Research work dedicated to the year of ecology. Project on ecology in elementary grades "Green world"

Introduction

1. Main body

1.1. The current state of the problem

1.2. Disposal of household waste

2. Research results, conclusions and suggestions

Conclusion

Literature

Applications

Introduction

In recent years, much more attention has been paid to environmental problems in the world than before. On average, each person in the world generates about 1 kg of household waste per day, but this amounts to hundreds of millions of tons per year, and in the United States, for example, this amount increases by 10% every 10 years. To clean up this amount of garbage, 63,000 garbage trucks are required. In 1991, Russia generated significantly less waste per capita than America, but due to the expansion of the Western lifestyle, which includes disposable free bags, disposable tableware, disposable aluminum cans from beer and other soft drinks, we catch up quickly. And if in some countries there is a system of separate collection and processing of individual components of garbage, then we still have all disposable packaging and other “benefits” of civilization replenishing landfills growing like mushrooms.

In the process of development of human civilization, the absolute amount of solid household waste has steadily increased. This is due to the growth of the population, with its excessive concentration in cities and a change in the way of life of people. The theme for the project was not chosen by chance, it is relevant not only for large cities (for cities with a large population), but also for such small ones as the city of Bryansk.

Hypothesis, the basis of the work is: “If the amount of garbage produced increases due to the use of disposable packaging, then there is a need for sorting and recycling to reduce the amount of garbage.”

Target project - to develop possible options for reducing waste at the household level.

Based on the goal of the project, the following tasks:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste;

2) Investigate and describe the garbage accumulated in the wastebasket by one family;

3) Calculate the amount of garbage per family, per person per week, per month, per year;

4) Identify points for the reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the city;

5) Suggest options for reducing household waste: develop a booklet for residents to encourage the use of recycling rules in the home.

1.1. The current state of the problem

The surface of the earth experiences the most significant in terms of mass and very dangerous anthropogenic load. If less than 1 billion tons of harmful substances (without CO2) are emitted into the atmosphere, and about 15 billion tons of pollutants are emitted into the hydrosphere, then about 85 billion tons of anthropogenic waste falls on the earth every year. According to some estimates, their total volume by the end of the 90s exceeded 1500 cubic meters. km, which corresponds to the volume of 600 thousand pyramids of Cheops. Even if the predominant part of this volume is chemically inert, then in order to place it on earth, a person destroys natural ecosystems over a large area.

About 7 billion tons of industrial waste is generated annually in the Russian Federation. About 80 billion tons of solid waste, including more than 1.1 billion tons of toxic industrial waste, have been accumulated on the territory of the country in dumps, dumps, landfills, storage facilities. Their number annually increases by about 120 million tons. The main technogenic pollutants of the earth are heavy metals, pesticides, oil products and their highly toxic derivatives.

Household waste, formed in domestic conditions, usually solid, consisting of solid substances (plastic, paper, glass, leather, etc.) and food waste. But they can also be liquid, represented by domestic wastewater.

One of the serious environmental problems is municipal solid waste (MSW). Every home produces a huge amount of unnecessary materials and products, from old newspapers, empty cans, bottles, food waste, wrapping paper to worn out clothes, broken dishes and broken household appliances. According to 1994 data, each of the 6 billion inhabitants of our planet accounts for an average of about 1 ton of garbage per year. Its quantity annually increases by about 120 million tons. In the cities and large settlements of the Russian Federation, 140 million cubic meters are formed every year. m of MSW, i.e. almost a cubic meter per inhabitant.

The bulk of MSW is food waste and paper, as can be seen from the data presented.

Approximate morphological composition of MSW in Russian cities.

For different cities and regions of Russia, the composition of MSW varies widely. In addition, in each city, the composition of solid waste even depends on the days of the week and the season of the year. For example, the content of food waste in spring is 20-25%, and in autumn 40-50%, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits. There has been a tendency to increase the content of paper, polymeric materials.

There are several reasons for the increase in the amount of garbage:

1. Increasing the production of disposable consumer goods;

2. Increase the amount of packaging;

3. An increase in the standard of living that allows usable things to be replaced with new ones.

In the whole country, only up to 5% of MSW is processed by the industrial method (at waste incineration plants), the rest goes to landfills. Moreover, more than 70% of waste is taken to unauthorized landfills, occupying about 250 thousand hectares. earth. Garbage, despite the prohibitions, is dumped in places that are not intended for this at all.

A feature of modern waste is the difficulty of their biochemical decay. The quantity and variety of waste have become so great that the problem of their storage and disposal is becoming more and more urgent every year for any country in the world.

State budgetary educational institution of the Samara region secondary school

settlement Chernovsky municipal district of Volzhsky, Samara region

VII OPEN SCHOOL

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

Direction: "Natural science"

Subject: "Ecological problem of clean water"

4th grade student

GBOU secondary school No. 1 "OC" p.g.t. building ceramics

Scientific adviser: Zubrilkina Evgenia Sergeevna

primary school teacher

settlement Chernovsky Volzhsky, 2016

Introduction

The WWF report "Living Planet" notes that the fresh water system, including drinking water, is undergoing an acute crisis. This problem is also relevant in our country. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the current decade the decade of drinking water.
The need for water to ensure human life is due to the role that it plays in the cycle of nature, as well as in meeting the physiological, hygienic, recreational, aesthetic and other human needs. Solving the problem of meeting human needs for water for various purposes is closely related to ensuring its required quality. The development of industry, transport, overpopulation in a number of regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere. According to the WHO, about 80% of all infectious diseases in the world are associated with the poor quality of drinking water and violations of the sanitary and hygienic standards of water supply. In the world, 2 billion people have chronic diseases due to the use of polluted water.
According to UN experts, up to 80% of chemical compounds entering the external environment sooner or later end up in water sources. Every year more than 420 cubic kilometers of wastewater are dumped in the world, which make about 7 thousand cubic kilometers of water unusable. A serious danger to public health is the chemical composition of water. In nature, water is never found in the form of a chemically pure compound. Possessing the properties of a universal solvent, it constantly carries a large number of different elements and compounds, the ratio of which is determined by the conditions of water formation, the composition of aquifers.

Water will always remain the most mysterious liquid on Earth. It never ceases to amaze physicists, chemists, biologists... It would seem that what's new can be said about water? However, every year its new properties are discovered, and these discoveries expand the possibilities of using water and its purification.

The problem of water pollution and depletion of water resources on a global scale is becoming more acute every year. About a billion people on Earth suffer from a lack of clean drinking water, about 25 thousand die every day due to its poor quality.

Purpose of the study: determine which water is not dangerous to eat;

Object of study: ecology, water as a source of life on the planet;

Subject of study: pollution affecting the composition and quality of water;

Study participants: families of classmates and independent participants;

Research hypothesis: perhaps tap, spring and boiled water is not safe for human health. Let's try to find out what kind of water you need to use.

Research objectives:

1) Analyze popular science literature, identify the nature of the problem of pollution and water use;

2) Find out what role water plays in the life of all life on Earth and what measures a person takes to protect water resources; convey the information received to peers, to adults and make them think about the need to save water;

3) Describe how the use of tap, spring, boiled water affects human health;

4) Suggest your own ways to solve the problem on the example of the Padovka River Volzhsky district.

Research methods: analysis of literary sources, questioning, observation, experiments, generalization.

Desert. Sand, sand… Heat. The sun is mad. In the shade 80 degrees Celsius. Nothing alive for hundreds, thousands of kilometers. Not a bush, not a blade of grass. Only at night, when the heat subsides, some kind of life wakes up in the desert. And in the morning again. … And, suddenly, among this kingdom of death - a riot of life - an oasis. Trees, bushes, grass, animals, people. What happened? Yes, simply, deep wells were dug here, and water turned out to be in them. And water is life.

