History of the Russian monarchy. Emperors and reigning empresses of Russia

1722 - By decree of Peter I, systematic observations of the weather began in St. Petersburg.

1778 - Approved the coat of arms of Cherni, along with the rest of the coats of arms of the Tula governorship.

1809 - The first book of "Fables" by I.A. Krylov.

1888 - In Russia, during field tests, Emperor Alexander III fired shots from a Maxim machine gun, after which this weapon entered service with the Russian army.

1898 - In St. Petersburg, at the North skating rink on Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, the first bandy game was held in accordance with the approved rules.

1914 - The first issue of the Rabotnitsa magazine was published.

1917 - On February 23, according to the old style, or on March 8, according to the new style, women's demonstrations of suffragettes with the slogans “Bread and Peace!” were held in Petrograd, the next day the workers of the Putilov factory joined the strike, clashes with the police began.

1921 - Established International Women's Day.

1923 - The Society of Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF) was formed.

1924 - Established diplomatic relations between the USSR and Greece.

1929 - In Leningrad, at the Maly Opera House, a solemn meeting and a concert dedicated to International Women's Day were held. The orchestra of "theatrical jazz" L.O. performed for the first time at the concert. Utyosov.

1940 - The city of Perm in connection with the upcoming 50th anniversary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR V.M. Molotov was renamed in his honor. In 1957, the original name, which it received back in 1781, was returned to the city.

1941 - The Flight Research Institute (LII named after M.M. Gromov) was founded. Hero of the Soviet Union M.M. Gromov.

1944 - By order of I.V. Stalin began the mass deportation of the Balkars.

1945 - Established diplomatic relations between the USSR and the Dominican Republic.

1946 - The Council of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Lvov decided to liquidate the union with the Vatican and to unite with the Russian Orthodox Church.

1963 - N.S. Khrushchev delivered a speech in the Sverdlovsk Hall of the Kremlin "The high vocation of literature and art."

1963 - China annulled the Aigun treaty with Russia of 1858, demanding land back from the USSR.

1968 - In the Pacific Ocean, during combat patrols, the Soviet diesel submarine K-129 sank. According to various sources, from 98 to 105 sailors died.

1983 - Rejecting the proposal of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives of the US Congress to freeze nuclear weapons together with the USSR, President R. Reagan at the national convention of evangelicals called the Soviet Union the center of evil in the modern world, a true "evil empire", arguing that peace can only be achieved with the help of strength. A few days passed, and he proposed the "Star Wars" program.

1988 - The Ovechkin family from Irkutsk hijacks a plane and tries to escape from the USSR. The storm of the plane leads to casualties.

(1672 - 1725) a period of palace coups began in the country. This time was characterized by a rapid change, both of the rulers themselves and of the entire elite surrounding them. However, Catherine II was on the throne for 34 years, lived a long life and died at the age of 67. After her, emperors came to power in Russia, each of whom tried in his own way to raise her prestige throughout the world, and some succeeded. The history of the country forever included the names of those who ruled in Russia after Catherine II.

Briefly about the reign of Catherine II

The full name of the most famous Empress of All Russia is Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Tserbskaya. She was born on May 2, 1729 in Prussia. In 1744, she was invited by Elizabeth II with her mother to Russia, where she immediately began to study the Russian language and the history of her new homeland. In the same year, she converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy. On September 1, 1745, she was married to Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, who was 17 years old at the time of the marriage.

During the years of his reign from 1762 to 1796. Catherine II raised the general culture of the country, her political life to the European level. Under her, new legislation was adopted, which contained 526 articles. During her reign, Crimea, Azov, Kuban, Kerch, Kiburn, the western part of Volyn, as well as some regions of Belarus, Poland and Lithuania were annexed to Russia. Catherine II founded the Russian Academy of Sciences, introduced a system of secondary education, opened institutes for girls. In 1769, paper money, the so-called banknotes, was put into circulation. Money circulation at that time was based on copper money, which was extremely inconvenient for large commercial transactions. For example, 100 rubles in copper coins weighed more than 6 pounds, that is, more than a centner, which made financial transactions very difficult. Under Catherine II, the number of factories and factories increased four times, the army and navy gained strength. But there were many negative assessments of her activities. Including abuse of power by officials, bribery, embezzlement. Favorites of the empress received orders, gifts of fabulous value, privileges. Her generosity extended to almost everyone who was close to the court. During the reign of Catherine II, the situation of serfs worsened significantly.

Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (1754 - 1801) was the son of Catherine II and Peter III. From birth he was under the care of Elizabeth II. Hieromonk Plato had a great influence on the worldview of the heir to the throne. He was married twice and had 10 children. He ascended the throne after the death of Catherine II. He issued a decree on succession to the throne, which legalized the transfer of the throne from father to son, the Manifesto on a three-day corvee. On the very first day of his reign, A.N. Radishchev from Siberian exile, released N.I. Novikov and A.T. Kosciuszko. He made serious reforms and transformations in the army and navy.

The country began to pay more attention to spiritual and secular education, military educational institutions. New seminaries and theological academies were opened. Paul I in 1798 supported the Order of Malta, which was practically defeated by the troops of France and for this he was proclaimed the protector of the order, that is, its protector, and later the Chief Master. The unpopular recent political decisions made by Paul, his harsh and despotic character caused discontent throughout society. As a result of the conspiracy, he was killed in his bedroom on the night of March 23, 1801.

After the death of Paul I, in 1801, Alexander I (1777 - 1825), his eldest son, ascended the Russian throne. Carried out a number of liberal reforms. He led successful military operations against Turkey, Sweden and Persia. After the victory in the war against Napoleon Bonaparte, he was among the leaders of the Congress of Vienna and the organizers of the Holy Alliance, which included Russia, Prussia and Austria. He died unexpectedly during an epidemic of typhoid fever in Taganrog. However, due to the fact that he repeatedly mentioned the desire to voluntarily leave the throne and “remove from the world”, a legend arose in society that a double died in Taganrog, and Alexander I became the elder Fyodor Kuzmich, who lived in the Urals and died in 1864.

The next Russian emperor was the brother of Alexander I, Nikolai Pavlovich, since Grand Duke Konstantin, who inherited the throne by seniority, abdicated. During the oath to the new sovereign on December 14, 1825, the Decembrist uprising took place, the purpose of which was to liberalize the existing political system, including the abolition of serfdom, and democratic freedoms up to a change in the form of government. The speech was suppressed on the same day, many were sent into exile, and the leaders were executed. Nicholas I was married to Alexandra Feodorovna, the Prussian princess Frederick-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhemine, with whom they had seven children. This marriage was of great importance for Prussia and Russia. Nicholas I had an engineering education and personally oversaw the construction of railways and the fort "Emperor Paul I", projects for fortifications for the naval defense of St. Petersburg. Died March 2, 1855 from pneumonia.

In 1855, the son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna, Alexander II, ascended the throne. He was an excellent diplomat. He carried out the abolition of serfdom in 1861. He carried out a number of reforms that were of great importance for the further development of the country:

• in 1857 he issued a decree that liquidated all military settlements;
• in 1863 he introduced the university charter, which determined the order in Russian higher institutions;
• carried out reforms of city self-government, judicial and secondary education;
• in 1874 he approved the military reform on universal military service.

Several assassination attempts were made on the emperor. He died on March 13, 1881 after Ignaty Grinevitsky, member of the People's Will, threw a bomb at his feet.

Since 1881, Russia was ruled by Alexander III (1845 - 1894). He was married to a princess from Denmark, known in the country as Maria Feodorovna. They had six children. The emperor had a good military education, and after the death of his elder brother Nicholas, he mastered an additional course of sciences that one needed to know in order to competently manage the state. His reign was characterized by a series of harsh measures to strengthen administrative control. Judges began to be appointed by the government, censorship of printed publications was again introduced, and Old Believers were given legal status. In 1886 the so-called poll tax was abolished. Alexander III led an open foreign policy, which helped to strengthen his position in the international arena. The prestige of the country during his reign was extremely high, Russia did not participate in any war. He died on November 1, 1894 in the Livadia Palace, in the Crimea.

The years of the reign of Nicholas II (1868 - 1918) were characterized by the rapid economic development of Russia and the simultaneous growth of social tension. The increased growth of revolutionary sentiment resulted in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. It was followed by a war with Japan for control of Manchuria and Korea, the country's participation in the First World War. After the February Revolution of 1917, he abdicated.

According to the decision of the Provisional Government, he was sent with his family into exile in Tobolsk. In the spring of 1918 he was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where he was shot along with his wife, children and several close associates. This is the last of those who ruled in Russia after Catherine 2. The family of Nicholas II is glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint.

Rules of Russia during the minority of Svyatoslav. In the annals, she is not called an independent ruler, but appears as such in Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Successor of Reginon). The date of the beginning of Svyatoslav's independent reign is not exactly known. In the annals, the first campaign is marked in 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 64), but it is likely that it nevertheless began earlier.

