003. S.6-14

Erasov B. S. "Social Culturology". - M., 1996.

Morphology of culture. Structure and dynamics”, 1994

Ponomareva G. M. and others. Introduction to cultural studies. - M., 1997.

Sokolov E. V. Culturology. Essays on the history of cultures. - M., 1994.

2 Bolshakov V. P., Novitskaya L. F. Features of culture in its historical development (from origin to the Renaissance): Textbook. - Veliky Novgorod: NovGU im. Yaroslav the Wise, 2000. P-10.

role of theory development culture organizations to justify roles corporate culture V development organizations, interdependencies... socially conditioned electoral attitudes personalities to material, social and spiritual blessings. This is a set...

The concept of art

Word " art" both in Russian and in many other languages it is used in two senses:

V narrow sense it is a specific form of practical-spiritual development of the world;
V wide- the highest level of skill, skills, regardless of the way in which they are manifested (the art of a stove-maker, doctor, baker, etc.).

- a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of society, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.

Initially, art was called a high degree of skill in any business. This meaning of the word is still present in the language when we talk about the art of a doctor or teacher, martial art or oratory. Later, the concept of "art" began to be increasingly used to describe a special activity aimed at reflecting and transforming the world in accordance with aesthetic standards, i.e. according to the laws of beauty. At the same time, the original meaning of the word has been preserved, since the highest skill is required to create something beautiful.

Subject The arts are the world and man in the totality of their relations with each other.

Form of Existence art - a work of art (poem, painting, play, film, etc.).

Art also uses special means for reproduction of reality: for literature it is a word, for music it is sound, for fine art it is color, for sculpture it is volume.

Target art is dual: for the creator it is artistic self-expression, for the viewer it is the enjoyment of beauty. In general, beauty is as closely connected with art as truth with science and goodness with morality.

Art is an important component of the spiritual culture of mankind, a form of knowledge and reflection of the reality surrounding a person. In terms of the potential for understanding and transforming reality, art is not inferior to science. However, the ways of understanding the world by science and art are different: if science uses strict and unambiguous concepts for this, then art -.

Art, as an independent and as a branch of spiritual production, grew out of the production of the material, was originally woven into it as an aesthetic, but purely utilitarian moment. an artist by nature, and he strives to bring beauty everywhere in one way or another. The aesthetic activity of a person is constantly manifested in everyday life, social life, and not only in art. going on aesthetic exploration of the world a public person.

Functions of art

Art performs a number public functions.

Functions of art can be summarized as follows:

aesthetic function allows you to reproduce reality according to the laws of beauty, forms an aesthetic taste;
social function manifested in the fact that art has an ideological impact on society, thereby transforming social reality;
compensatory functions allows you to restore peace of mind, solve psychological problems, “escape” for a while from the gray everyday life, compensate for the lack of beauty and harmony in everyday life;
hedonic function reflects the ability of art to bring pleasure to a person;
cognitive function allows you to know reality and analyze it with the help of artistic images;
predictive function reflects the ability of art to make predictions and predict the future;
educational function manifested in the ability of works of art to shape a person's personality.

cognitive function

First of all, this cognitive function. Works of art are valuable sources of information about complex social processes.

Of course, not everyone in the surrounding world is interested in art, and if they are, then to a different degree, and the very approach of art to the object of its knowledge, the angle of its vision is very specific compared to other forms of social consciousness. The main object of knowledge in art has always been and remains. That is why art in general and, in particular, fiction is called human science.

educational function

Educational function - the ability to have an important impact on the ideological and moral development of a person, its self-improvement or fall.

And yet, cognitive and educational functions are not specific to art: other forms of social consciousness also perform these functions.

aesthetic function

The specific function of art, which makes it art in the true sense of the word, is its aesthetic function.

Perceiving and comprehending a work of art, we do not simply assimilate its content (like the content of physics, biology, mathematics), but let this content pass through the heart, emotions, give sensually concrete images created by the artist an aesthetic assessment as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base. , tragic or comic. Art forms in us the ability to give such aesthetic assessments, to distinguish the truly beautiful and sublime from all kinds of ersatz.

hedonic function

Cognitive, educational and aesthetic are merged in art together. Thanks to the aesthetic moment, we enjoy the content of a work of art, and it is in the process of enjoyment that we are enlightened and educated. In this regard, they talk about hedonistic(translated from Greek - pleasure) functions art.