There is not a single living organism on Earth, even the most primitive, in whose body there would be no water, and which could do without it. Plants are 80-99% water; 60-75% - animals; a monthly human embryo consists of 97% water, a newborn - 75-80%; in the body of an adult contains about 65% of water, in the elderly - 50-60%. The water content in different organs and tissues of a person is different. On average, a person consumes (and releases) 75 tons of water during his life. According to biologists, a person can live without food for about 2 months, without water he will not live even five days.

Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature. Suffice it to say that life originated in water. Without it, the existence of animals and plants is impossible. Life exists only where there is water. In fact, water is amazing and unusual, it is a true miracle of nature. But not only is there life where there is water, but, conversely, where there is water, there is necessarily life. "Water without life in the biosphere is unknown," said Academician V.I. Vernadsky.

The hydrosphere is the birthplace of life.

Speaking about life in general, one cannot fail to mention the impact of water on human health. Thousands of books and articles are devoted to this topic, and it is pointless to try to retell at least part of what was written - anyone who wants to find on the bookshelves or on the Internet everything he wants to know on this issue. However, not saying a word is also wrong.

Water is, first of all, what we drink. According to the World Health Organization, more than 80% of all diseases in the world are associated with the poor quality of drinking water. What flows from a water tap can only be called drinking water in exceptionally rare cases. The water we drink can be at the same time the most natural and very effective medicine. water procedures. Water treatment. Rest on the sea. Fountain in the garden. Continuation of listings is meaningless. But here's what I want to say: water, like fire, has an incomprehensible attracting, bewitching power. These two elements can be looked at and looked at.

First, about the most important thing - about the situation with the provision of water to the population of the Earth, which is accepting threatening trends. The UN General Assembly proclaimed the period from 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action "Water for Life". UN Member States stressed that water is the driving force for sustainable development and the eradication of poverty and hunger.

Water is a necessary source of normal functioning of all ecosystems of the Earth. Unfortunately, it is already lacking in many parts of the world today. According to UN experts, approximately one sixth of the world's population does not have access to clean drinking water, and one third - to water for domestic needs. A child dies every eight seconds from water-related diseases, and 2.4 billion people lack adequate sanitation. Global climate change may further complicate the water supply situation. The adopted resolution emphasizes that the purpose of the Decade is the further development of international cooperation in order to resolve urgent problems related to water and contribute to the achievement of agreed goals in the field of water resources contained in the Millennium Declaration.

What caused the severity of the situation? It is caused by the combined action of three main reasons:

Population growth. Every year the population of the planet increases by 85 million people, and at the same time, water consumption per capita is growing - in developed countries it doubles every twenty years.

Pollution from environmental waste, especially sewage, which is growing exponentially, and already the current generation will face a situation where the world's demand for clean fresh water will exceed its absolute reserves.

Global warming is causing more and more intensive melting of glaciers, which store about 70% of the world's fresh water.

This is such a sad picture. How are things in Russia?

Russia accounts for one third of the world's fresh water available for use, making it a very tempting target for encroachment.

The total flow of Russian rivers is 4,270 cubic kilometers per year (it is environmentally safe to withdraw no more than 15 cubic kilometers per year).

On the territory of Russia is one of the wonders of Nature - Lake Baikal. Lake Baikal is a unique source of pure fresh water. The volume of water in the lake is 23 thousand cubic km. (the same as in all five Great Lakes of North America). This is 20% of all fresh water reserves on Earth and 30% of Russian reserves, not counting glaciers. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world, its average depth is 730 m, the maximum depth is 1637 m. Baikal water, especially at great depths, is exceptionally clear and clean. Baikal is a priceless diamond that fate gave to Russia. We did not create, did not earn, did not buy it, therefore we cannot imagine its true value. And we have not yet lost it, in order to understand in hindsight the irreparability of the loss. And there is a real threat. Clean drinking water is becoming a strategic commodity. For example, the bottled drinking water industry is one of the fastest growing in the world. Over one hundred billion liters of water are sold annually, mostly in plastic packaging. Profits in this industry already reach one trillion dollars a year - this is 40% of the profits of oil companies and more than the profits of pharmaceutical firms. Trade in water will soon be more profitable than oil. And where was this industry just 15-20 years ago, when the oil industry was already rolling up the world crises? And where will it be in 15-20 years? After all, everyone wants to live no less than to drive a car.

Now back to our water, the water we drink. Since this question concerns each of us personally, let us dwell on it in more detail.

On January 1, 2002, a regulatory legal act was put into effect in Russia - Sanitary Rules and Norms "Drinking Water. Hygienic Requirements for Water Quality in Centralized Drinking Water Supply Systems. Quality Control" - SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water for drinking and domestic needs are based on the principle of epidemiological safety, harmlessness in chemical composition and favorable organoleptic properties.

Organoleptic properties are properties determined by our senses: taste, smell, color, turbidity. A complete analysis of water quality is a laborious process that requires appropriate equipment. This is what the health department does.

Let's start with the fact that "should correspond" does not mean - "corresponds". In addition, while the water goes through the pipes from the place of intake, where at least some control is carried out, a "cocktail" containing a lot of harmful impurities gets into the tap from which we pour it. We pour this water into a plastic electric kettle, boil it and drink it. But water is the strongest universal solvent, while an increase in its temperature by every ten degrees speeds up the process twice and, having reached the boiling point, water increases its chemical aggressiveness by 500 times. Open the lid of a plastic kettle with water boiling in it and smell what this water smells like - a stench, there is no other word. Here you have one of the organoleptic parameters of water.

Therefore, it is advisable to clean tap water before drinking. The most common means of cleaning are household filters: the simplest (nozzles and jugs), medium filters (2- and 3-stage filters) and high-purity filters (filters with ultra filtration membrane and reverse osmosis filters).

The most optimal modern drinking water filters usually have three levels of purification: the first - removes impurities such as rust, turbidity, insoluble substances; the second - eliminates residual chlorine, heavy metals and other chemical impurities; the third - destroys bacteria and enriches water with minerals, improving its taste. If there are no filters, you can provide good water purification at home on your own. To do this, first of all, you need to let the water settle for a day to remove chlorine and other gaseous and suspended impurities. After that, you need to freeze water at a temperature of minus one - minus six degrees, until half of the entire volume freezes. Some fans of pure water use distilled water, but this is a harmful excess. Biologically complete water contains many vital substances that are absent in distilled water: salts, free radicals, organic acids, such as glycolic acid, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes. The absence of these components has a depressing effect on the body. The absence or lack of fresh natural water forces us to look for alternative sources.

Now a little about my native land. The Samara region is located along the middle course of the Volga River, in a bend known as Samarskaya Luka. The Volga River is the largest river in Europe, the national pride of Russia, its length is 3531 km. The water resources of the Samara region are determined by the following main factors: the amount of precipitation in the region, surface and underground runoff. In recent years, the environmental situation has become extremely aggravated in the world. Emissions of toxic substances into the atmosphere, chemical and radioactive contamination of underground and surface waters. The Samara region is a zone of extreme environmental tension. An analysis of the environmental situation shows that the level of environmental pollution in the Samara region continues to be high.

It is characterized mainly by emissions and discharges from enterprises in the energy, petrochemical, oil refining, oil production, and chemical engineering industries.

