After the fall of Greater Armenia, these provinces went to the vassal of Persia, the multi-ethnic state of Caucasian Albania. Later, already in the middle of the 5th century, its capital was moved to the Plain Karabakh to the newly founded city of Partav (Barda).
During the long period of being part of Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh was armenized. This process began in ancient times and ended in the early Middle Ages - by the 8th-9th centuries. Already in 700, the presence of the Artsakh (Karabakh) dialect of the Armenian language is reported. Thus, Armenians lived in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and the mountainous part of Utik. The 10th-century Arab author Istakhri reports on the ethnic composition of the region of Nagorno-Karabakh:
At the beginning of the 9th century, under the leadership of the Armenian prince Sahl Smbatyan (Sahl ibn Sunbat al-Armani), referred to by Movses Kaghankatvatsi " Salem from the Hayka clan" , the Armenian feudal principality of Khachen is formed on the territory of Nagorno - Karabakh . At the end of the 9th century, the region became part of the restored Armenian kingdom. The Khachen principality existed until the end of the 16th century, becoming one of the last remnants of the Armenian national-state structure after the loss of independence. Since the beginning of the 13th century, the Armenian princely dynasties Hasan-Jalalyan and Dopyany, offshoots of the descendants of Sakhl Smbatyan, have ruled here. As the authors of the academic “History of the East” note, in the XII-XIII centuries, the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh becomes one of the centers of Armenian culture.
The first European to visit Karabakh is the German Johann Schiltberger. He wrote around 1420:
| After the death of Tamerlane, I got to his son, who owned two kingdoms in Armenia. This son, named Shah-Roh, used to spend the winter on a large plain called Karabag and distinguished by good pastures. It is irrigated by the river Kur, also called the Tigris, and the best silk is collected near the banks of this river. Although this plain lies in Armenia, nevertheless it belongs to the pagans. Armenians also live in the villages, but they are forced to pay tribute to the pagans. The Armenians have always treated me well, because I was a German, and they are generally very disposed towards the Germans, (Nimitz), as they call us. They taught me their language and gave me their Pater Noster. |
| Karabag is a country lying between the left bank of the Araks and the right bank of the Kura River, above the Mugan field, in the mountains. Its main inhabitants are the Armenians, ruled hereditarily by 5 of their meliks or natural princes, according to the number of cantons' signatures: 1 - Charapert, 2 - Igermadar, 3 - Duzakh, 4 - Varand, 5 - Khachen. Everyone can put up to 1 tons of military people. These meliks, according to the establishment of Nadir, were directly dependent on the shah, and the local government had their catholicos (or the titular patriarch, supplied from the chief of all Armenia, the patriarch of Etchmiadzin), who had the adjective title of Aghvan, by which name Armenia was called in ancient times. |
Karabakh conflict
From the second half of 1987, a movement for the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR intensified in the NKAO and Armenia. In September-October 1987, in the Armenian village of Chardakhly, Shamkhor region, a conflict arose between the first secretary of the Shamkhor district committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, M. Asadov, and local residents. In November 1987, as a result of interethnic clashes, Azerbaijanis, who densely lived in the Kafan and Meghri regions of the Armenian SSR, left for Azerbaijan. In his book, Thomas de Waal cites the testimonies of an Armenian woman, Svetlana Pashayeva, and an Azerbaijani, Arif Yunusov, about Azerbaijani refugees from Armenia who arrived in Baku in November 1987 and January 1988. Pashayeva says she saw two boxcars carrying refugees, including old people and children. On February 20, 1988, the session of the people's deputies of the NKAR adopted an appeal with a request to annex the NKAR to the Armenian SSR. On February 22, a clash occurs between Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Askeran, which led to the death of two people. On February 26, a numerous rally (almost half a million people) takes place in Yerevan demanding to annex the NKAR to Armenia. On February 27, the Soviet authorities announced on central television that those who died near Askeran were Azerbaijanis (one of them was shot dead by an Azerbaijani policeman). From February 27 to 29, 1988, an Armenian pogrom broke out in the city of Sumgayit, accompanied by mass violence against the Armenian population, robberies, murders, arson and destruction of property, as a result of which a significant part of the local Armenian population suffered, according to official data of the authorities, 26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis. Throughout 1988, inter-ethnic clashes between the local Azerbaijani and Armenian populations took place in Nagorno-Karabakh, which led to the expulsion of civilians from their places of permanent residence.
The current threatening situation forced the Soviet government to declare a state of emergency in the region. To maintain order, parts of the Dzerzhinsky division, airborne troops, and police were deployed. A curfew was introduced in the settlements of the NKAR.
Karabakh war
In 1991, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) was proclaimed on the territory of the NKAO and some adjacent Armenian-populated regions. During the Karabakh war of 1991-1994 between Azerbaijan and the NKR, the Azerbaijanis established control over the territory of the former Shahumyan region of the Azerbaijan SSR, previously mostly populated by Armenians, the Armenians - over the territory of the former NKAR and some adjacent to it, and previously, mainly populated by Azerbaijanis and Kurdish areas.
cultural monuments
Gtchavank Monastery,
XIII century
see also
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Notes
- Shnirelman V. A. L. B. Alaev. - M .: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
original text(Russian)
Under the Persian dynasty of the Safavids, Karabakh was one of the provinces (beglarbek), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates, and the mountains remained in the hands of the Armenian rulers. The system of meliksts finally took shape in Nagorno-Karabakh during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged the Armenian meliks to take active actions against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other hand, tried to weaken them by separating them from the main Armenian territories by resettling the Kurdish tribes in the area located between Artsakh and Syunik. Nevertheless, in the 17th-18th centuries, the five Armenian melikates of Karabakh were a force to be reckoned with by their powerful neighbors. It was these mountainous regions that became the center where the idea of the Armenian revival and the formation of an independent Armenian state arose. However, the struggle for power in one of the melikdoms led to civil strife, in which the neighboring nomadic Sarijali tribe intervened to their advantage, and in the middle of the 18th century, power in Karabakh for the first time in its history went to the Turkic Khan.
- History of the East.
- Leonidas Themistocles Chrysanthopoulos. Caucasus chronicles: nation-building and diplomacy in Armenia, 1993-1994, 2002, p. 8:
original text(English)
From the fourteenth century, the region between the Kura and Araks River became known as Gharabagh or Karabagh (kara in Turkish for black and bagh in Persian for garden or vineyard).
- BBC News - Overview:
original text(English)
Karabakh is a word of Turkic and Persian origin meaning "black garden", while "Nagorno-" is a Russian word meaning "mountain-". The ethnic Armenians prefer to call the region Artsakh, an ancient Armenian name for the area.
- Academician V.V. Bartold. Works / Managing editor of the volume A.M. Belenitsky. - M .: Nauka, 1965. - T. III. - S. 335. - 712 p.
- Hewsen, Robert H. . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 33, map 19 (the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh is shown as part of the Armenian kingdom of the Yervandids (IV-II centuries BC))
- The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Book 1. Pg. 510:
original text(English)
During the Seleucid period, Armenia became divided into several virtually independent kingdoms and principalities. The classification adopted at this epoch persisted, with certain changes, well into the Byzantine era. The most important region, of course, was Greater Armenia, located east of the upper Euphrates, and including vast areas all round Lake Van, along the Araxes valley, and northwards to take in Lake Sevan, the Karabagh, and even the southern marches of Georgia.
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- Essays on the history of the USSR: Primitive communal system and the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR. M.: AN SSSR, 1956, p. 615
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- Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Erster Band. Stuttgart 1894. p. 1303
- Yanovsky A. About ancient Caucasian Albania// journal minister. public education, 1846, part 52, p. 97
- Marquart J. Eranlahr nach der Geogrphle des Ps. Moses Xorenac'i. In: Abhandlungen der koniglichen Geselsch. der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Philologisch-hisiorische Klasse. Neue Folge B.ffl, No 2, Berlin, 1901, S 358
- B. A. Dorn. "Caspian. About the campaigns of ancient Russians in Tabaristan ”(“ Notes of the Academy of Sciences ”1875, vol. XXVI, Appendix 1, p. 187)
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
- Claudius Ptolemy. Geography, 5, 12; Pliny the Elder. book. VI, 28-29, 39; Dion Cassius (II-III centuries), "Roman History", book. XXXVI, ch. 54.1; book. XXXVI, ch. 54, 4, 5; book. XXXVII, ch. 2, 3, 4; book. XXXVI, ch. 53, 5; 54, 1; Appian (1st-2nd centuries), Roman History, Mithridatic Wars, 103; Plutarch (1st-2nd centuries), Comparative Lives, Pompey, ch. 34-35; ; ; Favst Buzand, "History of Armenia", book. III, ch. 7; book. V, ch. 13; Agatangelos, "The Life and History of Saint Gregory", 28, "The Saving Conversion of the Country of Our Armenia through the Holy Martyr Man", 795 CXII, Justin, XLII, 2,9; Pliny, VI, 37; 27; Stephen of Byzantium, s.v. Ο τ η ν ή, Ω β α ρ η ο ί
- The World History. Encyclopedia. Volume 3, ch. VIII:
original text(Russian)
The internal structure of the Transcaucasian countries remained unchanged until the middle of the 5th century, despite the fact that, as a result of the treaty of 387, Armenia was divided between Iran and Rome, Lazika was recognized as a sphere of influence of Rome, and Kartli and Albania had to submit to Iran.
- History of the Ancient World, M., 1989, v. 3, p. 286
- World History, M., vol. 2, p. 769, and insert map
- N. Adonts. Dionysius of Thracia and Armenian interpreters. - Pg. , 1915. - S. 181-219.
- Shnirelman V. A. Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M .: Akademkniga, 2003. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
- K. V. Trever. Essays on the history and culture of Caucasian Albania IV century. BC e. - VII V. N. E. (sources and literature). Edition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M.-L., 1959
- B. A. Rybakov. Essays on the history of the USSR. The crisis of the slave system and the emergence of the feudal system on the territory of the USSR III-IX centuries. M., 1958, pp. 303-313
- B. A. Rybakov. The crisis of the slave system and the emergence of the feudal system on the territory of the USSR. Essays on the history of the USSR. M., 1958, pp. 303-313
- Transl.: Armenian Sahl son of Smbat. Cm.
- Kagankatvatsi, book. III, ch. XXIII
- Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L., 1949. - S. 28.:
original text(Russian)
Khasan-Jalalyan came from a noble Armenian family of the hereditary meliks of the district Khachen in the mountainous part of Karabagh, inhabited by Armenians; the ancestor of this surname Khasan-Jalal was the prince of Khachen during the period of the Mongol conquest, in the 13th century. Under the Kyzylbash dominion, the Khasan-Jalalyans retained their position as meliks of Khachen ...
- "Journey of Ivan Schiltberger through Europe, Asia and Africa". Translation and notes by F. Brun, Odessa, 1866, p.110; Johannes Schiltberger, Als Sklave im Osmanischen Reich und bei den Tataren: 1394-1427 (Stuttgart: Thienemann Press, 1983), p. 209
- . Translated by J. Buchan Telfer. Ayer Publishing, 1966. ISBN 0-8337-3489-X, 9780833734891, p 86
- ... he (Tamerlane), full of devilish malice, forced [Bagrat] to renounce [the faith] and taking [him] with him, went to Karabakh, to the wintering place of our former kings. Cm.
- Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax" in Medieval Armenian Culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies). Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone (eds.) Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1984, pp. 52-53
- "Caucasian calendar for 1864", Tiflis, 1863, p. 183-212: ACAC, vol. I, p. 111-124
- . The toponym Aghvank was common in the eastern territories of historical Armenia, in particular in the territory of the ancient region of Artsakh, however, the name Albania/Arran in the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh was only a toponym without any ethnic indication. Cm.
- V.N. Leviatov, “Essays from the history of Azerbaijan in the 18th century”, pp. 82-83:
original text(Russian)
Not wanting to betray them to public execution, he carried out a number of measures aimed at weakening the Ganja beglerbeks. For this purpose, the population of Kazakh and Borchaly was transferred to the subordination of the emirs of Georgia; parts of the Jevanshir, Otuz iki and Kebirli tribes were evicted from the Karabakh vilayet, they were resettled in Khorasan; five meliks of Karabakh were ordered to unite into a strong fist and not to obey the Ganja khans, but in necessary matters to turn directly to Nadir Shah himself.
- Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L., 1949. - S. 65.:
original text(Russian)
Nadir Shah considered it necessary to weaken the surname of Ziyad-ogly, separating from her possessions the lands of the five meliks of Nagorno-Karabakh and the nomadic tribes of the Mil-Karabag steppe, as well as Zangezur. All these lands were directly subordinated to the brother of Nadir Shah Ibrahim Khan, the sipahsalar of Azerbaijan, and the possessions of the nomadic tribes of Kazakhlar and Shamsaddinlu were subordinated to the king (Valiy) of Kartli Teimuraz.
- Michael P. Croissant, The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications, p.11:
original text(English)
Importantly, disunion amongst the five princes allowed the establishment of a foothold in mountainous Karabakh by a Turkic tribe around 1750. This event marked the first time that Turks were able to penetrate the eastern Armenian highlands…
- Richard G. Hovannisian. , Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.96:
original text(English)
The Armenians of Ganja had also been reduced to a minority. Only in the mountains regions of Karabakh and Zangezur did the Armenian manage the maintain a solid majority
- :
original text(Russian)
IN THE NAME OF THE ALL-POWERFUL GOD We, that is, Ibrahim Khan of Shushinsky and Karabakh and the All-Russian troops of the infantry general, the Caucasian inspection of infantry, inspector and so on. book. Pavel Tsitsianov, with full vigor and authority given to me by His Imperial Majesty, my most merciful great Sovereign Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, proceeded with the help of God to the case of the accession of Ibrahim Khan of Shusha and Karabakh with all his family, offspring and possessions to the eternal citizenship of the All-Russian Empire.
- Muriel Atkin, Russia and Iran, 1780-1828. 2nd. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-58336-5
original text(English)
In Safavi times, Azerbaijan was applied to all the muslim-ruled khanates of the eastern Caucasian as well as to the area south of the Araz River as fas as the Qezel Uzan River, the latter region being approximately the same as the modern Iranian ostans of East and West Azerbaijan.
- Potto V.A.
- “The colonial policy of Russian tsarism in Azerbaijan in the 20-60s. 19th century." Part I, USSR Academy of Sciences, M.-L., 1936, pp. 201, 204
- Results of the agricultural census in Azerbaijan, edition of the Central Statistical Office of Azerbaijan, Baku, 1924
- Avdeev MN The number and national-tribal composition of the rural population of Azerbaijan. According to the agricultural census of 1921, Izvestia of the Central Statistical Service of Azerbaijan, No. 2 (4), Baku, 1922
- "Baku worker", 26. 11. 1924
- V. Khudadov, "New East", M., 1923, book. 3., p. 525-527
- Decree of the Caucasus Bureau of July 4, 1921. CPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 17. Decree of July 5: CPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 18.//Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923. Collection of documents and materials. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Yerevan, 1991, pp. 649-650.
- Michael P. Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications
original text(English)
In the latter part of 1987 the Armenians" growing optimism for union with Nagorno-Karabakh was given a powerful voice in the budding Armenian nationalist movement.
- Tom de Waal. black garden
original text(Russian)
In 1987, a living flame gradually flared up from the smoldering movement of the Karabakh Armenians. Activists toured collective farms and factories in Nagorno-Karabakh, collecting signatures for a document they called a "referendum" on reunification with Armenia. The campaign to collect signatures was completed by the summer of 1987, and in August a huge petition - ten volumes with more than 75,000 signatures from Armenia and Karabakh - was sent to Moscow
- "Country Life", December 24, 1987
Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing Karabakh
Balashev respectfully allowed himself to disagree with the opinion of the French emperor.“Every country has its own customs,” he said.
“But nowhere else in Europe is there anything like it,” said Napoleon.
“I apologize to Your Majesty,” said Balashev, “besides Russia, there is also Spain, where there are also many churches and monasteries.
This answer by Balashev, hinting at the recent defeat of the French in Spain, was later highly appreciated, according to Balashev's stories, at the court of Emperor Alexander and very little appreciated now, at Napoleon's dinner, and passed unnoticed.
It was clear from the indifferent and perplexed faces of the gentlemen of the marshals that they were perplexed, what was the witticism, which was hinted at by Balashev's intonation. “If she was, then we did not understand her or she is not witty at all,” said the facial expressions of the marshals. This answer was so little appreciated that Napoleon did not even notice it resolutely and naively asked Balashev about which cities there was a direct road to Moscow from here. Balashev, who was on his guard all the time of dinner, answered that comme tout chemin mene a Rome, tout chemin mene a Moscou, [as every road, according to the proverb, leads to Rome, so all roads lead to Moscow,] that there are many roads, and that among these different paths is the road to Poltava, which was chosen by Charles XII, said Balashev, involuntarily flushing with pleasure at the success of this answer. Before Balashev had time to say the last words: "Poltawa", Caulaincourt was already talking about the inconvenience of the road from Petersburg to Moscow and about his Petersburg memories.
After dinner we went to drink coffee in Napoleon's study, which four days earlier had been the study of Emperor Alexander. Napoleon sat down, touching the coffee in a Sevres cup, and pointed to a chair meanly to Balashev.
There is a well-known post-dinner mood in a person, which, stronger than any reasonable reasons, makes a person be pleased with himself and consider everyone his friends. Napoleon was in this location. It seemed to him that he was surrounded by people who adored him. He was convinced that Balashev, after his dinner, was his friend and admirer. Napoleon turned to him with a pleasant and slightly mocking smile.
- This is the same room, as I was told, in which Emperor Alexander lived. Strange, isn't it, General? - he said, obviously not doubting that this appeal could not but be pleasant to his interlocutor, since it proved the superiority of him, Napoleon, over Alexander.
Balashev could not answer this and silently bowed his head.
“Yes, in this room, four days ago, Winzingerode and Stein conferred,” Napoleon continued with the same mocking, confident smile. “What I cannot understand,” he said, “is that Emperor Alexander brought all my personal enemies closer to him. I do not understand this. Did he think that I could do the same? - he asked Balashev with a question, and, obviously, this memory pushed him back into that trail of morning anger, which was still fresh in him.
“And let him know that I will do it,” said Napoleon, standing up and pushing his cup away with his hand. - I will drive out of Germany all his relatives, Wirtemberg, Baden, Weimar ... yes, I will drive them out. Let him prepare a refuge for them in Russia!
Balashev bowed his head, showing with his appearance that he would like to take his leave and is listening only because he cannot but listen to what he is told. Napoleon did not notice this expression; he addressed Balashev not as an ambassador of his enemy, but as a man who was now completely devoted to him and should rejoice at the humiliation of his former master.
- And why did Emperor Alexander take command of the troops? What is it for? War is my trade, and his business is to reign, not to command troops. Why did he take on such responsibility?
Napoleon again took the snuffbox, silently walked several times around the room and suddenly unexpectedly approached Balashev and with a slight smile so confidently, quickly, simply, as if he was doing some not only important, but also pleasant for Balashev, he raised his hand to the face of the forty-year-old Russian general and, taking him by the ear, tugged slightly, smiling only with his lips.
- Avoir l "oreille tiree par l" Empereur [To be torn by the ear by the emperor] was considered the greatest honor and mercy at the French court.
- Eh bien, vous ne dites rien, admirateur et courtisan de l "Empereur Alexandre? [Well, why don't you say anything, adorer and courtier of Emperor Alexander?] - he said, as if it was funny to be in his presence someone courtisan and admirateur [court and admirer], except for him, Napoleon.
Are the horses ready for the general? he added, bowing his head slightly in response to Balashev's bow.
- Give him mine, he has a long way to go ...
The letter brought by Balashev was Napoleon's last letter to Alexander. All the details of the conversation were transferred to the Russian emperor, and the war began.
After his meeting in Moscow with Pierre, Prince Andrei went to Petersburg on business, as he told his relatives, but, in essence, in order to meet there Prince Anatole Kuragin, whom he considered it necessary to meet. Kuragin, whom he inquired about when he arrived in Petersburg, was no longer there. Pierre let his brother-in-law know that Prince Andrei was coming for him. Anatole Kuragin immediately received an appointment from the Minister of War and left for the Moldavian army. At the same time, in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrei met Kutuzov, his former general, always disposed towards him, and Kutuzov invited him to go with him to the Moldavian army, where the old general was appointed commander in chief. Prince Andrei, having received an appointment to be at the headquarters of the main apartment, left for Turkey.
Prince Andrei considered it inconvenient to write to Kuragin and summon him. Without giving a new reason for a duel, Prince Andrei considered the challenge on his part compromising Countess Rostov, and therefore he sought a personal meeting with Kuragin, in which he intended to find a new reason for a duel. But in the Turkish army, he also failed to meet Kuragin, who returned to Russia shortly after the arrival of Prince Andrei in the Turkish army. In the new country and in the new conditions of life, Prince Andrei began to live easier. After the betrayal of his bride, who struck him the more, the more diligently he concealed from everyone the effect made on him, the conditions of life in which he was happy were difficult for him, and the freedom and independence that he so cherished before were even more difficult. He not only did not think about those former thoughts that first came to him, looking at the sky on the field of Austerlitz, which he liked to develop with Pierre and which filled his solitude in Bogucharov, and then in Switzerland and Rome; but he was even afraid to recall these thoughts, which opened up endless and bright horizons. He was now interested only in the most immediate, not connected with the former, practical interests, which he seized on with the greater greed, than the former ones were hidden from him. It was as if that endless receding vault of the sky that had previously stood above him suddenly turned into a low, definite vault that crushed him, in which everything was clear, but nothing was eternal and mysterious.
Of the activities presented to him, military service was the simplest and most familiar to him. As a general on duty at Kutuzov's headquarters, he stubbornly and diligently went about his business, surprising Kutuzov with his willingness to work and accuracy. Not finding Kuragin in Turkey, Prince Andrei did not consider it necessary to gallop after him again to Russia; but for all that, he knew that, no matter how much time passed, he could not, having met Kuragin, despite all the contempt that he had for him, despite all the proofs that he made to himself, that he should not humiliate himself before a collision with him, he knew that, having met him, he could not help calling him, just as a hungry man could not help throwing himself at food. And this awareness that the insult had not yet been vented, that the anger had not been poured out, but lay on the heart, poisoned the artificial calmness that Prince Andrei arranged for himself in Turkey in the form of anxiously busy and somewhat ambitious and vain activity.
In the 12th year, when the news of the war with Napoleon reached Bukaresht (where Kutuzov lived for two months, spending days and nights at his wall), Prince Andrei asked Kutuzov to be transferred to the Western Army. Kutuzov, who was already tired of Bolkonsky with his activities, which served him as a reproach for idleness, Kutuzov very willingly let him go and gave him an assignment to Barclay de Tolly.
Before leaving for the army, which was in the Drissa camp in May, Prince Andrei drove into the Bald Mountains, which were on his very road, being three versts from the Smolensk highway. The last three years and the life of Prince Andrei were so many upheavals, he changed his mind, re-felt, re-saw so much (he traveled both west and east), that he was strangely and unexpectedly struck at the entrance to the Bald Mountains by everything exactly the same, down to the smallest details - exactly the same course of life. He, as in an enchanted, sleeping castle, drove into the alley and into the stone gates of the Lysogorsky house. The same gravity, the same cleanliness, the same silence were in this house, the same furniture, the same walls, the same sounds, the same smell and the same timid faces, only somewhat older. Princess Marya was still the same timid, ugly, aging girl, in fear and eternal moral suffering, living the best years of her life without benefit and joy. Bourienne was the same joyfully enjoying every minute of her life and filled with the most joyful hopes for herself, self-satisfied, coquettish girl. She only became more confident, as it seemed to Prince Andrei. The teacher Dessalles, brought by him from Switzerland, was dressed in a frock coat of Russian cut, mangling his language, spoke Russian with the servants, but he was still the same limitedly intelligent, educated, virtuous and pedantic teacher. The old prince changed physically only by the fact that one missing tooth became noticeable on the side of his mouth; morally, he was still the same as before, only with even greater anger and distrust of the reality of what was happening in the world. Only Nikolushka grew up, changed, flushed, overgrown with curly dark hair and, without knowing it, laughing and having fun, lifted the upper lip of his pretty mouth in the same way as the deceased little princess lifted it. He alone did not obey the law of immutability in this enchanted, sleeping castle. But although outwardly everything remained as before, the internal relations of all these persons had changed since Prince Andrei had not seen them. The members of the family were divided into two camps, alien and hostile to each other, which now converged only in his presence, changing their usual way of life for him. The old prince, m lle Bourienne and the architect belonged to one, and Princess Mary, Dessalles, Nikolushka and all the nannies and mothers belonged to the other.