* Usachev A.S. The evolution of the story about the origin of Princess Olga in Russian literature in the middle of the 16th century. // Pskov in Russian and European history: International scientific conference: In 2 vols. T. 2. M., 2003. P. 329-335.

The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked in 6454 (946) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 57), and the first independent event - 6472 (964). See previous note. Killed in the spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 74).

Prozorov L. R. Svyatoslav the Great: "I'm coming at you!" - 7th ed. - M.: Yauza-press, 2011. - 512 p., 3,000 copies, ISBN 978-5-9955-0316-3

Planted in Kyiv by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium, in 6478 (970) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69). Expelled from Kyiv and killed. All chronicles date this to 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 78, vol. IX, p. 39). According to the “Memory and Praise to the Russian Prince Vladimir”, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year.

Yaropolk I Svyatoslavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

According to the preamble to the chronicle, he reigned for 37 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 18). According to all the chronicles, he entered Kyiv in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 77), according to “Memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” - June 11 6486 (978 ) of the year (Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'. Vol. 1. P. 326). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov, but there is still no consensus in science. He died on July 15, 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130).

Karpov A. Yu. Vladimir Saint. - M.: Young guard - Series: Life of remarkable people; Issue 738. Russian Word, 1997. 448 p., ISBN 5-235-02274-2. 10,000 copies

Karpov A. Yu. Vladimir Saint. - M. "Young Guard", 2006. - 464 p. - (ZhZL). - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-235-02742-6

He began to reign after the death of Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 141-142).

Philist G. M. The history of the "crimes" of Svyatopolk the Accursed. - Minsk, Belarus, 1990.

He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016). Defeated in the battle on the Bug July 22(Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143).

Azbelev S. N. Yaroslav the Wise in the annals // Novgorod land in the era of Yaroslav the Wise. Veliky Novgorod, 2010. S. 5-81.

Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 1018 (6526) years ( Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, Yaroslav was expelled in the same year (probably in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 144).

Sat in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 146). According to a number of chronicles, he died on February 20, 6562 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 150), on the first Saturday of the fast of St. Theodore, that is, in February 1055 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). The same year 6562 is indicated in graffiti from the Hagia Sophia. However, the most probable date is determined by the day of the week - February 19 1054 on Saturday (in 1055 fasting began later).

He began to reign after the death of his father (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 171).

Kivlitsky E. A. Izyaslav Yaroslavich, Grand Duke of Kiev // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned for 7 months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 173)

Ryzhov K. All monarchs of the world. Russia. - M.: Veche, 1998. - 640 p. - 16,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7838-0268-9.

Sat on the throne on May 2, 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182)

He sat on the throne on March 22, 6581 (1073) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182). He died on December 27, 6484 (1076) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199).

Kivlitsky E. A. Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne on January 1, March 6584 (January 1077) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190). In July of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav.

Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 202).

Sat on the throne in October 1078. Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).

Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the studies of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Lavrentiev and Troitsk chronicles 6622 ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Troitskaya chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 206), according to the Ipatiev Chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).

Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity chronicles, ultramart 6634 according to the Ipatiev chronicle)

Orlov A. S. Vladimir Monomakh. - M.-L.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946.

Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Lavrentiev, Trinity and Novgorod First Chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 301, vol. II, st. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle, p.212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.

Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultra-March 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, November 8, 6646 is clearly mistaken (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).

Khmyrov M. D. Yaropolk II Vladimirovich // Alphabetical reference list of Russian sovereigns and the most remarkable persons of their blood. - St. Petersburg. : Type. A. Behnke, 1870. - S. 81-82.

Yaropolk II Vladimirovich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24, Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, st. 302).

Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 307, vol. II, st. 303). Died July 30(so according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles, according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles on August 1) 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 321, vol. IV, p. 151, t. 7, p. 35).

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. He reigned for 2 weeks (PSRL, vol. III, p. 27, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 227). August 13 1146 defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 327).

Berezhkov M. N. Blessed Igor Olgovich, Prince of Novgorodseversky and Grand Duke of Kiev. / M. N. Berezhkov - M .: Book on Demand, 2012. - 46 p. ISBN 978-5-458-14984-6

Sat on the throne August 13 1146. Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 383).

Izyaslav Mstislavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 322, vol. II, st. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost perfectly: the day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kiev, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, st. 396).

Karpov A. Yu. Yury Dolgoruky. - M .: Young Guard, 2006. - (ZhZL).

Sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 326, vol. II, st. 398). A few weeks later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 327, vol. II, st. 402).

He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, st. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, st. 404) the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416).

Sat on the throne in 6658 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).