The problem of drinking water quality affects many aspects of the life of human society throughout the history of its existence. At present, drinking water is a social, political, medical, geographical, as well as engineering and economic problem. The concept of "drinking water" has been formed relatively recently and can be found in laws and regulations on drinking water supply. Our health and the quality of our life largely depend on the quality of the water we eat. Water is worth asking us what we drink and doing everything possible to make this water clean and physiologically complete.

Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature. Suffice it to say that life originated in nature. Without it, the existence of animals and plants is impossible. Life exists only where there is water. Without clean fresh water, humanity cannot exist, there will be no industry and agriculture. Water is not only drink and raw material, but also energy. Everyday using water, we are so accustomed to it and consider it so commonplace that the word "water" began to be used as a synonym for interesting and well-known. Water is a true miracle of nature.

2.1. Water application

Water is needed in almost all sectors of the national economy. Water is also essential for human needs. It is estimated that for the production of a daily norm of food products per person requires at least 6 cubic meters. m. of water. Before a can of vegetables or fruits appears in the store in the form of canned food, 40 liters of water will be spent on it. For 70 years of a person's life, 70 tons of water passes through the tissue of his body. Modern large thermal power plants consume huge amounts of water. Only one station with a capacity of 300 thousand kW consumes up to 120 cubic meters. cm per second or more than 300 million cubic meters. m per year.

I conducted a survey among the students of our school in grades 1, 3 and 9 (50 people in each).

During the research, my peers were asked the following questions:

- "Do you consider tap water clean?"

- "What kind of water do you drink most often: tap, spring or boiled?" The results of the study are shown in the diagram:

Conclusion: A survey among students showed that, despite their age, most of the respondents use spring water.

2.2. The problem of clean water

Drinking tap water is not the best solution for a health conscious person. The energy of your body should not be spent on purifying it of harmful substances contained in poor-quality water, it should be directed to more important vital functions. What is quality drinking water? Good water should not contain any foreign substances, chemicals, bacteria and other impurities. Water is called drinking water if it meets all accepted state drinking water standards, if it is packaged in accordance with sanitary and hygienic standards, and if it is intended for human consumption. What contaminants can low-quality water contain? Nitrates, pesticides, herbicides . Fertilizers and their components used in agriculture and horticultural areas, washed off by rain, enter the water of rivers, streams and lakes, and from there into tap water.

Water is necessary for every organism and it can heal. And for this, the water must be healthy. What do the enterprises of our city do to protect water?

I am a resident of Stroykeramika village. There are industrial enterprises in our village. I was interested in the question, but do they pollute the water with their waste?

At our school, I turned to the Ecosha club, where children explore the environmental problems of their native land. Most of the rivers in our region are small. They play an important economic and climatic role. Young environmentalists held social survey and questioning of residents of the settlement. building ceramics, which showed that in our village there is an urgent problem - pollution of the local river Padovka. From an interview with a local resident:

“Now no one bathes in Padovka. This summer I took a chance. And what - thundered into the hospital. The whole body was swollen, lay with a temperature. The doctors couldn't even make a diagnosis. But in this river from time immemorial, our grandfathers swam, children learned to swim.

Today, this water is not something to rinse, you can’t even water the garden, it is so toxic.

Another resident of the village told us a no less sad story. In the past, a city dweller, having retired, Evgenia Ivanovna decided to move to the suburbs. I was very happy that I was able to buy a house on the banks of the river. It is convenient to take care of the land. But the joy was not long: in the first year of life in the village, it was clear that it would not be possible to use the water from the river. Moreover, the woman began to be overcome by diseases that she had not suffered before, asthma opened up.

The water in Padovka has long looked unusual - with flakes of thick foam.

Harmless in appearance, Padowka has turned from a friend of the villagers into their enemy. The inhabitants of the village more than once or twice wanted to "throw off" and build a dam in Padovka in order to somehow protect it from pollution. But it turned out that for this you need to draw up so many different papers and get so many signatures that the residents retreated (from an interview with residents).

Analysis of printed publications and publications on the Internet allows us to conclude that the scientific community is paying great attention to the problem of the current ecological state of the Padovka River. An article and a photo about the river are repeatedly published. But unfortunately, not all works give practical recommendations for solving the problem.

The local newspaper “My village” (the newspaper was issued in circulation in July 2008) published an article “Do not litter our river!”. This article is about the environmental project "Protection of the Environment". Kindergarten pupils were involved in the project and they acted as young environmentalists of their native land (Appendix). The topic of the lesson was dedicated to "Ecology of the reservoir". The children went on a field trip. Teacher Udalova M.Yu. to the question “Why did you, kindergartners, take up this global problem?” answered:

“Yes, because we are not indifferent to the fate of our small Motherland. It is necessary that the ecology of the soul awaken. Without it, care for the ecology of nature is impossible. You have to start with yourself!" Also, the problems of Padovka were written in the newspapers "Volzhskaya Kommuna", "Samarskie Izvestia" (Appendix).

The organoleptic characteristics of water were determined using the organs of vision (turbidity and color) and the organs of smell (smell).

Turbidity determined using a white sheet of paper. In daylight, a sheet of white paper is placed behind a glass container with collected water and carefully look at the transparency and color of the water on a white background.

Smell(conducted in class) part of the water ≈ 1 ml. Place in a test tube and heat on a spirit lamp (not to a boil).

Sediment analysis(conducted in class): a small portion of the brought water was poured into a glass flask and shaken, then passed through filter paper

Conclusions:

Having personally visited the Padovka riverbed in the village. Smyshlyaevka and after conducting water analyzes available for on-site and in the chemistry room, the coastal zone of the reservoir, we were once again convinced that the ecological situation in the reservoir is very serious. So the analysis of water for the presence of temperature pollution showed its obvious presence. It should be noted that the temperature on that day reached – 17 O WITH, and the water in the reservoir is not something to freeze, it soared. Organoleptic analysis of water showed light yellow color of water and turbidity. The smell, reminiscent of rotting organic matter, was felt immediately and intensified when heated.

Water filtration has once again proved the presence of suspended particles in the water, which add turbidity. But the signs of oil pollution of the river are of particular concern - oil films were observed on the surface of the water at sampling point No. 4. Decomposition of oil products goes with intense absorption of oxygen and gives the water a characteristic odor. Unfortunately, determining the exact content of petroleum products is impossible in a school laboratory.

2.3 My experiences with water.

Experience No. 1

For the experiment, I took two samples of water: from the tap and water purified by a household filter.

Boiled the water. As a result, both samples were odorless and colorless. But in the sample with tap water at the bottom, we found a white precipitate and a white coating on the walls of the dishes.

Conclusion: After boiling tap water, we drink dead water, which contains fine lime and mechanical particles, salts of heavy metals, chlorine and organochlorine, viruses, etc.

Experience #2

Purification of non-tap water.

The snow has melted, the water is in a liquid state. But when considering this sample of water, we observe a dark sediment at the bottom of the jar, garbage and water has a brownish tint.

Experience #3

Purification of water using a cotton-gauze filter.

Conclusion: cotton-gauze filter purified water only from debris and water

still polluted. You cannot drink such water. It can adversely affect human health .

As a result of the work done, I concluded:

1. In relation to the conditions of the apartment, the most reliable method of disinfection is boiling.

2. The easiest way to purify water is to settle it. As a result, chlorine evaporates, and salts of heavy metals settle to the bottom.

3. Do not drink non-tap water, it can cause significant damage to human health. Such water can only be used for technical purposes.

4. Water becomes better if it is purified by a domestic filter.

Conclusion.

The health of every person is in his hands. In order to feel good, a person should use only clean, high-quality drinking water. Our health directly depends on the quality of drinking water.