For many centuries, in socio-philosophical and aesthetic literature, the dispute about the relationship between beauty in art and reality has continued. This reveals two main positions. According to one of them (in Russia it was supported by N. G. Chernyshevsky), the beautiful in life is always and in all respects higher than the beautiful in art. In this case, art appears as a copy of the typical characters and objects of reality itself and a surrogate for reality. Obviously, an alternative concept is preferable (G. V. F. Hegel, A. I. Herzen and others): the beautiful in art is higher than the beautiful in life, since the artist sees more accurately and deeper, feels stronger and brighter, and that is why he can inspire with his the art of others. Otherwise (being a surrogate or even a duplicate), society would not need art.

works of art, being the substantive embodiment of human genius, become the most important spiritual and values that are passed down from generation to generation, the property of the aesthetic society. Mastery of culture, aesthetic education is impossible without familiarization with art. The works of art of past centuries capture the spiritual world of thousands of generations, without mastering which a person cannot become a person in the true sense of the word. Each person is a kind of bridge between the past and the future. He must master what the past generation left him, creatively comprehend his spiritual experience, understand his thoughts, feelings, joys and sufferings, ups and downs, and pass it all on to posterity. This is the only way history moves, and in this movement a huge army belongs to art, expressing the complexity and richness of the spiritual world of man.

Kinds of art

The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. For primitive man, there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, separate types of art began to stand out from this syncretic action.

Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, word, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let us briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.

Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyricism and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.

Music uses audio. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.

Dance uses means of plastic movements to build images. Allocate ritual, folk, ballroom,

modern dances, ballet. Directions and styles of dance - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.

Painting displays reality on a plane by means of color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (image of animals), historical genres.

Architecture forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, landscape gardening, industrial, etc. There are also architectural styles - Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.

Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional shape. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). The size is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.

Arts and Crafts related to application needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothes, jewelry, etc.

Theater organizes a special stage action through the play of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.

Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining action with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training and so on.

Movie is the development of theatrical action based on modern technical audiovisual means. The types of cinematography include fiction, documentary films, animation. By genre, comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure films, detectives, thrillers, etc. are distinguished.

Photo fixes documentary visual images with the help of technical means - optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

Stage includes small forms of performing arts - dramaturgy, music, choreography, illusions, circus performances, original performances, etc.

Graphics, radio art, etc. can be added to the listed types of art.

In order to show the common features of different types of art and their differences, various grounds for their classification are proposed. So, there are types of art:

by the number of means used - simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music) and complex, or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);
in terms of the ratio of works of art and reality - pictorial, depicting reality, copying it, (realistic painting, sculpture, photography), and expressive, where the artist's fantasy and imagination create a new reality (ornament, music);
in relation to space and time - spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture), temporal (literature, music) and space-time (theatre, cinema);
by the time of occurrence - traditional (poetry, dance, music) and new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using rather complex technical means to build an image;
according to the degree of applicability in everyday life - applied (arts and crafts) and fine (music, dance).

Each type, genus or genre reflects a particular side or facet of human life, but taken together, these components of art give a comprehensive artistic picture of the world.

The need for artistic creation or enjoyment of works of art increases along with the growth of a person's cultural level. Art becomes the more necessary, the further a person is separated from the animal state.

1. General Provisions

1.1. In order to maintain business reputation and ensure compliance with the norms of federal legislation, the FSAI GNII ITT Informika (hereinafter referred to as the Company) considers it the most important task to ensure the legitimacy of the processing and security of personal data of subjects in the Company's business processes.

1.2. To solve this problem, the Company has introduced, operates and undergoes periodic review (control) of the personal data protection system.