During his stay in the Bald Mountains, everyone at home dined together, but everyone was embarrassed, and Prince Andrei felt that he was a guest for whom they made an exception, that he embarrassed everyone with his presence. During dinner on the first day, Prince Andrei, involuntarily sensing this, was silent, and the old prince, noticing the unnaturalness of his condition, also sullenly fell silent and now after dinner he went to his room. When in the evening Prince Andrei came to him and, trying to stir him up, began to tell him about the campaign of the young Count Kamensky, the old prince unexpectedly began a conversation with him about Princess Mary, condemning her for her superstition, for her dislike for m lle Bourienne, who, according to he said, was one truly devoted to him.
The old prince said that if he was ill, it was only from Princess Marya; that she deliberately torments and irritates him; that she spoils the little prince Nikolai with mischief and stupid speeches. The old prince knew very well that he was torturing his daughter, that her life was very hard, but he also knew that he could not help but torturing her and that she deserved it. “Why does Prince Andrei, who sees this, tell me nothing about my sister? thought the old prince. “Why does he think that I am a villain or an old fool, for no reason moved away from my daughter and brought a Frenchwoman closer to me?” He does not understand, and therefore it is necessary to explain to him, it is necessary that he listen, ”thought the old prince. And he began to explain the reasons why he could not bear the stupid nature of his daughter.
“If you ask me,” said Prince Andrei, not looking at his father (for the first time in his life he condemned his father), “I didn’t want to talk; but if you ask me, I will tell you frankly my opinion about all this. If there are misunderstandings and discord between you and Masha, then I can’t blame her in any way - I know how much she loves and respects you. If you ask me, - continued Prince Andrei, getting annoyed, because he was always ready for irritation lately, - then I can say one thing: if there are misunderstandings, then the cause of them is an insignificant woman who should not have been a friend of her sister .
The old man at first looked at his son with fixed eyes and unnaturally revealed with a smile a new lack of a tooth, to which Prince Andrei could not get used.
- What kind of friend, my dear? A? Already talked! A?
“Father, I didn’t want to be a judge,” said Prince Andrei in a bilious and harsh tone, “but you called me, and I said and I will always say that Princess Mary is not to blame, but to blame ... this Frenchwoman is to blame ...
- And he awarded! So that your spirit is not here! ..
Prince Andrei wanted to leave immediately, but Princess Mary begged to stay another day. On this day, Prince Andrei did not see his father, who did not go out and did not let anyone in, except m lle Bourienne and Tikhon, and asked several times if his son had left. The next day, before leaving, Prince Andrei went to take his son's half. A healthy, curly-haired boy sat on his lap. Prince Andrei began to tell him the tale of Bluebeard, but, without finishing it, he thought. He was not thinking of this pretty boy's son while he was holding him on his lap, but was thinking of himself. He searched with horror and did not find in himself either repentance that he had irritated his father, or regret that he (in a quarrel for the first time in his life) was leaving him. The main thing for him was that he was looking for and did not find that former tenderness for his son, which he hoped to arouse in himself by caressing the boy and placing him on his knees.
“Well, tell me,” said the son. Prince Andrei, without answering him, removed him from the columns and left the room.
As soon as Prince Andrei left his daily activities, especially as soon as he entered the former conditions of life, in which he was even when he was happy, the melancholy of life seized him with the same force, and he hurried to quickly get away from these memories and find some business soon.
– Are you determined to go, Andre? his sister told him.
“Thank God that I can go,” said Prince Andrei, “I am very sorry that you cannot.
- Why are you saying this! - said Princess Mary. “Why are you saying this now, when you are going to this terrible war and he is so old!” M lle Bourienne said that he asked about you ... - As soon as she began to talk about it, her lips trembled and tears dripped. Prince Andrei turned away from her and began to pace the room.
- Oh my god! My God! - he said. - And how do you think, what and who - what a nonentity can be the cause of people's misfortune! he said with an anger that frightened Princess Mary.
She realized that, speaking of people whom he called insignificance, he meant not only m lle Bourienne, who made his misfortune, but also the person who ruined his happiness.
“Andre, I ask one thing, I beg you,” she said, touching his elbow and looking at him with eyes shining through tears. - I understand you (Princess Mary lowered her eyes). Do not think that people have made grief. People are his tools. - She looked a little higher than the head of Prince Andrei with that confident, familiar look with which they look at a familiar place in the portrait. - Woe is sent to them, not people. People are his tools, they are not to blame. If it seems to you that someone is guilty before you, forget it and forgive. We have no right to punish. And you will understand the happiness of forgiving.
- If I were a woman, I would do it, Marie. This is the virtue of a woman. But a man should not and cannot forget and forgive,” he said, and although he had not thought about Kuragin until that moment, all the unexpressed malice suddenly rose in his heart. “If Princess Mary is already persuading me to forgive, then it means that I should have been punished for a long time,” he thought. And, no longer answering Princess Marya, he now began to think about that joyful, angry moment when he would meet Kuragin, who (he knew) was in the army.
Princess Mary begged her brother to wait another day, saying that she knew how unhappy her father would be if Andrei left without reconciling with him; but Prince Andrei answered that he would probably soon come again from the army, that he would certainly write to his father, and that now the longer he stayed, the more this dissension would be aggravated.
— Adieu, Andre! Rappelez vous que les malheurs viennent de Dieu, et que les hommes ne sont jamais coupables, [Farewell, Andrei! Remember that misfortunes come from God and that people are never to blame.] were the last words he heard from his sister when he said goodbye to her.
“So it should be! - thought Prince Andrei, leaving the alley of the Lysogorsky house. - She, a miserable innocent creature, remains to be eaten by an old man who has gone out of his mind. The old man feels that he is guilty, but he cannot change himself. My boy is growing and enjoying a life in which he will be the same as everyone else, deceived or deceiving. I'm going to the army, why? - I don’t know myself, and I want to meet the person whom I despise in order to give him the opportunity to kill me and laugh at me! And before there were all the same conditions of life, but before they all knitted together, and now everything crumbled. Some meaningless phenomena, without any connection, one after another presented themselves to Prince Andrei.
Prince Andrei arrived at the main army quarters at the end of June. The troops of the first army, the one with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa; the troops of the second army retreated, seeking to join the first army, from which - as they said - they were cut off by a large force of the French. Everyone was dissatisfied with the general course of military affairs in the Russian army; but no one thought about the danger of an invasion of the Russian provinces, no one even imagined that the war could be transferred further than the western Polish provinces.
Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa. Since there was not a single large village or town in the vicinity of the camp, the whole huge number of generals and courtiers who were with the army were located in a circle of ten miles around the best houses of the villages, on this and on the other side of the river. Barclay de Tolly stood four versts from the sovereign. He received Bolkonsky dryly and coldly and said in his German reprimand that he would report on him to the sovereign to determine his appointment, and for the time being asked him to be at his headquarters. Anatole Kuragin, whom Prince Andrei hoped to find in the army, was not here: he was in St. Petersburg, and Bolkonsky was pleased with this news. The interest of the center of the huge war that was being carried out occupied Prince Andrei, and he was glad for a while to be freed from the irritation that the thought of Kuragin produced in him. During the first four days, during which he did not demand anywhere, Prince Andrei traveled around the entire fortified camp and, with the help of his knowledge and conversations with knowledgeable people, tried to form a definite idea about him. But the question of whether this camp is profitable or disadvantageous remained unresolved for Prince Andrei. He had already managed to deduce from his military experience the conviction that in military affairs the most thoughtfully considered plans mean nothing (as he saw it in the Austerlitz campaign), that everything depends on how one responds to unexpected and unforeseen actions of the enemy, that everything depends on how and by whom the whole thing is conducted. In order to clarify this last question for himself, Prince Andrei, using his position and acquaintances, tried to delve into the nature of the leadership of the army, the persons and parties participating in it, and deduced for himself the following concept of the state of affairs.
When the sovereign was still in Vilna, the army was divided into three: 1st army was under the command of Barclay de Tolly, 2nd under the command of Bagration, 3rd under the command of Tormasov. The sovereign was with the first army, but not as commander in chief. The order did not say that the sovereign would command, it only said that the sovereign would be with the army. In addition, under the sovereign personally there was no headquarters of the commander-in-chief, but there was the headquarters of the imperial main apartment. Under him was the chief of the imperial headquarters, the quartermaster general Prince Volkonsky, generals, adjutant wing, diplomatic officials and a large number of foreigners, but there was no army headquarters. In addition, without a position with the sovereign were: Arakcheev - a former Minister of War, Count Benigsen - the eldest of the generals, Grand Duke Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich, Count Rumyantsev - Chancellor, Stein - a former Prussian minister, Armfeld - a Swedish general, Pfuel - the main compiler campaign plan, Adjutant General Pauluchi, a native of Sardinia, Wolzogen, and many others. Although these persons were without military positions in the army, they had influence by their position, and often the corps commander and even the commander-in-chief did not know what Benigsen, or the Grand Duke, or Arakcheev, or Prince Volkonsky was asking or advising for. and did not know whether such an order in the form of advice was issued from him or from the sovereign and whether it was necessary or not to execute it. But this was an external situation, but the essential meaning of the presence of the sovereign and all these persons, from the court point (and in the presence of the sovereign, everyone becomes courtiers), was clear to everyone. He was as follows: the sovereign did not assume the title of commander in chief, but disposed of all the armies; the people around him were his assistants. Arakcheev was a faithful executor, guardian of order and bodyguard of the sovereign; Benigsen was a landowner of the Vilna province, who seemed to be doing les honneurs [was busy with the reception of the sovereign] of the region, but in essence he was a good general, useful for advice and in order to have him always ready to replace Barclay. The Grand Duke was here because it pleased him. The former minister, Stein, was there because he was useful for advice, and because Emperor Alexander highly valued his personal qualities. Armfeld was a bitter hater of Napoleon and a self-confident general, which always had an influence on Alexander. Pauluchi was here because he was bold and resolute in speeches, the Adjutant General was here because they were everywhere where the sovereign was, and, finally, - most importantly - Pfuel was here because he, having drawn up a plan of war against Napoleon and forcing Alexander believe in the expediency of this plan, led the whole cause of the war. Under Pfule there was Wolzogen, who conveyed Pfuel's thoughts in a more accessible form than Pfuel himself, a sharp, self-confident to the point of contempt for everything, an armchair theorist.
In addition to these named persons, Russians and foreigners (especially foreigners, who, with the courage characteristic of people in activities among a foreign environment, every day offered new unexpected ideas), there were many more persons of secondary importance who were with the army because their principals were here.
Among all the thoughts and voices in this vast, restless, brilliant and proud world, Prince Andrei saw the following, sharper divisions of directions and parties.
The first party was: Pfuel and his followers, war theorists who believe that there is a science of war and that this science has its own immutable laws, the laws of oblique movement, detour, etc. Pfuel and his followers demanded a retreat into the interior of the country, deviations from the exact laws prescribed by the imaginary theory of war, and in any deviation from this theory they saw only barbarism, ignorance or malice. German princes, Wolzogen, Wintzingerode and others, mostly Germans, belonged to this party.
The second batch was the opposite of the first. As always happens, at one extreme there were representatives of the other extreme. The people of this party were those who, ever since Vilna, had demanded an offensive against Poland and freedom from all plans drawn up in advance. In addition to the fact that the representatives of this party were representatives of bold actions, they were at the same time representatives of nationality, as a result of which they became even more one-sided in the dispute. These were Russians: Bagration, Yermolov, who was beginning to rise, and others. At this time, the well-known joke of Yermolov was widespread, as if asking the sovereign for one favor - his promotion to the Germans. The people of this party said, recalling Suvorov, that one should not think, not prick a card with needles, but fight, beat the enemy, not let him into Russia and not let the army lose heart.
The third party, in which the sovereign had the most confidence, belonged to the court makers of transactions between both directions. The people of this party, for the most part non-military and to which Arakcheev belonged, thought and said what people usually say who have no convictions, but who wish to appear as such. They said that, without a doubt, a war, especially with such a genius as Bonaparte (he was again called Bonaparte), requires the most profound considerations, a deep knowledge of science, and in this matter Pfuel is a genius; but at the same time it is impossible not to admit that theoreticians are often one-sided, and therefore one should not completely trust them, one must listen both to what Pfuel's opponents say, and to what practical people, experienced in military affairs, and from everything say take the average. The people of this party insisted that, by holding the Drissa camp according to the Pfuel plan, they would change the movements of other armies. Although neither one nor the other goal was achieved by this course of action, it seemed better to the people of this party.