As a result of studying and researching this topic, we can conclude that the goals and objectives set at the beginning of this work have been implemented.

Based on the results obtained, a conclusion was made about the state of the quality of drinking water in the village of Stroykeramika: the water used by the inhabitants of our settlement is not entirely suitable for drinking and cooking and does not have very good quality characteristics.

Analyzing the results of this work, I came to the conclusion that it is possible, without incurring large material costs, to supply your body with high-quality water, thereby maintaining good health. Since the water that flows in our taps is not of high quality. And you have to spend money on cleaning filters, or buy bottled water. We must think about the nature of our region. Nature itself gives us everything we need, but, unfortunately, we do not appreciate it. So let's be grateful to our nature!

List of used sources and literature

Arabadzhi.V.V., "Mysteries of plain water", M .: Knowledge, 1973

Akhmanov M. S. “Water we drink”, M .: Eksmo, 2002

Gorsky V.V., “Water is a miracle of nature”, M .: Publishing House of the ANSSR, 1962

Ershov M.E. The most common methods of water treatment, 2006, 94

Rechkalova N.I., Sysoeva L.I. What kind of water do we drink.//Chemistry at school.–2004. No. 3.

Environmental monitoring. Teaching aid. Ed. 3rd. / Ed. T.Ya. Ashikhmina. - M: Academic project, 2006.

http :// en , wikipedia . org / wiki /Water .

http :// www . fs . fed . us / water /.

http :// www . vodoobmen . en /

Information sheet.

1. Theme of the presented work.

“Organization of research work of elementary school students. Project "Green World".

Justification of the urgency of the problem.

Currently, environmental education in primary school is becoming an increasingly priority area in pedagogical theory and practice. This is due to the difficult environmental situation on earth.

Pictures of nature are the strongest aesthetic means of influencing the soul of a child, and its significance cannot be overestimated.

Education of ecological culture is one of the main directions of the general strategy of education.

Creative teaching methods should play a leading role. Research creative activity occupies a special place in the arsenal of innovative pedagogical tools and methods. Having studied the materials on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the methodology is focused more on high school students, whose subject interests have already been formed. And the elementary school still remained a little on the sidelines, but it is in the elementary school that the foundation of the skills, knowledge and skills of active, creative, independent activity of students, methods of analysis, synthesis and evaluation of the results of their activities should be laid, and research work is one of the most important ways in solving this problem.

The specificity of research work in elementary school lies in the systematic guiding, stimulating and corrective role of the teacher. The main thing for a teacher is to captivate and “infect” children, show them the significance of their activities and instill confidence in their abilities, as well as involve parents in their child’s school affairs. This work becomes an interesting and exciting thing for many parents. They, together with children, take photographs, perform simple research on observing the cultivation of plants, weather phenomena, help to select information for the theoretical justification of projects, help the child prepare the defense of his work. The works are very interesting, because this is a common interest and joint work of the child and parents.

Research activity forces and accustoms children to work with a book, newspaper, magazine, which is very important in our time, because from my own experience and based on the opinion of colleagues, I know that children, at best, read only textbooks. The child, feeling his importance, tries to help the teacher and is involved in research work.

Theoretical base of experience.

Target: through the development of environmental literacy, to teach children an environmentally expedient lifestyle, to promote the accumulation of environmental knowledge, the acquisition of skills and abilities to communicate with nature, and the expansion of individual ecological space.

Tasks:

Tutorials:

formation of knowledge about the unity of animate and inanimate nature, the patterns of natural phenomena, the interaction of nature, society and man;

formation of research skills.

Developing:

development of environmental literacy of students;

development of basic thinking processes (analysis, synthesis, comparison);

development of creative imagination, cognitive abilities of children;

development of abilities to establish causal, probabilistic relationships, analyze the consequences of environmental situations.

Educational:

formation of a high level of ecological culture of students;

to bring up personal responsibility for their own actions and for what is happening around;

formation of a culture of behavior in nature;

foster respect for the environment;

to instill love for nature, the desire to take care of it;

educate the need to rationally treat the components of animate and inanimate nature.

Project implementation blocks:

Informative: lessons, quizzes, contests, etc. (perspective plan, work program).

Practical: planting seeds, caring for plants (photo, presentation) Annex 1. Annex 2.

Consulting: work with parents (topics of conversations).

Analytical: analysis of the obtained results, correction of work (diagnostics, analytical references).

Technological scheme of the project.

Informative (during a year):

Long-term plan for the 2016-2017 academic year.

Consulting ( 1 time per quarter):

familiarization of parents with the project.

diagnostic results, work prospects;

first results, first successes;

summing up the results of the project, practical lesson "I was born a gardener."

Analytical (as the project progresses):

Y. Efficiency. Diagnostic results confirming the effectiveness of the innovation.

Attitude to business.

Volitional quality

Attitude towards yourself

III.Stages of project implementation.

Planned results.

Pupils should know:

Fundamentals of ecological culture.

Some features of the nature of their region.

The main signs of the seasons.

The value of nature for man.

Groups of plants and animals.

Some protected plants and animals of their region, country.

Rules of conduct in nature.

Features of the work of people in the most common professions .

Pupils should be able to:

Distinguish between objects of nature and objects that are not related to nature.

Follow the rules of personal hygiene.

Distinguish between studied plants and animals.

Conduct observations in nature under the guidance of the leader of the circle.

Feed the birds in the simplest feeders.

Take care of indoor plants and pets.

Carry out research activities under the guidance of the head of the circle.

Practical(photo)

Use of ICT(information and communication technologies) during the implementation of the project.

XII. Informational resources:

For the teacher:

Britvina L.Yu. The method of creative projects in technology lessons // Elementary school. No. 6. - 2005.-p.44.

M.V. Dubova Organization of project activities of younger students. A practical guide for primary school teachers. - M. BALLAS, 2008

Magazine "Head teacher of elementary school" 2005-2010

Mikhailova G.N. Method of project-based learning in labor lessons.// Primary school. No. 4.- 2005.-C 68.

Novolodskaya E. G., Yakovleva S. N. Implementation of creative projects in the study of natural history // Primary school for motivating students to learn // Primary school. No. 9.- 2008 – P.34.. No. 1. -2008.-S. 94.

Savenkov A.I. Methods of research teaching of younger schoolchildren. Publishing house "Educational literature", house "Fedorov", 2008.

Savenkov A.I. I am a researcher. Workbook for younger students. Publishing House "Fedorov". 2008

Tsyvareva M. A. The method of projects in extracurricular work in mathematics // Primary school. No. 7. - 2004. - P. 45.

Shlikene T. N. The method of projects as one of the conditions for increasing

For pupils:

Bruce Jim, Angela Wilks, Claire Llewelyn "100 Questions and Answers" Animals.-M.: CJSC "Rosman", 2006.

Great Encyclopedia of the Animal World. M.: CJSC “ROSMEN-PRESS”, 2007.

Everything about everything. Insects and spiders. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2001.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Plants./Compiled by L.A.Bagrova- M.:Tko "AST", 2005.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Animals. / Compiled by P.R. Lyakhov- M.: Tko “AST”, 2009

http://www.ped-sovet.ru/

http://www.school.edu.ru/

http://www.nature-home.ru/

http://www.delaysam.ru

Every year food consumption is growing stronger and stronger. But, as they say, demand creates supply. There are manufacturing companies competing with each other. Unscrupulous manufacturers are increasingly adding various food additives to food. Also very often used packaging that cannot be recycled or destroyed without harm to nature. The buyer is obliged to choose a product that does not harm either him or the environment.