He sat on the throne with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 336, vol. II, st. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186). Died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 472).

He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 470-471). According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Taking into account the travel time, his arrival in Kyiv dates back to January 1155. In the same year he was defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 343, vol. II, st. 475).

Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 518).

Sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 345, vol. II, st. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is, 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348, vol. II, st. 489).

Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, st. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Exiled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultramart year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).

Village in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, st. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), having expelled Izyaslav from there, but then ceded it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348)

Village in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). He left the besieged Kiev on February 8, ultramart 6669 (that is, in February 1161) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 515).

He again ascended the throne after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).

He was the legal heir after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, Mstislav Izyaslavich expelled Vladimir Mstislavich from Kyiv in 6676 and sat on the throne (PSRL, vol. I, st. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). Also, this story is presented by Jan Dlugosh (Schaveleva N. I. Ancient Rus' in “Polish History” by Jan Dlugosh. M., 2004. P. 326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention the reign of Vladimir at all, apparently, he did not reign then.

According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 535). The united army moved to Kiev, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to Sophia First, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle 6679, according to the Resurrection Chronicle 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting corresponds exactly to 1169) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).

Sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 355).

Sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 548). He left Kyiv the same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).

He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March account by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).

Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 566). Died on Monday of Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).

Froyanov I. Ya. Ancient Rus' of the IX-XIII centuries. Popular movements. Princely and veche power. M .: Russian Publishing Center, 2012. S. 583-586.

Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kiev in the winter of the Ultra-March 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 364, vol. II, st. 566). He sat on the throne in the “month of July that came” in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kiev, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, st. 570).

According to the Sofia First Chronicle, he sat on the throne after Roman in 6680 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 237; vol. IX, p. 247), but immediately gave way to his brother Vsevolod.

Sat on the throne 5 weeks after Roman (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). He reigned in the ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian Chronicles), together with his nephew Yaropolk, was taken prisoner by Davyd Rostislavich for the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 365, vol. II, st. 570 ).

Was in Kyiv together with Vsevolod

Sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).

Andreev A. Rurik-Vasily Rostislavich // Russian Biographical Dictionary

In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). He reigned in the Ultramart year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).

Yaropolk Izyaslavovich, son of Izyaslav II Mstislavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

He sat in Kiev for 12 days and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 234)

He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv ceded to Roman in 1174 (ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600).

He sat down in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultramart 6683), in the spring (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 604).

Entered Kyiv in 1176 (Ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In 6688 (1181) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616)

Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616). But he soon left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621).

Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412), in July, on the Monday before the day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, st. 680) .

Sat on the throne in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412, vol. II, st. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman in the ultra-March year 6710 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 417).

Sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Lavrentiev and Resurrection chronicles in the ultra-March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yuryevich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle, p. 284).

He took Kyiv on January 2, 1203 (6711 ultramart) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle, p.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv. Roman tonsured Rurik as a monk in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 420) (in the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Trinity Chronicles, the winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. S. 286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 260).

He was placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik was tonsured in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 421, vol. X, p. 36).

He again sat on the throne in July, the month is established based on the fact that Rurik was stripped after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (ultramart 6714) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under the year 6712 (PSRL , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260), in the Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50). After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Vruchiy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Vruchiy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two principalities)

He sat down in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427), around August. The date 1206 is specified in synchronism with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428), then he sat in Kyiv in 1207, expelling Rurik. In the autumn of the same year, Rurik was again expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 433). Messages in the annals under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other.

He sat down in Kyiv in the autumn of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. S. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yurievich. By agreement in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718), he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 435). According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 62), according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235).

He reigned for 10 years and was expelled from Kiev by Mstislav Mstislavich in the fall of 1214 (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikon's, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia First Chronicle it is clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in Resurrection Chronicle under the year 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, st. 312, 314). as indicated in the Novgorod First Chronicle, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle Vsevolod is listed as the Kiev prince under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 (Mayorov A. V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 411. However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, who based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this is 1212.

His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).

He sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). He was killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, st. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place on May 30, 6731 (1223) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle 6732, in the First Novgorod Chronicle on May 31, 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya on June 16, 6733) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 year (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed on June 2, 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for another three days. The accuracy of the date 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.

According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat down in Kiev in 1218 (Ultramart 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate to his co-government. He sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 509) on June 16, 1223 (ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 282, vol. XV, st. 343). He was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the Sofia First and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287).

In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, st. 772, vol. III, p. 74), it is not mentioned at all in Lavrentievskaya. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, st. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kiev). According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion has been widespread since N.M. Karamzin), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volynskaya Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. S.542-544). Sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741.

Sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under the year 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or shortly after the battle on the river. City (March 10), in which Yaroslav's elder brother, Grand Duke Yuri of Vladimir, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113).

A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 2), but this may be a mistake. This reign is accepted by M. B. Sverdlov (Sverdlov M. B. Domongolskaya Rus. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 653).

He occupied Kiev in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in Nikonovskaya under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).

He occupied Kiev after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).

Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousandth Dmitri in it (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitri led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, st. 786) on Nikolin's day (that is, December 6 1240) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 470).

According to his life, he returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 319).

C to Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in Russian terminology, "tsars") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.

In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "old to all the prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kiev is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 (his boyar Dmitry Eikovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 806, in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is indicated under 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is set by synchronization with Polish sources. Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471).

After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei was expelled in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received in the Horde. Died November 14

Mansikka V.J. Life of Alexander Nevsky: Analysis of editions and text. - St. Petersburg, 1913. - "Monuments of ancient writing." - Issue. 180.

Sat in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). Moved his residence to Vladimir in 1162. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, ultramart year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, stb. Sofia First Chronicle June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 238).

Voronin N. N. Andrei Bogolyubsky. - M .: Aquarius Publishers, 2007. - 320 p. - (Heritage of Russian historians). - 2,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-902312-81-9.(in trans.)

He sat down in Vladimir in the Ultramart year 6683, but after 7 weeks of the siege he retired (that is, approximately in September) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 373, vol. II, st. 596).

Sat in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15 1175 (Ultra-March 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, st. 601).

Yaropolk III Rostislavich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Village in Vladimir June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is set by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).

He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on April 13, 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, st. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle on April 14 in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle on April 18, 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle, p.299). In 1212 April 15 is Sunday.

Sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 On Wednesday, 1216, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, st. 500, the number is not directly indicated in the annals, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).

Sat on the throne in 1216 (ultramart 6725) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. S.304).

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 465, 520).

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471)

He sat on the throne in 1247, when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, st. 523) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229).

He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Killed in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471). According to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, st. 230). The exact month is unknown.

He sat on the throne for the second time, but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 31).

Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in december), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Rus' during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Sofia First Chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).

In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524, vol. III, p. 83).

Sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). He died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 353, vol. XV, st. 404; Trinity Chronicle, p.331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272.

Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle, p.333).

He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, st. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.

He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) reconciled with his brother in 1283 (ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, Stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle, p. 340. Such dating of events is accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. S. 15-16).

He came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.

He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 362), returned to Rus' in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod Fourth and Nikon Chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 351).

He received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultra-March 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Rus' in the fall (Trinity Chronicle, p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is set by the day of the week.

Kuchkin V. A. Tales about Mikhail Tverskoy: Historical and textological research. - M .: Nauka, 1974. - 291 p. - 7,200 copies.(in trans.)

He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozh Chronicle March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, line 374, vol. XV, issue 1, line 37). Killed by Dmitry Tversky in the Horde.

He received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 396). He arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in autumn (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42, vol. XV, st. 415).

Konyavskaya E. L. DMITRY MIKHAILOVICH TVERSKOY IN THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY AND DESCENDANTS // Ancient Rus'. Medieval Questions. 2005. No. 1 (19). pp. 16-22.

He received a great reign in the autumn of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov, and then to Lithuania.

In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Vladimir and the Volga region to Alexander (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469) (this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 (Gorsky A. A. Moscow and Horde. M., 2003. P. 62).

He sat down on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 52; Trinity Chronicle, p. 364).

Received a great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). Sat in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle, p.364). Died 26 April ultramart 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - on April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)

He received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Baptism. Village in Vladimir March 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. S. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).

Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. S.377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 433) .

He received a great reign in 6870 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 434). He sat down in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (that is, at the beginning of January 1363) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 73; Trinity Chronicle, p. 378).

He sat down in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned for 1 week and was driven away (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).

Sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and 1375, but this had no real consequences . Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 501; Trinity Chronicle. S. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).

He received a great reign according to the will of his father. Village in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 157; Trinity Chronicle, p. 434) According to the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, page 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).

Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. The first seven years from 1264 to 1271 he was brought up by his uncle - the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow. The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1283, but, probably, his reign still happened earlier. (see Kuchkin V.A. The First Moscow Prince Daniil Alexandrovich // Patriotic History. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (ultramart 6712) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 486; Trinity Chronicle. S. 351) (In the Nikon Chronicle on March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates 5th of March).

Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).