Ethnic map of the Caucasus in the 5th-4th centuries, BC e. The map was compiled on the basis of the evidence of ancient authors and archaeological assumptions. Unpainted places are explained by the insufficient study of these territories
Karabakh covers the territory stretching from the Lesser Caucasus Range to the plains at the confluence of the Kura and Araks. It is divided into Plain Karabakh and Nagorno-Karabakh. The autochthonous population of the region were various Caucasian tribes. Historians believe that with the highest power of the Persians, the Caucasian tribes were subordinate to the Achaemenid satrap Media. From the IV century BC. e. the territory of Karabakh was part of the Armenian Kingdom of the Yervandids. At the beginning of the II century BC. e. the region was conquered by Great Armenia from Media Atropatena and began to form two of its provinces: Artsakh (mountainous part) and Utik (flat part). Since then, for almost 600 years, until 390 AD. e. the territory was within the borders of the Armenian state Greater Armenia, the northeastern border of which, according to the testimony of Greco-Roman and ancient Armenian historians and geographers, passed along the Kura River. After the fall of Greater Armenia, these provinces went to the vassal of Persia, the multi-ethnic state of Caucasian Albania. Later, already in the middle of the 5th century, its capital was moved to the Plain Karabakh to the newly founded city of Partav (Barda).
During the long period of being part of Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh was armenized. This process began in ancient times and ended in the early Middle Ages - by the 8th-9th centuries. Already in 700, the presence of the Artsakh (Karabakh) dialect of the Armenian language is reported. Thus, Armenians lived in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and the mountainous part of Utik. The 10th-century Arab author Istakhri reports on the ethnic composition of the region of Nagorno-Karabakh:
The first European to visit Karabakh is the German Johann Schiltberger. He wrote around 1420:
| After the death of Tamerlane, I got to his son, who owned two kingdoms in Armenia. This son, named Shah-Roh, used to spend the winter on a large plain called Karabag and distinguished by good pastures. It is irrigated by the river Kur, also called the Tigris, and the best silk is collected near the banks of this river. Although this plain lies in Armenia, nevertheless it belongs to the pagans. Armenians also live in the villages, but they are forced to pay tribute to the pagans. The Armenians have always treated me well, because I was a German, and they are generally very disposed towards the Germans, (Nimitz), as they call us. They taught me their language and gave me their Pater Noster. |
| Karabag is a country lying between the left bank of the Araks and the right bank of the Kura River, above the Mugan field, in the mountains. Its main inhabitants are the Armenians, ruled hereditarily by 5 of their meliks or natural princes, according to the number of cantons' signatures: 1 - Charapert, 2 - Igermadar, 3 - Duzakh, 4 - Varand, 5 - Khachen. Everyone can put up to 1 tons of military people. These meliks, according to the establishment of Nadir, were directly dependent on the shah, and the local government had their catholicos (or the titular patriarch, supplied from the chief of all Armenia, the patriarch of Etchmiadzin), who had the adjective title of Aghvan, by which name Armenia was called in ancient times. Document, 1740s |
In the 18th-19th centuries, Karabakh was famous for a special breed of racehorses called "Karabakh".
Karabakh conflict
From the second half of 1987, a movement for the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR intensified in the NKAO and Armenia. In September-October 1987, in the Armenian village of Chardakhly, Shamkhor region, a conflict arose between the first secretary of the Shamkhor district committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, M. Asadov, and local residents. In November 1987, as a result of interethnic clashes, Azerbaijanis, who densely lived in the Kafan and Meghri regions of the Armenian SSR, left for Azerbaijan. In his book, Thomas de Waal cites the testimonies of an Armenian woman, Svetlana Pashayeva, and an Azerbaijani, Arif Yunusov, about Azerbaijani refugees from Armenia who arrived in Baku in November 1987 and January 1988. Pashayeva says she saw two boxcars carrying refugees, including old people and children. On February 20, 1988, the session of the people's deputies of the NKAR adopted an appeal with a request to annex the NKAR to the Armenian SSR. On February 22, a clash occurs between Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Askeran, which led to the death of two people. On February 26, a numerous rally (almost half a million people) takes place in Yerevan demanding to annex the NKAR to Armenia. On February 27, the Soviet authorities announced on central television that those who died near Askeran were Azerbaijanis (one of them was shot dead by an Azerbaijani policeman). From February 27 to 29, 1988, an Armenian pogrom broke out in the city of Sumgayit, accompanied by mass violence against the Armenian population, robberies, murders, arson and destruction of property, as a result of which a significant part of the local Armenian population suffered, according to official data of the authorities, 26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis. Throughout 1988, inter-ethnic clashes between the local Azerbaijani and Armenian populations took place in Nagorno-Karabakh, which led to the expulsion of civilians from their places of permanent residence.
The current threatening situation forced the Soviet government to declare a state of emergency in the region. To maintain order, parts of the Dzerzhinsky division, airborne troops, and police were deployed. A curfew was introduced in the settlements of the NKAR.
Karabakh war
In 1991, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) was proclaimed on the territory of the NKAO and some adjacent Armenian-populated regions. During the Karabakh war of 1991-1994 between Azerbaijan and the NKR, the Azerbaijanis established control over the territory of the former Shahumyan region of the Azerbaijan SSR, previously mostly populated by Armenians, the Armenians - over the territory of the former NKAR and some adjacent to it, and previously, mainly populated by Azerbaijanis and Kurdish areas.
cultural monuments
Gtchavank Monastery,
XIII century
see also
Notes
- Shnirelman V. A. L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
Original text (Russian)
Under the Persian dynasty of the Safavids, Karabakh was one of the provinces (beglarbek), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates, and the mountains remained in the hands of the Armenian rulers. The system of meliksts finally took shape in Nagorno-Karabakh during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged the Armenian meliks to take active actions against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other hand, tried to weaken them by separating them from the main Armenian territories by resettling the Kurdish tribes in the area located between Artsakh and Syunik. Nevertheless, in the 17th-18th centuries, the five Armenian melikates of Karabakh were a force to be reckoned with by their powerful neighbors. It was these mountainous regions that became the center where the idea of the Armenian revival and the formation of an independent Armenian state arose. However, the struggle for power in one of the melikdoms led to civil strife, in which the neighboring nomadic Sarijali tribe intervened to their advantage, and in the middle of the 18th century, power in Karabakh for the first time in its history went to the Turkic Khan.
- The unrecognized states of the Caucasus: the origins of the problem Archived May 20, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- History of the East. Chapter V Between the Mongols and the Portuguese (Asia and North Africa in the XIV-XV centuries). Transcaucasia in the XI-XV centuries.
- Leonidas Themistocles Chrysanthopoulos. Caucasus chronicles: nation-building and diplomacy in Armenia, 1993-1994, 2002, p. 8:
Original text (English)
From the fourteenth century, the region between the Kura and Araks River became known as Gharabagh or Karabagh (kara in Turkish for black and bagh in Persian for garden or vineyard).
- BBC News - Nagorno-Karabakh profile - Overview:
Original text (English)
Karabakh is a word of Turkic and Persian origin meaning "black garden", while "Nagorno-" is a Russian word meaning "mountain-". The ethnic Armenians prefer to call the region Artsakh, an ancient Armenian name for the area.
- Academician V.V. Bartold. Works / Managing editor of the volume A.M. Belenitsky. - M.: Nauka, 1965. - T. III. - S. 335. - 712 p.
- Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 33, map 19 (the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh is shown as part of the Armenian kingdom of the Yervandids (IV-II centuries BC))
- The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Book 1. Pg. 510:
Original text (English)
During the Seleucid period, Armenia became divided into several virtually independent kingdoms and principalities. The classification adopted at this epoch persisted, with certain changes, well into the Byzantine era. The most important region, of course, was Greater Armenia, located east of the upper Euphrates, and including vast areas all round Lake Van, along the Araxes valley, and northwards to take in Lake Sevan, the Karabagh, and even the southern marches of Georgia.
- Anania Shirakatsi. Armenian Geography
-
- Essays on the history of the USSR: Primitive communal system and the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR. M.: AN SSSR, 1956, p. 615
- S. V. Yushkov. On the question of the borders of ancient Albania. Historical notes, No. I, M. 1937, p. 129-148
- Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Erster Band. Stuttgart 1894. p. 1303
- Yanovsky A. About ancient Caucasian Albania// journal minister. public education, 1846, part 52, p. 97
- Marquart J. Eranlahr nach der Geogrphle des Ps. Moses Xorenac'i. In: Abhandlungen der koniglichen Geselsch. der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Philologisch-hisiorische Klasse. Neue Folge B.ffl, No 2, Berlin, 1901, S 358
- B. A. Dorn. "Caspian. About the campaigns of ancient Russians in Tabaristan ”(“ Notes of the Academy of Sciences ”1875, vol. XXVI, Appendix 1, p. 187)
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Claudius Ptolemy. Geography, 5, 12; Pliny the Elder. book. VI, 28-29, 39; Dion Cassius (II-III centuries), "Roman History", book. XXXVI, ch. 54.1; book. XXXVI, ch. 54, 4, 5; book. XXXVII, ch. 2, 3, 4; book. XXXVI, ch. 53, 5; 54, 1; Appian (1st-2nd centuries), Roman History, Mithridatic Wars, 103; Plutarch (1st-2nd centuries), Comparative Lives, Pompey, ch. 34-35; Movses Khorenatsi, Prince. II, ch.8, 65; “Armenian Geography of the 7th century AD (formerly attributed to Moses Khorensky)”, St. Petersburg, 1877; Favst Buzand, "History of Armenia", book. III, ch. 7; book. V, ch. 13; Agatangelos, "The Life and History of Saint Gregory", 28, "The Saving Conversion of the Country of Our Armenia through the Holy Martyr Man", 795 CXII, Justin, XLII, 2,9; Pliny, VI, 37; 27; Stephen of Byzantium, s.v. Ο τ η ν ή, Ω β α ρ η ο ί
- The World History. Encyclopedia. Volume 3, ch. VIII:
Original text (Russian)
The internal structure of the Transcaucasian countries remained unchanged until the middle of the 5th century, despite the fact that, as a result of the treaty of 387, Armenia was divided between Iran and Rome, Lazika was recognized as a sphere of influence of Rome, and Kartli and Albania had to submit to Iran.
- History of the Ancient World, M., 1989, v. 3, p. 286
- World History, M., vol. 2, p. 769, and an insert map of Transcaucasia in the 1st-4th centuries. n. e.
- A. P. Novoseltsev. On the question of the political border between Armenia and Caucasian Albania in the ancient period
- N. Adonts. Dionysius of Thracia and Armenian interpreters. - Pg. , 1915. - S. 181-219.
- "History of the East", TRANSCAUCASUS IN IV-XI centuries
- Shnirelman V. A. Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
- K. V. Trever. Essays on the history and culture of Caucasian Albania IV century. BC e. - VII V. N. E. (sources and literature). Edition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, M.-L., 1959
- "History of the East", Transcaucasia in the XI-XV centuries.
- B. A. Rybakov. Essays on the history of the USSR. The crisis of the slave system and the emergence of the feudal system on the territory of the USSR III-IX centuries. M., 1958, pp. 303-313
- Tom de Waal. "Black Garden". Chapter 10. Urekavank. Unpredictable past
- B. A. Rybakov. The crisis of the slave system and the emergence of the feudal system on the territory of the USSR. Essays on the history of the USSR. M., 1958, pp. 303-313
- Karaulov N. A. Information of Arab writers of the X and XI centuries according to R. Chr. about the Caucasus, Armenia and Aderbeidzhan.
- Transl.: Armenian Sahl son of Smbat. Cm.
- Kagankatvatsi, book. III, ch. XXIII
- Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L., 1949. - S. 28.:
Original text (Russian)
Khasan-Jalalyan came from a noble Armenian family of the hereditary meliks of the district Khachen in the mountainous part of Karabagh, inhabited by Armenians; the ancestor of this surname Khasan-Jalal was the prince of Khachen during the period of the Mongol conquest, in the 13th century. Under the Kyzylbash dominion, the Khasan-Jalalyans retained their position as meliks of Khachen ...
A military clash arose here, since the vast majority of the inhabitants inhabiting the region have Armenian roots. The essence of the conflict is that Azerbaijan makes quite reasonable demands on this territory, however, the inhabitants of the region gravitate more towards Armenia. On May 12, 1994, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh ratified a protocol that established a truce, which resulted in an unconditional ceasefire in the conflict zone.