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Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

Domodedovo gymnasium №5

Research project on ecology on the topic:

"ENVIRONMENTALLY LITERAL CONSUMER"

Section: Human Ecology

Project executor:

10th grade student

Minaev Nikolay

Scientific adviser:

ecology teacher

Chugunova N.V.

Domodedovo 2012

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………. 3

CHAPTER 1. BAR CODE………………………………………………….. 4

1. The appearance of the bar code…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How to check the authenticity of a barcode?....................................................5

CHAPTER 2. FOOD ADDITIVES……………………………………………7

2.1. Classification of food additives………………………………………..... 7

2.2. Harm of food additives…………………………………………………………8

CHAPTER 3. PACKAGING ………………………………………………………….10

3.1. The history of the appearance of packaging……………………………………………....10

3.2. Packaging materials……………………………………………………………………………………………13

3.2.1. Cellophane…………………………………………………………………..13

3.2.2. Paper……………………………………………………………………...15

3.2.3. Polyethylene………………………………………………………………...17

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH……………………………….20

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………...21

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………..22

APPENDIX 1…………………………………………………………………23

APPENDIX 2……………………………………………………………………27

INTRODUCTION

Every year food consumption is growing stronger and stronger. But, as they say, demand creates supply. There are manufacturing companies competing with each other. Unscrupulous manufacturers are increasingly adding various food additives to food. Also very often used packaging that cannot be recycled or destroyed without harm to nature. The buyer is obliged to choose a product that does not harm either him or the environment.

Therefore, the topic my research project goes like this:"Environmentally literate consumer".

Goal of the work: gain skills in determining the quality of consumer goods and identifying their possible environmental hazard.

Tasks :

1. Study the problem using various sources of information.
2. Find out if I am able to choose the “right” product: learn how to decipher the barcode; find out which food additives are harmful to health; choose the most environmentally friendly packaging.
3. Conduct a survey on this issue, test the data obtained and suggest ways to choose a safe product.

Hypothesis my research is that choosing safe products will help the consumer save the environment and their own health.

Research methods:theoretical - collection, study, systematization and analysis of literature on this issue; experimental - the study of food additives, barcodes and packaging, practical attempts to choose an environmentally friendly product; sociological survey - conducting a survey among schoolchildren.

CHAPTER 1. BAR CODE

Barcode (barcode ) is a sequence of black and white stripes representing some information in a form convenient for reading by technical means.

1.1. The advent of the barcode

“... In 1948, Bernard Silver (1924 - 1962), a graduate student at the Drexel University Institute of Technology in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, USA), heard the president of a local food chain ask one of the deans to develop a system that automatically reads information about the product under his control. Silver told his friends Norman Joseph Woodland (b. 1921) and Jordin Johanson about this. The three of them began to explore different labeling systems. Their first working system used UV ink, but it was quite expensive and faded over time.

Convinced that the system was feasible, Woodland left Philadelphia and moved to Florida to his father's apartment to continue working. His next inspiration came unexpectedly from Morse code - he formed his first bar code from the sand on the beach. As he himself said, "I only extended the dots and dashes down and made narrow and wide lines out of them." To read the strokes, he adapted soundtrack (soundtrack) technology, namely the optical soundtrack used to record sound in motion pictures. On October 20, 1949, Woodland and Silver applied for an invention. As a result, they received US patent No. 2,612,994, issued October 7, 1952.

In 1951, Woodland and Silver tried to get IBM interested in developing their system. The company, recognizing the feasibility and attractiveness of the idea, refused to implement it. IBM considered that the processing of the resulting information would require sophisticated equipment, and that it could develop it if there was free time in the future.

In 1952, Woodland and Silver sold the patent to the Philco Company (Philco - henceforth known as the Helios Electric Company). In the same year, Philco resold the patent to RCA. .

So, Woodland and Silver gave the world a bar code, thereby making it easier for sellers in stores.

2.1. How to check the authenticity of a barcode?

There are two types of bar codes: linear and two-dimensional.

Linear symbols allow you to encode a small amount of information (up to 20 - 30 characters, usually numbers) (see Appendix 1).

Two-dimensional symbologies were developed to encode a large amount of information. The decoding of such a code is carried out in two dimensions (horizontally and vertically).

Currently, a lot of two-dimensional barcodes have been developed that are used with one or another breadth of distribution (see Appendix, table No. 1). Here are some codes: Aztec Code, Data Matrix, MaxiCode, PDF417, Microsoft Tag.

Familiarize yourself with the sections of the bar code: the first two to three digits before the white separating line indicate the country code; the next few digits up to the long double separator line encode the manufacturer of the product; the first digit after the second long dividing line (the eighth digit) is the name of the product; the next (ninth) - consumer properties of the goods; the tenth digit indicates the size, weight; the eleventh indicates the ingredients; twelfth - color; thirteenth - check digit; the last long line is a sign of a product manufactured under a license (see Appendix 1).

To authenticate the barcode, perform the following operations:

1. Add up all the numbers in even places.
2. Multiply the resulting amount by 3. The result (let's call it X) must be remembered.
3. Add up all odd-numbered digits (no check digit).
4. Add X to this amount.
5. From the amount received (let's call it YZ), leave only Z.
6. Subtract the resulting Z from 10.
7. If the result corresponds to the check digit in the barcode, then this is not a fake. However, it is worth remembering that the presence of a country code on the product packaging may not be an indicator of the origin of the product from this particular country.

CHAPTER 2. FOOD ADDITIVES

Nutritional supplements - Substances not normally used as food or as typical food ingredients (regardless of their nutritional value). These substances for technological purposes are added tofood productsduring production, packaging, transportation or storage to give them the desired properties, for example, a certainflavor (flavors), colors (dyes), storage duration (preservatives), taste, consistency.

The first thing to find out is how and on what grounds nutritional supplements are classified.

1. Classification of food additives

To classify dietary supplements in countriesEuropean Uniondeveloped a numbering system that operates with1953. Each supplement has a unique number starting with the letter "E". Index "E" was introduced at the time for convenience: after all, for eachfood additivethere is a long and incomprehensible chemical name that does not fit on a small label. And, for example, the E115 code looks the same in all languages, does not take up much space in the listing of the product composition.

So, get acquainted:

2.2. Harmful food additives

Certain concentrations of some food additives are harmful to health, which is not denied by any manufacturer. There are periodic reports in the media that supplements cause "cancer", allergies or indigestion, and other unpleasant consequences. But you need to understand that the effect of any chemical substance on the human body depends both on the individual characteristics of the organism and on the amount of the substance. For each additive, as a rule, an acceptable daily intake (the so-called ADI) is determined, the excess of which leads to negative consequences. For some substances used as food additives, this dose is several milligrams per kilogram of body (for example, E250 -sodium nitrite), for others (for example, E951 -aspartame or E330- lemon acid) - tenths of a gram per kg of body.

It must be remembered that some substances have the propertycumulative, that is, the ability to accumulate in the body. Control over compliance with the content of food additives in the final product, of course, lies with the manufacturer. For example, E250 (sodium nitrite) is commonly used in sausages, although sodium nitrite is generally poisonoustoxicsubstance, including for mammals (50 percent of rats die at a dose of 180 milligrams per kilogram of weight). But in practice, it is not prohibited, since this is the “lesser evil” that ensures the presentation of the product and, consequently, the volume of sales (suffice it to compareRed colorshop sausage with darkbrownhomemade sausage). For smoked sausages of high grades, the nitrite content norm is set higher than for boiled sausages - it is believed that they are eaten in smaller quantities.