1.3. The processing of personal data in the Company is based on the following principles:

The legality of the purposes and methods of processing personal data and good faith;

Compliance of the purposes of processing personal data with the purposes predetermined and declared during the collection of personal data, as well as the powers of the Company;

Compliance of the volume and nature of the processed personal data, methods of processing personal data with the purposes of processing personal data;

Reliability of personal data, their relevance and sufficiency for the purposes of processing, inadmissibility of processing excessive in relation to the purposes of collecting personal data;

Legitimacy of organizational and technical measures to ensure the security of personal data;

Continuous improvement of the level of knowledge of the Company's employees in the field of ensuring the security of personal data during their processing;

Striving for continuous improvement of the personal data protection system.

2. Purposes of personal data processing

2.1. In accordance with the principles of personal data processing, the Company defines the composition and purposes of processing.

Purposes of personal data processing:

Conclusion, support, amendment, termination of labor contracts, which are the basis for the emergence or termination of labor relations between the Company and its employees;

Providing a portal, personal account services for students, parents and teachers;

Storage of learning outcomes;

Fulfillment of obligations stipulated by federal legislation and other regulatory legal acts;

3. Rules for the processing of personal data

3.1. The Company processes only those personal data that are presented in the approved List of personal data processed in the FSAI GNII ITT "Informika"

3.2. The Company does not allow the processing of the following categories of personal data:

Race;

Political Views;

Philosophical beliefs;

About the state of health;

The state of intimate life;

nationality;

Religious beliefs.

3.3. The Company does not process biometric personal data (information that characterizes the physiological and biological characteristics of a person, on the basis of which it is possible to establish his identity).

3.4. The Company does not carry out cross-border transfer of personal data (transfer of personal data to the territory of a foreign state to an authority of a foreign state, a foreign individual or a foreign legal entity).

3.5. The Company prohibits making decisions regarding personal data subjects based solely on automated processing of their personal data.

3.6. The Company does not process data on criminal records of subjects.

3.7. The Company does not place the subject's personal data in public sources without his prior consent.

4. Implemented requirements for ensuring the security of personal data

4.1. In order to ensure the security of personal data during their processing, the Company implements the requirements of the following regulatory documents of the Russian Federation in the field of processing and ensuring the security of personal data:

Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data”;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 1, 2012 N 1119 "On approval of requirements for the protection of personal data during their processing in personal data information systems";

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 15, 2008 No. 687 “On approval of the Regulations on the specifics of the processing of personal data carried out without the use of automation tools”;

Order of the FSTEC of Russia dated February 18, 2013 N 21 "On approval of the Composition and content of organizational and technical measures to ensure the security of personal data during their processing in personal data information systems";

Basic model of personal data security threats during their processing in personal data information systems (approved by the Deputy Director of the FSTEC of Russia on February 15, 2008);

Methodology for determining actual threats to the security of personal data during their processing in personal data information systems (approved by the Deputy Director of the FSTEC of Russia on February 14, 2008).

4.2. The Company assesses the harm that may be caused to personal data subjects and determines threats to the security of personal data. In accordance with the identified actual threats, the Company applies the necessary and sufficient organizational and technical measures, including the use of information security tools, the detection of unauthorized access, the recovery of personal data, the establishment of rules for access to personal data, as well as monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the measures taken.

4.3. The Company has appointed persons responsible for organizing the processing and ensuring the security of personal data.

4.4. The Company's management is aware of the need and is interested in ensuring that both in terms of the requirements of regulatory documents of the Russian Federation, and justified in terms of risk assessment for business, the level of security of personal data processed as part of the Company's core business.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"MATI - Russian State Technological University

them. K. E. Tsiolkovsky

in cultural studies

Art as a form of culture

Moscow 2013

Content

1. Introduction
4. Forms of culture
6. Conclusion

1. Introduction

This topic of the essay became relevant for me due to the fact that I was interested in how you can connect culture with art. I was interested in the question: “How do they interact?” I had a desire to understand the structure of art and culture in more detail. This topic is relevant at the moment and is of interest to a certain group of people. This group is expanding due to the accessibility of culture to society.