Excursion into history
Armenian historical sources claim that Artsakh (the ancient Armenian name) was first mentioned in the 8th century BC. According to these sources, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia in the early Middle Ages. As a result of the aggressive wars of Turkey and Iran in this era, a significant part of Armenia came under the control of these countries. The Armenian principalities, or melikdoms, at that time located on the territory of modern Karabakh, retained a semi-independent status.
Azerbaijan has its own point of view on this issue. According to local researchers, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of their country. The word “Karabakh” in Azerbaijani is translated as follows: “gara” means black, and “bag” means garden. Already in the 16th century, together with other provinces, Karabakh was part of the Safavid state, and after that it became an independent khanate.
Nagorno-Karabakh during the Russian Empire
In 1805, the Karabakh khanate was subordinated to the Russian Empire, and in 1813, under the Gulistan peace treaty, Nagorno-Karabakh also became part of Russia. Then, according to the Turkmenchay Treaty, as well as an agreement concluded in the city of Edirne, Armenians were resettled from Turkey and Iran and settled in the territories of Northern Azerbaijan, including Karabakh. Thus, the population of these lands is predominantly of Armenian origin.
As part of the USSR
In 1918, the newly created Azerbaijan Democratic Republic gained control over Karabakh. Almost simultaneously, the Armenian Republic puts forward claims to this area, but the ADR claims these claims. In 1921, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh with the rights of wide autonomy is included in the Azerbaijan SSR. Two years later, Karabakh receives the status (NKAR).
In 1988, the Council of Deputies of the NKAO petitioned the authorities of the AzSSR and the ArmSSR of the republics and proposed to transfer the disputed territory to Armenia. was not satisfied, as a result of which a wave of protest swept through the cities of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. Solidarity demonstrations were also held in Yerevan.
Declaration of Independence
In the early autumn of 1991, when the Soviet Union had already begun to fall apart, the NKAO adopted a Declaration proclaiming the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Moreover, in addition to the NKAO, it included part of the territories of the former AzSSR. According to the results of the referendum held on December 10 of the same year in Nagorno-Karabakh, more than 99% of the population of the region voted for complete independence from Azerbaijan.
It is quite obvious that the referendum was not recognized by the Azerbaijani authorities, and the act of proclamation itself was designated as illegal. Moreover, Baku decided to abolish the autonomy of Karabakh, which it enjoyed in Soviet times. However, the destructive process has already been launched.
Karabakh conflict
For the independence of the self-proclaimed republic, Armenian detachments stood up, which Azerbaijan tried to resist. Nagorno-Karabakh received support from official Yerevan, as well as from the national diaspora in other countries, so the militia managed to defend the region. However, the Azerbaijani authorities still managed to establish control over several regions, which were initially proclaimed part of the NKR.
Each of the opposing sides cites its own statistics of losses in the Karabakh conflict. Comparing these data, we can conclude that 15-25 thousand people died in the three years of sorting out the relationship. At least 25,000 were wounded, and more than 100,000 civilians were forced to leave their places of residence.
Peace settlement
Negotiations, during which the parties tried to resolve the conflict peacefully, began almost immediately after an independent NKR was proclaimed. For example, on September 23, 1991, a meeting was held, which was attended by the presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, as well as Russia and Kazakhstan. In the spring of 1992, the OSCE established a group for the settlement of the Karabakh conflict.
Despite all the attempts of the international community to stop the bloodshed, it was not until the spring of 1994 that a ceasefire was achieved. On May 5, the Bishkek Protocol was signed, after which the participants ceased fire a week later.
The parties to the conflict failed to agree on the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan demands respect for its sovereignty and insists on maintaining its territorial integrity. The interests of the self-proclaimed republic are protected by Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh is in favor of a peaceful resolution of controversial issues, while the authorities of the republic emphasize that the NKR is able to stand up for its independence.
The autochthonous population of the region were various Caucasian tribes. Not later than from the II century. BC e. the region became part of Greater Armenia as the province of Artsakh (in the Greco-Roman sources of Orchisten). From the beginning of the II century BC. e. until the 90s. 4th century AD e. the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh was within the borders of the Armenian state of Greater Armenia of the Artashesid dynasty, then the Arshakids whose northeastern border passed along the Kura River. After the fall of Great Armenia, Artsakh was ceded to Caucasian Albania, a vassal of Persia. During the long period of being part of Armenia, the region was armenized. Anthropological studies show that the current Karabakh Armenians are direct physical descendants of the autochthonous population of the region. Since that era, Armenian culture has flourished on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. According to a historical source from the year 700, the population of the ancient Armenian province of Artsakh spoke not just Armenian, but also their own dialect of the Armenian language.
The Russian historian of the late 19th century, P. G. Butkov, referring to the St. Petersburg Gazette of 1743, quotes the following:
The Gandzasar (Agvan) Catholicate of the Armenian Church was in Nagorno-Karabakh (From a letter from Yesai Hasan-Jalalyan to Peter I):
A document from the late 18th century states:
Formally, it was recognized by Russia under the Russian-Persian Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813.
Population
19th century
According to the censuses of the first half of the 19th century, about a third of the population of the entire territory of Karabakh (together with its flat part) were Armenians, and about two-thirds were Azerbaijanis. George Burnutyan points out that the censuses show that the Armenian population was mainly concentrated in 8 out of 21 mahals (districts) of Karabakh, of which 5 make up the modern territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, and 3 are included in the modern territory of Zangezur. Thus, 35 percent of the population of Karabakh (Armenians) lived on 38 percent of the land (in Nagorno-Karabakh), making up an absolute majority (about 90%) there. According to Ph.D. Anatoly Yamskov should take into account the fact that the population censuses were conducted in the winter, when the nomadic Azerbaijani population was on the plains, and in the summer months it rose to the high mountain pastures, changing the demographic situation in the mountainous regions. However, Yamskov notes that the point of view on the rights of nomadic peoples to be considered a full-fledged population of the nomadic territory they use seasonally is currently not shared by most authors, both from the post-Soviet countries and from the countries of the "far abroad", including both pro-Armenian and pro-Azerbaijani works; in the Russian Transcaucasus of the 19th century, this territory could only be the property of the settled population.
However, some Azeri authors, such as political science candidate Adil Baghirov, co-authored with American politician Cameron Brown, object to claims of historical Armenian predominance in Nagorno-Karabakh, pointing out 19th-century statistics for all of Karabakh (with purely Azeri-populated lowland Karabakh and partially Azeri-populated Zangezur) that shows the Azerbaijani majority in the former Karabakh Khanate (without highlighting individual regions).
The population of Nagorno-Karabakh at the beginning of the 20th century
In 1918, the Karabakh Armenians claimed:
According to recent statistics, the Armenian population of Elizavetpol, Jevanshir, Shusha, Karyaga and Zangezur districts, distributed almost exclusively in the mountainous parts of these districts, is 300,000 souls and is an absolute majority in comparison with the Tatars and other ethnic groups, which are only in in some localities they make up a more or less significant part of the population, while the Armenians everywhere represent a solid mass. Consequently, the Muslim part of the population can only be in the position of a minority, and because of this minority of 3-4 tens of thousands, the vital interests of the people cannot be sacrificed.
In 1918-1920 this area was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan; after the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, by the decision of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of July 4, 1921, it was decided to transfer Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, but the final decision was left to the Central Committee of the RCP (b), however, by a new decision of July 5, it was left as part of Azerbaijan with granting wide regional autonomy. In 1923, the Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh (AONK) was formed from the Armenian-populated part of Nagorno-Karabakh (excluding the Shaumyan and part of the Khanlar regions) as part of the Azerbaijan SSR. In 1937, the AONK was transformed into the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO).
Ethno-linguistic dynamics
| Year | Population | Armenians | Azerbaijanis | Russians | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 157800 | 149600 (94 %) | 7700 (6 %) | |||
| 125.159 | 111.694 (89,2 %) | 12.592 (10,1 %) | 596 (0,5 %) | ||
| NKAO | 150.837 | 132.800 (88,0 %) | 14.053 (9,3 %) | 3.174 (2,1 %) | |
| Stepanakert | 10.459 | 9.079 (86,8 %) | 672 (6,4 %) | 563 (5,4 %) | |
| Hadrut region | 27.128 | 25.975 (95,7 %) | 727 (2,7 %) | 349 (1,3 %) | |
| Mardakert region | 40.812 | 36.453 (89,3 %) | 2.833 (6,9 %) | 1.244 (3,0 %) | |
| Martuni region | 32.298 | 30.235 (93,6 %) | 1.501 (4,6 %) | 457 (1,4 %) | |
| Stepanakert region | 29.321 | 26.881 (91,7 %) | 2.014 (6,9 %) | 305 (1,0 %) | |
| Shusha district | 10.818 | 4.177 (38,6 %) | 6.306 (58,3 %) | 256 (2,4 %) | |
| 130.406 | 110.053 (84,4 %) | 17.995 (13,8 %) | 1.790 (1,6 %) | ||
| 150.313 | 121.068 (80,5 %) | 27.179 (18,1 %) | 1.310 (0,9 %) | ||
| 162.181 | 123.076 (75,9 %) | 37.264 (23,0 %) | 1.265 (0,8 %) | ||
During the years of Soviet power, the percentage of the Azerbaijani population of the NKAR increased to 23%. Armenian authors explain this by the purposeful policy of the authorities of the Azerbaijan SSR to change the demographic situation in the region in favor of the Azerbaijanis. Similar ethnic shifts towards the titular nationality were also observed in the autonomous republics of the Georgian SSR: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Adzharia. The share of the Russian population in Nagorno-Karabakh, as follows from the table, increased rapidly in the pre-war years and, having reached a maximum in 1939, began to decline just as rapidly, which correlates with the processes that took place in all of Azerbaijan and in general in the whole of Transcaucasia.
Nagorno-Karabakh, Nagorno-Karabakh war
Nagorno-Karabakh(Azerb. Dağlıq Qarabağ, Armenian Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ) is a region in Transcaucasia, in the eastern part of the Armenian Highlands.
In fact, most of it is controlled by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic; according to the administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Azerbaijan, it is located on its territory. It occupies the eastern and south-eastern mountainous and foothill regions of the Lesser Caucasus, together with the Plain Karabakh constitutes the geographical region of Karabakh.
- 1 Origin and ambiguity of the term
- 2 History
- 2.1 Antiquity
- 2.2 Middle Ages
- 2.3 New time
- 2.4 Recent times
- 3 Population
- 3.1 19th century
- 3.2 The population of Nagorno-Karabakh at the beginning of the 20th century
- 3.3 Ethnolinguistic dynamics
- 4 See also
- 5 Comments
- 6 Notes
- 7 Links
- 7.1 Documents
Origin and ambiguity of the term
The word "Karabakh" is composed of the Turkic "kara" - black and the Persian "bag" - garden. In Armenian, the region is called Arm. Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ (read Lernain Gharabagh), in Azerbaijani - Azeri. Dağlıq Qarabağ or Azeri. Yuxarı Qarabag. To designate the territory, Armenians also often use the name of the province of Greater Armenia Artsakh (Armenian Արցախ), which covered the region in antiquity.
Often, the term Nagorno-Karabakh is used to refer to the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, although its declared and actually controlled territory partially coincides geographically with Nagorno-Karabakh.
Story
Main article: History of Nagorno-Karabakh|
History of Nagorno-Karabakh |
|---|
| prehistoric period |
| Azykh cave Shusha cave Taglar cave |
| Khojaly-Kedabey culture |
| Antiquity |
| Greater Armenia (Artsakh) Caucasian Albania |
| Middle Ages |
| Khachen Principality |
| new time |
| Karabakh begler flight Melikdoms of Hamsa Karabakh khanate |
| XIX-XX |
| Gulistan peace treaty Elizavetpol Governorate Armenian-Azerbaijani War Azerbaijan SSR (NKAR) Karabakh conflict Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Republic of Azerbaijan |
p o r |
Antiquity
Hasan-Jalal inscription in Gandzasar in ancient ArmenianThe autochthonous population of the region were various tribes, mostly of non-Indo-European origin. Most historians agree that these tribes mixed with the Armenians after the region became part of Armenia in the 4th and later again in the 2nd century BC. e. Other sources, relying on the classical authors Xenophon and Herodotus, claim that the Armenians spread to the Kura River already in the 7th century BC. e.