Some supplements can be considered quite safe (lactic acid, sucrose). However, it should be understood that thesynthesisof certain additives in different countries is different, so their danger can vary greatly. Over time, as it developsanalytical methodsand the emergence of newtoxicologicaldata, government regulations for the content of impurities in food additives may be revised.

Some of the additives previously considered harmless (for example, formaldehydeE240in chocolate bars orE121in sparkling water) were later deemed too dangerous and banned. In addition, additives that are harmless for one person can have a strong harmful effect on another. Therefore, doctors recommend, if possible, to protect children, the elderly and allergy sufferers from nutritional supplements.

So, remember food additives prohibited for use in Russia:

CHAPTER 3. PACKAGING

Package is a very important part of the product. It is used to ensure the safety of the product. The main functions of packaging:softening (shock-absorbing); designed to preserve the properties of objects after their manufacture, as well as to make them compact for conveniencetransportation; in most cases is one of the carriersadvertisinggoods. remember, thatpackaging design is one of the necessary conditions for the successful sale of almost any product, as well asnecessarily bears information about the content and may have elements of tamper-evident control.

3.1. The history of packaging

The first types of packaging were made from raw materials: cane, clay, vegetable and animal fibers. This is typical for ancient times . So around 6000 BC. e. in ancient Egypt, the production of clay pots was established. Then, around 5000 BC. e. the peoples of the countries of future Europe developed a method for heating clay to a "ceramic" state.

The first glass products appeared in Babylon in 2500 BC. e., and already in 1500 BC. e. The Egyptians learned how to blow utensils and various vessels out of glass. Ancient Egypt was followed by Ancient Greece and Syria.

Wooden barrels were next to appear, the first of which date back to 500 BC. e. and were found on the territory of Gaul (modern Northern Italy, France and Belgium). 105 CE e. paper appeared in China.

Middle Ages also distinguished by packaging. The XI century dates back to the appearance of the first paper packaging in Egypt. It was also in the Middle Ages that the craft of cooperage in Northern Europe developed. New technologies and "secrets" have appeared. For example, oak was used to store wet products in the manufacture of barrels, and pine was used to store dry products.

In 1375, one of the first standards in the packaging industry was adopted: according to the decision of the Hanseatic League, the volume of a barrel with herring or oil was to be 117.36 liters.

new time dictated its rights, and new packaging materials appeared. The history of Russian glassmaking begins in the 17th century. To fulfill the orders of the Pharmaceutical Order, the Swede Julius Koyet opens the first factory for the production of flasks, retorts, sules, stops and vials.

During the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, sacks made of textiles, cotton or jute became widespread.

The turning point in the development of the packaging industry is the invention of a paper machine (1798, France), and then a machine for making paper in rolls (1807, England).

Thanks to the invention of lithography at the end of the 18th century in Germany, it became possible for the first time to apply color drawings. The first paper label printed by lithography appears in 1820. Until that time, labels were signed by hand. Around the same period, the first tin can appears.

So, the XIX century is marked by a number of inventions:

In 1827, the Frenchman Bareta invents wax paper - cheap wrapping paper coated on one side with drying oil;

In 1844, the German Heinrich Welter develops a technology for producing cellulose from wood pulp;

In 1850, the first two-layer candy wrapper appeared: an inner layer of foil, an outer one of paper;

In 1852-1853. the British invent glassine - waterproof wrapping paper;

Corrugated paper was patented in 1856 in Great Britain;

In 1872, screw caps for jars and bottles were invented.

And at the beginning of the 20th century, a number of such striking discoveries took place, such as: in 1907, the German scientist Frederick Kipping discovers silicone; in 1908 Aldemar Bates invents a paper bag with flaps and in 1911 a Swiss chemist invents wood-based cellophane.

It is worth noting that at the turn of the century there was a serious breakthrough in the automation of packaging production:

1. In the 50-60s. in the USA there is a machine for making paper bags;
2. In 1879, Robert Geir first combined the printing process with the box-making process;
3. In 1880, fully automated canning equipment appears, including the stage of sealing the lids;
4. In the 90s. packaging engineering develops;
5. In 1903, Michael J. Owens patented a machine for blowing glass bottles.

After the Second World War, the forced development of new materials began, primarily polymers. Mastered industrial production:polystyrene(thermal polymerization method);polyethylene, including high and low pressure (LDPE and HDPE);PVC(PVC); polyethylene terephthalate(PAT).

In the 1940s bags with handles and multi-coloured advertising are becoming widespread, thanks in part to the proliferation of supermarkets.

1952 marks a real revolution in the dairy packaging industry. Tetra-Pak packaging appears - "triangular" bags made of laminated paper.Tetra Classicis a tetrahedron-shaped carton for milk storage, created in 1950 by Tetra Pak. Since 1959, it has been supplied and widely used in the USSR, where these packages were usually called “pyramids”, “triangles”, “packages” (for example, milk in packages, a package of milk) or “triangular packages”, as well as the often used among the people “frog ".

IN 1958 appears aluminumbeer can, made without seams on the bottom and walls. In 1963, the lid is supplied with an aluminum ring. In the 1960s filter bags for tea and self-adhesive tape for winding boxes appear. In the 1970s. comes to the packaging marketthermoresistant paper. It performs the function of stabilizing packs of products on pallets. At the same time appearself-adhesivelabels and firstPAT- bottles.

3.2. Packaging materials

Various materials have been used for the manufacture of packaging at different times: from clay pots to plastic bags. Now the most popular plastic, cellophane, polyethylene, paper. Packages made from these materials differ in terms of environmental friendliness and product protection efficiency.

3.2.1. Cellophane

Cellophane (from cellulose And Greek"favos" - light) - transparent fat - moisture resistant film material obtained fromviscose. Sometimes cellophane is incorrectly calledpolyethyleneproducts (bags, bags). These are different materials with completely different properties.

So, "...cellophane was inventedJacques Edwin Brandenberger, a Swiss textile engineer, between And 1911 years. He intended to create a waterproof coating fortableclothssaving them from stains. During the experiments, he covered the fabric with liquidviscose, however the resulting material was too stiff to be used as a tablecloth. However, the coating separated well from the fabric base, and Brandenberger realized that there was another use for it. He designed a machine that produced sheets of viscose. IN1913 in Francebegan the industrial production of cellophane. After some improvements, cellophane became the world's first relatively water-resistant flexiblepackaging. After the development of new types of polymeric materials in the 1950s, the role of cellophane decreased significantly - it was almost completely replacedpolyethylene, polypropylene And lavsan.

Outwardly, cellophane and lavsan materials in the form of films are quite similar - they are very transparent, colorless, quite hard - they “crunch” when crushed. At present, the bulk of the transparent film packaging material islavsan And polyethylene, and only a small part - other polymeric materials, including cellophane. It is easy to distinguish them - with equal thicknesslavsanthe film is much stronger than cellophane. In addition, cellophane is plasticizedglycerin, why does it have a sweetish taste whentaste- in contrast to the completely insoluble and more inert lavsan and polyethylene.

Polyethylene films, unlike cellophane and lavsan films, are less transparent (the thicker the film, the more cloudy it looks to the light), do not crunch when crushed, and are much more plastic (they do not restore their original shape when stretched).

Cellophane films are very tear-resistant. However (unlike lavsan and polyethylene), having started to tear from the edge, they are further torn almost effortlessly (the effect of an unzipping zipper). This property reduces the scope of cellophane as a packaging material. .