2. Acquaintance with the concept of "culture"

The word culture at different times was used under different concepts. For the first time this word occurs in Roman texts and implies the cultivation of the soil, while in the first century BC, the Roman orator Mark Thulius Cicero spoke for the first time about cultivation and spoke about the upbringing and education of young people. In the era of enlightenment, culture was understood as the history of spirits, the spiritual development of man. Culture in this era was synonymous with the intellectual, moral and aesthetic understanding of man. At the moment, the concept of culture refers to the fundamental concepts in social science. In everyday consciousness, it refers to evaluative concepts and refers to personality traits. One of the definitions of culture: "this is a historically defined level of development of society and a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bcreated by them", but modern science has been given too many definitions of culture to cover them all .

3. Acquaintance with the concept of "art"

In the most general sense, art is called craftsmanship, the product of which gives aesthetic pleasure. In the 20th century, three main approaches emerged in the understanding of aesthetic pleasure: realistic, objectivist, and relativistic.

A realistic approach, when the aesthetic qualities of an object are inherent in it immanently and do not depend on the observer. An approach that also considers the aesthetic properties of an object to be immanent, but to some extent dependent on the observer, is called objectivist. The approach, according to which the aesthetic properties of an object depend only on what the observer sees in it, and different people can see different aesthetic qualities of the same object, is usually called relativistic. From the latter point of view, an object can be characterized according to the intentions of its creator (or lack of any intentions), for whatever function it was intended. For example, a goblet that can be used as a container in everyday life can be considered a work of art if it was created only for ornamenting, and an image can be a handicraft if it is produced on an assembly line.

Art is divided into types: fine arts, literature, music, architecture and applied arts.

4. Forms of culture

Culture is generally divided into several forms of culture, such as: material culture, spiritual culture, information culture and physical culture.

Material culture - the transformation of natural materials and energy in accordance with human goals, the creation of an artificial habitat. It also includes the necessary and sufficient set of technologies for the preservation and development of this environment. Material culture creates and sets the standard of living of society, forms the material needs of people and offers ways to satisfy them.

Spiritual culture includes products of human spiritual activity that exist mainly in an ideal form: concepts, ideas, beliefs, feelings and experiences that are accessible to the consciousness and understanding of all people. Information culture - its basis is knowledge about the information environment, the laws of its functioning, the ability to navigate information flows, effective life and the information society.

Physical culture is the transformation of the biological principle in the person himself; the formation of socially necessary skills, abilities and qualities of the human body.

5. Art as a special form of culture

culture aesthetic art artistic

Such a phenomenon of culture as art is directly connected with the creative activity of a person. Art is one of the elements of culture in which artistic and aesthetic values are accumulated, it is a form of sensory knowledge of the world, a person’s creative abilities are manifested in art, art is the process of mastering artistic values by a person.

Any object on which the ray of artistic knowledge fell appeared in its light as a humanized, spiritualized, socially significant thing, i.e. as a value. It was the value of being that turned out to be the subject of artistic knowledge, and therefore the attitude of a person to reality, the way he perceived, experienced and comprehended the world around him, was not taken out of this subject, but was in it as a side tenaciously fused with its objective content. A person's figurative thinking and the artistic creativity that embodied him were formed to the extent that he acquired the ability to be aware of his emotional reactions, to single out in them what is of universal significance.

Artistic perception is an open system that has a goal outside of itself - such a goal is the processing and objectification of the results of perception, i.e. creating a work of art that would convey this information to other people. Aesthetic consciousness does not include the immanent, i.e. internal necessary, realization impulse; it prompts a person to activity only in those cases when the object does not aesthetically satisfy him and he seeks to give it the missing beauty or grandeur - this is how an aesthetic attitude arises, for example, in a gardener who lays out a park and reorganizes a natural given. If an object arouses aesthetic admiration in a person, it seems to paralyze his practical actions, requiring the preservation of this object exactly as it is - this is how a careful attitude to all natural phenomena and things is born in which we find a true aesthetic value and which only would suffer from any alteration.

The main object of art is the spiritual content of a person's social existence (way of life, way of thinking, attitude, worldview of society, ideals, psychology - the spiritual culture of a given era). The content of art contains a double knowledge - knowledge about the world and self-knowledge of the artist. The method of cognition is concrete-figurative, different from the characteristic of science - abstract-logical.

6. Conclusion

Thus, this essay deals with such aspects as: the features of art as a special form of culture, the structure of art and culture, definitions of terms, etc.