Borisov N. S. Ivan Kalita. - M .: Publishing House "Young Guard". - Series "Life of remarkable people". - Any edition.

Kuchkin V. A. EDITION OF WILLS OF MOSCOW PRINCES XIV century. (1353, APRIL 24-25) SOUL LETTERS OF THE GRAND DUKE SEMYON IVANOVICH. // Ancient Rus'. Medieval Questions. 2008. No. 3 (33). pp. 123-125.

John Ioannovich II // Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.

Kuchkin B. A. Dmitry Donskoy / State Historical Museum . - M .: GIM, 2005. - 16 p. - (Outstanding personalities in the history of Russia).(reg.)

Tolstoy I.I. Money of Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich

He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). He received a label for a great reign, sat on the throne in Vladimir in the summer of 6942 (1432) (according to N. M. Karamzin and A. A. Gorsky (Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. P. 142). According to the Sofia Second Chronicle, sat on the throne on October 5, 6939, 10 indict, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16).

Belov E. A. Vasily Vasilyevich Dark // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).

He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).

Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week of 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, st. 490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).

He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reigning he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).

He again sat on the throne in 1442. He was defeated in the battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner

Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Upon learning of the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. Zimin A. A. A Knight at the Crossroads: Feudal Warfare in 15th-Century Russia. - M .: Thought, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).

Entered Moscow on 26 October. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).

He occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) of 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 120).

At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod Fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the list of Dubrovsky and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, st. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, right March 27).

the first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sophia Second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic list of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).

Ivan Ivanovich Molodoy // TSB

Sat on the throne in 1505. Died December 3, 7042 September, at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).

Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was regent under the young Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).

On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. Died March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening

Simeon was planted by Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Rus'", and the Terrible himself became known as the "Prince of Moscow". The time of reign is determined by the surviving charters. After 1576 became the ruling Grand Duke of Tver

He died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.

Wife of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, Grand Empress, ruler

After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. But after eight days she went to the monastery.

Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. Crowned on the kingdom on September 1. He died on April 13 at about 3 p.m.

He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He married the kingdom on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. He pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by most researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepyev.

Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. Overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) on July 17, 1610.

In the period 1610-1612, after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the Boyar Duma, which created a provisional government of seven boyars (seven boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as tsar. On the territory liberated from the interventionists, the Zemstvo government was the highest authority. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the Whole Land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the first militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and in August 1612 Zarutsky spoke out against the people's militia. In October 1612, a second Zemstvo government was elected under the leadership of D. T. Trubetskoy, D. M. Pozharsky, and K. Minin. It organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov as king.

Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 1613, July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at 2 am July 13, 1645.

Kozlyakov V. N. Mikhail Fedorovich / Vyacheslav Kozlyakov. - Ed. 2nd, rev. - M .: Young Guard, 2010. - 352, p. - (Life of remarkable people. A series of biographies. Issue 1474 (1274)). - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-235-03386-3.(in trans.)

Released from Polish captivity on June 1. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign".

british queen Elizabeth II in February 2017, she celebrated a truly stunning date: the 65th anniversary of her reign. 91-year-old Elizabeth has broken all imaginable and unimaginable records of the British monarchy. None of her predecessor or predecessor ruled at such a venerable age. No one before Elizabeth managed to be on the throne for such a long time.

At the same time, the queen has not managed (at least so far) to set a world record for the duration of the reign. History knows more fantastic cases. Thus, the pharaoh of the 6th dynasty, Piopi II, was allegedly on the throne for 94 years. However, there is no complete certainty in this.

However, it is known for certain that Louis XIV de Bourbon, the king of France, also known as the "sun king", was on the throne for 72 years, which is a record in the history of a European monarchy.

The king of Thailand, Rama IX, who died in October 2016, fell a little short of the result of his French counterpart: his reign ended at 71 years old.

Naturally, the inquisitive Russian mind cannot do without the question: “What about ours?” Unfortunately or fortunately, the Russian rulers cannot reach either Piopi II, or the “Sun King”, or Elizabeth II.

Ivan the Terrible - 50 years and 105 days

One of the most famous rulers of Russia, Ivan IV Vasilyevich, not only took Kazan, Astrakhan and Revel, not only surpassed all the kings, general secretaries and presidents in the number of wives, but also bypassed everyone in terms of the duration of his reign. He is the only one who has crossed the mark of 50 years.