Cellophane is used as a packaging material in the form of an outer transparent film (for example, on boxes with tape cassettes, CDs and DVDs, packs of cigarettes), as well as for packaging food, confectionery products, for making casings for sausages and cheeses, and meat and dairy products. At the same time, BOP films made from polypropylene and visually having similar properties are mainly used in this area today.

Cellophane products in the natural environment break down, decompose much faster than products made frompolyethylene And lavsan, therefore, do not threaten the environment, unlike garbage from packaging material made of polyethylene and lavsan.

3.2.2. Paper

Paper - material in the form of sheets for writing, drawing, packaging, obtained fromcellulose: from plants, as well as from recyclables (rags And waste paper). Beginning with 1803, are used in paper productionpaper machines.

Chinese chronicles report that paper was invented in105 AD e.Tsai Lunem. However, in 1957in the Baoqia cave in northern ChinaShanxia tomb was discovered where scraps of sheets of paper were found. The paper was examined and established that it was made in the 2nd century BC. Before Cai Lun, paper in China was made fromhemp, and even earlier from silks, which was made from defectivecocoonssilkworm. Cai Lun fiber millingmulberries, arboreal ash, rags and hemp. He mixed all this with water and laid out the resulting mass on a mold (wooden frame and bamboo sieve). After drying in the sun, he smoothed this mass with the help of stones. The result is strong sheets of paper. After Cai Lun's invention, the papermaking process improved rapidly. They began to add starch, glue, natural dyes to increase strength.

At first 7th centurypaper making method becomes known inKorea And Japan. And after another 150 years, through prisoners of war, he gets toArabs. In the 6th - 8th centuries, paper production was carried out inCentral Asia, Korea, Japanand other countriesAsia. In the 11th-12th centuries, paper appeared in Europe, where it soon replaced animal parchment. Since the XV - XVI centuries, in connection with the introduction of printing, paper production has been growing rapidly. Paper was made in a very primitive way - by hand grinding the mass with wooden hammers in a mortar and scooping it out in forms with a mesh bottom.

Of great importance for the development of paper production was the invention in the second half of the 17th century of a grinding apparatus - a roll. At the end of the 18th century, rolls already made it possible to produce a large amount of paper pulp, but manual ebb (scooping) of paper delayed the growth of production. In 1799, N. L. Robert (France) invented the paper machine, mechanizing the ebb of paper by using an infinitely moving grid. In England, the Fourdrinier brothers, having bought Robert's patent, continued to work on the mechanization of the ebb and in 1806 patented a paper machine. By the middle of the 19th century, the paper machine had become a complex machine that operated continuously and largely automatically. In the 20th century, paper production becomes a large highly mechanized industry with a continuous-flow technological scheme, powerful thermal power plants and complex chemical shops for the production of fibrous semi-finished products.

So, the chronology of paper packaging is as follows:

1. G. - the invention of papercottonTsai Lunem V China.
2. G. - penetration of paper intoKorea.
3. G. - penetration of paper intoJapan.
4. G. - Talas battle- paper penetrationWest.
5. g. - paper mill V Spain.
6. Approximately Mr. - English papermanufacturerJ. Whatman - the elder introduced a new paper form, which made it possible to receivesheetspaper without grid traces.
7. G. - patent for an invention paper machine (Louis - Nicolas Robert A).
8. G. - installation of the paper machine inGreat Britain (Brian Donkin).
9. G. - patent for an invention carbon paper.
10. G. - the first paper machines in Russia (Peterhof paper factory).
11. G. - paper machinesUSA.
12. g. - invention corrugated cardboard.
13. G. - technologyreceiving paper fromwood.
1. Polyethylene

Plastic bag- a bag used to carry things, made ofpolyethylene. The conventional packaging bag was first produced inUSA V 1957and was intended for packaging sandwiches, bread, vegetables and fruits. TO1966about 30% of bakery products produced in this country were packed in such packages. TOThe volume of bag production in Western Europe amounted to 11.5 million pieces. INIn the largest shopping centers, plastic bags with a handle (the so-called "T-shirts") appear on sale. TOthe total global production of plastic bags was estimated in the range from 4 to 5 trillion. pieces per year.

There are several types of packages. Transparent packaging bag, made of low or high density polyethylene, or a mixture of the first and second. Performs a protective function (protects the product from moisture and contamination). The leaders in the production of the thinnest bags of this type are the countries of Southeast Asia, China and Russia: they produce bags with a thickness of only 4.5-5 microns.

T-shirt bags are predominantly made of low-density polyethylene ("rustling") or, sometimes, high density ("smooth"). They got their name for the characteristic structure of the handles. Although bags of this type are the latest to enter the market, they have firmly established their position in supermarkets and retail outlets.

Bags with cut and loop handle. The production of bags of this type is considered the most difficult. For the manufacture of high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene and laminates are used. Package handles have several modifications. Cutting handles are reinforced (welded, glued) and unreinforced.

Garbage bags (bags) are made from low or high density polyethylene, or from a mixture of them with the addition of dyes. They are also available with handles (similar to the package - T-shirts) or with tapes for tightening.

The cheapness of the bags and the ease of their circulation means that many bags are only used for a very short time. For example, purchases in the store are packed in bags, brought home, then the bags are thrown away. Four trillion bags per year are used inworld. They kill 1 million.birds, 100 000 marine mammalsand innumerable shoalsfish. 6 million 300 thousand tonsgarbage, most of which isplastic, is reset annually toWorld Ocean.

In the environment, discarded bags are stored for a long time and are not biodegradable. Thus, they form a persistent pollution. Therefore, the circulation of plastic bags raises serious objections from environmentalists. For this reason, the use of plastic bags as household packaging is restricted or prohibited in a number of countries. In particular, in on Kangaroo Island in Australia The authorities introduced a ban on plastic bags.

Germany: consumers pay for the disposal of the bags, and for the collection and recyclingprocessingresponsible sellers and distributors.

Ireland: after increasing the price of packages, the number of packages used was reduced by 94%. Now they use "reusable" fabric bags.

USA: IN San Franciscolarge supermarkets and chain pharmacies do not use plastic bags.

China: it is forbidden to produce, sell and use plastic bags with a film thickness of less than 0.025 mm.

Tanzania: fine for manufacturing, importing or selling plastic bags - $2,000 or a year in prison. Import of plastic bagsZanzibar prohibited.

England: The Marks and Spencer chain of stores has stopped giving out free packages.Moneyfrom the sale of packages, the company transfers to the creation of new city parks and gardens. In 2004 inEnglandbiodegradable bread bags. The decomposition period of the new material is 4 years, and it decomposes into carbon dioxide and water.

Latvia: introduced a tax on plastic bags used insupermarketsto reduce their use.

Finland: supermarkets are equipped with machines for receiving used bags, which serve as raw materials forprocessingand production of new plastics.

So, there is a single eco-label for the packaging material and the product itself. It allows you to meet the requirements of environmental standards (non-pollution of the environment during production and disposal, no content of harmful substances).

CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH RESULTS

After serious work on the project, I wanted to find out how the students of the gymnasium relate to this problem. I conducted a small sociological survey. It was attended by 100 students. Among the respondents were students in grades 9-11. Judging by the answers, I think that the guys answered sincerely.

There were four questions. The content of the questions is as follows:

1. What is the first thing you pay attention to when choosing a purchase?
2. What is more important to you: taste, price or the benefits of food and drinks?
3. When buying a product, do you pay attention to the barcode?
4. What do you think nutritional supplements: good or bad?

The results of the survey showed that many people pay attention to the appearance of the goods, and not to its quality and how fresh the product they buy. Others believe that well-known trade brands should be trusted, hence the best quality product. But we all know that this is not so. Therefore, after getting acquainted with my research work, I suggest that you change some of your habits for choosing goods in retail chains.