Man differs from all animals in that he has the ability to create. He creates thanks to the power of thought, the power of his mind. A person can think and generate ideas. Ideas at work, at home, at school, in art, etc.. Ideas that he must bring to life, show the world. Thanks to just one idea, you can become rich, famous, or simply earn the attention of people. Art is the embodiment of ideas and images into objects that people can hear and see.

Bringing ideas to life is an art, and culture is a set of sustainable forms of human activity, so art is a form of culture and they are interconnected.

List of used literature

1. Abstract of lectures on cultural studies of the teacher Balakina Tamara Ivanovna

2. Site http://ru.wikipedia.org

3 Wollheim 1980, op. cit. Essay VI. pp. 231-39.

4. Aliev, Alex. (2009). The Intentional-Attributive Definition of Art. Consciousness, Literature and the Arts 10

5. Site http://zdos.ru

6. Kagan M.S. Philosophy of culture. M.: PRIOR, 2004. S. 133.

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Art as a form of spiritual culture

Art is one of the most amazing creations of mankind. These are multi-tiered Buddhist pagodas, the mournful face of the Mother of God on Russian icons, the perfection of ancient statues and the grandeur of medieval Gothic, beautiful examples of Renaissance madonnas, the greatest works of Pushkin, Shakespeare, the brilliant music of Bach, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, sculptures by Phidias, Rodin, Vuchetich, performances by Stanislavsky, Brecht , films by Fellini, Tarkovsky and the richest world of other creations.

What is art? There are many definitions of this cultural phenomenon:

“Art in the broadest sense is artistic creativity”.

“Art is a specific kind of spiritual exploration of reality by a person, which forms and develops his ability to creatively transform the world around him and himself according to the laws of beauty.”

"Art is one of the specialized spheres of culture, functionally solving the problem of intellectual and sensual reflection of being in artistic images" .

"Art is a special way of mastering reality, a specific - artistic-figurative - sphere of human activity" .

With all the differences in these definitions, they are unanimous in that the basis of art is artistic creativity, and the specificity of art, which distinguishes it from other forms of spiritual culture, lies in the artistic and figurative reflection of life. The artistry of art should be considered as a special property, expressed in its high perfection, in its aesthetic impact. If science cognizes being, then art creatively recreates it, transforming, supplementing, expanding the world, life experience, creating an artificial secondary reality.

The form of thinking in art is the artistic image. This is a special form of reflection of reality inherent in art by means of artistic means characteristic of each type of art. The artistic reflection of life can take place in visual images (art), in sound (music), in the word (fiction), through the synthesis of all the above-mentioned images (theatre, cinema), etc.

The figurative reflection of life is distinguished by associativity, allegoricalness, integrity, the ability to separate the essential, the typical from the secondary. The artistic image does not just copy, "writes off nature." It manifests itself in the form of a creative attitude to reality, made from the author's subjective positions. Everything in art is personal. This is the image of the world and man, processed in the mind of the artist. It is no coincidence that art is called a subjective image of the objective world. It is this fusion of the objective and the subjective that explains the presence of “eternal themes” in art: the themes of love, friendship, motherhood, etc. (compare the love lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.A. Blok, F. I. Tyutchev, A.A. Akhmatova).

In a work of art, the author always has the right to his "I". And the larger the personality, the more talented the work. We can agree or disagree with the author's point of view, but we must respect it (this is especially true for Russia, where there is always a "restructuring" of curricula with the change of power).

In contemporary art, the emphasis is on moving away from the objective image of life, art is seen primarily as "a way of self-expression and self-awareness of the artist" . But no matter how far the artist’s imagination is carried away from the real world, it is powerless to break the threads that connect it with the world, it is not capable of creating “by itself”, without using the material of impressions, observations that give the artist experience, direct perception of the surrounding world.

At the same time, even in those cases when art refers to the image of real world objects, it turns out to be extremely conditional. The artistic assimilation of reality does not pretend to be reality itself. No matter how truthful the artistic image is, it is always invented, illusory. And this is the next feature of the artistic image. The nature and degree of conventionality depending on the type of art, a particular style may be different (for example, cinema or ballet; realistic or symbolic work, etc.)