In IV-II centuries. BC e. the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was part of the Armenian kingdom of the Yervandids. early 2nd century BC. e. the region became part of Greater Armenia as the province of Artsakh (in the Greco-Roman sources of Orchisten). This name is first found in Urartian inscriptions in the form of Urtehe and Adahuni. From the beginning of the II century BC. e. up to 390 AD. e. the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh was within the borders of the Armenian state of Greater Armenia of the Artashesid dynasty, then the Arshakids, whose northeastern border passed along the Kura River. After the fall of Greater Armenia, the territory of Artsakh was ceded to Caucasian Albania, which was vassal of Persia. during the long period of being part of Armenia, the region was armenized. Anthropological studies show that the current Karabakh Armenians are direct physical descendants of the autochthonous population of the region. Since that era, Armenian culture has been flourishing in the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Middle Ages
From the end of the 6th to the beginning of the 9th century, multi-ethnic Albania was ruled by the Mihranids, a dynasty of Iranian origin. The latter were vassals, first of the Sassanids, then of the Caliphate, while, according to experts, they themselves underwent armenization. According to a historical source from the year 700, the population of the ancient Armenian province of Artsakh spoke not just Armenian, but also their own dialect of the Armenian language.
At the beginning of the 9th century, under the leadership of Sakhl Smbatyan (Sahl ibn Sunbat al-Armani), whom Kaghankatvatsi calls “Sahlem from the Hayk clan”, the Armenian feudal principality of Khachen was formed on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. In the 9th-11th centuries, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was part of the restored Armenian state of the Bagratids. From the beginning of the 13th century, the Armenian princely dynasties Hasan-Jalalyan and Dopyany, offshoots of the descendants of Sakhl Smbatyan, ruled there. As the authors of the academic “History of the East”, “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, as well as other authoritative Russian historians, note, in the 12th-13th centuries the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh became one of the centers of Armenian culture. After the Seljuk conquest of Armenia, Armenian rule continued to exist in Khachen, which was the center of Armenian political life.
new time
At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, Khachen fell apart, and five Armenian principalities (Khachen, Dizak, Varanda, Jraberd and Gulistan) gradually formed in its place, which respectively received the name "Khamsa" - "Five". The Russian historian of the late 19th century, P. G. Butkov, referring to the St. Petersburg Gazette of 1743, quotes the following:
These melikdoms, subordinate to the beglerbek of Karabakh (with residence in Ganja), existed until the second half of the 18th century.
The institution of melikdoms in Nagorno-Karabakh was finally formed under the Iranian Shah Abbas I. After the collapse of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia at the end of the 14th century, as noted by authoritative Russian and Western sources, including the Encyclopedia of Islam, almost only in Karabakh were the remains of the Armenian state structure preserved. a document from the end of the 18th century says:
Armenian monastery Erek Mankunk, XVI-XVII centuriesIn the 1720s. Nagorno-Karabakh becomes one of the centers of the national liberation struggle of Armenians against the Ottoman occupation. In this struggle, the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh were also inspired by the Persian campaign of Peter I.
Starting from the reign of Peter I, the meliks of Karabakh and the Catholicos of the Gandzasar monastery Yesai Hasan-Jalalyan began a secret correspondence with the Russian rulers, resumed under Catherine II and continued until the annexation of these territories to the Russian Empire. From the message of the Catholicos Yesai and Nerses and the Karabakh meliks to Peter I:
In 1747, the Karabakh khanate was formed in Plain Karabakh, which soon established power over the predominantly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh: the first two Karabakh khans - Panakh and Ibrahim - subjugated the Armenian meliks, establishing themselves in the center of the Armenian melikdom of Varanda - in the city-fortress Shusha built by Panakh . As a result of civil strife between the Armenian meliks, for the first time in its history, Nagorno-Karabakh was under the rule of a Turkic ruler. After these events, since the middle of the 18th century, there has been a massive outflow of the Armenian population from Nagorno-Karabakh, and, conversely, Turkic migrations. Initially, it was under Persian, since 1805 - under Russian sovereignty. The Khanate was occupied by Russian troops during the Russo-Persian War and accepted into Russian citizenship under a treaty on May 14, 1805.
Formally, it was recognized by Russia under the Russian-Persian Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813.
After the liquidation of the khanate in 1823, Nagorno-Karabakh was at first a part of the Karabakh province, then a part of several counties of the Elizavetpol province.
Newest time
In 1917, in connection with the collapse of the Russian Empire and the withdrawal from the power of the latter, Karabakh was actually a state controlled by the Assembly of Armenians of Karabakh. Azerbaijanis, building their own state despite the absolute majority of Armenians in the region, challenged the right of Armenians to govern Karabakh. The region became for several years the scene of violent clashes between Azerbaijanis and Armenians. To resolve the territorial dispute in their favor, the Azerbaijanis resorted to the help of the British, Turks and Bolsheviks. With foreign assistance, Azerbaijan has been successful.
Population
19th century
According to the censuses of the first half of the 19th century, about a third of the population of the entire territory of Karabakh (together with its flat part to the mouth of the Kura River) were Armenians, and about two-thirds were Azerbaijanis. George Burnutyan points out that the censuses show that the Armenian population was mainly concentrated in 8 out of 21 mahals (districts) of Karabakh, of which 5 make up the modern territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, and 3 are included in the modern territory of Zangezur. Thus, 35 percent of the population of Karabakh (Armenians) lived on 38 percent of the land (in Nagorno-Karabakh), making up an absolute majority (about 90%) there. According to Ph.D. Anatoly Yamskov should take into account the fact that the population censuses were conducted in the winter, when the nomadic Azerbaijani population was on the plains, and in the summer months it rose to the high mountain pastures, changing the demographic situation in the mountainous regions. However, Yamskov notes that the point of view on the rights of nomadic peoples to be considered a full-fledged population of the nomadic territory they use seasonally is currently not shared by most authors, both from the post-Soviet countries and from the countries of the "far abroad", including both pro-Armenian and pro-Azerbaijani works; in the Russian Transcaucasus of the 19th century, this territory could only be the property of the settled population.
The population of Nagorno-Karabakh at the beginning of the 20th century
Ethnic groups in Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1995)According to the 1923 census, Armenians made up 94% of the newly formed NKAR; of the remaining 6%, the vast majority were Azerbaijanis. Among other minorities, Kurds stood out, who have long inhabited these lands and Russians, settlers or descendants of settlers of the 19th-20th centuries; there was also a certain number of Greeks, also colonists of the 19th century.
In 1918, the Karabakh Armenians claimed:
According to recent statistics, the Armenian population of Elizavetpol, Jevanshir, Shusha, Karyaga and Zangezur districts, distributed almost exclusively in the mountainous parts of these districts, is 300,000 souls and is an absolute majority in comparison with the Tatars and other ethnic groups, which are only in in some localities they make up a more or less significant part of the population, while the Armenians everywhere represent a solid mass. Consequently, the Muslim part of the population can only be in the position of a minority, and because of this minority of 3-4 tens of thousands, the vital interests of the people cannot be sacrificed.
In 1918-1920 this area was disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan; after the Sovietization of Armenia and Azerbaijan, by the decision of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of July 4, 1921, it was decided to transfer Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, but the final decision was left to the Central Committee of the RCP (b), however, by a new decision of July 5, it was left as part of Azerbaijan with granting wide regional autonomy. In 1923, the Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh (AONK) was formed from the Armenian-populated part of Nagorno-Karabakh (excluding the Shahumyan and part of the Khanlar regions) as part of the Azerbaijan SSR. In 1937, the AONK was transformed into the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO). Initially, the NKAO bordered on the Armenian SSR, but by the end of the 1930s, the common border disappeared.
Ethno-linguistic dynamics
| Year | Population | Armenians | Azerbaijanis | Russians | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1923 | 157.800 | 149.600 (94 %) | 7.700 (6 %) | ||
| 1925 | 157.807 | 142.470 (90,3 %) | 15.261 (9,7 %) | 46 | |
| 1926 | 125.159 | 111.694 (89,2 %) | 12.592 (10,1 %) | 596 (0,5 %) | |
| 1939 | NKAO | 150.837 | 132.800 (88,0 %) | 14.053 (9,3 %) | 3.174 (2,1 %) |
| Stepanakert | 10.459 | 9.079 (86,8 %) | 672 (6,4 %) | 563 (5,4 %) | |
| Hadrut region | 27.128 | 25.975 (95,7 %) | 727 (2,7 %) | 349 (1,3 %) | |
| Mardakert region | 40.812 | 36.453 (89,3 %) | 2.833 (6,9 %) | 1.244 (3,0 %) | |
| Martuni region | 32.298 | 30.235 (93,6 %) | 1.501 (4,6 %) | 457 (1,4 %) | |
| Stepanakert region | 29.321 | 26.881 (91,7 %) | 2.014 (6,9 %) | 305 (1,0 %) | |
| Shusha district | 10.818 | 4.177 (38,6 %) | 6.306 (58,3 %) | 256 (2,4 %) | |
| 1959 | 130.406 | 110.053 (84,4 %) | 17.995 (13,8 %) | 1.790 (1,6 %) | |
| 1970 | 150.313 | 121.068 (80,5 %) | 27.179 (18,1 %) | 1.310 (0,9 %) | |
| 1979 | 162.181 | 123.076 (75,9 %) | 37.264 (23,0 %) | 1.265 (0,8 %) | |
| 1989 | 189.085 | 145.450 (76,9 %) | 40.688 (21,5 %) | 1.922 (1,0 %) | |
During the years of Soviet power, the percentage of the Azerbaijani population of the NKAO increased to 21.5%, while the percentage of the Armenian population decreased to 76.9%. Armenian authors explain this by the purposeful policy of the authorities of the Azerbaijan SSR to change the demographic situation in the region in favor of the Azerbaijanis. Similar ethnic shifts towards the titular nationality were also observed in the autonomous republics of the Georgian SSR: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Adzharia. Heydar Aliyev, the third president of Azerbaijan (1993-2003), who in 1969-1982 served as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR, on July 22, 2002, receiving the founders of the Baku Press Club at the Presidential Palace on the occasion of the National Press Day, commenting on this topic, said :
“...I'm talking about the period when I was the first secretary, I helped a lot at that time the development of Nagorno-Karabakh. At the same time, he tried to change the demographics there. Nagorno-Karabakh raised the issue of opening a university there. We all objected. I thought and decided to open. But with the condition that there are three sectors - Azerbaijani, Russian and Armenian. Opened. We sent Azerbaijanis from the adjacent regions not to Baku, but there. They opened a big shoe factory there. Stepanakert itself had no manpower. Azerbaijanis were sent there from the places surrounding the region. By these and other measures, I tried to increase the number of Azerbaijanis in Nagorno-Karabakh, and reduce the number of Armenians.”
The share of the Russian population in Nagorno-Karabakh, as follows from the table, increased rapidly in the pre-war years and, having reached a maximum in 1939, began to decline just as rapidly, which correlates with the processes that took place in all of Azerbaijan and in general in the whole of Transcaucasia.
Of the five districts of the NKAO, Azerbaijanis were the majority in the smallest Shusha district, where in 1989, according to the last Soviet census, 23,156 people lived, of which 21,234 (91.7%) were Azerbaijanis and 1,620 (7%) Armenians. In the city of Shusha itself, 17,000 people lived, of which 98% were Azerbaijanis. However, the 1939 census gives other data: the population of the Shusha region is 10818, of which 6306 Azerbaijanis (58.3%) and Armenians 4177 (38.6%). Moreover, most of the Azerbaijanis lived in Shusha, the population of which was 5424 people, in the rural part of the region the Armenians were the majority.
At the same time, until the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of the population in the city of Shusha and in the Shusha district were Armenians. Thus, in 1886, Armenians made up 81.7% (72785 people) of the population of the Shusha district and 56.7% (15188 people) of the population of the city of Shusha (Azerbaijanis 17% and 43.3%, respectively). According to the ESBE (1904), Armenians made up 58.2% (81911 people) of the population of the county and 56.5% (14496 people) of the population of the city (Azerbaijanis 41.5% and 43.2% respectively). The vast majority of the Armenians of Shusha were killed or left the city as a result of the Shusha massacre at the end of March 1920. In 1939, the largest share of Russians was in Stepanakert (5.4%).