True, this result is not recognized by everyone. Nominally, Ivan IV became ruler at the age of 3, but he was crowned king only in 1547. In addition, in 1575-1576. the tsar, who was experimenting with the state system, unexpectedly declared Simeon Bekbulatovich "the Grand Duke of All Rus'". For a number of historians, this is a reason to subtract the specified time from the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

And yet, the majority recognizes Ivan Vasilyevich as the absolute champion of Russia.

IvanIII- 43 years, 6 months and 29 days

Ivan III Vasilyevich, aka Ivan the Great, put an end to the Horde game. In 1480, Khan Akhmat did not dare to engage in battle with the army of the Grand Duke of Moscow, which went down in history as “Standing on the Ugra”.

Ivan III made a huge contribution to the creation of the Russian state. Under him, the process of gathering Russian lands around Moscow went much faster. The foundations of a new state ideology and the legislative base were laid (Sudebnik of Ivan III). And the marriage to Sophia Paleolog, the niece of the last emperor of Byzantium, became the reason for the informal proclamation of Russia as the successor of the empire.

Peter the Great - 42 years, 9 months and 1 day

Peter I began his reign at the age of 10 with the presence of co-ruler Ivan Alekseevich, who was his brother, and the regency of their sister Sofya Alekseevna. All this, however, does not prevent us from including the first years of the reign in the general experience of Peter the Great.

He really did a lot: he brought the country to the Baltic, created a fleet, laid a new capital and, on the whole, turned a regional power into a European empire. Few people managed to spend time on the throne with such benefit.

Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko - 37 years, 1 month and 4 days

Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, the baptizer of Rus', is the champion among the rulers of the Old Russian state. Having become the prince of Kyiv at the age of 18, Vladimir ruled for almost four decades, having carried out the transition of the country from paganism to Christianity.

By the way, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who began life as a pagan, can compete with Ivan the Terrible in the number of women and definitely surpasses him in the number of children. The latter circumstance became the reason for the cruel fratricidal struggle of the sons of Vladimir for the princely throne.

Catherine the Great - 34 years, 4 months and 8 days

The purebred German Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, having taken the throne of the Russian Empire in a coup in 1762, gave her new homeland as much as most of her Russian predecessors could not.

The "Golden Age" of Ekaterina Alekseevna brought Russia an increase in territories in the west and south, including the annexation of Crimea, a large-scale reform of public administration, and the final consolidation in the status of a great European power.

The paradox is that Catherine, as a statesman, arouses less interest among the public than as a passionate woman. But here all the questions are not for the empress, but for the public.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - 32 years, 4 months and 20 days

The first of the tsars of the Romanov dynasty, whose election by the Zemsky Sobor ended the period of the Great Troubles, - not the most famous Russian monarch.

But during the period of his reign, the settlement of relations with Poland and Sweden, the accession to Russia of the lands along the Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean, the establishment of a strong centralized authority, and much more. And even the German Sloboda - a settlement of foreign specialists who arrived at the sovereign's service - was founded under Mikhail Fedorovich.

Joseph Stalin - 30 years, 11 months and 2 days

Joseph Stalin is the undisputed champion among the leaders of the post-monarchist period. Here, however, it is worth mentioning that there are several opinions as to from what moment Stalin's rule can be counted: in some cases, the period will be somewhat shorter.

Stalin is also inferior in terms of reign to several monarchs not mentioned here, but significantly surpasses them in terms of the degree of influence on the history of the country.

The history of Russia is rich in various eras, each of which has left its mark on the life of the country. One of the most intense and controversial was the reign of Peter I the Great, which ended on January 25, 1725 due to the sudden death of the emperor.

Russia without a king? Who ruled after Peter 1

Three years before his death, the autocrat managed to issue a decree that changed the previous order of succession to the throne: now it was not the eldest son who became the heir, but one of the sons whom the father considered worthy to take such an honorable place. This decision was due to the fact that the king's son, the potential heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei, was accused of preparing a conspiracy against his own father and, as a result, was sentenced to death. In 1718, the prince died within the walls of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

However, before his death, Peter I did not have time to appoint a new king, leaving the country, for the development of which he had put so much effort, without a ruler.

As a result, the next few years were marked by numerous goals for which the seizure of power was. Since no official heir was appointed, those wishing to sit on the throne tried to prove that it was they who deserved this right.

The very first coup carried out by the guardsmen of the wife of Peter I - by birth Marta Skavronskaya, popularly known as Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova (Catherine I) - brought to power the first woman in the history of Russia.

The enthronement of the future All-Russian Empress was led by an associate of the late tsar, Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of the state.

Russia after Peter 1 is a special milestone in world history. The strict orderliness and discipline that partly characterized the reign of the emperor now lost their former strength.

who is she?