The most important feature of the artistic image is also the fusion of the intellectual and emotional, "the unity of thought and feeling", look and mood, belief and feeling, understanding and sympathy or antipathy. It is no coincidence that art is called the school of feelings. The emotional expressiveness of art cannot be interpreted one-sidedly: to reduce the content of art only to the expression of feelings, emotions, and to give the activity of thought to science. Art expresses both the feelings and thoughts of the artist. One cannot but agree with M.S. Kagan, who notes that “emotional reactions are also characteristic of animals, however, the singing of birds does not become music, and the jumping of a monkey does not become a dance, because animals do not have consciousness, thinking ...”

All of the above seems especially relevant in the light of the base products of mass culture that have flooded our screen (thrillers, soap operas, one-day songs, etc.), appealing primarily to emotions and not giving food to thought, reason. The ratio of emotional and rational can be different in the work of different artists, in different types of art, in different artistic directions (music and literature; the rationalism of classicism and the emotionality of sentimentalism, etc.). However, artistry, poetry are preserved only as long as the intellectual the content side will not crowd out the emotional side, or vice versa.

Features of the content in art determine the nature of the art form, which plays a crucial role in art. However, increased attention to the art form in isolation from the content is also an extreme, because it leads to a superficial, purely "technological" understanding of the work of art.

The reasons for the artistic development of the world do not remain unchanged. The change in the picture of the world in the 20th century brought to life a new artistic vision. Modernism breaks with the traditions of previous art, with the traditions of the artistic and figurative reflection of life: there is a parting with objectivity, with the real world. A period of artistic experiments, searches begins, and reliance is placed on the internal resources of art. The dominant feature of the new art is something vague, elusive, the proportion of irrational, paradoxical, ironic is intensified.

Like any developing system, art is characterized by flexibility and mobility, which allows it to realize itself in various types, genres, directions, styles. In the course of the development of art, the system of art forms was constantly changing. The existence of various types of art is due to the fact that none of them, by its own means, can give a comprehensive picture of the world. Only the entire artistic culture as a whole can create such a picture.

Art is a social phenomenon and performs many functions in society. In the scientific literature there is no consensus in determining the number of functions of art and their hierarchy.

Art cannot be reduced to any one function. It is polyfunctional and performs cognitive, educational, value-oriented, communicative, aesthetic, prognostic (foresight), hedonistic and other functions.

As a rule, almost all of them are present in a work of art, although structural changes in the system of functions can be traced in the historical development of art.

The ratio of functions may vary depending on the political, ideological and aesthetic positions, creative method. Thus, in bourgeois-individualistic culture, hedonistic and compensatory functions come to the fore (art as joy, pleasure, enjoyment, as relaxation for "tired nerves"), in Soviet culture - educative and ideological functions. The critical realism of the 19th century proceeded from the active influence of art on a person and life (art is a “textbook of life”), therefore cognitive and educative functions prevailed, modernism of the 20th century denies the ability of art to “teach and instruct”, does not go beyond the limits of form creation, and therefore on the first plan puts forward an aesthetic-hedonistic function.

The prevalence of any one function at the expense of another affects the quality of the work, making it either didactically instructive or superficially entertaining, and also leads to uneven development of different areas of art. Only in the fullness, uniformity, versatility of the implementation of all functions is the key to the successful development of art and the fulfillment of its great role in the life of society.

Literature

1. Kagan M.S. Aesthetics as a philosophical science [Text] / M.S. Kagan. - St. Petersburg: TOOTK "Petropolis", 1997. -544 p.

2. Kravchenko A.I. Culturology [Text]: textbook for universities / A.I. Kravchenko. - M: Academic Project, 2004. - 512 p.

3. Culturology [Text]: textbook for students. tech. universities. / ed. N.G. Bagdasaryan. - M .: Higher School, 2007. - 528 p.

4. World art culture [Text]: textbook / ed. B.A. Erengross.-M.: Higher School, 2001-767s.

5. Flier A.Ya. Culturology for culturologists [Text] / A.Ya. Flier. - M.: Academic Project; Ekaterinburg: Business book, 2002.-492p.