In the remaining 4 regions and the city of Stepanakert, Azerbaijanis were a minority, however, they also had settlements with a predominantly Azerbaijani population. The Azerbaijani settlements in these 4 regions were the villages of Umudlu, Khojaly and others.
see also
- Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
- Plain Karabakh
- Artsakh
- miatsum
- Lachin corridor
- Karabakh conflict
Comments
- The toponym Aghvank was common in the eastern territories of historical Armenia, in particular in the territory of the ancient region of Artsakh, but the name Agvank/Albania/Arran in the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh was only a toponym without any ethnic indication. See A.L. Yakobson, From the History of Armenian Medieval Architecture (Gandzasar Monastery), p. 447
Notes
- Britannica encyclopedia article "Armenian Highland": "mountainous region of Transcaucasia. It lies mainly in Turkey, occupies all of Armenia, and includes southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. »
- TSB, Article: Armenian Highlands
- Lev Semyonovich Berg. Natural regions of the U.S.S.R., page 232. 1950 edition.:
The Armenian Plateau lies between the Trialetsk range on the north, the Agri-Dagh (more exactly, Lake Van, in Turkey) on the south, the Arsiansk on the west, and the Karabakh on the east. The Trialetsk range stretches from west to east, from Borzhom to Tiflis; it forms the eastern continuation of the Adzhar-Akhaltsykh range. On the watershed of the Black and the Caspian seas lies the Arsiansk range (elevation 3121 m.). The Armenian Plateau has an average elevation of 1500 m., but its eastern part, tho Karabakh Plateau, is much higher (2500 m. and more).
- BĀḠ i. Etymology - article from Encyclopædia Iranica. W.Eilers
- The President of Nagorno-Karabakh signed a number of laws
- President of Nagorno-Karabakh re-elected for a new term
- New rules of the game
- Robert H. Hewsen, Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in Thomas J. Samuelian, ed., Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity. Pennsylvania: Scholars Press, 1982
- 1 2 Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 33, map 19 (the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh is shown as part of the Armenian kingdom of the Yervandids (IV-II centuries BC))
- 1
2
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Book 1. Pg. 510: Original text
During the Seleucid period, Armenia became divided into several virtually independent kingdoms and principalities. The classification adopted at this epoch persisted, with certain changes, well into the Byzantine era. The most important region, of course, was Greater Armenia, located east of the upper Euphrates, and including vast areas all round Lake Van, along the Araxes valley, and northwards to take in Lake Sevan, the Karabagh, and even the southern marches of Georgia.
- Encyclopedia Iranika. Article: Armenia and Iran I. Armina, Achaemenid province Original text (English)
Bordering on Media, Cappadocia, and Assyria, the Armenians settled, according to classical sources (beginning with Herodotus and Xenophon), in the east Anatolian mountains along the Araxes (Aras) river and around Mt. Ararat, Lake Van, Lake Rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the Euphrates and Tigris; they extended as far north as the Cyrus (Kur) river. To that region they seem to have immigrated only about the 7th century B.C.
- Strabo. Geography, XI, XIV, 4:
In Armenia itself there are many mountains and plateaus, where even a vine grows with difficulty; there are many valleys there, some of which are not particularly fertile, while others, on the contrary, are extremely fertile, for example, the Araks plain, along which the Araks river flows to the borders of Albania, flowing into the Caspian Sea. Behind this plain comes Sakasena, which also borders Albania and the Cyrus River; Gogarena goes even further. This whole country is full of wild fruits and fruits of man-made trees and evergreens; even olive trees grow here. The provinces of Armenia are Favena, as well as Komisena and Orchisten, exhibiting the largest number of horsemen.
- Christopher Walker. The Armenian presence in Mountainous Karabakh, in John F. R. Wright et al.: Transcaucasian Boundaries (SOAS/GRC Geopolitics). 1995, p. 91
-
- Essays on the history of the USSR: Primitive communal system and the most ancient states on the territory of the USSR. M.: AN SSSR, 1956, p., 615
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- Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Erster Band. Stuttgart 1894. p. 1303
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- B. A. Dorn. "Caspian. About the campaigns of ancient Russians in Tabaristan ”(“ Notes of the Academy of Sciences ”1875, vol. XXVI, Appendix 1, p., 187)
- Karabakh // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
- Claudius Ptolemy. Geography, 5, 12; Pliny the Elder. book. VI, 28-29, 39; Dion Cassius (II-III centuries), "Roman History", book. XXXVI, ch. 54.1; book. XXXVI, ch.54,4,5; book. XXXVII, ch. 2, 3, 4; book. XXXVI, ch.53.5; 54.1; Appian (1st-2nd centuries), Roman History, Mithridatic Wars, 103; Plutarch (1st-2nd centuries), Comparative Lives, Pompey, ch. 34-35; Movses Khorenatsi, Prince. II, ch.8, 65; “Armenian Geography of the 7th century AD (formerly attributed to Moses Khorensky)”, St. Petersburg, 1877; Favst Buzand, "History of Armenia", book. III, ch.7; book. V, ch.13; Agatangelos, "The Life and History of St. Gregory", 28, "The Saving Conversion of the Country of Our Armenia through the Holy Martyr Man", 795 CXII, Justin, XLII, 2.9; Pliny, VI,37;27; Stephen of Byzantium, s.v. Ο τ η ν ή, Ω β α ρ η ο ί
- The World History. Encyclopedia. Volume 3, ch. VIII: “The internal structure of the Transcaucasian countries remained unchanged until the middle of the 5th century, despite the fact that as a result of the treaty of 387, Armenia was divided between Iran and Rome, Lazika was recognized as the sphere of influence of Rome, and Kartli and Albania had to submit to Iran ."
- History of the ancient world, M., 1989, v.3, p. 286
- Anania Shirakatsi. Armenian Geography
- World History, M., vol. 2, p. 769, and an insert map of Transcaucasia in the I-IV centuries. n. e.
- A. P. Novoseltsev. On the question of the political border of Armenia and Caucasian Albania in the ancient period // The Caucasus and Byzantium: Sat. - Yer.: Science, 1979. - No. I.
- Novoseltsev A.P., Pashuto V.T., Cherepnin L.V. Ways of development of feudalism. - Science, 1972. - S. 42.
- Ethnic odontology of the USSR, - M., 1979, p. 135.
- Bunak V. Anthropological composition of the population of the Caucasus // Vestn. state museum of Georgia. T. XIII. 1946.
- Hewsen, Robert H. Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, p. 34: "the Christian or new culture of Albania, which flourished after the transfer in the fifth century of our era of the capital from Kabala, north of the Kura, to Partav, south of the river, was essentially and undeniably Armenian"
- V. Minorsky. Studies in Caucasian History. - CUP Archive, 1953. - S. 115 .:
Ahar is still the center of the district of Qaraja-dagh (older Maymad), the hilly and wild tract to which, on the opposite northern bank of the Araxes, correspond to the highlands of Qara-bagh ( ancient Armenian provinces Artsax and Siunik").
- Trever K. V. Essays on the history and culture of Caucasian Albania IV century. BC e. – 7th century n. e. (sources and literature). - M.-L., 1959. - S. 294-295 .:
The heyday of Albanian writing is considered to be the 5th-7th centuries, when, according to A.G. Shanidze, “Albanians in all areas of the political and cultural life of the Caucasus took an active part along with Georgians and Armenians.” Apparently, in Albania, in parallel with Albanian, Armenian was also used as a written language, which by that time was spoken by the population of the regions of Artsakh and Utik, which until 387 were part of Greater Armenia.
- Trever K. V. Essays on the history and culture of Caucasian Albania IV century. BC e. – 7th century n. e. (sources and literature). - M.-L., 1959.:
The high level of Albanian culture at that time is explained not only by economic growth, but also by the fact that Albania in the 7th century was in lively cultural relations with neighboring countries, mainly with Armenia, especially with the Armenian region of Syunik (Jyvansher was married to the daughter of the Syunik prince , Princess Khosrovanush). Syunik at that time, according to Stefan Syunisky, the school flourished and was famous, headed by the poet and philosopher Matusala (Methuselah). The teachers of this school were appointed by the heads of the Armenian schools and vardapets, and the same was probably the case with regard to the schools of Albania. It is curious that the same Stefan of Syuniysky preserved information about the existence of the Artsakh (that is, Karabakh) dialect of the Armenian language.
- N. Adonts. Dionysius of Thracia and Armenian interpreters. - Pg., 1915. - S. 181-219.
- KARAULOV N. A. Information of Arab writers of the X and XI centuries according to R. Chr. about the Caucasus, Armenia and Aderbeidzhan.
- Transl.: Armenian Sahl son of Smbat. See Abu-l-Hasan "Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn "Ali al-Masudi. Gold mines and placers of gems (History of the Abbasid dynasty 749-947). - M., 2002. - S. 262. (See also note 52)
- Kagankatvatsi, book. III, ch. XXIII
- Albania Caucasian // Orthodox Encyclopedia. - M., 2000. - T. 1. - S. 455-464 .:
The rulers of the Khachen Principality located on the Right Bank of the Kura, who adhered to Monophysitism and in X - ser. 11th century also bearing the title of "Kings of Aluank", were in vassal dependence on the arm. kingdoms of the Ani Bagratids...
- Shnirelman V. A. Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia / Ed. Alaeva L. B. - M .: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 198 .:
Then his sons divided this territory among themselves, but all of them no longer had that independence and turned into the 10th century. into vassals of the Armenian Bagratids.
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Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L., 1949. - S. 28 .:
Hasan-Jalalyan came from noble Armenian family hereditary meliks of the district Khachen in the mountainous part of Karabagh, inhabited by Armenians; the ancestor of this surname Khasan-Jalal was the prince of Khachen during the period of the Mongol conquest, in the 13th century. Under the Kyzylbash dominion, the Khasan-Jalalyans retained their position as meliks of Khachen ...
- Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog. The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). - BRILL, 2010. - S. 34 .:
The subjects of Iwanē"s family were the Orbelians, Khaghbakians, Dopians, HasanJalalians and others (see Map 4).18 The representatives of these major Armenian families entered into direct contact with the Mongols in order to retain their conquered lands, the discussion of which follows in nest chapters.
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Lev Gumilyov. "History of the East" (East in the Middle Ages - from the XIII century. Kh. E.). - M: "Oriental Literature", 2002 - vol. T. 2 .:
The Armenian culture of this period is characterized by the shift of its center to the northeast, in the region of historical Albania, where there existed (primarily in mountainous regions and in cities) an array of the Armenian population.
- Edition = Orthodox Encyclopedia Albania Caucasian. - M., 2000. - T. 1. - S. 455-464 .:
in con. XII-XIII centuries liberation from the Seljuk yoke led to the flourishing of the Armenian. culture in the principality of Khachen (on the Christian culture and monuments of Artsakh and Utik from the 12th century, see the article Armenia).
- A. L. Yakobson, From the History of Armenian Medieval Architecture (Gandzasar Monastery), p. 447:
The indigenous population of Khachen, in antiquity, as well as in the era of the construction of the temple, and also later, according to contemporaries, was precisely Armenian. The Principality of Khachen was located on the territory of Arran, but this term is only a toponym and the reference to the ethnos does not at all contain
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A. Novoseltsev, V. Pashuto, L. Cherepnin. Ways of development of feudalism. - M.: Nauka, 1972. - S. 47.:
As a result of the sharp and rather fanatical policy of the Seljuk rulers, who converted to Islam for political purposes and became its next “stronghold”, the Armenian population was forced to leave their native land and emigrate north to Georgia and especially to Cilicia.
The battle at Manzikert (Manazkert) led to the final loss of Armenia by Byzantium. Now Cilicia and Albania became the centers of Armenian political and cultural life. - Shnirelman V. A. Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 236. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
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A few native Armenian rulers survived for a time in the Kiurikian kingdom of Lori, the Siuniqian kingdom of Baghq or Kapan, and the principates of Khachen (Artzakh) and Sasun.
- Shnirelman V. A. Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
Khachen is a medieval Armenian feudal principality on the territory of modern Karabakh, which played a significant role in the political history of Armenia and the entire region in the 10th-16th centuries.