Martha Skavronskaya (real name of the Empress) was from a family of Baltic peasants. She was born on April 5, 1684. Having lost both parents early, the girl was brought up in the family of a Protestant pastor.

During the Northern War (between Sweden and Russia), in 1702, Martha, along with other residents, was captured by the Russian troops, and then in the service of Prince Menshikov. There are two versions of how this happened.

One version says that Marta became the mistress of Count Sheremetyev, the commander of the Russian army. She was seen by Prince Alexander Danilovich - the favorite of Peter the Great - and, using his authority, took the girl to his house.

According to another version, Marta became the manager of the servants of Colonel Baur, where Menshikov laid eyes on her and took her to his house. And already here Peter I himself noticed her.

Rapprochement with Peter I

For 9 years, Martha was the mistress of the king. In 1704, she gave birth to his first child, the son of Peter, and then the second son, Pavel. However, both boys died.

The future empress was educated by the sister of Peter I, Natalya Alekseevna, who taught Marta to read and write. And in 1705, the girl was baptized into Orthodoxy under the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova. In 1708 and 1709, Catherine's daughters from Peter Alekseevich, Anna and Elizabeth (who later took the throne under the name

Finally, in 1712, a wedding with Peter I took place in the church of John of Dalmitsky - Catherine became a full member of the royal family. The year 1724 was marked by the solemn coronation of Martha Skavronskaya in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. She received the crown from the hands of the emperor himself.

Who and when ruled in Rus'

After the death of Peter 1, Russia fully learned what a country is worth without an imperious ruler. Since Prince Menshikov won the favor of the tsar, and later helped Catherine I become the head of state, the correct answer to the question of who ruled after Peter 1 would be Prince Alexander Danilovich, who actively participated in the life of the country and made the most important decisions. However, the reign of the empress, despite such strong support, did not last long - until May 1727.

During the reign of Catherine I, an important role in the politics of Russia of that time was played by the one created even before the ascension to the throne of the Empress. It included such noble and prominent people in the Russian Empire of that time as Prince Alexander Menshikov (who headed this body), Dmitry Golitsyn, Fyodor Apraksin, Pyotr Tolstoy.

At the beginning of the reign of Catherine I, taxes were reduced and many condemned to exile and imprisonment were pardoned. Such changes were caused by the fear of riots due to price increases, which invariably had to lead to discontent among the townsfolk.

In addition, the reforms carried out by Peter were canceled or modified:

the Senate began to play a less prominent role in the political life of the country;

governors replaced local authorities;

for the improvement of the troops, a special Commission was organized, consisting of flagships and generals.

Innovations of Catherine I. Domestic and foreign policy

For someone who ruled after Peter 1 (we are talking about his wife), it was extremely difficult to surpass the reformer tsar in the versatility of politics. Of the innovations, it is worth noting the creation of the Academy of Sciences and the organization of an expedition led by the famous navigator Vitus Bering to Kamchatka.

In foreign policy in general, Catherine I adhered to the views of her husband: she supported the claims of the Holstein Duke Karl Friedrich (who was her son-in-law) to Schleswig. This led to an aggravation of relations with England and Denmark. The result of the confrontation was the accession of Russia to the Vienna Union (which included Spain, Prussia and Austria) in 1726.

Russia after Peter 1 gained significant influence in Courland. It was so great that Prince Menshikov planned to become the head of this duchy, but local residents revealed discontent about this.

Thanks to the foreign policy of Catherine I and Alexander Danilovich (that's who ruled Russia after the death of Peter 1 in fact), the empire was able to take possession of the Shirvan region (having achieved concessions on this issue from Persia and Turkey). Also, thanks to Prince Raguzinsky, friendly relations with China were established.

The end of the reign of the empress

The power of Catherine I came to an end in May 1727, when the Empress died at the age of 44 from a lung disease. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Before her death, Catherine wanted to make her daughter Elizabeth empress, but once again she obeyed Menshikov and appointed her grandson, Peter II Alekseevich, who was 11 years old at the time of ascension to the throne, as the heir and tsar of Russia.

The regent was none other than Prince Alexander Danilovich (this fact once again proves who ruled after Peter 1 in Russia). Menshikov soon married the newly-made tsar with his daughter Maria, thus further strengthening his influence on court and state life.

However, the power of Prince Alexander Danilovich did not last long: after the death of the emperor, he was accused of a state conspiracy and died in exile.

Russia after Peter the Great is already a completely different state, where not reforms and transformations came to the fore, but the struggle for the throne and attempts to prove the superiority of some classes over others.