After analyzing the results of the questionnaires, I made some diagrams. They can be studied in detail in Appendix 2 of the project.

So, many schoolchildren do not know how to choose the right and “right” product. But if you want to, it's easy to learn. These skills can help a lot in life. And remember, our health is in our own hands.

CONCLUSION

As a result of the work carried out, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The easiest way to check the authenticity of the product is by barcode.
2. Food additives are used by the manufacturer of goods to improve the appearance, taste, and extend the shelf life. Using additives in the process of food preparation, the manufacturer does not think about what diseases this or that additive can cause in the consumer. Nobody will take care of you except yourself.
3. Not all packages decompose over time. Better to use paper bags.

So, the most important thing that I would like to note after doing the simplest research. Environmentally literate consumers are not born. But every person who protects nature and their own health must become such a consumer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Gushchina E.V. Schoolchild Ecological Workshop: Textbook for students. - Samara: Fedorov Corporation, Educational Literature Publishing House, 2005. - 304 p. – (Elective course for senior specialized school).
2. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology. - Rostov n / a: publishing house "Phenex", 2000. - 576 p.
3. Mirkin B.M., Naumov L.G., Sumatokhin S.V. Ecology grades 10-11 (textbook for high school students, profile level). - M .: "Ventana Graf", 2010.
4. School environmental monitoring. Teaching aid / Ed. T.Ya. Ashakhmina. – M.: AGAR, 2000.
5. www.wikipedia.org

ANNEX 1

Table #1

Character Size Ratio Examples

2D barcode and code capacity

15x15

27x27

45x45

61x61

79x79

400-440

Germany

Hungary

Spain

460-469

Russia and CIS

600-601

South Africa

Cuba

Taiwan

Morocco

Ecology occupies a special place among the global problems of the modern world, which have a transnational and interstate character.

The question of the relationship between people and nature has always been acute, but with the advent of the third millennium, the contradictions in the chain "individual - society - surrounding nature" reached their maximum.

In the past few decades, against the backdrop of the relationship between humanity and nature, the most heated discussions of scientists, the public, world organizations and governments of different countries have been held.

The topics of research papers on ecology are related to the problems that exist in modern reality, everything is included here.

Pollution of the world's oceans

Nowadays, a lot of harmful substances enter the ocean: plastics, oil, pesticides, chemical and industrial waste, which negatively affects the existence of marine fauna. From this it is clear that it is directly related to human activity, i.e. anthropogenic.

Significant damage to the ocean is caused by:

• Washing the holds of tankers, as a result of which from 8 to 20 barrels of oil are dumped into its waters annually. This figure is named without taking into account accidents that occur during the transportation of oil by sea. The resulting oil film blocks the access of oxygen to the water, causing the extinction of plankton and fish.
• Heavy metals entering the water. The most harmful of these are chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, cadmium and copper. According to statistics, about 50,000 of these metals are dumped into the waters of the North Sea every year.
  ingress of wastewater with a high content of pesticides - aldrin, dieldrin and endrin, which can be deposited in the tissues of living organisms.
• Tributyltin chloride (TBT), which is widely used for painting ship keels, has a detrimental effect on marine life - as a protection against fouling of the surface with algae and shells. Scientists have proven that this substance prevents the reproduction of one of the crustaceans - the trumpeter.
• In recent years, the waters of the ocean have been increasingly used for the placement of nuclear missiles and for the disposal of radioactive substances, which also leads to negative consequences.

Today, the protection of ocean waters is one of the most urgent problems of all mankind. In 1982, during the UN Conference, the participants adopted the Convention on the Law of the Sea, which introduced a number of restrictions on the use of the waters of the oceans.

Thus, the protection of its resources and the fight against pollution have become of particular importance.

The United States, Canada, Japan, India, Europe and other countries annually launch satellites to collect remote sensing data.

The accuracy of the resolution capabilities of such instruments is constantly growing; in addition, the set of parameters that characterize the state of the external environment, measured from space, is expanding. America and the European Space Agency are opening more and more access to satellite data; the number of specialists involved in the development and implementation of new international projects is constantly growing.

Global warming in the Arctic

The problem of global warming in the Arctic is advancing at a catastrophic pace. The consequences could be the disappearance of summer habitats for polar bears and a critical rise in sea levels on the planet.

This assessment of global climate change was made by members of the international group of climatologists. The scientists' warning could have an impact on the US and several other industrialized countries, forcing them to reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels.

The report of a study aimed at studying the consequences of global warming in the Arctic states:

• The melting of glaciers, which contain a huge amount of fresh water, can provoke a rise in sea level by 7 meters in a few hundred years. In accordance with the calculations of specialists, in our century, due to the excess of the threshold temperature in the Arctic, a long-term melting of the ice sheet may occur.
• Arctic temperatures are rising twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Over the past 50 years, average winter temperatures in Chukotka, western Canada and Alaska have increased by 3.5 ºС. In the next century, this figure may reach 6.5 ºС.
• The area of ​​pack ice located in the Arctic Ocean is sharply decreasing. Over the past 30 years, their area has decreased by 20%; by the end of this century, their area may be reduced by another 10-50%. There is an opinion that by 2040 the Arctic pack ice may disappear completely.

Each of the above changes can contribute to acceleration. The influx of fresh water into the Atlantic Ocean can lead to a change in planetary ocean currents, which, in turn, will disrupt climatic conditions, meteorological phenomena and the concentration of resources of fish and other marine life.


This study was conducted over a period of 4.5 years; the customer was the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Committee for Science. Council members are senior officials from the United States, Canada, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Russia, and leaders of indigenous organizations in the Arctic region. 300 scientists from polar research centers from different countries of the world take part in the work.

Changes are now being observed and predicted in all aspects of life in the Arctic - agriculture, transportation patterns and lifestyles, as well as local fauna - for example, many rare species of migratory birds may lose their breeding grounds.

The problem of food waste disposal

In the last ten years, the problem of waste minimization and recycling has attracted the attention of many economic sectors. However, among other wastes, it is food that receives less attention than others. For many decades, huge amounts of crops harvested in a number of developing countries have not become useful food.
The situation is becoming more and more serious due to the fact that these countries provide minimal assistance to solve the problem.

According to a study by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), over 50% of all food produced today is lost, wasted or wasted due to inefficient food chain design in restaurants and grocery stores.

This fact was confirmed by another study commissioned by the NRA (National Restaurant Association) - as it turned out, in restaurants in Britain, 65% of food waste is thrown away during cooking, and only about 30% remains on the plates.

Groups of industry experts will be founded in 74 countries around the world called “Together Against Waste”, the members of which will work together to solve the problem of reducing food losses. By bringing together consumers and partners in a quest to minimize waste, the movement intends to develop effective ways to reduce the loss and recycling of food waste around the world.

Importance of conducting international research in the field of ecology

The tasks of monitoring the state of nature on a planetary scale contain many criteria. One of the main issues can be called the definition of the maximum allowable influence of the population on the Earth, in particular, on it.

An example of a modern global monitoring project is the EOS system in the United States. This is a long-term program for 15 years and has a scientific character. The work is carried out on the basis of data received from three satellites, which are serviced by the orbital system, in order to study in detail the state of the planet's ecology.

School research

In our country, research work on ecology begins to be carried out at school, thus introducing children to world problems. Starting from the elementary grades for students, educational and research work is included in the school curriculum.

1 Comment

Indeed, environmental problems (unfortunately) are of little concern. The study of ways to reduce the negative impact of human activities should be given more attention.