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Shnirelman V. A. Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 199. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
Under the Persian dynasty of the Safavids, Karabakh was one of the provinces (beglarbek), where the lowlands and foothills were part of the Muslim khanates, and the mountains remained in the hands of the Armenian rulers. The system of meliksts finally took shape in Nagorno-Karabakh during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) in Persia. Then the Persian authorities, on the one hand, encouraged the Armenian meliks to take active actions against the Ottoman Empire, and on the other hand, tried to weaken them by separating them from the main Armenian territories by resettling Kurdish tribes in the area located between Artsakh and Syunik. However, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. the five Armenian melikates of Karabakh were a force to be reckoned with by their powerful neighbors. It was these mountainous regions that became the center where the idea of the Armenian revival and the formation of an independent Armenian state arose. However, the struggle for power in one of the melikdoms led to civil strife, in which the neighboring nomadic tribe of Sarijali intervened to their advantage, and in the middle of the 18th century, power in Karabakh for the first time in its history went to the Turkic Khan
- Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L., 1949. - S. 59 .:
Along with this, there were also ruling meliks - Armenians in the following districts in the five districts of Nagorno-Karabakh - Charaberd (Jrabert), Gulistan, Khachen, Varanda and Dizak; these five Karabakh Armenian melikdoms are usually known under the common name of "Khamsey-i Karabag" ("Karabag five")
- Armenia - article from Encyclopedia Britannica:
In mountainous Karabakh a group of five Armenian maliks (princes) succeeded in conserving their autonomy and maintained a short period of independence (1722-30) during the struggle between Persia and Turkey at the beginning of the 18th century; despite the heroic resistance of the Armenian leader David Beg, the Turks occupied the region but were driven out by the Persians under the general Nādr Qolī Beg (from 1736-47, Nādir Shah) in 1735.
- 1 2 MATERIALS FOR THE NEW HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS YEAR
- Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Arc'ax" in Medieval Armenian Culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies). Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone (eds.) Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1984, pp. 52-53
- Jayanta Kumar Ray, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, Center for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India). Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World, p.63:
“The real trend towards Armenians settling down in the subcontinent began only in the eighteenth century. In the Persian occupied mountainous region of Karabakh, a group of five Armenian maliks (princes) succeeded in conserving their autonomy and enjoyed even a brief period of independence during the struggle between Perisa and Turkey at the beginning of the eighteenth century.”
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James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. - Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. - S. 44 .:
The acceptance of Islam by the Mongols around 1300, the resurgence of the Turks under the Ottomans, and the European abandonment of the Levant sounded the death knell of the last Armenian kingdom, which fell to the Mamluks (or Mamelukes) in 1375. Only pockets such as Karabagh (Karabakh) and Zangezour in eastern Armenia and Sasun and Zeitun in western Armenia remained autonomous.
- Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd edition):
In 1639, after a peace was concluded between Turkey and Iran, Armenia was finally divided: Western Armenia, which constitutes the bulk of the country, went to Turkey, and Eastern Armenia to Iran. The last remnants of the Armenian statehood were the 5 melikdoms of Nagorno-Karabakh, which existed until the end of the 18th century.
- Cyril Toumanoff. Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. - Cambridge, 1966. - Vol. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV. - S. 593-637.:
The title of King of Armenia was inherited by the Lusgnans of Cyprus and, from them, by the House of Savoy. Only in Old Armenia could some vestiges of the once imposing structure of the Armenian polity be found in the houses of dynasts (meliks) in Qarabagh
- Encyclopaedia of Islam. - Leiden: BRILL, 1986. - T. 1. - S. 639-640 .:
Numismatic Society). were still to be fought on Armenian soil, and part of the Armenians of Adharbaydjan were later deported as a military security measure to Isfahan and elsewhere. Semi-autonomous seigniories survived, with varying fortunes, in the mountains of Karabagh, to the north of Adharbaydjan, but came to an end in the 18th century.
- Armenian-Russian relations in the 18th century. - Er., 1990. - T. IV. - S. 505. (AVPR, f. SRA, op. 100/3, 1797-1799, d. 464, ll. 191-192. Copy)
- Armenia and Iran - article from Encyclopædia Iranica. G. Bournoutian:
Having only recently shaken off the yoke of the qezelbāš, the Armenian people reengaged in a struggle for liberation, this time against Ottoman occupation troops. The armed Armenian forces waged heroic battles on the outskirts of Erevan, in Qarabāḡ, in the mountainous regions of Siwnikʿ and elsewhere.
- Franco Cardini. Europa und der Islam, 2001, p. 179:
The Russians had already tested the Caucasus area in 1722-3, with an expedition designed to inflame the hearts of the Armenians in the mountainous regions of Karabagh and Siwnik
- Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - Vol. II. - S. 88 .:
In order to assume control of Eastern Armenia and Georgia, as well as to safeguard these strategic neighboring provinces from Russia, the Turks violated the 1639 agreement and entered Transcaucasia in 1723. The Georgians sent urgent messages to Peter but Russia, fearing to antagonize the Ottomans , concentrated its efforts on the Caspian coast. Russian assurances of support, however, had encouraged the Armenians to armed resistance, and, together with the Persians, they fiercely defended Erevan and Ganja. Although the Turks were successful in capturing those fortresses, as well as most of northeastern Persia in 1724, the Armenian region of Karabagh-Zangezur fought on. The Armenians there were armed and had found a formidable leader in the person of Davit Bek.
- AVPR, f. 100, 1724, d. 2, l. 4 and vol. Script. Published in: Armenian-Russian Relations in the First Third of the 18th Century. Volume II, part II, Yerevan, 1967, doc. No. 309.
- Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign dominion to statehood: the fifteenth century to the twentieth century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.96:
"The Armenians of Ganja had also been reduced to a minority. Only in the mountains regions of Karabakh and Zangezur did the Armenian manage the maintain a solid majority»
- Raffi. Melikstva hamsa.
- Mirza Adegizel-bek. Karabakh-name
- Abbas Kuli-Aga Bakikhanov. Gulistan-i-Iram Period V
- Mirza Jamal Jevanshir of Karabagh. History of Karabag
- Petrushevsky I.P. Essays on the history of feudal relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th - early 19th centuries. - L., 1949. - S. 71 .:
After the death of Nadir Shah and the collapse of the Iranian state (1747), the then head of the Panah Khan Jevanshir tribe, son of Ibrahim Khan, proclaimed himself an independent khan of Karabagh. Taking advantage of the civil strife among the five Armenian meliks of the upland part of Karabakh, Panah Khan supported one of them, the melik of Varanda Shah-Nazar, and, with his help, subjugated all the Armenian meliks and made them his vassals.
- Michael P. Croissant, The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications, p.11:
Importantly, disunion amongst the five princes allowed the establishment of a foothold in mountainous Karabakh by a Turkic tribe around 1750. This event marked the first time that Turks were able to penetrate the eastern Armenian highlands…
- Shnirelman V. A. Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 200. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6.
Thus, in the second half of the XVIII century. The composition of the population of Karabakh has changed dramatically. Muslim (Kurds) and Turkic tribes that lived on the outskirts of Karabakh from the 11th-12th centuries, in the middle of the 18th century. gained access to mountainous areas and for the first time began to populate Shusha. the same time towards the end of the 18th century. A significant part of its Armenian inhabitants left Nagorno-Karabakh.”
- Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission. Volume II. Tiflis 1868 p. 705.
- Armenian Research Center // FACT SHEET: NAGORNO-KARABAGH // The University of Michigan-Dearborn; April 3, 1996
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George A. Bournoutian. The Politics of Demography: Misuse of Sources on the Armenian Population of Mountainous Karabakh (English) // Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. - Society for Armenian Studies, 1999.. - Vol. 9. - P. 99-103.
An uncited Russian survey of 1832 and my article are used as the main sources for this statement. The survey lists the Armenian population of the whole of Karabakh at 34.8 percent (slightly over one-third) and that of the Azeris at 64.8 percent. This time Altstadt confuses the reader by identifying the whole of Karabakh with Mountainous Karabakh. The Armenian population of Karabakh (as will be demonstrated below) was concentrated in 8 out of the 21 districts or mahals of Karabakh. These 8 districts are located in Mountainous Karabakh and present-day Zangezur (then part of Karabakh). Thus 34.8 percent of the population of Karabakh populated 38 percent of the land. In other words the Armenians, according to the survey cited by Altstadt, formed 91.58 percent of the population of Mountainous Karabakh.
- 1 2 Anatoly Yamskov. Traditional land use of the nomads of historical Karabakh and the modern Armenian-Azerbaijani ethno-territorial conflict: “Secondly, this is the problem of recognizing the rights of the nomadic pastoral (as well as any other non-sedentary) population to the lands seasonally used by them and to transfer these land rights to descendants. Here only the last decades of the 20th century. were marked by significant and positive changes for nomads, whereas earlier such rights to the land of the nomadic pastoral population were practically not recognized by European states ... So, it is precisely the questions of the political history of the territory and the ethnic history of the population permanently residing in this territory that are usually used as arguments proving the rights of each of parties to the lands of Nagorno-Karabakh. This approach prevails not only in Soviet and post-Soviet scientific research and journalism, but also in the works of scientists from the "far abroad" with a wide variety of political orientations - see, for example, rather neutral works (Heradstveit, 1993, p. 22; Hunter , 1994, pp. 97,104-105; Loken, 1995, pp. 10), clearly pro-Armenian (Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994, pp. 6, 11) and almost equally openly pro-Azerbaijani (Altstadt, 1992, pp. 7-8 , 195-196)."
- Bradshaw Michael J. Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices. - New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2004. - P. 164. - ISBN 0-0725-4975-0.
- Yamskov, A. N. "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh". Theory and Society, Vol. 20, no. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union October 1991, 659. Retrieved on February 13, 2007.
- Note on Karabakh, compiled by the Tiflis Compatriot Union, July 10, 1918. Central State Archives of Armenia, f. 200, op. 1, d. 49, ll. 6-9 ob.//Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923. Collection of documents and materials. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Yerevan, 1991, page 11.
- Decree of the Caucasus Bureau of July 4, 1921. CPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 17. Decree of July 5: CPA IML, f. 85, op. 18, d. 58, l. 18.//Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918-1923. Collection of documents and materials. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Yerevan, 1991, pp. 649-650.
- Shnirelman V. A. Wars of memory: myths, identity and politics in Transcaucasia / Reviewer: L. B. Alaev. - M.: Akademkniga, 2003. - S. 210. - 592 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94628-118-6. Original text (Russian)
Initially, the NKAR bordered on Armenia, which contributed to their close contacts, but by the 1930s. after another administrative reform, this connection was lost (Altstadt, 1992, p. 126-127).
- Svante Cornell. "The conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh: dynamics and prospects for resolution".: Original text (Russian)
It is curious that on the map of 1926, placed in the first volume of the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", NKAO borders in one place with Armenia; later, through a series of territorial transformations of the region, Karabakh was deliberately separated from the Armenian Republic. Since 1930, maps have been corrected accordingly, on which the Lachin corridor began to be designated as the territory of Azerbaijan and the NKAO - separated from Armenia proper.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia. I edition, Volume 1 (1926). Article "Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic", section "Demography".
- Arsen Melik-Shakhnazarov Chapter 2. Shagreen leather of Transcaucasia
- Heydar Aliyev: "A state with opposition is better." Azerbaijan socio-political newspaper ECHO # 138(383) Wed, July 24, 2002
- Who is at the intersection of interests? USA, Russia and the new reality on the border with Iran. IA REGNUM, April 22, 2006
- Amirbayov, Elchin. "Shusha's Pivotal Role in a Nagorno-Karabagh Settlement" in Dr. Brenda Shaffer (ed.), Policy Brief Number 6, Cambridge, MA: Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, December 2001.
- The population of the territories of the Elizavetpol province, which later became part of the NKAR according to the data of 1886
- Shusha // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
- Giovanni Guaita. Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil // 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches. - Moscow: FAM, 2001. - ISBN 5898310134. Original text (eng.)
A month ago after the massacres of Shushi, in April 19, 1920, prime-ministers of England, France and Italy with participation of the representatives of Japan and USA collected in San-Remo..."
"In March, 1920 a terrible pogrom took place in Shushi, organized by Azerbaijanis with the support of Turkish forces. Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30,000 Armenians
Links
- Caucasian region // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
- Nagorno-Karabakh in the Dictionary of Modern Place Names
- Nagorno-Karabakh in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary
- Population of the Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent regions according to the population census of the AzSSR in 1921
- Barbashin M. Yu. Institutional dimension of ethno-social and ethno-conflict processes in Nagorno-Karabakh
Documentation
- Persian Documents of the Matenadaran, I. Decrees. First issue (XV-XVI centuries). / per. A. D. Papazyan. - Er., 1956.
- Armenian-Russian Relations in the First Third of the 18th Century. - Er.: AN ArmSSR, 1967. - T. II, Part II.
- Armenian-Russian relations in the 18th century. - Er., 1990. - T. IV.
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